A NEW 



GAZETTEER rrys?^ 

OF >a 

THE UNITED STATES 



AMERICA; 

CONTAINING 

A COPIOUS DESCRIPTION 

OF THE 

STATES, TERRITORIES, COUNTIES, PARISHES, DISTRICTS, CITIES AND TOWNS — -MOVW- 
TAINS, LAKES, RIVERS AND CANALS COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, AGRICUL- 
TURE, AND THE ARTS GENERALLY, OF THE UNITED STATES ; 

EMBRACING ALSO 

THE EXTENT, BOUNDAKIES AND NATURAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL SUBDIVISIONS, 

THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF CITIES AND TOWNS, AND THEIR BEARING 

AND DISTANCE FROM IMPORTANT PLACES ; 

INCLUDING 

OTHER INTERESTING AND VALUABLE 

GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION ; 
WITH THE POPULATION OF 18 30. 



BY WILLIAM DARBY AND THEODORE DWIGHT, JR. 



SECOND EDITION, REVISED. 



HARTFORDr 
PUBLISHED BY EDWARD HOPKINS. 

183 4. 




Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1832, by 

EDWARD HOPKINS, 
in the Clerk's office of the District Court of Connecticut. 



PREFACE, 

TO THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS WORK. 



The collection and arrangement of the materials for this Gazetteer, were commenced in 
April, 1830, and have been steadily continued to the present time, Nov. 1832. It must 
therefore be evident that great labor has been expended upon the work — how satisfactory 
to the public the result of the undertaking will prove, remains to be decided. It is not with 
a view to enhance the value or importance of these labors, but to explain one of the princi- 
pal causes of delay attendant upon the publication of this volume, that some remarks are 
introduced on the manner, and protracted time of publishing the census, Avhich was not 
available until June of the current year, or about two years after it was taken ; this fact, 
together with the confused, and utter want of arrangement in that document, renders un- 
necessary any farther apology for the delay to which we advert. Indeed, as this docu- 
ment is published, it is to a convenient analysis of the population of the U. S., what stones 
in a quarry are to a building ; and deserves to be estimated much as the material, on the 
ground where an edifice is to be erected. In every state and territory, with the excep- 
tion of the northern district of New York, the eastern district of Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
Maryland, the western district of Virginia, North Carolina. Georgia, Kentucky, the wes- 
tern district of Tennessee, and Ohio, an alphabetical arrangement of the census table waa 
generally omitted, and of course to find any given county or town, required an examina- 
tion of the whole mass. The inconvenience of this arrangement may be estimated, when it 
is known that five hundred and thirty counties, with their towns, are thus defective in 
arrangement. Of some states, nothing is given but the aggregate of the counties ; and in 
Georgia, no city, town, or village is named: — the returns of someotiier states are equally 
imperfect. These facts will account for numerous apparent deficiencies in population, and 
explain their true cause. The post offices, particularly in the middle, southern, south- 
western, and western states, have been inserted from the official list of 1831 ; and great 
pains have been taken, with the aid of the best maps, to locate the most obscure of them. 
The qualifying term, " post road" has been adopted, ashy that the postage of lettei's, &c. 
is regulated, altho' in innumerable cases these much exceed more direct routes. In regard 
to rivers, it may be doubted whether their extent should be estimated by the meanders of 
the streams, or by the length of their basins, or vallies. Except in New England, New 
York, and New Jersey, we have chosen to estimate them by the latter method, the length of 
the surface which they drain. Tanner's new and excellent map of the U. S., a proof sheet 
of which was early and obligingly Ibrwarded to Mr. Darby, has been the guide generally 
followed in regard to geographical position ; with the aid of this, extensive additions have 
been made to the geography of the western country, particularly that of the states of Ohio, 
Illinois, and Indiana, and the territories of Michigan and Huron. 

The extended plan of this Gazetteer, seemed at first to promise the compiler of that part 
of it embracing New York, New Jersey, and the New England states, an opportunity to 
introduce large details of the intellectual and moral institutions of the country ; and the 
hope of accomplishing this object was one great motive for his engaging in the work. Ex- 
periment however soon proved, that the prescribed limits, although large, would not allow 
the introduction of many such details, without excluding others more practically indispen- 
sable, in a work of this kind. He acknowledges his obligations to the authors oi'the follow- 
ing works, from some of which he has derived much statistical information ; Greenleaf's 
Survey and Map of Maine; Farmer and Moore's Gazetteer of N. Hampshire; Thomp- 
son's Gazetteer of Vermont; Spoflbrd's Gazetteer of Massachusetts; Pease and Nile's 
Gazetteer of Connecticut and Rhode Island; Spafibrd's Gazetteer of New York, and Gor- 
don's Map of New Jersey; with particular gratitude he also acknowledges his obligations to 
Jameg Parker, Esq. of Araboy, N. J., for valuable statistics of different parts of that state, 
which have been embodied in the work. 



IV 



PREFACE. 



In the compilation of the Gazetteer of the U. S., numerous authorities beside those 
already mentioned, have been consulted ; and accuracy has ever been a prominent object of 
its compilers. But some recent sources of information have been deficient ; — the census was 
formerly an invaluable source of various statistical matter ; that of 1830, however, has 
proved to be entirely useless on every subject other than population. Inconsistencies and 
contradictions in orthography, and in statistics of different kinds, found even in works of the 
highest reputation, may perhaps have induced some errors and omissions here. Indeed to 
say that such will not be found in the work, would be presumption; from the very nature 
of it, perfect accuracy cannot reasonably be insisted on in every detail, by the reader. Such 
errors and omissions as have been discovered, on a rapid review of the work, have been 
noticed in the Appendix. We may say, however, what is undeniable, that much has been 
added to the geography of the country, in the present work ; that numerous new counties, 
and towns, have been embodied in it, and that it contains many and important corrections 
of some similar and respectable works. On the whole, as a convenient and safe book of 
reference, extended in its detail far beyond any work of the kind heretofore published, and 
to a great extent original, we hope, and confidently believe, that it will prove both useful 
and valuable, to those who have occasion to consult its pages. 



ADVERTISEMENT 

TO THE SECOND EDITION. 



This edition of Darby and D wight's Gazetteer of the United States, called for by the 
rapid sale of the former one, is published after a very thorough revision by Mr. Darby, and 
other individuals. Mr. Dwight, one of the compilers of the volume having declined a re- 
vision of his portion of it, this labor has devolved upon others ; but the publisher is confi-^ 
dent that this part of the work iias received the same careful attention as the rest. 

The present edition has been enlarged, by the addition of a considerable number of new 
counties and towns; and beside these, several new counties, not received in season for their 
proper place, will be found in the Appendix. Such errors, and omissions also, as have been 
discovered, and as were incidental to tiie first edition of such a work, have been corrected in 
the present one. Under the head of ' Rail Roads and Canals,' which have been thus 
arranged for more convenient reference, will be found the principal improvements of this 
kind in our country ; and among the statistical tables, at the end of the volume, will be 
found two in reference to these. ' In all cases, where the population appears without date, it 
is that of 1830 ; and where counties existed at the time, that of 1820 is also given ; thus 
exhibiting the increase of population within the two periods. Beside the improvements 
which have been mentioned, several new statistical tables have been added to those con- 
tained in the former edition, and a map also of the United Sates, which, it is believed, 
will much enhance the value of the work. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



Ark. — Arkansas. 
Ala. — Alabama. 
Conn. — Connecticut. 
Del. — Delaware . 
Dist. Col, — District of Co- 
lumbia. 
Flor.— Florida. 
Geo. — Georgia. 
Ind. — Indiana. 
II. — Illinois. 
Ky. — Kentucky. 
La.— Louisiana. 
Mass. — Massachusetts. 
Md. — Maryl.m.l, 



Me. — Maine. 

Mich. — Michigan. 

Misp. or Miss. — Mississippi. 

Mo. — Missouri. 

N. C. — North Carolina. 

N. H. — New Hampshire. 

N. J. — New Jersey. 

N. Y.— New York. 

N. W. Ter.— North West 

Territory. 
O.— Ohio. 

Phil.— Philadelphia. 
Pa. — Pennsylvania. 
R. I.— Rhode Island. 



S. C, — South Carolina. 

Ten. — Tennessee. 

U. S.— United States. 

Vt. — Vermont. 

Va. — Virginia. 

W. C— Washington City. 



cap. — capital. 

c. h.or C. H. — court house. 

CO. — county. 

dist. — district. 

isl. — island. 

lat. — latitude. 

long. — longitude. 



ms. — miles. 

mtn. — mou ntain. 

pop . — populati on . 

p-o. — post ofBce. 

p-t. — post town. 

p-v. — post village. 

pr. — post road. 

r. — river. 

s-p. — sea-port. 

sq. ms — square miles. 

St. jus. — seat of justice. 

t. — town. 

ter. — territory. 

tsp. — township. 



A few othor .nbV.rovintions used in tlir work will at onco ho intrlli'Tililr- to tlir. roador 



GAZETTEER 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



ABB 



ACC 



Aaronsburg, p-v. Centre co. Perm. ; situated 
on one of the highest branches of Penn's creek, 
18 m. E. of Bellefonte, and by p-r. 79 m. n. w. 
Sunbury, 

Aberdeen, p-t, Brown co. O. 

Abbeville, dist. S. C. ; extending along and 
from Savannah r. ; bounded n. w. by Anderson 
dist. ; N. e. by Saluda r. separating it from Lau- 
rens dist. ; s. E. by Edgefield dist. ; and s. w. by 
Savannah r. separating it from Lincoln and El- 
bert COS. in Geo. It lies in form very nearly a 
square of 31 ms. each side ; area 960 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 33'^ 50' to 34° 28' n. ; and 
in long, from 4° 56' to 5° 42' w. from W. C. 
The southern and central parts of Abbeville 
slope toward and are drained into Savannah riv- 
er, with a southern declination. A narrow zone 



from Gettysburg, very nearly an equal distance 
s. w. by w. from the borough of York ; and by 
p-r. 86 m. n. W. G. 

Abbott's Mills, and p-o., Rutherford co. 
Tenn. ; by p-r. 40 ms. southeastward from Nash- 
ville. 

Abingdon, p-v. Harford co. Md. ; 22 ms. north- 
eastward from Baltimore. 

Abingdon, p-v. and st. jus., Washington co. 
Va. ; situated at the southeastern side of a moun- 
tain ridge, about mid-distance between the two 
main forks of Holston river and about 7 ms. 
distant from each, also on the Great Valley road. 
According to Tanner's map of the U. S. this 
place stands about 8 ms. northwardly from the 
northern boundary of Tennessee, n. lat. 36° 42', 
long. 4° 58' w. from W. C., by p-r. 385 ms. s. w. 



along the northeastern border slopes to the south- by w. from W. C., and 309, a little s. of w. from 
eastward towards the main stream of Saluda riv- Richmond. 



er. By the census of 1820, this district contain- 
ed a population of 23,167 ; but in the ensuing 
ten years it had increased to 28,149. Of the 
latter 7,680 were white males ; 7,181 white fe- 
males, and the residue, 13,288, were people of 
color. Distributive population by the census of 
1830, was 30 to the sq. m. Cf. t. Abbeville. 

Abbeville, p-v. and st. jus. Abbeville dist. 
S. C. ; situated near the centre of the dist., on 
one of the branches of Little r., at n. lat. 34° 
11'; long. w. W. C. 5° 20'; 63 miles n. n. w. 
Augusta in Geo., and by post road, 100 m. a very 
little N. of w. Columbia. 

Abbeville, or Abbeyville, p-v. Mecklenburg 
CO, Va. ; situated on the left bank of Staunton 
or Roanoke r., about 10 ms. above the influx of 
Dan r., and by p-r. 126 ms. s. w. Richmond, and 
227 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Abbot, t. Somerset co. N. H. pop. 405. 

Abbottstown, p-v. Adams co. Penn. ; situa- 
ted on almost the eastern line of the co., and on 
a branch of Conewago cr., 15 ms. n. e. by e. 

2 



Abington, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. ; 22 ms. 
s. E. Boston, contains two ponds, one emptying 
into North r. and the Atlantic, the other into 
Taunton r. and Narragansett bay. Spirited res- 
olutions against the right claimed by the British 
Parliament to tax the colonies were passed here, 
1770. Pop. 2,428. 

Abington, p-v. Windham co. Conn. 

Abington. p-v. Luzerne co. Penn. ; 15 m. n. 
E. from Wilkes Barre, and by p-r. 137 ms. n. e. 
Harrisburg, and 245 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Abington, p-v. Wayne co, Ind, ; by p-r. 76 
ms. N. E. by E. Indianopolis. 

Abram's cr., Colombia co. N. Y. ; is formed 
by the junction of Kinderhook and Claverack crs. 
and after a course of half a m. falls into Hudson 
r. 4 m. above Hudson. 

Absecom, Gloucester co. N. J. a part of the 
beach on the sea coast extending from Great 
Egg Harbour northward to Absecom Inlet, about 
8 ms. in length. 

AccoMAc, the northernmost of the two cos. 



ADA I 

which constitute together, that section called 
" The Eastern Shore of Virginia." This co. ex- 
tends from the Atlantic o. to Chesapeake bay, is 
bndd. by the Atlantic ocean e. ; Norchampton co. 
Va. s. ; Chesapeakebay w. ; Pocomokebay n. w. ; 
and Worcester co. Md. n. ; extending in lat. from 
37° ^8' to 38° 02' n. and in long, from 1° 24' to 
1° 46' E. from W. C. Greatest length from s. s. 
w. to N. N. E. 48 ms. ; mean width about 10 ms. 
area 480 sq. ms. Much of the surface is sand 
banks, or islands along the Alantic coast ; the 
real arable superficies is about 400 sq. ms. The 
surface is level. Cf. t., Drummondstown. Pop. 
1820, 15,966, 1830, 19,656. Of the latter, were 
white males 4,495 ; white females 4,969, total 
9,458 ; and the residue people of color. 
AccoiMAc, c-h. See Drummondstown. 
Accord, p-v. Ulster co. N. Y. 
AcHOR, p-v. in the northern part of Columbi- 
ana co., 0. 

AcRA, p-v. Greene co. N. Y. 
Acton, t. Windham co. Vt. ; 32 ms. n. e. 
Bennington, 18 n. w. of Brattleboro', has an un- 
even surface, well watered by brooks, but with- 
out good mill streams. Pop. 176. 

Acton, p-t. York co. Me. Pop. 1,398. 
Acton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. ; 24 ms. n. w. 
of Boston, has a good soil. Asabet r. a chief 
tributary of Concord r., passes through a part of 
it, as well as its two branches, and the p-r. from 
Boston and Concord to Groton and Keene. Pop. 
1,128. 

AcwoRTH p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. ; 50 ms. w. 
Concord, 87 w. of Porfsmouth, 93 n. w. Boston. 
Cold river rising at Cold Pond, affords mill seats. 
The town is agricultural, has a good soil, and 
raises flax, and cattle. It is on the p-r. and 
turnpike from Charlestown to Concord and Bos- 
ton. Pop. 1,401. 

Adair, one of the southern cos. of Ken. ; bndd. 
by Russell s. and s. e. ; Monroe s. w. ; Barren 
w. ; Greene n. w. ; and Casey e. The greatest 
length is about 40 ms. from n. e. to s. w. ; mean 
breadth 17, and area 680 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 36° 51' to 37° 28' n. and in long, from 
7° 50' to 8° 30' w. from W. C. The northern, 
central, and indeed the far greater part of this 
county slopes to the n. w. and is drained in that 
direction by confluents of Green river. The 
southern part declines towards and is drained 
by creeks falling into Cumberland river. In 
1820, this county was much more extensive than 
it is at present, being lessened by the interme- 
diate creation of Russell county. Pop. 1830, 
8,220. Cf. t. Columbia. 

Adairsville, p-v. Logan co. Ken. ; by p-r. 
181 ms. s. w. Frankfort ; and 10 in a similar 
direction from Russellville, the co. st. 

Adams, Cape of the U. S., on the Pacific o. 
It is the Point Ronde of Lapeyrouse, and the 
southern point at the mouth of Columbia r. It 
is thus described in a geographical sketch of 
Oregon Territory, published at Boston, 1830. — 
" Point Adams forms the south side of the river 
Columbia. It is a low projection of land, bearing 
g. e. about seven miles from the Cape (Disap- 
pointment), and thinly wooded. From it sand 
banks extend within one mile of the Cape (Dis- 
appointment), and inside of the bank which runs 
out from the Cape." As laid down by Tanner, 



i ADA 

in his map of the U. S., the lat. is 46° 17' n. and 
long. 46° 50' w. W. C. Variation of the mag. 
netic needle at, 22° 40' e. See Columbia r. 

Adams, t. Coos co. N. H. ; now Jackson, 
which see. 

Adams, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. ; 125 ms. N. 
w. Boston, 20 n. Pittsficld, 40 e. Albany, was 
named after Samuel Adams, is divided from 
Williamstown on the w. by Saddle Mountain. 
Hudson's branch, a mill stream, comes from 
Vermont, and falls into Hoosick r. through a 
channel in one place cut 60 feet into a white 
marble quarry, leaving a natural bridge, 12 or 
15 feet long, 10 wide and 62 high. Some of 
the marble is clouded. Fort Massachusetts was 
on the N. E. end of Saddle Mountain. The Mar- 
quis de Vaudreuil attacked it, August 26, 1746, 
with 900 French and Indians, bu*^ was resisted, 
with 45 killed, for 24 hours, by 33 men, women 
and children, under Col. Hawkes, who obtained 
an honorable capitulation. August 2, 1748, it 
was attacked by 300 French and Indians who 
were repulsed by Col. Williams. The Adams 
and Hoosick cotton and woollen manufactories 
were incorporated 1809, and 2 more in 1814. 
There are about 25 cotton and woollen in all. 
There is a turnpike to Claremont. There are 
many fine dairies. Graylock, a peak of Saddle 
mtn. and highest land in Massachusetts, is 3,580 
feet above Hudson r. at Albany. It has two vil- 
lages, N. and s. Pop. 2,648. 

Adams, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. ; 166 ms. w. 
of Albany, is 6 ms. square, has very rich arable 
land, good for grain. N. branch of Big Sandy 
cr. and Stony cr. furnish mill seats. "Many re- 
mains of ancient mounds are found here, with 
coarse earthen pipes, stone hearths many feet 
under ground, &c. 7 tumuli have been observed, 
with ditches round them, enclosing from a half 
to two acres. Pop. 2,995. 

Adams, one of the southern cos. of Penn. ; 
bndd. by Franklin co. w. ; Cumberland n. ; York 
N. E. and E. ; and Frederick co. Md. s. Length 
25 ms. mean breadth 18, and area, 450 sq. ms. 
Extending from lat 39° 42' to 40° 2', and in 
long, from the meridian of W. C. to 0° 30' w. 
This CO. is table land, and nearly equally divided 
between the basins of Potomac and Susquehan- 
na. The southern part slopes towards the for- 
mer stream, and is drained by the sources of 
Monocacy, whilst the northern section gives 
source to Conewago, and declines towards the 
Susquehanna. The surface of the whole co. is 
hilly, but soil generally fertile. Cf. t. Gettys. 
burg. Pop. 1820, l'*,370, 1830, 21,379. 

Adams, one of the southwestern cos. of 
Misp. ; bndd. n. e. by JeflTerson ; e. by Frank- 
lin ; on the s. by Homochitto r. which separates 
it from Wilkinson ; and on the w. it is separa. 
ted from the parish of Concordia in La. by the 
Mississippi r. From s. s. w. to n. n. e. along 
the general course of the Mississippi, the length 
is about 40 ms., mean breadth 15, and area bOO 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 15' to 31° 
46, and in long, from 14° 16' to 14° 43' w. of 
W. C. The general slope is to the southwest- 
ward. Surface broken by hills, which though 
very numerous are of inconsiderable elevation ; 
except some bottoms along the Mississippi and 
Homochitto, there is but little level land in the 



ADD 7 

county. The soil is, tliough of various qualities 
in different parts, generallyproductive. Staple, 
cotton. Cf. ts. Natchez and Washington. Pop. 
1820, 12,073, 1830, 14,9 19. 

Adams, one of the southern cos. of Ohio ; 
bndd. by Brown co. w. ; Highland n. w. ; Pike 
N. E. ; Scott E. ; and by the Ohio r. separating 
it from Lewis and Mason cos. of Ky. s. Length 
28, breadth 22, and area 616 sq. nis. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 38° 37' to 40° n., and in long, 
from 6° 12' to 6° 36' w. from W. C. The gen. 
eral slope of this county is to the southward 
and towards the Ohio r. ; it is hilly but fertile. 
Cf. t. West Union. Pop. 1820, 10,406, 1830, 
12,278. 

Adams, one of the western cos. of Illinois; 
bndd. as laid down on Tanner's map on the n. 
by Hancock ; e. by Schuyler ; s. e. and s. by 
Pike ; and on the w. is separated from Marion 
CO. and a section of the unappropriated part of 
the state Missouri, by the Mississippi r. Length 
from s. to N. 32, mean width 24, and area 76o 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 
11', and in long, from 13° 52' to 14" 26' w. from 
W. C. The western and central parts of this 
CO. slope westward towards the Mississippi r. 
whilst the eastern border gives source to creeks, 
the water of which is finally discharged into 
Illinois r. Cf. t. Quincy. Pop. 1830, 2,186. 

Adams, p-v. Seneca co. 0. ; by p-r. 98 ms. 
northward from Columbus, and 412 n. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Adams, p-v. Decatur co Ind. ; by p-r. 48 ms. 
E. E. by E. Indianopolis. 

Adams Basin, p-v. Monroe co.N.Y. 
Adamsburg, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa. ; on 
the main road from Greensburg to Pittsburg, 6 
ms. w. from the former and by p-r. 176 west- 
ward from Harrisburg, and 198 n. w, W. C. 

Adams, old, c. h. andp-o. Adams co.Misp. ; 
9 ms. Natchez. 

Adams' Mills, and p-o, Pulaski co. Ky. ; by 
p-r. 82 ms. a little e. of s. Frankfort. 

Adamstown, p-v. near the northeastern bor- 
der oi Lancaster co. Pa. ; 23 ms. n, n. e. from 
the city of Lancaster, and 12 s. s. w. from Read- 
ing. 

Adamsville, p-v, Washington co. N. Y. 
Adamstille, p-o, Berks co Pa. ; 9 ms. from 
Reading, and 61 eastward from Harrisburg. 

Adamsville, p-v. Frederick co. Md. ; by p-r. 
48 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Adamsville, p-v. Marlborough dist. S. 0. ; by 
p-r. 110 ms. eastward from Columbia, and 398 
ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Addison, t. Washington co. Me. ; 15 ms. w. 
Machias. Pop. 741. 

Addison Co. Vt. ; bndd. by Chittenden co. n. ; 
Chittenden, Washington and Orange cos. e. ; 
Windsor co. s. e. ; Rutland co. s. ; Lake Cham- 
plain w. Pop. 1820, 20,469 ; 1830, 24,940. It 
is crossed by Otter creek s. to n., and by the 
Green mtns. e. The co. st. is Middlebury. It 
has a good port on the lake at Basin Harbor. 
r Addison, p-t. Addison co. Vt. ; e. of Lake 
Champlain, opposite Crown Point, N. Y., 83 
ms. N. Bennington, 40 s. w. Montpelier. This 
was probably the first settlement by Europeans 
in this state w. of the Green mtns. In 1731 the 
French built a fort at Crown Point, and occupied 



ALA 

this shore. The English first came in 1770. It 
is low and generally level, with few streams. 
Snake mtn. is in s. e. corner. Otter cr. and one 
of its branches, with Mill and Pike rs. (fallmg 
into Lake Champlain,) are within tlie t. Sul- 
phuret, and magnetic oxide of iron are found. 
Pop. 1,306. 

Addison, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. ; 25 ms. s. of 
Bath, N. of Pennsylvania line ; has Canisteo 
(navigable for boats) and Tuscarora crs. ; but 
the land is broken, and has little value, except 
for timber. Grindstones are here made of sand, 
stone. Pop. 944. 

Addison Point, p-v. Washington co. N. Y. 

Adelphia, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Ross CO. O. ; by p-r. 46 ms. southwardly from 
Columbus, and by the common road, 20 n. e. 
from Chilicothe. 

Adgates' Falls N. Y. (See Chesterfield, 
N. Y.) 

Adrian, p-v. Lenawee co. Michigan Ter. ; 
by p-r. 10 ms. from Tecumseh the co. st. 73 s, 
w. by w. Detroit, and 502 n. w. by w. W. C. 

Adriance, p-v. Duchess co. N. Y. 

Agamenticus Mountain, York, York co. Me. 

Agawam, p-v. Hampden co. Mass. ; 2 ms. s. 
w. Springfield. 

Agawam r. Mass. (See Westfield r.j 

Agnew's Mills, and p-o. Venango co. Pa. ; 
by p-r. 248 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Ahosky Ridge, p-o. northern part of Hertford 
CO. N. C. ; by p-r. 121 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh, 
and 240 very nearly due s. W. C. 

Ahpmoojeenee-Gamook, lake. Me. ; n. of 
Moosehead lake, empties St. John's r. 

Akron, p-v. Portage co. O. 

Alabama r. the great northeastern constituent 
of Mobile r. is formed by the confluent streams 
of Coosa and Talapoosa rs. and receives as a 
tributary, the Cahaba from the north. Of the 
three constituents of Alabama, the Cahaba 
is the only one entirely in the state of Alabama, 
Rising between the vallies of Black Warrior 
and Coosa rs. in the cos. of Jefferson and St. 
Clair, the Cahaba assumes a course a little w. of 
s. and which it maintains over Shelby, Bibb, 
Perry and Dallas cos. falling into Mobile at the 
town of Cahaba in the latter co. The valley oif 
Cahaba is about 120 ms. in length, with a mean 
breadth of 20, and vmh an area of 2400 sq.ms. 

Coosa, or the main constituent of Alabama, 
has its highest and most remote source in Ten- 
nessee, interlocking sources with those ofHi- 
wassee and Chattahooche. The most northern 
sources of Coosa are at n. lat. 35° 05', and are 
the most northern fountains, the v^^ater of which 
is finally discharged into the Gulf of Mexico, E. 
from the Mississippi basin. There known by 
the name of Connessauga, it flows first w. but 
curving to s. s. w. about 70 ms. receives from 
the e. the Etowah. The latter rises in Geo. be- 
tween the sources of Hiwassee and Chattahoo- 
che, and only separated about 15 ms. from the 
Turoree branch of Savannah r. by spurs of the 
Blue Ridge. Issuing from this elevated region, 
the Etowah, with a sweeping curve to the south- 
ward, pursues a general course of s. w. by w. 
100 ms. to its union with the Connessauga or 
Ostenalah. Having their fountains and chan- 
nels in the comparatively high Appalachian 



ALA 



ALA 



vallies, the superior branches of Coosa are rapid 
mountain streams. Below the junction of Eto- 
wah and Connessauga, the united waters hence- 
forth known as the Coosa, flow 8 or 10 ms. 
westward, when, leaving Geo, and entering Ala. 
the now considerable volume by an elliptic 
curve inflects first to s. w. thence s. and finally 
s. s. E. to its junction with the Tallapoosa to 
form the Alabama, at Coosauda, n. lat 32° 28', 
long. 9° 22' w. W. C. The entire comparative 
course of the Coosa is about 240 ms. but by the 
bends may not fall much short of 400 ms. The 
valley it drains is about two hundred ms. in 
length, with a mean breadth of 45 ; area 9000 
sq. ms. 

Talapoosa, or eastern branch of Mobile, rises 
between the vallies of Etowah and Chattahoo- 
che, and principally in Carroll co. Geo. at n. lat. 
34° nearly. Flowing s. s. w. it enters Ala. and 
continuing that course 130 ms. turns abruptly to 
the w. 25 ms. unites with the superior volume 
of the Coosa as already noted. The valley of 
Talapoosa lies entirely between those of the 
Coosa and Chattahooche ; it is about 150 ms.in 
length, with a mean width of 25, and area, 3750 
sq. ms. 

In one striking feature, the Coosa and Tala- 
poosa have strong resemblance to each other. 
In the lower part of their respective courses in 
Ala. neither receive tributaries above the size 
of a large creek. 

Alabama, formed thus by the union of the 
Coosa and Talapoosa, assumes a general west. 
ern course to the influx of Cahaba, and thence 
cur\ing to the s. s. w. to its junction with Tom- 
bigbee to form the Mobile. By a comparative 
course from the mouth of Coosa to that of Tom- 
bigbee, the length of the Alabama is 130 ms. 
but so tortuous is its channel, that the navigating 
length falls little, if any, under 250 ms. The 
valley of the Alabama proper is about 120 ms. 
by 30, with an area of 3600 sq. ms. Combining 
the area of all the sections of the Alabama val- 
ley, we find it comprises 18,750 sq. ms. 

From the great diiference of height between 
the sources and mouth of the assemblage of con- 
fluents, the streams of this valley are rapid. 
At times of flood they are all, however, naviga- 
ble for down stream vessels from near their 
sources. Schooners of 5 feet draught are navi- 
gated into Alabama and as far as the lower falls 
at Claiborne, 50 ms. above the mouth. 

Alabama, one of the United States, bndd. w. 
by the state of Misp. ; n. by the state of Ten. ; 
E. by Geo. ; s. by Flor. ; and s. w. by the Gulf 
of Mexico. This state has an outline in com- 
mon : Miles. 
With the state of Mississippi . . 
" " Tennessee . . 
" " Georgia . . . 
Along lat. 31°, and in common with 

Florida 

Down Perdido river, from lat. 31° to 

its mouth 

Along the Gulf of Mexico to place of 
beginning 



330 
153 
306 

150 

60 



60 

Having an entire outline of . . 1059 

The area of Ala. is 51,770 sq. ms., equal to 

33,132,800 statute acres. Greatest length of 



the Gulf of Mexico to the Termessee line 336 
ms., the mean breadth from e. to w. 154. Ge- 
ographically, this state lies between lat. 30° 10', 
and 35°, and in long, between 8° 05', and 11° 
30' w. W. C. 

This state lies, with the exception of its south- 
eastern and southwestern angles, in the valley 
of Tennessee and basin of Mobile. If taken un- 
der a general view, it is subdivided into two un- 
equal physical sections. The northern and 
smaller section is comprised in the valley of 
Tennessee. That river whiding by a general 
western course, but with a sweeping curve to 
the south, enters at the northeastern angle of the 
state, and issues from it at the northwestern. 

The southern, and by far the most extensive 
section, has a slope very nearly due south, and 
is drained by the main streams, and numerous 
confluents of Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Ala. 
bama, Mobile, Conecuh, Choctawhatchie and 
Chattahooche rivers. 

Northern, or the Tennessee river section of 
Ala. contains the counties of 





Square 


Population, 


Population, 




miles. 


182". 


1830. 


Franklin 


684 


4,988 


11,078 


Jackson 


1040 


8,751 


12,700 


Lauderdale 


672 


4,963 


11,781 


Lawrence 


816 




14,984 


Limestone 


600 


9,871 


14,807 


Madison, 


C48 


17,481 


27,990 


Morgan 


600 
5,060 




9,062 


Amount 


46,054 


102,402 



The surface upon which resided the respect- 
ive populations of 1820, and 1830, was nearly 
the same, we therefore find that the northern 
Ala. gained in the 10 intermediate years, 222 
percent. 

Passing the ridge which separates the sour- 
ces of the southern creeks of Tennessee river, 
from those of Coosa, Black Warrior and Tom. 
bigbee, we are on the northern and higher bor- 
der of the great southern slope of Ala. down 
which spread the counties of 





Sq. miles 


Population, 


Population, 




in 1830. 


1820. 


18.30 


Autauga 


1080 


3,853 


11,874 


Baldwin 


2000 


1,713 


2,324 


Bibl) 


800 


3,676 


6,306 


Blount 


1650 


2,415 


4,233 


Butler 


1000 


1,405 


5,650 


Cataco 




5,263 




Clarke 


1200 


1 5,839- 


7,595 


Conecuh 


1531 


5,713 


7,444 


Covingion 


1664 




1,522 


Dale 


1610 




2,031 


Dallas 


1064 


6,003 


14,017 


Fayette 


1250 




3,547 


Greene 


836 


4,554 


] 5,026 


Henry 


1344 


2,638 


4,020 


Jefferson 


1040 




6,855 


Lowndes 






9,410 


Marengo 


S60 


2,933 


7,700 


Marion 


1140 




4,058 


Mobile 


2250 


2,672 


6,267 


Monroe 


S60 ■ 


8,838 


8,782 


Montgomery 


1500 


6,604 


12,695 


Perry 


966 




11,490 


Pickens 


648 




6,622 


Pike 


1750 




7,108 


St. Clair 


720 


4,166 


5,975 


Shelby 


1100 


2,416 


5,704 


Tuscaloosa 


858 


8,229 


13,646 


Walker 


1500 




2,202 


Washington 


840 




3,474 


Wilcox 


1200 


2,917 


9,548 












33,451 


81,847 


207,125 


Add N.Ala, 


5060 


46,054 


102,402 



Amount 



38,511 



127,901 



ALA 9 

The preceding area of 38,511 sq. ms. compri- 
ses that part of Ala. purchased from the Indi- 
ans, and organized into counties. But there is 
on the northeastern border a section of about 
600 sq. ms. still in possession of the Chicka- 
saws. On the western border, and nearly op- 
posite the middle of the state, there is a second 
tract, possessed by the Choctaws, which com- 
prises about 1800 sq. ms. Again, there is a 
region of about 11,000 sq. ms. along the east- 
ern and N. eastern side of the state still possess- 
ed by the Creeks and Cherokees. The Presi- 
dent of the U. S. in his message to Congress, 
at the opening of the present session, informs 
that body that measures have been taken under 
the laws of the U. S., " by which the whole of 
the state of Misp. and the western part of Ala. 
will be freed from Indian occupancy, and open- 
ed to a civilized population. The treaties with 
these tribes are in a course of execution, and 
their removal, it is hoped, will be completed in 
the course of 1832." 

By the preceding elements, we are shown 
that in the decennial period from 1820 to 1830, 
the population of Ala. had gained 234 per cent. 

We may premise, that in the preceding phys- 
ical division of Ala. into northern and southern 
sections, we have not pursued the same limits 
of divisions adopted in taking the recent cen- 
sus, but the difference is not material to any 
general result. The following tabular state- 
ments are from the census of 1830. 

Recapitulation, exhibiting the general aggre- 
gate amount of each description of persons in 
the northern district of Alabama. 



White Pe 


rsons. 








Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age, 




9,459 


8,964 


From 5 to 10 




6,727 


6,427 


" lOtolS 




5,221 


4,936 


" 15 to 20 




4,300 


4,404 


" 20 to 30 




7,036 


6,30fi 


" 30 to 40 




4,458 


3,665 


" 40 to 50 




2,516 


2,135 


" 50 to 60 




1,501 


1,186 


" 60 to "^0 




773 


575 


" 70 to 80 




246 


182 


" 80 to 90 




63 


69 


" 90 to 100 




11 


16 


100 and upwards 




00 


7 




Total, 


42,311 


38,862 



Of the above, were deaf and dumb, under 14 
years of age, 11 ; between 14 and 25, 12 ; of 25 
and upwards, 8 ; bluid, 30 ; foreigners, not nat- 
uralized, 20. Of the colored population, there 
were, 

Free. Slaves. 

Males. Females. Males. Females. 



Under 10 years of age, 


75 


54 


8,252 


7,974 


From 10 to 24 


54 


4S 


7,318 


7,1.52 


" 24 to 36 


66 


31 


4,247 


4,209 


" 36 to 55 


39 


19 


1,957 


1,897 


" 55 to 100 


19 • 


16 


604 


507 


100 and upwards 





1 


5 


8 



Total, 253 169 22,383 21,747 

Aggregate amount of each description of per- 
sons in Southern Alabama. 



ALA 

Females- 

4,894 

2,560 

1,545 

744 

250 

75 

13 

3 

50,698 

Of the above were deaf and dumb under 14 
years of age, 34 ; between 14 and 25, 13 ; 25 
and upwards, 11 ; blind, 38 ; foreigners not nat- 
uralized, 45. Of the colored population there 
were, 





Males. 


30 to 40 


6,941 


40 to 50 


3.513 


50 to 60 


2,092 


60 to 70 


968 


70 to 80 


345 


80 to 90 


84 


90 to 100 


8 


100 and upwards. 


3 


Total, 


58,535 



White Persons. 






Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age 


13,.305 


12,376 


From 5 to 10 


8,755 


8,375 


" 10 to 15 


6,908 


6,165 


" 15 to 20 


5,209 


5,547 


" 20 to 30 


10,404 


8,151 



Fr 


ee. 


Slaves. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Under 10 years of age, 200 


191 


13,585 


13,412 


From 10 to 24 148 


101 


12,235 


12,517 


" 24 to 36 112 


100 


6,853 


6,879 


" 36 to 55 85 


'■.5 


3,201 


3,001 


" 55 to 100 37 


40 


8,091 


805 


" 100 and upwards, 00 


2 


22 


18 



Whites. 
81,173 



109,233 



Total, 582 559 36,787 36,632 

Recapitulation. 
Northern Alabama. 
Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

422 44,130 125,725 

Southern Alabama. 
1,150 73,419 183,802 



Total population of Alabama, 309,527 

Physical Features. — The surface of Ala. is 
divided into two very unequal sections, as we 
have shown under the head of population. The 
northern and smaller plain is a part of the val- 
ley of Tennesse r., the main volume of that 
stream entering at the n. eastern, and leaving 
the state at the n. western angle, flowing in the 
intermediate distance by a general course to the 
westward, but with a sweeping curve to the s. 
The Tennessee enters Ala. in a mountain val- 
ley, immediately below the influx of Sequatche 
r., flows thence by comparative courses 60 ms. 
in a direction to the s. w. ; thence abruptly in- 
flecting to N. w. by w. 130 ms., passes a chain 
oi the Appalachian system by the noted pass call, 
ed the Muscle Shoals ; below which, curving 
gradually more to the northward, leaves the 
state at the influx of Bear cr. In this distance 
of 190 ms., Tennessee receives but one tributa- 
ry stream deserving the name of a river ; that is 
Elk r., which enters from the right ; but the con- 
fluent creeks are numerous on both sides. North, 
ern Ala. is finely, indeed beautifully variegated 
by hill, dale, and in some places by plain. It was 
the first part of the state inhabited by whites, 
if we except a few spots along Mobile and Tom- 
bigbee rs., above and below the town of Mobile, 
and is yet far more densely settled ; the mean 
to the sq. m. being by the census of 1830 a small 
fraction above 20, whilst that of Southern Ala. 
did not amomit but to a little above the one third, 
or not quite seven to the sq. m. The southern 
and much most extensive zone, or inclined plane, 
falls by a very gentle declivity from lat. 34° 20' 
to the Gulf of Mexico, over something more than 
4 degrees of lat. This slope is drained and 
finely variegated by the numerous branches 
of the Coosa, Tallapoosa, Cahaba, Black War- 
rior, Tombigbee, and Alabama rivers, all con- 
tributing to form the Mobile. The s. eastern 



ALA 



10 



ALA 



angle of the state declines to the s. westward, 
and is drained in that direction by Choctaw, 
Yellow Water, Conecuh rivers. A very nar- 
row strip of the southeastern border declines 
eastward, and is drained into and bounded by 
the Chattahooche river. 

The state is over both physical sections, very 
advantageously supplied with navigable rivers, 
though possessing within its own limits but one 
outlet to the Gulf of Mexico by Mobile Bay. 
The tides being moderate, not exceeding two 
and a half feet at a mean. The entrance of sea 
vessels of any draught, is arrested by rapids at 
Claiborne, in Alabama, and St. Stephens, in 
Tombigbee river ; both places being about one 
hundred ms. direct distance above the outlet of 
Mobile Bay, into the Gulf of Mexico. In com- 
mon winters, the rivers of even northern Ala. 
are but little impeded by ice, but there do occur 
seasons, and that of 1831 — 32, is an example, 
when Tennessee river and its confluents are 
completely frozen. The streams flowing south- 
wardly, towards the Gulf of Mexico, are still 
more rarely, and below N. lat. 33°, perhaps nev- 
er rendered unnavigable by frosts. The exces. 
sive droughts of summer are, indeed, far more 
frequently the cause of impeding navigation in, 
not only the rivers of Ala. but all the streams 
between the Mississippi and the Atlantic ocean 
below lat. 35°. The seasons at the extremes 
of Ala. in regard to mean and extreme temper- 
ature differ greatly. The border along the Gulf 
of Mexico may be called tropical when com. 
pared with the valley of Tennessee. Between 
lat. 30° 10', and 31° 30', or below tide water, 
excessive frosts or lying snows are rare ; but 
the temperature changes sensibly advancing to- 
wards and into the valley of Tennessee. No 
part, however, of the state reaches sufficiently 
to the southward to admit the profitable cultiva- 
tion of sugar cane. Cotton is the general staple 
of the state. Indian corn or maize is the usual 
crop ; but in the middle and northern part small 
grain succeeds well. The arable land of south- 
ern Ala. lies mostly along or near the water 
courses and is composed of two species. Al- 
luvion, properly so called, and Interval land. 
The latter a kind of intermediate soil between 
the alluvial river bottoms and the open pine 
woods. The latter description of land, is ster- 
ile, and comprises the much greater part of the 
surface of the state, more comparatively exten- 
sive, however, on the southern than on the north- 
ern section. 

Constitution of Government, Judiciary. — The 
ter. now constituting the state of Ala. was for- 
merly included jri the western ter. of Geo. after- 
wards in the JVIisp. ter. (See Geo. and Misp.) 
In March 1817, the Misp. ter. was divided by an 
Act of Congress, by which authority was given 
to form the western section into a state, and 
subsequently the eastern part was formed into a 
ter. under the name of Ala. The increase of 
population was so rapid as to entitle it to admis- 
sion as a state government in 1818, and applica- 
tion was made to Congress accordingly. A bill 
was brought in and a law passed, March, 1619, 
empowering the people of Ala. to form a Con. 
stitution; under the authority of which, a Con. 
vention met at Huntsville in Northern Ala,, and 



on August 2, 1819, adopted a Constitution of 
State Government, which was ratified by Coin- 
gress December 1819, and the state admitted 
into the Union. The Constitution of Ala. pro- 
vides : — that " The powers of the government 
of the state of Ala. shall be divided into three 
distinct departments ; and each of them con- 
fided to a separate body of magistracy, to wit, 
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. No per- 
son or collection of persons, being of one of 
those departments, shall exercise any power 
properly belonging to either of the others, ex- 
cept in the instances hereinafter expressly di- 
rected or permitted." 

" The legislative power of this state shall be 
vested in two distinct branches : the one to be 
styled the Senate, the other the House of Rep. 
resentatives, and both together the General As. 
sembly of the state of Ala. 

" The members of the House of Representa. 
tives shall be chosen by the qualified electors, 
and shall serve for the term of one year. No 
person shall be a representative unless he be a 
white man, a citizen of the U. S. and shall have 
been an inhabitant of this state two years next 
preceding his election ; and the last year there- 
of, a resident of the county, city, or town, for 
which he shall bo chosen, and shall have attain, 
ed the age of twenty-one years. 

" Senators shall be chosen by the qualified 
electors, for the term of three years, at the same 
time, in the same manner, and at the same places 
where they may vote for members of the House 
of Representatives ; and no person shall be a 
Senator unless he be a white man, a citizen of 
the U. S. and shall have been an inhabitant of 
this state two years next preceding his election, 
and the last year thereof a resident of the dis- 
trict for which he shall be chosen, and shall 
have attained to the age of twenty-seven years." 

" Every white male person of the age of 
twenty-one years, or upwards, who shall be a 
citizen of the U. S., and shall have resided in 
this state one year next preceding an election, 
and the last three months within the county, 
city or town, in which he offers to vote, shall be 
deemed a qualified elector : Provided that no 
soldier, seaman, or marine, in the regular army 
or navy of the United States, shall be entitled 
to vote at any election in this state." Electors 
protected from arrest in civil cases, going to, 
attendance at, or return from the places of elec- 
tion. 

Art. 4. — " The supreme Executive power of 
this state shall be vested in a chief magistrate, 
who shall be styled the governor of the state of 
Alabama. The governor shall be elected by 
the qualified electors at the time and places 
when they shall respectively vote for represent, 
atives. He shall hold his office for the term of 
two years from the time of his installation, and 
until his successor shall be duly qualified ; but 
shall not be eligible for more than four years 
in any term of six years. He shall be at least 
thirty years of age, shall be a native citizen of 
the United States, and shall have resided in this 
state at least four years next preceding the day 
of his election." 

" The Judicial power of this state shall be 
vested in one Supreme Court, Circuit pourts to 



ALA 11 

be held in each county of the state, and such in- 
ferior courts of law and equity, to consist of not 
more than five members, as the general assem- 
bly may from time to time direct, ordain or es- 
tablish. No person who shall have arrived at 
the age of seventy years, shall be appointed to, 
or continue in the office of Judge in this state." 

Education. — The following section is made 
part of the constitution of Alabama. " Schools 
and the means of education, shall forever be 
encouraged in this state ; and the general as- 
sembly shall take measures to preserve, from 
unnecessary waste or damage, such lands as are 
or hereafter may be granted by the United 
States, for the use of schools, within each town- 
ship in this state, and apply the funds which 
may be raised from such lands, in strict con. 
formity to the object of such grant. The gene- 
ral assembly shall take like measures, for the 
improvement of such lands as have been or may 
be hereafter granted by the United States to 
this state, for the support of a seminary of learn- 
ing, and the monies which may be raised from 
such lands by rent, lease, or sale, or from any 
other quarter, for the purpose aforesaid, shall be 
and remain a fund for the exclusive support of 
a state university, for the promotion of the arts, 
literature and the sciences ; and it shall be the 
duty of the general assembly, as early as may 
be, to provide effectual means for the improve- 
ment and permanent security of the funds and 
endowmen'^s of such institution." 

The new university of Alabama is going on 
very prosperously, the number of students hav- 
ing recently increased considerably. Dr. Alva 
Woods is President of the Institution, and Pro- 
fessor of Moral Philosophy. The catalogue 
gives the names of 93 under grad'uates, viz. 8 
seniors, 27 juniors, 33 sophomores, and 25 fresh- 
men. 

The following provision is proof decisive of 
the progress of liberality and humanity : — " In 
the prosecution of slaves for crimes, of a high- 
er grade than petty larceny, the general assem- 
bly shall have no power to deprive them of an 
impartial trial by a petit jury." 

The Constitution of Ala. may be amended or 
revised, whenever two thirds of each house of 
the general assembly propose such amendments 
or revision. The proposed changes duly pub- 
lished three months before the next general 
election, when and where the voice of the peo- 
ple is taken, and if " it shall appear that a ma. 
jority of all the citizens of this state, voting for 
representatives, have voted in favor of such 
proposed amendments : and two thirds of each 
house of the next general assembly, shall af- 
ter such an election and before another, ratify 
the same, they shall be valid, to all intents and 
purposes, as parts of this constitution." 

History. — This state derives its name from 
that of one of the noble rivers which channel 
its surface. Early in the eighteenth century, 
the French, in founding the colony of La. form, 
ed small settlements on Mobile r., and built a 
fort where the city of Mobile now stands, but 
a large share of what is now Ala. remained in 
possession of the native Indians for about a 
century after the fovmding of La. The original 
charter of Geo. covered the whole zone from 



ALA 



31° to 35° lat. ; of course four degrees wide of 
Ala. was included in Geo. In 1802, a cession 
was made by Geo. to the U. S. of all her west- 
ern territory between Chattahooche and Missia. 
sippi rivers, as far up the former as near lat. 
33°, and from thence to lat. 35°, by the existing 
line of demarcation between Geo. and Ala. 
Ala. continued a part of the Misp. ter. until se. 
parated in the manner stated under the head of 
Constitution ; where also the material facts in 
the history of the state are also given. For seat 
of government see Tuscaloosa. 

Alabama, p.t. Genesee co. N, Y. Pop. 783. 

Alachua co. Flor. ; bndd. n. by Duvall co. 
N. E. St. John's CO. ; e. s. e. and s. by the coun. 
try of the Seminole Indians, and w. by the Gulf 
of Mexico. Extending from south to north 
along the Gulf from lat. 27° 28' at Sarazota En- 
trance, to lat. 29° 24', at the mouth of Suwan. 
ne r. ; and in long, from 5° 10' to 6° 20' w. W. 
C. In length it is about equal to the difference 
of its extremes of lat. or about 140 ms. ; the 
breadth varies greatly, but maybe about a mean 
of 30 ms. ; area, 4,200 sq. ms. The surface 
slopes westward, but the declivity is slight, 
and discharges with no great rapidity of descent, 
Hillsboro', Anaclote, Amasura, and Suwanne 
rs. It is generally flat, part marshy, some 
prairie. Soil mostly sterile. C. H. at Dells. 

Alachua Savanna, a grassy plain in Alachua 
CO. Florida; "lies about 4 ms. above Orange 
lake ; its length is 7 ms. and its breadth 3 ms. 
Phe great body of water in this Savanna is rep- 
resented as losing itself in a large sink, suppo- 
sed to be at the northern side, and to discharge 
itself through a subterranean passage into Or- 
ange lake. Whatever may be the case, this 
Savanna exhibits but the appearance of a level, 
watery meadow, covered with a thick growth of 
aquatic grass, a circumstance which causes it 
to be called, in the idiom of the country, a gras. 
sy lake. Its outlet, the Chechale, which flows 
into Orange lake, is of rather small size. The 
Alachua Savanna is lined with hammocks, in 
which the live-oak and water-oak are predomi- 
nating." 

Alapapaha, a r. of Geo. and Flor. the eastern 
branch of Suwanne r. See Suwanne. 

Alaqua, a small but remarkable r. of Flor. 
in Walton co. rises in a ridge of hills near the 
centre of the co., and in two branches which 
unite to form Alaqua, which, assuming a south- 
ern course, falls into Choctaw bay. This stream 
admits the entrance of vessels drawing 5 feet 
water, for a distance of 15 ms. to the margin of 
a fine body of fertile land, already extensively 
settled and cultivated. " Alaqua," says Wil- 
liamson in his Florida, " is the largest stream 
that enters from the Ridge. The springs o-f 
the two eastern branches of this river rise grad- 
ually in cane patches, and flow through a beau- 
tiful undulating country of good land." 

Alaqua, p-v. and st. of jus. for Walton co. 
Flor. is situated on Alaqua r. 70 ms. a little n. 
of E. Pensacola, and by p-r. Lfil ms. a little n. 
of w. Tallahasse. Lat. 30° 38': long. a° 20' 
w. W. C. 

Alatamaha, a fine r. of Geo. draining the cen- 
tral parts of that state, and the space between 
the branches of the Flint, Chattahooche, and 



ALB 



12 



ALB 



Savannah rs. The Oconee and Ocmulgee rs. 
are the great constituent streams of the Alata- 
maha. The two former rising southeastward 
from the valley of the Chattahooche ; the Oco- 
nee in Hall, near Gainsville, and the Ocmul- 
gee in Gwinnet and De Kalb cos. Both streams 
rise so near as from 10 to 15 ms. from the main 
volume of Chattahooche, but both assuming a 
nearly parallel course ofs. s. e., about forty ms. 
asunder. The Oconee, or eastern branch, pur. 
sues the original course with but slight general 
inflections, 170 ms. to its junction with Ocmul- 
gee, between Montgomery and Appling cos. 
The western, or Ocmulgee branch, pursues 
the original course, 160 ms., to near Jackson- 
ville in Telfair co., where it curves round to n. 
E., 30 ms. to its union with Oconee, almost ex- 
actly on lat. 32°, and directly w. from the mouth 
of Savannah r. Below the junction of Oconee 
and Ocmulgee rs. the united waters form the 
Alatamaha, which,maintaining nearly the course 
of Oconee s. s. e. by comparative courses 90 
ms. falls into the Atlantic by one main and se- 
veral smaller outlets, between St. Simon's and 
Sapeloo islands, and between Mcintosh and 
Glynn cos. The entire length of the basin of 
Alatamaha is 250 ms., with a mean width of 50, 
and area 12,500 sq. ms., and lying between lat. 
31° 15' and 34° 28', and between long. 4° 22' 
and 7° 20' w. W. C. The sources of Alatama- 
ha interlock with those of St. Ilia, Cambahee, 
Ogeeche, and Savannah rs. flowing into the At- 
lantic, and with those of Chattahooche, Flint, 
and Suwanne, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. 

As a navigable channel, Alatamaha has 14 
feet water on its bar. Boats of 30 tons are na- 
vigated to Milledgeville on the Oconee, and to 
an equal or greater distance up the Ocmulgee. 
Down stream navigation is practicable on both 
rivers from near their sources. 

The climate of this basin differs very much 
between the extremes, from diff"erence of lati- 
tude and of level. The lat. differs near 3^°, 
and the level not less than 1000 ft., giving an en- 
tire difference of temperature, of upwards of 
5° of Fahrenheit. The vegetable productions, 
both natural and exotic, present a corresponding 
variety, with the extent of climate. On this ba- 
sin, near the mouth of Alatamaha, the orange tree 
and sugar-cane are cultivated, and on its high- 
er branches, the apple, peach, and pear ; wheat, 
rye, oats and meadow grapes flourish. The 
•staple vegetable, however, over the whole ba- 
sin, which is most cultivated and valued, is Cot- 
ton. Tobacco, Indigo and Rice, are also occa- 
sionally produced. 

Alba, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. 

Albany, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 18 ms. n. w. Pa- 
ris. Pop. 387. 

Albany, p-t. Orleans co.iVt. 6 ms. sq., 34 ms. 
N. Montpelier, contains several ponds, and part 
of Black r. The market road from Boston to 
Montreal passes through it. Pop. 683. 

Albany co. N. Y. bounded by Schenectady 
and Saratoga cos. n. ; Rensselaer e. ; Greene 
E. ; Schoharie w. ; 22 by 21 ms. ; 462 sq. ms. ; 
N. lat. 42° 21', long. 20' e. and 15' w. New York 
city, is w. of Hudson r., about 144 ms. n. New 
York ; containa 9 t-sps. Albany is the cf. t. 
FormationB, transition and secondary, on slate 



rock, over which lies graywacke, especially in 
the west and middle. There are also shell lime 
stone and sand stone. Loose primitive rocks 
lie on the surface ; and the minerals are nume- 
rous. The soil is various, low and rich on Hud- 
son r., sand plains in the interior, hilly w., rocky 
N., much land is uncultivated. Norman's, Coey- 
man's, Bethlehem and Ten Miles crs. are small 
mill streams. Catskill r. rises in the s. 

The Erie and Champlain canals unite and ter- 
minate in this county, and the Mohawk and Hud- 
son rail road (for which see Albany,) is entirely 
within it. One of the first settlements in the 
state was here. There is an agricultural soci- 
ety for the county ; at Watervleit on the canal, 
is the United States arsenal, the principal depot 
for arms in the northern States. Population, 
1820, 38,116; 1830, 53,560. 

Albany, city, Albany co. N. Y. Capital of 
the state ; on the w. bank Hudson r. 144 ms. n. 
New- York, 165 w. Boston, 230 s. Montreal, 30 
N. Hudson, 15 s. e. Schenectady, is the second 
city in the state in population, trade, wealth and 
resources. It has been greatly increased and 
enriched by the operation of the Erie and Cham- 
plain canals, which unite 8 ms. north of the cen- 
tre of the city and terminate at the Basin, which 
is formed in Hudson r. by a pier 4,300 ft. in 
length, along the upper part of the city, by 
which sloops, tow boats and canal boats are 
brought side by side, or have their cargoes ex- 
changed over the pier. The amount of canal 
tolls received at Albany in 1830, was $212,056 ; 
1831, ,f 269,443. 

The Capitol which stands on the fine square 
at the head of State street, facing e. is a large 
and spacious stone building, and has two spa- 
cious and richly furnished chambers for the 
Senate and Assembly. In it are also rooms for 
the Superior Court, the Chancellor's Court, an 
office for the Governor, Committee, Jurors, and 
other rooms. The City Hall, situated on the 
same square, and facing west, is a noble build- 
ing of white marble, where are held the Courts 
of the U. S. Circuit, of Common Pleas, the 
Mayor's, &c. The building is surmounted with 
a large dome, richly gilded, which marks its 
site to the traveller when many ms. distant. 
This building, together with the Academy which 
stands on the same square, and which is a beau- 
tiful structure of free-stone, are a just source of 
pride to the citizens, and are evidence of the 
taste, wealth and enterprise of the inhabitants. 
Here are a Female Seminary and an Academy, 
to which are apportioned, from the school fund, 
to the former, $115. 50, and to the latter, 
$360. 68. There are 5 Banks, 3 Insurance 
Offices, an Institute, Library and Athenaeum. 
The number of travellers passing through this 
city is very great, at all seasons. While the 
river is navigable, four elegant steamboats ar- 
rive here from N. York daily, and as many de- 
part, transporting hundreds of passengers ; 
while the travelling is great in all other direc- 
tions, by tow-boats, canals, stages, &c. A steam 
boat line was also established, 1832, between N. 
Y. and Troy. Steam tow.ljoats and sloops 
transport a vast amount of merchandize for and 
from the canals. The Mohawk and Hudson 
Rail Road, designed to avoid the locks and cir- 



ALB 



13 



ALE 



cuit of the Erie canal, was partly in use in 1831, 
and is now completed. It extends in a straight 
line from Albany to Schenectady, 14 ms. over 
an elevated sandy plain, with an inclined plane 
at each end. On that near Schenectady, a sta- 
tionary engine is placed, 130 ft. above the canal : 
2 of the 3 sections are level ; the others slope 
very gently towards Albany. It is thought that 
600 passengers will pass on this road daily, and 
many more during the travelling season. The 
annual expenses are estimated at ^14,600. 
Rail-road routes have been surveyed from Al- 
bany to Boston, and it is proposed to construct 
one either by the 8th Mass. turnpike, through 
Blanford, or by the Pontoosuc turnpike. An- 
other is proposed, to West Stockbridge, Mass. 
at an estimated expense of |'500,000, to connect 
part of the valley of Housatonic r. with Hud- 
son r. A charter of a N. York city and Albany 
rail-road has been granted, to run e. of Hudson 
r. Pop. 26,000. 

Albemarle Sound, a deep bay of N. C. is 
the estuary of the Roanoke and Chowan rs. ex- 
tending 60 ms. in length from e. to w. along n. 
lat. 36° with a mean breadth of 8 ms., but pro- 
truding several deep minor bays. The Roanoke 
enters from the w. and the Chowan from the n. 
w. at the extreme interior of Albemarle, which 
spreads below the entrance of those rs. in a 
shallow expanse of water, with a level, or rather 
flat country along each shore. Every small in- 
let has its own comparative broad bay, by one of 
which the Pasquotank, a navigable inland com- 
mimication by the Dismal Swamp canal, has 
been formed between Albemarle sound and 
Chesapeake bay. Albemarle sound is separa- 
ted from the Atlantic ocean, by long, low, and 
narrow reefs of sand ; but having two channels 
of connexion southward with Pamlico Sound, 
one on each side of the Roanoke Island, and on 
the northward an opening to the ocean by Cur- 
rituck Sound and inlet ; both rs. are navigable 
to near their sources. The climate of this ba- 
sin differs very much between its extremes both 
from difference of latitude and of level. The 
latitude differs near 3i degrees, and the level 
not less than 100 ft. giving an entire difference 
of temperature of upwards of 5° lat. The ve- 
getable productions, both natural and exotic, 
have a corresponding variety with the extent of 
climate. On this basin, near the mouth, the 
orange and sugar cane are cultivated ; and on 
its higher branches, the apple, and wheat, rye, 
oats, and other cerealia. The staple vegetable, 
however, both in the interior and islands conti- 
guous to this basin, is cotton, though admitting 
a very wide range of staple, such as tobacco, 
indigo, &LC. Rice is extensively cultivated. 

Albemarle, one of the central cos. of Va. 
bndd. N. w. by the Blue Ridge which separates 
it from Augusta and Rockingham, on the n. e. 
by the western part of Orange, on the e. by 
Louisa and Fluvanna, on the s. by James r. 
which separates it from Buckingham, and on 
the s. w. by Nelson. Length from s. w. to n. e. 
35 ms., mean width 20, and area 700 sq. ms. 
lat. 38° passes over very nearly the middle of 
the county, which is again nearly divided into 
two equal parts by long. 1° 30' w. W. C. The 
body of this co. is drained by the constituent 

3 



creeks of Rivanna r. which uniting below Char- 
lotteville, pass through the s. w. mountain, and 
a few ms. lower enter Fluvanna. The face of 
this CO. is elegantly diversified by hill and dale, 
whilst the Blue Ridge affords a fine n. w. border, 
and the more humble ridges of the south-west 
mountain decorate the eastern part. The soil, 
of course, partakes of the variety of feature 
from mountain, rocky and sterile, to productive 
river alluvion. Cf. ts.Charlotteville, Scottsville, 
and Warren. Pop. 1820, 19,750, 1830, 22,618. 
Albertsons, p-0. Duplin Co. N. C, 70 ms. s. 
e. Raleigh. 

Albion, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. Pop. 1,393. 
AlbIon, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 669. 
Albion, p-v. and st. jus. Edwards co. II., sit. 
uated between Bon Pas and Little Wabash rs. 44 
ms. s. w. Vincennes, and by p-r. 733 ms. west- 
ward from W. C. and 92 s. e. by e. from Vanda- 
lia; lat. 38° 23', and Long. 11° 07' w. W. C. 

Albrights, p-o. Orange co. N. C. 70 ms. n. 
w. Raleigh. 

Alburg, p-t. and port of entry. Grand Isle co.Vt. 
33 ms. N. Burlington, is of triangular form, 10 ms. 
long and on an average 3^ wide, with L. Canada 
line N. Missisque Bay e. and l. Champlain w., 
forming a point s. It was settled in 1782, by 
refugees who returned from Canada. The sur- 
face is very level, and there are no mts. or con. 
siderable streams. The soil is rich ; timber, ce- 
dar, elm, beech and maple. There is a mine- 
ral spring, used in scrofulous cases. Pop. 1,239. 
Alden, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 22 ms. e. Buffalo, 
Pop. 1,257. 

Aldie, p-o. Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 39 ms. 
westward from W. C. 

Alexander, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. ; 8 ms. s. 
s. w. Batavia, is crossed by Tonne wantacr. with 
several branches, and has a gently varied sur- 
face, with a soil yielding grain, grass, &c., 
beech, maple, elm, ash, &c. The village is on 
Tonnewantacr. Pop. 2,331. 

Alexander, t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. n. 
Machias. Pop. 334. 

Alexander, p-v. Athens co. 0. by p-r. 79 ms. 
s. E. by e. from Columbus, and 350 n. w. by w, 
W. C. 

Alexander, p-v. southern part of Montgome- 
ry CO. O. by p-r. 73 s. w. by av. half w. Colum- 
bus, and 469 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Alexander, extreme southern county of II. 
bounded n. by Union, Johnson n. e., the Ohio r. 
separating it from Mc. Crackan co. Ky. s. e. 
and the Mississippi r. separating it from Scott 
CO. Mo. s. and s. w., and from Cape Girardeau 
CO. Mo. w. and n. w. Length from s. to N. 25 
ms ; mean breadth 18 ; and area 450 sq. ms. 
Lat. 37° to 37° 21'. Long. W. C. 12° 8' to 12° 
35' w. This county occupies the peninsula 
above and between the junction of the Ohio and 
Misp. rs. ; the form, a rude approach to a tri- 
angle, the salient point southward in the direc- 
tion of the general slope. Cash r. or cr. a small 
stream rising in Union, and Johnson cos. trav- 
erses Alexander in another direction, falling in- 
to the Ohio r. about 5 ms. above its junction 
with the Misp. Cf. t. America. Pop. 1,390. 

Alexander's mills, p-o. Fleming co. Ky. ; by 
p-r. 86 ms. estrd. from Frankfort. 

Alexandria, t. Grafton co. N. H. 30 ms. n. 



ALF 



14 



ALL 



by w. Concord, 72 n. w. Portsmouth. On Smith's 
and Fowler's rs. are 2,000 acres of interval 
land, good for flax, potatoes and grass. Wheat 
and maize grow well in other parts. The moun. 
tainous tracts are rocky. Pop. 1,083. 

Alexandria, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. opposite 
the iOOO Isls. in St. Lawrence r. which belong 
to it. The shore, which extends 9 ms. is high, 
rocky and varied, with many bays. The St. 
Lawrence is 2 ms. wide. It contains Indian r. 
Mullet, Otter, Hyde, Plesses, and Crooked crs. 
with other mill streams ; and 12 ponds, | to 3 
ms. long. There are many falls, and numerous 
fish. At the falls on Ind. r. (60 ft.) is Theresa r. 
That r. is navigated by boats to Rossie. The 
timber is maple, beech, bass, elm, red and 
white oak, black and white ash, hemlock, pine, 
&c. It is crossed by the military road from 
Plattsburg to Sackett's Harbor. Pop. 1,523. 

Alexandria, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J. n. w. 
Musconetcunk r., s. w. Delaware r. ; Musco. 
netcunlimtn. w. Pop. 3,042. 

Alexandria, p-v. Huntingdon co. Penn. on 
Frankstown branch of the Juniatta, 10 ms. n. n. 
w. Huntingdon, and by p-r. 96 ms. n. w. by w. 
Harrisburg. 

Alexandria city, s-p. p-t. and st. jus. for the 
CO. ofthe same name, D. C situated on the right 
bank ofthe Potomac, 7 ms. below the capitol in 
Washington. The public buildings in Alexan- 
dria are several churches, court-house, acade- 
my, &c. The streets run at right angles to each 
other, and nearly so to the Potomac. This city 
is the centre of a considerable commerce par- 
ticularly in the article of flour. The harbor ad- 
mits vessels of any draught, from ships of the 
line downwards. The meridian of Washington 
passing through the capitol, leaves the central 
part of Alexandria, near 3 minutes to the e. lat. 
Alexandria 38° 48". Pop. 1810, 7,227 ; 1820, 
8,218 ; and in 1830, 8,263. 

Alexandria co. D. C. comprising that part 
ofthe Dist. ceded by Virginia, and lying s. w. 
from the Potomac. From s. e. to n. w. it is 10 
ms. in length widening from the lower part 
of the city of Alexandria where it is a mere 
point, to a width of 4 miles from the little falls 
of Potomac, area about 36 sq. ms. The surface 
with but little exception hilly, and soil thin. It 
is connected with the city of Washington by a 
wooden bridge over the Potomac. See D. C. 
Pop. 1830, exclusive of the city, 1,345, and in- 
cluding the city, 9,608. 

Alexandria, p-v. and st.jus.of Rapide Parish, 
eituated on the right bank of Red r. about half a 
mile below the lower rapids in the bed of that 
Btream, and by water 350 ms. above New Or- 
leans ; and by a similar means of conveyance 
65 ms. below Natchitoches. The t. is mostly 
comprised in a single line of houses along the 
r. Pop. about 800. Lat. 31° 18' N. long, from 
W. C. 15° 39' W. 

Alexandria, p-v. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 86 
ms. N. E. Nashville. 

Alexandria, p-v. Campbell co. Ky. by p-r. 
75 ms. N E. Frankfort. 

Alexandriana, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 
by p-r. 151 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Alford, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 125 ms. w. 
Boston, E. N. Y. line, is watered by Green r. 
and another branch of Housatonic r. and cross- 



ed by a turnpike. It is on the e. declivity of 
Tanghkannuck mts. Pop. 512, 

Alfordsville, p-v. Robeson co. N, C. by p-r. 
109 ms. s. s. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Alfred, p-t. and half-shire, York co. Me. 
24 ms. N. York. Pop. 1,453. 

Alfred, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 10 ms. E. 
Angelica, W. Steuben co. is well watered by 
streams of Canacadea cr. Pop. 1,416. 

Allagua, {See Alagua.) 

Allegan, a new co. of Mich, bounded by Ot- 
taway co. n., KentN. e., Barry e., Kalamazoo co. 
s. E. Van Buren, s. and s. w., and lake Huron 
w. Breadth 24 ms., mean length from w. to e. 
38 ms. and area about 900 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 35', 
and long. 9° w. W. C. intersect near the centre 
of this CO.. which lies about 150 ms. in a direct 
line a little n. of w. Detroit, Slope wstrd., and 
in that direction traversed by Kalamazoo r., 
which stream enters lake Mich, on the western 
border ofthe county. Pop. uncertain. 

Alleghany, important r. of wstrn, Pennsyl- 
vania and N. York, and one ofthe constituents 
of the Ohio. In strictness of Physical Geogra- 
phy, the Alleghany is the Ohio, of which the 
Monongahela is only a branch. By the Indians 
of different tribes, the words Ohio and Allegha. 
ny mean the same thing, clear or fine river, of 
which native names, the French term Belle Riv-^ 
ierewcLs a literal translation. By the Shawnese, 
the Alleghany was called Palawa Thepika, The 
remote sources of this stream are in Mc Kean 
and Potter co. Pa., from whence, flowing north- 
ward, they unite and enter the state of N. Y., 
over which it curves 40 ms. in Cataraugus co., 
and re-enters Pennsylvania, within which, in 
Warren co., it receives a large branch, the Co- 
newango, from Chatauque co. N. Y. and assu- 
ming a s. w. direction, to Venango, where the 
main stream is again augmented by a considera. 
ble branch, French Creek, from the N, W. 
Now a considerable stream, Alleghany, by a 
large eastern curve flows 120 ms. by compara- 
tive courses, to Pittsburg, where it receives the 
Monongahela, and forms the Ohio. Below the 
influx of French Creek, the Alleghany receives- 
no further large branch from the right, but from 
the left it receives Clarion r., Red Bank and 
Mahoning crs. and a still more important tribu- 
tary, the Kiskiminitas. The entire length ofthe 
basin ofthe Alleghany extends 173 ms. nearly 
along long. 2° w. Washington. The higher 
sourceu of Stoney cr. branch ofthe Kiskimini- 
tas, rise at lat. 42° 26'. The mean breadth of 
the basin about 70 ms. ; area 12,110 sq. ms. 
The position of this r. is admirably calculated 
to render it a great navigable chain of intercom- 
munication. The main volume is a boatable 
stream at Hamilton, N. Y. within 25 ms. from 
the navigable water of Genesee r. at Angelica. 
French cr. becomes navigable at Waterford, 
with a portage of only 14 ms. between that point 
to the navigable waters of lake Erie. These 
lines have already become of commercial im- 
portance, but on the eastern side ofthe basin, the 
channel of the Kiskiminitas is becoming that of 
a part ofthe Pa. canal. The latter great work 
commences on the Conemaugh, at .Tohnstown^ 
and follows that stream and its continuationj 
the Kiskiminitas to the Alleghany, which it 
crosses, & following the right bank to the mouth. 



ALL 



15 



ALL 



re-crosses, and passing through Pittsburg, en- 
ters the Monongahela by Lukes run. A rail 
road has been designed to continue from the lat- 
ter canal line at Johnstown, and crossing the 
main ridge of the Alleghany mountains, ter- 
minates at Frankstown on the Juniatta, from 
whence the chain of canal re-commences, and 
continues by the basins of the Susquehanna and 
Schuylkill to the city Philadelphia.-— /Sec Ohio 
basin. 

Alleghany, mtn. of the Appalachian system. 
It is an unanswerable objection to giving the 
name of Alleghany to the whole system, that it 
has been appropriated to a particular chain in 
Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. From 
the basin of the Kenhawa, to that of the west- 
em branch of the Susquehannah through four 
degrees of latitude, the Alleghany is a dividing 
ridge between the waters flowing into the At- 
lantic, from those of the Ohio, giving source 
estrd. to the branches of James r. and the Poto- 
mac, and on the other side, or wstrd. to those of 
the Kenhawa, Monongahela, Youghioghany, 
and Kiskiminitas. The ridges which form tiie 
particular chain of the Alleghany, are not very 
distinctly defined, though the entire chain con- 
stitutes so remarkable a feature in the geogra- 
phy of the U. S. The length of the Alleghany 
is, from Monroe co. in Va. in the valley of the 
Kenhawa, to Centre co. in Pa. in the valley of 
Susquehanna, 300 ras. The height varies, but 
may be stated at 2500 ft. as a mean. Similar 
to all other chains of the Appalachian system, 
that of Alleghany does not rise into peaks, but 
stretches in parallel ridges, which, to the view 
from either side, presents gently rounded, and 
swelling knolls, or elegantly defined lines, 
which bound the distant horizon. The compo- 
nent material of the Alleghany is mostly gray- 
wacke, though limestones and other rocks occa- 
sionally occur. This chain is rich in iron and 
bituminous coal. Some ridges have naked sum- 
mits, but this feature is rare, the ridges general- 
ly being clothed with timber in all their height. 
A few mountain plains with tolerable soil for 
agriculture occur, but mostly, the soil is rocky 
and barren, and often marshy. Pine and oak 
the most abundant timber. — See Appalachian 
System. 

Alleghany co. N. Y. in the w. part of the 
state, N. Pennsylvania line, 260 ms. w. Albany, 
bndd. by Genesee and Livingston cos. n., Steu- 
ben E., Pa. s., Cataraugus and Genesee w., 40 
ms. by 28, has 1120 sq. ms. It contains 13 ts., 
and is divided nearly equally by Genesee r. 
running n. with two falls 90 and 60 ft. Much 
of the soil is good alluvion, and the rest a gent- 
ly varied surface, generally better for grass 
than for grain. Iron is mined in the n. There 
is a good number of mills and manufactures. 
Pop. 1820, 9,330 ; 1830, 26,218. 

Alleghany co. of Pennsylvania, having 
Washington co. s. and s. w., Beaver n. w. ; But- 
ler N. ; and Westmoreland e. Length from e. 
to w. 32 ms. mean breadth 18, and area 575 sq. 
ms. The face of this county is in a peculiar 
manner diversified. Though not traversed by 
any mountain chain, the hills are high and swel- 
ling. The soil is fertile to the highest sum. 
mits, and in its natural state covered with a very 
dense forest. But it is the rs. and their varie- 



gated banks, which form the true decoration of 
this fine co. ; the Alleghany enters from the n. 
E. and the Monongahela from the s. e., and uni. 
ting at Pittsburg, form the Ohio ; the latter 
winding to the n. w. traverses 14 ms. of the 
western part of the co. To the rivers may be 
added Chartiers, and many other crs. which 
contribute to drain and fertilize the fine vales 
which spread over this beautiful country. For 
lat. and long, see Pittsburg. In ]820, the 
population was, i2icluding Pittsburg, 34,921, in 
1830, pop. 50,652 including the city of Pittsburg, 
and exclusive of Pittsburg, 37,984. 

Alleghany, extreme western co. of Mary- 
land, bounded by Washington in Md. e., west 
branch ofthe Potomac, or Hampshire and Ha- 
nay counties in Va. s., Randolph and Preston 
COS. o/'Va. w., and Fayette, Somerset, and Bed- 
ford cos. in Pa. n. Extreme length along the 
Pa. line is 65 ms. but the breadth is very irreg- 
uJar : on Randolph and Preston cos. it is about 
35 ms., at Cumberland about 7 ; the mean 
breadth 12J, superficies 800 sq. ms. This co. 
is traversed by the main chain of the Allegha- 
ny which discharges the higher branches ofthe 
Youghioghany to the n. w., and those of the w. 
branch of the Potomac to the s. e. The entire 
face of the country is excessively broken and 
rocky, yet there is much excellent arable land, 
some tracts of good soil even on the mountain 
plains. The U. S. road commences at Cumber- 
land, and the elevation of the country may 
be seen, by the fact that Cumberland stands el- 
evated above tide water 537 feet, and following 
the U. S. road 9 ms. to Frost t. the rise is 1255 
ft., and is 26 ras. to the highest summit, 2289 ft. 
Bituminous coal abounds in the mountain bowels 
of this CO. which, should one or both the Balti- 
more and Ohio rail road, and Chesapeake and 
Ohio canal be completed, even to Cumberland, 
must become of great importance. For lat. and 
long, see Cumberland. In 1820, pop. 8,654, 
1830, 10,609. 

Alleghany co. of Va., bndd. by Monroe s. w., 
by the Alleghany mtn. or Green Briar n. w,, 
Bath N. E., and Botetourt s. e. Length from n, 
E. to s. w. 28 ms., mean breadth 18jns., area 
500 sq. ms. This co. occupies a high moun. 
tain valley, drained by some of the higher 
branches of James r. Dunlap's and Bolt's crs. 
rising in Monroe, flow n. e. into Alleghany, 
unite with Jackson's r. near Covington, and form 
the main western branch of James river, which 
continuing n. estrd, receives Cowpasture, on the 
N. E. border ofthe co. Lying between lat. 37° 
35' and 3Ll°, and long. 3° w. W. C. and rising to 
a mean level, exceeding 1000 feet above the 
ocean tides, the seasons of this county are 
essentially influenced by mountain exposure, 
and by native height. Staples, grain, flour, &c. 
Cf. t. Covington. Pop. 2,816. 

Alleghany Bridge p-o. McKean co. Pa. by 
p-r. 210 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Allemance, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. 77 ms. n. 
w. Raleigh. 

Allen, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y., by p-r. 276 
ms. w. Albany. Pop 898. 

Allen, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa., 16 ms. Har- 
risburg. 

Allen, southern and border co. Ky., bndd. by 
Simpson w., Warren n., Barren n. e., Monroe 



ALL 

E. and Jackson in Ten. s. Length from n. to s. 
23 ms., mean width 17, and area about 400 sq. 
ms. Surface generally level ; soil middling. 
It is drained by the higher crs. of Big Barren, 
branch of Green r. Cf. t. Scottsville, lat. 36° 
45', and long. 8° 50' w. intersect in this co. Pop. 
1820, 5,327, 1830, 6,486. 

Allen, co. of 0. bounded s. e. by Logan, s. by 
Shelby, s. w. and w. by Mercer, n. w. by Van. 
wert, N. by Putnam, and e. by Hardin. Length 
from E. to w. 26 ms. breadth 24, and area 624 
sq. ms. Lat. 40° 35', and long. 7° 10' w. W. C. 
Slope to the n. w. It is drained into the sthrn. 
branch of Au Glaize r., and contains the large 
Wapahkonetta Reserve. Chief t. Wapahkonet- 
ta. Pop. 1830, 578. 

Allen, p-o. Miami co. 0., 66 ms. wstrd, Co- 
lumbus. 

Allen, co. Ind. bounded e. by Pauldii\g co. 
O. ; it lies to the n. e. from Huntingdon co, Ind. 
To the w., N. and s. the bounding cos. uncertain. 
It is a square of 26 ms. each side ; area 676 sq. 
ms. For central lat. see Fort Wayne. Under 
the respective articles Maumee and Wabash rs. 
the peculiar structure of the country now inclu- 
ded in Allen co. may be seen. A canal to cross 
this CO. and to unite the navigable waters of 
Maumee and Wabash is in actual progress 
(See article rail-roads and canals, col. first, of 
page 447.) Cf. t. Fort Wayne. Pop. 1830, 996. 

Allen's cr. Genesee co. N. Y., 140 ms. long, 
enters Genesee r. in Wheatland. It waters a 
fertile country, which it supplies with many mill 
seats. It was named after an Indian robber. 

Allen's Ferry, and p-o. Warren co. Ten. ; 
by p-r. 76 ms, s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Allen's Fresh, p-o. Charles co. Md. by p-r. 
43 ms. sthrd. W. C. 

Allen's Settlement, p-o. Natchitoches pa. 
rish, La., by p-r. 252 ms. n. w. New Orleans. 

Allen's store, p-o. Randolph co. N. C. by 
p.r. 78 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Allenstown, Merrimack co. N. H. e. Sun. 
cook r., 11 ms. s. e. Concord, 38 w. Portsmouth, 
58 N. N. w. Boston ; contains 12,225 acres of 
ordinary land. The timber is oak and pine, 
great quantities of which are sent to Boston. 
Bear brook furnishes mill seats. Catamount 
hill supplies building granite. Pop. 484. 

Allensville, p-o. Mifflin co. Pa. by p.-r. 76 
ms. n. wstwrd. Harrisburg. 

Allenton, p-o. Montgomery co. N. C. by p.r. 
123 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Allenton, p.v. in the s. part of Wilcox co. 
Ala. 19 ms. southwardly from Canton, the st. jus. 
and by p.r. 132 ms. a little e. Tuscaloosa, and 
931 s. w. W. C. 

Allenton, p-v. in the northern part of Greene 
CO. Ky. 15 ms. northwardly from Greensburg, 
the St. jus., and by p-r. 75 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Allentown, v. west corner of Upper Free- 
hold, Monmouth co. N. J. 11 ms. e. Trenton, on 
Doctor's cr. a branch of Croswick's cr. 

Allentown, p.v. borough and st. jus. for Le. 
high CO. Pa. The proper, legal name of this 
borough is Northampton, which see. 

Alligator, p.o. in the northern part of Ala. 
chua CO. Flor. by p-r. 110 ms. s. e. by e. from 
Tallahasse, and 851 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Alligator point, sthrn. extreme of Madison 



16 AME 

CO. Flor. It is the cape on the western side, at 
the mouth of Suwanee r. and separates Vaca- 
saussa bay from Santa Fe bay. On Tanner's 
U. S. it is laid down at lat 29° 21', long. W. C. 
6°21'w. 

Alloway's Creek, Salem co. N. J. empties 
into Delaware r. about G ms. s. of Salem, It ri- 
ses in the same co. 

Alloway's Creek, Lower t. Salem co. N. J. 
between AUovvay and Slow crs., n. e. Delaware 
river is almost connected with low lands and 
swamps. Pop. 1,223. 

Alloway's Creek, Upper p-t. Salem co. N, J. 
on the upper parts of Alloway's cr. Pop. 2,136. 

Almirante, p-o. Walton co. Flor. by p-r. 132 
ms. Pensacola. 

Almond, p-t. Allegany co. N. Y. 12 ms. n. e. 
Angelica, has pretty good land, with maple, 
beech, bass, elm, oak, ash, and other timber. 
Canadea creek and branches furnish mill seats. 
Pop. 1804. 

Alna, p-t. Lincoln CO. Me. 10 ms. n. Wiscas- 
set. Pop. 1175. 

Alstain's p o. St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 52 
ms. s. s. E. W. C. 

Alstead, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 12 ms. s. e. 
Charlesiown, 14 n. Keene, 50 w. Concord ; 24,- 
756 acres ; has mill seats on Cold r. &c. War. 
ren's and other ponds afford many perch and 
pickerel. The soil is strong. There are 2 
public libraries. Pop. 1559. 

Alton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 22 ms. n. e. 
Concord, 25 n. w. Dover, s. Winnipisseogee 
lake and bay ; contains 23,843 acres. The soil 
is rough and rocky, but strong ; the timber is oak, 
beech, maple, pine, &c. It contains Mount 
Major and Prospect Hill, and part of Merry- 
meeting bay, which receives Merrymeeting r. 
Pop. 1993. 

Alum Bank, p-o. Bedford co. Pa. by p-r. 120 
ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Amasura, Amazura, or Amaxura r. of Flor. 
rising in the Seminole country, interlocking 
sources with those of St. John's and Hillsborough 
rs., lat. 28° 25', and flowing thence 45 ms. to the 
N. w., curves to the w., enters Alachua co., in. 
which, after a course of 30 ms. it falls into the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

Amboy, t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 669, 

Amboy, (or Perth Amboy,) city and p-t. Mid- 
dlesex CO. N. J. is situated on the n. side of 
Raritan r. at its junction with Arthur kill sound, 
that separates Staten Island from N. J. and lies 
25 ms. s. w. New York, and 65 n. e. Philadel- 
phia. The town is at the head of Raritan bay. 
It has an excellent harbor, easy of access, 
by a channel affording 21 feet of water. The 
Camden and Amboy rail road terminates on the 
s. side of the Raritan opposite this place. Perth 
Amboy is a port of entry for a district of the 
same name, the tonnage of which in 1829, was 
7,510 tons. Pop. 879. 

Amelia, co. of Va. bndd. n. w. by Cumber- 
land or the Appomattox r., n. by the Appomat. 
tox or Povvhattan, n. e. by Appomattox or Ches- 
terfield, s. e. by Namazine cr. or Dinwiddle, 
s. by Nottaway, and w. by Piince Edward ; 
length from s. e. to n. w. 30 ms. with a mean 
width 10, area 300 sq. ms. It is drained by 
various crs. flowing to the north eastward, into 



AMH 



17 



AMI 



Appomattox. The surface is pleasantly diver- 
sified ; soil of middling quality. For lat. and 
long, see next article. Pop. 1820, 11,106 ; 1830, 
free whites, 3293 : slaves, 7518 ; free colored, 
220 ; total, 11,031. 

Amelia, c. h. and p.o. Amelia co. Va. 40 ms. 
s. w. by w. from Richmond. Lat. 37° 13', long. 
10° 11' w. W. C. 

Amelia, isl. of Flor. forming the eastern part 
of the CO. of Nassau, and the north eastern of 
the Territory. It is 13 or 14 ms. long, with a 
mean breadth of about 1 m. ; surface low and 
sandy. The position of this narrow strip is a 
little inclining from n. and s. towards n. w. and 
s. E. extending from the mouth of St. Mary's r. 
to that of Nassau. Cf. t. Fernandino. 

Amenia, p-t. Duchess, co. N. Y., w. Conn. 
24 ms. E. N. e. Poughkeepsie, 12 ms. by 4i ; 
contains Great Oblong, Kent, and West mts. 
which are of a poor soil. It has a number of 
mills, &c. Pop 2,389. 

America, p-v. and st. jus. Alexander co. II. 
on the right bank of Ohio r. 13 ms. above the 
influx of that stream into the Misp., and by p-r. 
181, though by direct r. not more than 135 ms. 
a very little s. of w. Vandalia. Lat. 37° 10', 
long. W. C. 12° 12' w. 

Ameriscoggin r. (See Androscoggin.) 

Amesbury, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 40 ms. n. e. 
Boston, 4 w. Newburyport, n. side of Merrimac 
r. s. N. H. It is celebrated for the manufac- 
ture of flannel. Powow r. runs through the tsp. 
and aflbrds excellent seats for manufactories. 
It is navigable to the falls, where ships of 300 
tons have been built, and sent into Merrimac r. 
through a draw bridge at the mouth of the 
Powow r. Pop. 2,445. 

Amherst, p-t. and co. town, Hillsborough co. 
N. H. 28 ms. s. Concord, 47 n. w. Boston, 60 w. 
Portsmouth. Souhegan r. passes through it and 
furnishes mill seats. There are 3 ponds, called 
Babboosuck, Little Babboosuck, and Jo English. 
The soil on Souhegan r. is excellent ; on the 
hills it is generally good. 50 years ago, iron ore 
was wrought here. The alluvion is sand, with 
loose masses of primitive rock on the surface ; 
the hills primitive. Pop. 1,657. 

Amherst, p-v. Hampshire co. Mass. 8 ms. 
N. E. Northampton, 85 w. Boston, 7 e. Conn. r. 
Is hilly, with a very good soil. Amherst Col- 
lege w&s founded in 1821, and incorporated in 
1825. There are 3 buildings for students, 4 
stories high, containing each 32 rooms : a fourth 
contains a large chapel, and rooms for various 
purposes. A fifth college building is soon to be 
erected. Within the past year, a subscription 
for the benefit of this institution has been rais- 
ed, amounting to ,^50,000 ; and during the same 
period, large additions have been made from 
Europe to the Library, and Chemical and Phi- 
losophical apparatus, collectively valued at ,$8,- 
000. Beside the President, who is professor of 
Mental Philosophy, and Divinity, there are 6 pro- 
fessors and 2 tutors. The expenses are from 
^96 to $122 a year to each student. There are 
two parallel courses of study, one embracing the 
ancient languages and literature, the other mod- 
ern. The apparatus was obtained in Europe. 
Board costs $1 or J^l,50 a week. Students in 
1831-2, 195. The Amherst Academy and 
Mount Pleasant Institutions are also in this t. 



The former, where youth are fitted for college, 
has a building 40 by 60 feet, 3 stories. The 
former, on the plan of a German gymnasium, 
has a building 200 feet long. Pop. 2,631. 

Amherst, Erie co. N. Y. 7. ms. e. Buffalo, 
5 or 6 ms. by 17. Tonawanta creek is on the 
N. and its tributaries, Ellicott's, Cayuga, Con. 
jocketa, Skyajocketa, Seneca and Cazenove 
creeks run through the t. The soil is a gravel, 
ly loam, nearly level, bearing small oaks, and 
chesnuts, &c. with stony tracts. Limestone is 
found, with nodules of gun.flint. Williamsville, 
V. 11 ms. N. E. Buffalo v. has a toll-bridge 210 
ft. long, and many mills. On some reserved 
land s. w. are some Seneca Indians. Fop. 
2,489, 

Amherst co. Virginia ; bndd. by Bedford co. 
or James r. s. w. ; on the s. by .lames r. or 
Campbell co. ; s. e. by James river or Camp- 
bell and Buckingham cos. ; e. and n. e. by Tye 
river, or Nelson co. ; and n. e. by Blue Ridge 
or Rockbridge co. The form of this county is 
that of a parallelogram, 22 by 19 ms. ; area 418 
sq. ms. It is enclosed on 2 sides s. w. and s. e. 
by James river, and entirely drained by the con. 
fluents of that stream ; general slope of the 
county to the southward; oceanic elevation, 
from 500 to 800 ft. ; with a tolerable fertile soil, 
the face of Amherst is beautifully variegated 
by a mountain, hill, and river scenery. For lat. 
and long, see next article. Pop. 1820, 10,483, 
1830, 12,071. 

Amherst c-h. and p-o. Amherst co. Va, 102 
ms. w. Richmond, and 15 n. n. e. Lynchburg, at 
lat. 37° 29' long. 2° 12' w. W. C. 

Amissville, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 86 ms. s> 
w. W. C. and 100 n. n. w. Richmond. 

Amite r. of the states of Misp. and La. ; rises 
in the former, 40 ms. s. e. by e. from Natchez, 
and in Franklin co. over which, and Amite co. 
it flows sthrd. 35 ms. and enters La. ; continu- 
ing a southwardly course 50 ms. farther it re- 
ceives the Iberville from the w. and turning ab- 
ruptly to the east, falls into lake Maurepas, af- 
ter an entire comparative course of 100 ms. 
Schooners drawing 5 ft. water are navigated up 
this stream to Galvezton, at the mouth of the 
Iberville. 

Amite, one of the southwestern cos. of Miss. ; 
bounded w. by Wilkinson ; n. by Franklin ; e. 
by Pike ; and s. by East Feliciana and St. He- 
lena parishes in La. It is in form of a paral- 
lellogram, 30 ms. from e. to w. and 24 from n. 
to s. area 720 sq. ms. Surface moderately hil- 
ly, and though some good land is found along 
and near the streams, the great body of the 
county is sterile and covered with fine timber. 
The Honochitto river forms a few miles of its 
boundary on the n. w. and the Tangipa rises in 
its s. E. angles, but the central and far greater 
part of the surface is drained by the Amite r. 
Lat. 31° 15', long. 14° w. W. C. Pop. 1820, 
6,859, 1830, 7,934. 

Amitv, Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 872. 

Amity, p-v. of Washington co. Pa. on Bane's 
Fork of Ten Mile cr. 10 ms. s. from Washing- 
ton, the CO. t., and 248 ms. wstrd. from Harris- 
burg. 

Amity, tsp. of Berks CO. Pa. Pop. 1810, 1,090, 
1820, 1,279, 1830, 1,384. 

Amity, p-v. in the s. w. part of Trumbull co. 



ANC 



18 



AND 



Ohio ; 10 ms. s. w. from Warren, the st. jus. 
and 147 by p-r. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Ammonoosuck, Lower or great r. chiefly in 
Grafton co. N. H. rises on the w. side of the 
White mts. with one of its sources coming from 
near the summit of Mount Wasliington, within 
a few rods of the source of the Saco r. which 
runs into the Atlantic. This stream has a s. w. 
course of about 50 ms. and after receiving the 
wild Ammonoosuck, 2 ms. from its mouth, en- 
ters Conn. r. between Bath and Haverhill. It 
has a clear current except in floods, and a valley 
half a m. wide. It has a fall of 40 ft., 6^ ms. 
from the notch in the mts. 

Ammonoosuck, Upper, or Little, Coos co. N. 
H. rises n. of the White mts. runs near to An- 
droscoggin r. and after an irregular course of 
about 50 ms. through a romantic valley 7 or 8 
ms. wide, enters Conn. r. in Lancaster. 

Amoskeag, p-v. Hillsboro co. N. H. 16 ms, 
below Concord. 

Amoskeag Falls, Merrimack r. N. H. 48 ft. 
3 in. descent in ^m. are dammed in several 
places, and have a canal of 1 m. with 9 locks. 
Cost $35,000. 

Amsterdam, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. n. 
Mohawk r. containing 72 sq. ms. Soil various, 
generally fertile, with alluvion on the r. Here 
was fort Johnson. Chuctenanda cr. falls 120 ft. 
in 100 rods from the Mohawk, at Amsterdam 
village. Pop. 3,354. 

Amsterdam, p-v. Botetourt co. Va. 5 ms. s. 
from Fincastle and by p-r. 204 w. Richmond. 

Amsterdam, new and rapidly increasing vil. 

. CO. state of Misp. situated on Big Black 

r. about 100 ms. by water above its influx into 
Misp. r. It already contains 50 dwelling hous- 
es, 6 dry goods stores, 2 groceries, 2 cotton 
warehouses, a neat church, and about 250 in- 
habitants. The exact location of this vil. is 
not given in the account from which this notice 
is compiled, but must stand at about 130 ms. 
N. N. e. Natchez, and 70 ms. n. Jackson. 

Amwell, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J. 18 ms. n. 
Trenton. Flemington, the st. jus. of the co. is 
in this town. Pop. 7,385. 

Amwell, tsp. Washington co. Pa. Pop. 1,733. 

Anastatia, isld. of Flor. on the Atlantic, ex- 
tending 18 ms. from the harbor of St. Augus- 
tine, to Mantanzas Inlet, with a breadth not ex- 
ceeding a mean of half a m. It is a low, sandy, 
ocean beat reef, separated from the main land 
by one of the Rigolets so very common on the 
Atlantic and gulf coasts of the U. S. Accor- 
ding to Tanners' U. S. the signal tower on the 
northern end of the island, is at lat. 29° 50', 
long, 4° 29' w. W. C. 

Ancocus (or Rancocus") cr. Burlington co. N. 
J, runs N. w. enters Delaware r, 6 ms. s. Bur- 
lington, is navigable 16 ms. and aflibrds many 
mill seats. 

Ancram, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. e. 
Hudson, 51 s. Albany, formerly was included 
in Livingston's Manor. Ancram cr. traverses 
it, and supplies mills, &c. particularly Ancram 
Iron Works, the ore for which, is brought from 
Salisbury, Conn. The soil is various but gene- 
rally good, and is held chiefly on life leases. 
Charlotte Pond empties into Dove cr, a branch 
of Ancram cr. Pop, 1,533. 



Andalusia, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 96 ms. 
E. from Harrisburg. 

Anderson, one of the Western dists. of S. C, 
lying between the Savannah and Saluda rs. hav- 
ing Picken's dist. n. w. ; Grenville, n. e.; Abber- 
ville, s. E. ; and Savannah r. or Elbert co. in 
Geo. s. w, ; in form of a rhomb of 28 ms. each 
perpendicular, and about 800 sq. ms. The two 
new dsts. of Anderson and Pickens, were form- 
ed from Pendleton which is abrogated. Though 
bounded by Saluda on the n. e. the far greater 
part of Anderson is drained by the confluents 
of Savannah r. ; the slope sthrd. The centre 
of the dist. is at lat. 34-^° very nearly, and w. 
long. 5" 40' W. C. Chief t. Pendleton. Pop. 
1830, 17,169. 

Anderson co. Ten. bndd. by Granger e., Knox 
s. E., Roane s. w., Morgan w. Campbell n. w., 
and Claibone n. e. Length from s. w. to n. e, 
38 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 570 sq. ms, 
Lat. 36° 7', and long. 7«' w. of W. C. intersect 
near the centre of this co. The n. e. part is 
bndd. by, and the s. w. part traversed by Clinch 
r. The central section is in fact a deep valley 
between Cumberland mtn. and Chesnut ridge- 
Cf.t. Clinton, Pop. 1820, 4,674, and in 1830, 
5,310. 

Anderson co. Ky. bndd. by Mercer s. Spen- 
cer w. Shelly n. w. Franklin n. and Kentucky r. 
which separates it from Woodford e. Length 
18 ms. mean breadth 10, and area 180 sq. ms., 
lying between lat. 37° 58' and 38° 8' and long. 
7° 46' and 8° 8' w. W. C. Though bordering 
on Kentucky r. Anderson is drained in most 
parts by the branches of Salt river, which flows 
wstrd. Cf. t. Lawrence. 

Andersonborough, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 37 ms. 
N. w. Harrisburg, 

Anderson c. h. p-o. Anderson dist. S, C. by 
p-r. 148 ms. n. w, by w. Columbia. 

Anderson's p-o. Wilson co. Ten. 34 ms. east- 
ward from Nashville. 

Anderson's Store, and p-o. Morgan co. O. 
by P-r. 84 ms. eastward from Columbus. 

Anderson's Store, p-o. Caswell co. N. C. 56 
ms. N. w Raleigh. 

Andersontown, (or Andersonton,) p-v. and 
St. jus. Madison co. Ind. situated on White r. 
by p-r. 41 ms. n e. from Indianapolis, lat. 40° 7', 
long. 8° 42' w. from W. C. 

Andersonville, p-v. in the n, western angle 
of Franklin co. Ind. 20 ms. n. w, Brooksville, 
the St. jus. and by p-r. 50 ms. s. e. by e. Indi- 
anapolis. 

Andersonville, p-v. of Pickens dist. S. C, 
situated on the point of junction of Trigaloo and 
Seneca rivers, on which the two latter streams 
unite to form the Savannah r, by p-r. 152 ms. 
s. w. by w. from Columbia. 

Andes, p-t. Delaware co, N. Y. 15 ms. s. 
Delhi, 55 w. Kingston, 10 ms. by 15, is water, 
ed in the e. by Delaware r. which is navigable 
in rafts to Philadelphia. Tremperskill r. and 
branches spread over much of the town, afford- 
ing mill seats. There are also streams of the 
Little Delaware, and the Plattekill. The sur- 
face is hilly, and the soil rich, bearing maple, 
beech and hemlock. Pop. 1,860. 

Andes, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 90 ms. s. w. 
Alban 



AND 



19 



ANN 



Andover, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 61 ms. w. of 
Augusta, one of the most n. tsps. in the co. 
named. It is mountainous, a little n. of An- 
droscoggin r. and is crossed by one of its branch- 
es. There is but one tsp. between it and N. H. 
Pop. 399. 

Andover, West Surplus, t. Oxford co. Me. 
Pop. 119. 

Andover, North Surplus, Oxford co. Me. 
Pop. 76. 

Andover, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 18 ms. 
N. w. Concord, has Pemigewasset r. e. and 
Blackwater r. s. vv, which, with their branches, 
supply many mill seats. There are also six 
ponds of pure water, with pleasant shores. The 
surface is very uneven, and in some places, 
rocky and barren, but generally of good 
soil. Ragged mountains are n. and Kearse- 
arge has its base in the western part. Popula- 
tion, 1,324. 

Andover, t. Windsor co. Vt. 20 ms. s. w. 
Windsor, 68 s. Montpelier, 37 n. e. Bennington ; 
first settled 1768. Markham's mtn. and mt. 
Terrible w. It has only a few head streams of 
Williams r. Pop. 975. 

Andover, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 20 ms. n. 
Boston, 16 w. N. w. Salem, 20 s. w. Newbury- 
port, on the main p-r. from Boston to Haverhill 
and Concord, s. e. Merrimack r. incorporated 
1646, is a beautiful town, hilly, generally with 
good soil and farms. There is a pond 7 ms. 
round, whose outlet into Merrimack r furnish- 
es mill seats, as does Shawsheen r. There is 
a bank, with woollen and cotton manufactories. 
Phillips Academy, founded in 1778, by Samuel 
and John Phillips, contains about 130 students, 
in a building adjoining the Theological Acade- 
my, 40 feet by 80, and has funds to the amount 
of more than $50,000. It has 2 departments, 
Classical and English, and connected with it is 
a library of several hundred volumes. The 
Abbot Female Academy has a principal, 4 as- 
sistants, and about 80 pupils. 

The Theological Seminary here is the oldest 
in the U. S. and was established in 1807, chiefly 
by the donations of Wm.Bartlett, Moses Brown, 
Phebe Phillips, John Phillips, Samuel Abbot, 
John Norris, and his lady. It has a president, 4 
ordinary' and one extraordinary professorships, 
and the buildings furnish accommodations for 
120 students. The private donations which 
support the Institution amount to about $400,- 
000, from which the students are partly or whol- 
ly instructed. A class of 40 left this Institu- 
tion in Sept. 1831. There is also a seminary 
for teachers here, established about 1830, for 
common and other English schools and practi- 
cal men." The usual English branches may be 
pursued in it, with mathematical and natural 
sciences, moral and intellectual philosophy, and 
even modern languages, apparatus, lectures on 
school keeping, &c. It has 4 terms in a year, 
at $5 to $8 for eaeh branch per term, including 
vocal music. Boarders in commons work on 
the farm 2 hours a day, which reduces the price 
to 77 cents a week. Pop. 4,540. 

Andover, p-v. Tolland co. Conn. 17 ms. e. 
Hartford. 

Andover, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 252 ms. 
w. Albany. 



Andover, v. Byram, Sussex co. N. J. 30 ms. 
N. Trenton, 40 ms. w. n. w. N. Y., n. Musco- 
netcong r. 

Andover, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 598. 

Andover, t. Ashtabula co. Ohio, 194 ms. n. 
E. Columbus. Pop. 4l4. 

Androscoggin, r. (or Ameriscoggin,) Me. 
The outlet of lake Umbagog rises in N. H. (one 
branch, Peabody's r. flowing from the White 
mts.) then passing into Me. runs e. then s. and 
joins Kennebec r. at Merrymeeting bay, 18 ms. 
from the sea. It falls 30 ft. near Lewistown. 
It flows between two mountainous ranges. 

Angelica, p-t. and cap. Alleghany co. N. Y. 
260 ms. w. Albany, 40 w. Bath, 9 ms. by 30, is 
divided n. and s. by Genesee r. whose branches 
supply mill sites, and is slightly undulated with 
a large share of good soils, of various descrip- 
tions, and many kinds of forest trees. Belvi- 
dere v. has a bridge over Genesee r. and Ange. 
lica V. cofitains the county buildings, 2 ms. E. of 
that r. Some iron ore is found here. Pop. 
998. 

Anglinton, P-V. Gwinnet co. in Georgia, by 
p-r. 98 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. 

Annapolis, city, seat of government for Md. 
and of justice in and for Ann Arundel co. is 
situated on the right bank of the Severn r, 3 
ms. above its mouth into Chesapeake Bay, 37 
ms. N. 76 E. W. C. and 30 a little e. of s. Bal- 
timore. The seat of government was fixed in 
this city in 1699 and has remained there ever 
since. In 1820, the popr was 2,260 ; in 1830, 
2,623. Lat. 38° 58' long. W. C. 0° 31' e. St. 
John's College in Annapolis was founded and 
endowed in 1784. The number of alumni ia 
about 650. The present building is 3 stories 
high, 90 ft. long and 60 wide. Others are about 
to be erected. The charges in the regular col- 
lege bills, as stated in the President's expose, 
are as follows : — payable quarterly in advance. 
English department, $24 per annum. Prepara- 
tory classes, 40 do. Freshmen and Sophomore 
classes, 40 do. Senior and Junior classes, 50 do'. 
There is no commons in the college ; but good 
boarding, it is stated, can be procured in the 
city for §120 per annum. " An abatement of 
the college bills may be made to necessitous 
students ; and provision is secured for the gra- 
tuitous instruction of 10 students who may 
bring the proper testimonials for that pur- 
pose." 

Annapolis, p-v. Jefierson co. Ohio, 16 ms. n. 
w. by w. Steubenville. 

Ann Arbour, p-t. and st. jus. Washington co. 
Mich, situated on Huron r. by p-r. 42 ms. w. 
Detroit, lat. 42° 18', long. 6° 45' w. W. C. 

Ann Arundel co. of Md. bndd. by Calvert 
CO. s. Patuxent r. or Prince George's co. w. Pa- 
tuxent r. or Montgomery co. n. w. Patapsco r. or 
Baltimore co. n. and Chesapeake bay e. This 
CO. lies in form of a crescent 60 ms. in length 
from Fish cr. at the n. e. angle of Calvert, to 
where it touchesFrederick co. at Poplar Spring; 
mean breadth about 12, and area 720 sq. ms. 
Face of Ann Arundel is either hilly or rolling ; 
the soil is varied, but in general of a middling 
quality. The eastern part on the Chesapeake 
is very much indented by small rivers and bays;. 
Pop. 1820, 27,165 ; 1830, 28,295 



APP 

Annsville, Oneida co. N. Y. Pop. 1,481. 

ANNSville, p-v. Dinwiddle co. Va. by p-r. 57 
ms. southwardly from Richmond. 

Annville, p-v. Lebanon co. Pa. 17 ms. e. 
Harrisburg. 

Anson, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 12 ms. n. w. 
Norrldgewock, 40 Augusta. Pop. 1,533. It 
lies w. Kennebec r. and is crossed by 7 mile 
brook, in the s. part of the co. 

Anson, border co. of N. C. bndd. by the co. 
of Mecklenburg w. Rocky r. or Montgomery 
N. Yadkin r. or Richmond e. and by Chester- 
field dist. in S. C. s. Length from e. to w. 33 
ms. mean breadth 23, and area 760 sq. ms. The 
slope of this county is to the n. e. and estrd. ; 
face of the country broken. Cf. t. Sneadsbo- 
rough. N. lat. 35° and long. 3° w. from W. C. 
intersect in the eastern part of the co. Pop. 
1820, 12,534, 1830, 14,095. 

Anson gold mines and p-o. Anson co. N. C. 
about 140 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Anthony's Kill, a mill stream, running from 
Long and Round lakes into Hudson r. between 
Half moon and Stillwater. 

Anthony's cr. and p-o. north eastern part of 
Green Briar co. Va. by p-r. 195 ms. n. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Anthony's Nose, mt. N. Y. There are 3 or 
4 hills or mts. by this name, in different parts of 
the state, which bear some resemblance to a 
human nose ; 2 in the Highlands, e. Hudson r. 
1 in Johnstown, n. Mohawk r. 

Antietam cr. of Pa. and Md. rises in Frank- 
lin CO. of the former, and entering the latter, 
flows sthrd. past Hagerstown in Washington co. 
falls into the Potomac. 

Antioch, p-o. Marengo co. Ala. about 80 ms. 
a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa. 

Antistown, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. by p-r. 
124 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg. 

Antrim, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 30 ms. 
w. by s. Concord, 20 n. w. Amherst, 67 n. w. 
Boston ; contains 21,743 acres, w. Contoocook 
r. is hilly with much good land, especially the 
river alluvion ; n. branch supplies mill seats. 
The w. part is mountainous, but affords good 
pasturage. Gregg's Pond covers 200 acres, 
and is 80 feet deep, with many perch and pike ; 
there are 5 others. The soil is generally gra- 
velly loam, good for grass, corn, oats, flax, &c. 
apples, maple beech, birch, ash, elm, hemlock, 
&c. with very little white pine. First settled 
1768. Pop. 1,309. 

Antrim, tsp. Franklin co. Pa. bordering on 
Washington co. Md. Pop. 3,831. 

Antwerp, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 170 ms. n. 
w. Albany, 8 ms. by 13, has an uneven surface, 
with much good soil for grass and grain, well 
watered by Oswegatchie and Indian rivers. It 
contains 2 p-vs. Antwerp and Oxbow. Pop. 
2,411. 

Aplington, p-v. and st. jus. Columbia co. Geo. 
21 ms. N. N. w. from Augusta, and 70 ms. n. 
E. by E. from Milledgeville in Geo. Lat. 33° 32', 
and long. w. from W. C. 5° 20'. 

Apollo, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 222 
ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg. 

Appalaciiee Bay. This term has been given 
to a rather undefined expanse of water spread- 
ing from Apalachicola bay and St. George's 



20 APP 

island, estrd. to the coast of Madison co. in 
Flor. bndd. inward by the Ocklockonne and St. 
Mark's bays, and merging outwards by no as- 
signable limit into the Gulf of Mexico. As a 
navigable inlet, Appalachee bay is of little con- 
sequence ; but it gains importance as being the 
channel of entrance to Tallahasse, and afford- 
ing 7 ft. water to St. Mark's. The wide and 
shoaly bank, which obstructs the coast from 
Espiritu Santo to Vacassaussa, continues unin- 
terrupted to the bay of Appalachee, where its 
breadth is reduced to about 3 ms. and a chan- 
nel found to enter the river St. Mark. This 
channel is accessible to vessels drawing 10 ft. 
and affords to them a good anchorage 8 ms. 
from St. Mark. Vessels drawing 8 ft. can at 
high tide reach St. Mark. The distance along 
the coast, from Vacassaussa bay, mouth of Su- 
wanee, to Appalachee bay, mouth of St. Mark's 
r. is about 95 ms. ; and the latter bay offers the 
only anchorage to be found from the bay of 
Espiritu Santo, that is to say, on an extent of 
coast of about 230 ms. — {Vide Engineer's Re- 
port.) 

Appalachee, small r. of Geo. and w. branch 
of Oconee, rises about lat. 34° in Jackson and 
Gwinnett cos. flows s. e. 50 ms. and falls 
into the Oconee between Magan and Green 

COS. 

Appalachian system of Mountains. This 
though in no part very elevated system, is 
amongst the great distinguishing and prominent 
features of the earth. Composed of several 
chains, the outline of the entire system is very 
difficult to designate, but an attentive observer 
on the course of its rivers, and on the physiog- 
nomy of the adjacent sections of the continent, 
will very soon perceive irresistible evidence 
that the Appalachian system extends far beyond, 
and on all sides, from what may be drawn as 
its axis line. If we commence on the s. w. 
the system becomes prominent between the 
Tombigbee and Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa 
rs. and extends thence to the n. estrd. within 
the U. S. something above 1500 ms. This 
length by no means terminates the chains in 
either direction, as they are protruded very dis- 
tinctly to the s. w. of Tombigbee r. and into the 
state of Mississippi ; and in the opposite extre- 
mity down the St. Lawrence r. to near the 
mouth of that stream, and the whole system falls 
little if any short of 1800 ms. in length. Taken 
transversely, the width of the system is very dif- 
fEcult to determine. As a mean, the actual prom- 
inent chains dilate to a width which maybe safely 
estimated at 150 ms. ; or the Appalachian sys- 
tem in the U. S. comprise within their distinct 
chains an area of 225,000 sq. ms. 

This immense mountainous region gives 
source and course to innumerable streams, 
which find their respective recipients in the 
Gulf of Mexico, s. w., the basin of St. Law- 
rence N. E., and the Atlantic e. and s. e. Un- 
der the respective articles, Alleghany, Blue 
Mountains, and Blue Ridge, will be given much 
of the matter necessary to a detailed view of 
the system of which they form important parts. 
There is one feature, however, of this system, 
which at the risk of repetition we shall notice 
in this place. The common belief that mts. 



APP 



21 



APP 



are the superlative of hills, is erroneous in eve- 
ry respect, for if such was the fact, no system of 
mts. could be distinct, as the slopes would have 
a gradual rise from the oceans, seas, lakes, or 
rivers, and would appear every where merely 
broken by the hilly protuberances, and must ap- 
pear without lateral chains. If we take the 
Appalachian chains as examples, we at once 
behold not only the specific but generic differ- 
ences between them and hills. The mountain 
chains stretch with generally a rude, but often 
a very symmetrical approach to parallelism. The 
rivers flow along the deep vallies between, or cut 
the chains at near right angles. These recip- 
rocal phenomena, give to the joint mountain and 
river scenery of the U. S. a very interesting as- 
pect. The rivers flow in such regular general 
courses as to, in some degree, justify suspicion 
that the maps were made from hypothesis ; but 
if our maps err on this subject, the error is on 
the other side, in not following the natural regu- 
larity with sufficient care. This regularity is 
in a particular manner conspicuous in the De- 
laware, Susquehannah, Potomac, James and 
Roanoke rivers, of the Atlantic slope, and is by 
no other streams shown more conspicuously 
than by the Ohio, and confluent rivers on both 
slopes of its valley. This geological structure 
is again demonstrated by the St. Lawrence ba- 
sin on an immense scale. But the most re- 
markable, indeed we may say astonishing fea- 
ture in the great outlines of the U. S. is the great 
conformity of the coast of the Atlantic Ocean 
to the interior curves of the Appalachian sys- 
tem. The ledge of rock, over which so many 
of the Atlantic rivers are poured into tide wa- 
ter, is in reality the outer visible ' chain of the 
Appalachian system. Within the outer ledge, 
and generally at the distance of from 15 to 20 
miles, extends the first elevated chain. Here 
we may be permitted to notice the great defect 
of delineation on our maps, as not only this outer, 
but the second chain also, is generally omitted, 
or marked in distinct and distant ridges. The 
Blue Ridge is the first chain to which a con- 
spicuous representation is given on our best 
maps. Thence with some unnecessary confu- 
sion the three main chains, the Kittatinny, Alle- 
ghany proper, and what is called in Tennessee, 
and between Virginia and Kentucky, the Cumber- 
land Mountain, are tolerably marked. Between 
the extremes of the system, the Appalachian 
chains deflect greatly from an uniform course. 
Towards the southern extreme in Ala. Geo. 
Tenn. N. C, and as far as the basin of Roanoke 
in Va. the direction of the chains is considera- 
bly east and west of n. e. and s. w. ; over the 
residue of Va., and over Md., or to the valley 
of Potomac, the course is very nearly s. w. and 
N. E. In Penn. the system again deflects to the 
east of N. E. and which direction is continued 
into the basin of the Delaware. Thence over 
the basins of Hudson and Connecticut, the 
chains range a little east of n. It is evident 
that with the sources of Connecticut, another 
and great inflection takes place to the n. e., 
but dim as is the sight on many sections of this 
system to the s. w. of the St. Lawrence basin, 
it may be literally considered as immersed in 
darkness beyond to the n. e., though there is 

4 



sufficient evidence to sustain the theory that 
the system is continued into Labrador. 

The Atlantic tides traverse the Appalachian 
chains by the channel of the Hudson, and pene- 
trate still farther inland in that of St. Lawrence 
but in the latter instance the ocean swell is ar- 
rested before reaching the interior chains. The 
rivers appear to have been in no instance influ- 
enced in their recipients by the Appalachian 
chains. The St. Lawrence has its remote foun- 
tains far to the interior of the system ; the Sus- 
quehanna also to the wstrd. of all the chains 
but one or two of inferior elevation. From the 
Susquehanna to the southwestward, as far as the 
Altamaha inclusive, the Atlantic rivers derive 
their sources within the system, and pierce the 
chains in their respective courses towards the 
Atlantic. On the other side, similar remarks 
apply to the confluents of Ohio, which also rise 
within, and break through, the Appalachian 
chains in their courses towards their recipient. 
A minute survey of this system is a real desid- 
eratum, and would determine the direction of 
the vallies, their elevation above tide water, and 
the navigable obstructions or facilities in the 
channels of the streams. Much has indeed 
been done to obtain element for a correct map 
of the Appalachian system, but the surveys be- 
ing detached the elements lie scattered. The 
following being founded mostly on actual sur- 
vey is given as a general view. If we open a 
book about the middle, and place it reversed 
on a table, and then trace pencil lines obliquely 
over both sides and over the hinge part of the 
binding, it will afford a strong resemblance to 
the manner by which the Appalachian chains 
traverse the U. S. Again, if we commence at' 
the channel of the Hudson, not only the chains, 
but the base on which they stand, rise, until in 
N. C. from whence issue the sources of Yad- 
kin and Great Kenhawa, the elevation of the 
cultivated vallies exceeds a mean of 2000 feet, 
whilst in the opposite direction the rise is still 
more abrupt, as the farms along the higher con- 
stituent streams of Connecticut r. also exceed 
a mean of 2000 feet. The vallies thus we see, 
have an ascent from tide water, but they are re- 
spectively table lands. For instance, if we 
suppose the mountains taken away, we would 
find the vallies between them, as they now exist, 
separated by immense buttresses, and their ap- 
pearance would be similar to terraces in a slo- 
ping garden. 

It is this declination and relative level which 
gives such variety to the climate of the Appa- 
lachian regions, in which relative latitude is on- 
ly one, and not in many cases the most impor- 
tant element to determine relative temperature. 
As a general rule it may be adopted safely, 
that proceeding from, or advancing to the At- 
lantic coast to or from the mountain valleys, 
that the climate changes as rapidly, if not more 
so, than in a similar distance proceeding north 
or south. From this constitution of the moun. 
tain system arises also the fact, that the sum- 
mer climate of the southern part of the Appa- 
lachian system is so delicious. If, indeed, we 
stretch our view over the whole system, we 
find the air, water, and earth pre-eminently 
combining to give advantages to human society. 



APP 



22 



APP 



In a state of nature, with very small compara- 
tive exceptions, the whole Appalachian region 
was covered with a dense forest. Along the 
actual chains, evergreen trees, mostly terebin. 
thine species prevail ; and in the intermediate 
vallies, oaks and hickories abound. Around 
the southern extreme, and spreading to the At- 
lantic ocean and gulf of Mexico, extend almost 
interminable pine forests. Separate and min- 
gled with these more general species, grow in- 
numerable other forest trees, and indigenous 
vegetables of more humble individual magni- 
tude. Though the valuable minerals yet disco- 
vered in this great physical section are not spe- 
eifically very numerous, the quantity and intrin- 
sic importance of those actually discovered ful- 
ly compensate for the absence, or perhaps only 
non-discovery of others. Iron ore, mineral coal, 
limestone, and marble, all abound. Of these, 
iron ore is the most abundant, and most widely 
distributed. This most indispensable of all me- 
tallic productions is already extracted to great 
extent, and presents the security of an abun- 
dance beyond hmnan power to exhaust. 

Gold has recently been one of the produc- 
tions of ihe sthm. part of the Appalachian region, 
and is already extracted from its native beds to 
no mean amount ; whilst a far more valuable fos- 
sil, mineral salt {muriate of Soda,) has long been 
produced in various parts of the western side of 
the system. Lead and copper are also found, 
though in no very great abundance, and extract- 
ed from various parts, and indications of other 
metals are discovered. In external appearance, 
the Appalachian chains are composed in the 
far greater part of long regular ridges, in which 
the intervention of peaks are rare. The com- 
ponent rocks are specifically much varied, but 
a rock which has received the name of Gray 
Wacke is predominant. Granite, gneiss, and 
limestone exist in immense quantities, though 
the latter seldom or ever form any great part of 
the real mountain mass. Along the north-west- 
ern side of Blue Ridge, from Vt. to the Caroli- 
nas, extend beds of limestone which, spreading 
from the mountain base, from three or four to 
eight or ten miles wide, underlays the super- 
strata. This is probably one of the most ex- 
tensive calcareous formations of the earth, but 
it is only one of those presented on the Appala- 
chian surface. Expanding towards the Ohio 
are again limestone tracts, which give fertility 
to spaces already brought into cultivation, and 
admitting an incalculable density of population. 
In fine, the Appalachian system may be regard- 
ed as the skeleton of the eastern section of 
the U. S., but a skeleton comprising some of the 
richest treasures of the globe, and in the water 
falling over its rough exterior, affording a pow- 
er, which in the hands of an intelligent people 
leaves no limit to mechanical operation. In its 
rivers, which have already torn away the rocky 
fragments from their channels, commercial 
routes are already traced, and an incalculable 
amount of human labor saved. The chains of 
this system compose at once the ornament, and 
the boldest outline of the fine country over which 
they extend. (See under their respective heads 
the principal chains of the system.) 

Appalachicola Bay, or the estuary of Appa- 



lachicola r. This bay, properly speaking, is 
composed of two connected parts — St. George's 
Sound, and Appalachicola Bay proper. 

St. George's Sound. The shoal which ex- 
tends all along and parallel with the coast, 
makes out abruptly at Ocklockony bay to the s. 
for a distance of about 12 ms. and projects from 
South Cape. West of this Cape, it re-assumes 
its parallel course to the coast, and may be con- 
sidered as terminating at Cape San Bias ; on 
this distance it forms the basin of the islands 
whicli cover St. George's Sound. These islands 
are three in number. To the n. e. towards Ock- 
lockony, the first is Dog Island, 6 ms. long. 
Thence, stretching first s. w. by w. and thence 
with a projection to n. w. extends to St. George's 
Island, 30 ms. in length. Continuing the course 
of the N. w. curve of St. George's Island, ex- 
tends to St. Vincent's Island, 9 ms. long. The 
water distance from the e. to the w. end of the 
Sound is about 50 ms. The width at its east- 
em extremity, is about 4 ms. and n. from Cape 
St. George, about 9 ms. The Sound can be en- 
tered by any of the passes ; one round the east- 
ern point of Dog Island, the second between 
this island and St. George's Island, the third be- 
tween St. George's Island and St. Vincent's Isl- 
and. The first, called the eastern pass, offers 
a depth of 14 ft. at low tide, and this depth is 
found on a width of 600 yards, on a bar which 
lies at about 2^ ms. from the Sound. The se- 
cond or middle pass, has a least depth, at low 
tide, of 15 ft. on the bar ; its channel is con- 
tracted between the shoals which make out of 
the two islands ; the width on the bar, for 15 ft. 
water, is about 650 yards ; the entrance is on 
Dog Island side. The distance between Dog 
and St. George's Islands is three ms. The third 
pass, called the main pass, has a width, on the 
bar, of 300 yards, for a depth of 14 or 15 ft. at 
low tide. The bar lies s. eastward of Flag Isl. 
and, and about 2 ms. s. w. of the entrance into 
the Sound. Between St. Vincent's Island and 
the main shore, called the Western or Indian 
pass, the depth, it is said, admits only canoes. 
From the eastern to the middle pass, St. George's 
Sound affords from 9 to 18 ft. water ; but hence 
wstrd. to the main pass, it is so obstructed by 
banks as to admit vessels of 6 ft. draught only. 
Mean rise of tide, 2.^ ft. as 15 days observa- 
tion ; s. w. wind prevailing. Appalachicola Bay 
is the mere opening of the r. of that name into 
St George's Sound. Its entrance into the sound 
is upwards of 5 ms. wide. The distance in a 
s. w. direction, from the main pass between St. 
George's and St. Vincent's islands to the w. 
point on the bay, is about 12 ms., but interve- 
ning obstructions compel vessels bound up or 
down, to curve estrd. which increases the dis- 
tance 6 ms. Vessels drawing 10 ft. can anchor 
in the bay, but only 7^ can be carried up and in. 
to the river. 

Vessels drawing from 5 to 5^ ft. can be navi- 
gated between Appalachicola bay and Ocklock- 
ony bay, by keeping not far from the shore, and 
entering St. George's Channel at its eastern end. 
Except the Capes of St. George and St, Bias, 
the out shore of the islands covering the sound 
maybe considered as bold, within a short dis- 
tance from the land. — {Vide Engineer's Report.) 



APP 



23 



ARC 



Appalachicola, r. and basin of the U.S. in 
Ala. Geo. and Flor. The r. is formed by the 
united streams of the Chattahoochee and Flint 
rs. The Chattahoochee rises in Habersham co. 
Geo. lat. 31° 50', and between long. 6° 7' w. from 
W. C. interlocking sources with Savannah, Hi- 
wassee, branch of the Tennessee, and Etowah 
branch of Coosa r. Flowing thence s. w. by 
comparative courses 200 ras. to lat. 33°, where 
it assumes a southern course of 200 ms. to its 
junction with Flint r. at lat. 30° 42'. It is a sin- 
gular feature in the character of Chattahoochee 
valley, that in a length of 320 ms. it is in no 
place 50 ms. wide, and does not average a 
■width of more than 30 ms. giving to this length- 
ened valley only a superficies of 9,600 sq. ms. 
Flint r. rises in Coweta, Campbell, Fayetie, and 
Henry cos. of Geo. between the main volume of 
Chattahoochee, and the sources of the Oakmul- 
gee, and flowing thence s. s. e. by comparative 
courses, 120 ms. nearly parallel to the latter, 
thence inflects to s. s. w. 100 ms. to its junction 
with Chattahoochee. Though comparatively 
wider, the valley of Flint, like that of Chatta- 
hoochee, is narrow. In Dooley and Lee cos. of 
Geo. where, in lat. 32° the valley of Flint is 
widest, the breadth is only 65 ms. and the en- 
tire valley does not exceed a mean of 35 ms. or 
about 7000 sq. ms. The Appalachicola is form- 
ed by the united waters of Chattahoochee and 
Flint, which, assuming a course a little e. of s., 
receiving from the n. w. the small r. Chissola, 
and not even a large creek from the opposite 
slope, after flowing 70 ms. falls into Appalach- 
icola bay by several channels, at lat. 29° 46' 
and exactly on long, 8° W. C. The Mississippi 
and Appalachicola are the only confluents of 
the Gulf of Mexico in the U. S. which protrude 
deltas at their mouths, and the latter, compared 
with its length of course, of all rivers of the 
U. S. presents the greatest variety of climate. 
This basin stretches through 5^° of lat. and ri- 
sing on a mountainous region, elevated at least 
2000 ft. above the surface of the Mexican Gulf, 
or an equivalent in relative height to 5° of lat. 
the difference of temperature at the extremes 
must equal near 10°. The entire superficies in 
the basin of Appalachicola, is 19,700 sq. ms. of 
a dry, and, except near the coast of the Gulf of 
Mexico, a broken, and near the superior sources, 
a mountainous country. Though less in volume 
than the Mobile, it is comparatively a more 
navigable stream. Sea vessels ascend to the 
junction of the Flint and Chattahoochee. The 
Appalachicola r. has three outlets into the bay 
of the same name. The first, a straight chan. 
nel, close to the right shore, and through which 
5 feet only can be carried at low tide. Second, 
the main channel, which is very crooked, bends 
in a semicircle towards the e. and affords up to 
the r. a depth of 7^ ft. Thirdly, the swash, or 
N. E. channel, which comes into the main chan- 
nel 3 ms. from the bar, and presents a depth of 
5 ft. through. It must be remarked, that the 
tide makes earlier in the first channel than in 
the others. The mean rise of tide has been If ft. 
for ten days observation. The bay of Appalach. 
icola cannot admit, at low tide, vessels drawing 
more than 10 feet. — (Vide Engineer's Report.) 

Apple r. small stream rising in the N. W. 



Ter. flows southwardly into II., traverses Joe 
Daviess co. and falls into the Mississippi, about 
20 ms. below Galena. 

Apple RrvER, p-v. on the r. of the same name, 
Joe Daviess co. II. about 20 ms. s. e. by e. Gale- 
na, and by p-r. 310 ms. n. n. w. Vandalia, and 
974 ms. W.C. 

AiPLETON, p-t. Waldo CO. Me. 35 ms. n. e. 
Wiscasset, 35 w. s. w. Augusta, between St. 
George's and Muscongus rs. which pass Warren 
and Waldoboro' to the sea. Pop. 735. 

Appling CO. of Geo. bndd. s, by Ware, s. w. 
by Irwin, w. by Telfair, n. w. by Montgomery, or 
the Ocmulgee r., n. and n. e. by Tatnall or the 
Altamaha r. and e. by Wayne. Length along 
the sthrn. boundary 40, mean width 25, and area 
1,000 sq. ms. The northern part is drained by 
small crs. flowing into the Ocmulgee or Altama- 
ha rs., but the central, southern, and more than 
half the whole area is watered by various 
branches of Santilla r. (For lat. and long, see 
Applingville.) Pop. 1820, 1,264, 1830, 1,468. 

Applington, (or Columbia Court House,) p-v. 
and St. jus. Columbia co. Geo. 21 ms. n. w. by 
w. Augusta, and by p-r. 81 ms. n. e. by e. Mil. 
ledgeville. Lat. 32° 32', long. 5° 20' w. 
W. C. 

Applingville, (or Appling Court House,) 
now Holmesville p-o. and st. jus. for Appling co. 
Geo. lat. 31° 16', long. 5° 28' w. W. C, in a 
direct line about 100 ms. s. w. by w. Savannah, 
and 120 s. s. e. Milledgeville. Letters intend- 
ed for this place ought to be directed to Holmes- 
ville, or Appling Court House. 

Appomattox, r. of Va. rising in Buckingham 
and Prince Edward cos. and flowing thence by 
a very crooked channel, but by a general east- 
ern course, with the cos. of Prince Edward, 
Amelia, Dinwiddle, and Prince George on the 
right, and Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhatan, 
and Chesterfield on the left, falls into James r. 
after a comparative course of 90 ms. The tide 
ascends the Appomattox, to the falls of Peters- 
burg, about 20 ms. above the mouth, and thus 
far contains depth of water for large merchant 
vessels. This stream drains a very fine sec- 
tion of Virginia, between lat. 37° 33' and 37° 
26'. 

Appociuinimink, small r. or cr. of New Castle 
CO. Del. rising in Kent and Ccecil cos. Md. in- 
terlocking sources with Sassafras r. of Chesa- 
peake bay, and flowing thence eastwardly, falls 
into Delaware bay, below Reedy island. 

Aquackanack, t. Essex co. N. J. w. Passaic 
r., 9 ms. N. Newark. Boat navigation extends 
to the village. 

AauAsco, p-v. Prince George's co. Md. situa- 
ted on the right bank of Patuxent r. 34 ms. s. e. 
W.C. 

Aquia, p-o. Stafford co. Va. on a small cr. of 
the same name, by p-r. 42 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Ararat, p-o. Patrick co. Va. by p-r. 311 ms. 
s. w. by w. W. C. 

Arbela, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 47 ms. 
estrd. Harrisburg. 

Arcadia, p-v. Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 3,774. 

Arcadia, p-v. Morgan co. II. by p-r. 122 ms. 
N. w. Vandalia. 

Arcola, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind. by p-r. 82 ms. 
s. s. w. Indianopolis. 



ARK 



24 



ARK 



Ard's Bluff, p-o. on Pearl r. Marion co. 
Misp. about 120 ms. s. e. by e. Natchez. 

Arena, new co. Mich., bndd. s. w. by Mid- 
land, by Gladwin w., on the north by the unap- 
propriated part of the territory, and on the E. 
and s. E. by Saginaw bay. Breadth from s. to 
N. 24 ms., mean length 30, and area 720 sq. ms. 
Lat 44° and long. 7° w. W. C. The centre of 
the CO. lying a little e. of n. n. w. 130 ms. from 
Detroit. Slope estrd. Population uncertain. 

Argyle, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 326. 

Argyle, p-t. Washington co. N. Y., 6 ms. s. 
Sandy Hill, 44 n. Albany, e. Hudson r. has an 
undulated surface, pretty good soil, with several 
ponds and mill streams, and 2 villages, Argyle 
and Fort Miller, where is a bridge over Hudson 
T. Pop. 3,459. 

Arkansas, r. of the U. S. and of the Mexican 
province of Texas, rises in the eastern vallies 
ofthe Rocky or Chippewayanmts. about lat. 42°, 
and long. 31° w. W. C. interlocking sources 
with those of Lewis r. branch of Columbia, the 
main volume of Platte r. of Mo., opposite to 
those of St. Buenaventura, ofthe Pacific ocean, 
and the Rio Grande del Norte. Flowing 200 
ms. s. e. nearly parallel to the Rio Grande, the 
Arkansas assumes an easterly course of 400 
ms. to its junctujn with the Negracke, and re- 
turns to the course of s. e. 250 ms. to the en- 
trance of the great western confluent, the Ca- 
nadian r. This r. is the great southwestern 
confluent of the Arkansas, and as laid down by 
Maj. Long, rises in the mtns. of New Mexico, 
27° of long. w. W. C, and between lat. 33° and 
37°. Rising in the eastern vallies of a rather 
elevated chain, the two main, and numerous 
minor branches of the Canadian pursue a gene- 
ral eastern course over 9° of long., the various 
branches first uniting into one stream, which 
joins the Ark. at lat. 35°, and long. 18° w.V/. C. 
The valley of the Canadian r. is in length about 
500 ms. with a mean breadth of 100 or area 
50,000 sq. ms. The far greater part of this 
physical section is an open, unwooded series of 
plains, or rolling prairie. The soil is sterile, 
and partakes much ofthe character ofthe step- 
pes of northern Asia. Maj. Long, in 1817, found 
the bed of this r. almost dry, and himself and 
party were exposed to great suffering from want 
of water, on the banks of a river, following its 
windings, perhaps a thousand miles from its 
source. The valley of the Canadian is in fact, 
a part of a real North American desert. The 
Canadian drains the space eastward from the 
sources of Rio Grande del Norte, and between 
that of Arkansas and Red r. About one half 
of this valley is e. of the 100th deg. w. from 
Greenwich, of course in the U. S. Below 
their junction, the united waters of the Arkan- 
sas and Canadian rs. pierce the Arkansas mts. 
and flow s. e. 250 ms. to their final union with 
the Mississippi, at lat. 33° 56', and long. 14° 
10' w. W. C. Ofthe confluents of the Arkan- 
sas, the first rank is due to the Canadi- 
an river. The latter, though long known by 
name, has been but recently sufiiciently ex- 
plored, to enable geographers to assign its due 
rank. As laid down from Maj. Long's discov. 
eries, this r. by two great branches, rises in the 
mts. of New Mexico, as far wstrd. as 28° from 



W. C. and within 40 ms. from the main stream 
ofthe Rio del Norte, between the towns of 
Santa Fe and Taos, and between the sources of 
Arkansas proper and those of Red r. and be- 
tween lat. 34° 30' and 37° 30'. From this 
mountainous origin, the Canadian, by two 
branches, called relatively North and South 
Canadian rs., flows over the wide central 
plains of North America by a course of e. a little 
s., the two streams generally at from 40 to 60 
or 70 ms. asunder, gradually approach each 
other, and finally unite, after a comparative 
course of upwards of 700 ms. Besides the two 
middle or principal branches of Canadian r., 
there are beside many smaller, one the s. e. 
Fork, a stream 300 ms. long, rising between the 
southern Canadian, and the branches of Red r. 
and falling into the main Canadian below the 
junction of its two great constituents. Below 
the union of all these confluents, the Canadian, 
after an easterly course of about 50 ms. joins the 
Arkansas at lat. 35°, and 18° w. W. C. and 
directly on the western side ofthe Arkansas 
mts. Betv/eenthe Kansas and Osage branches 
of Missouri, the Arkansas rats, and Arkansas r. 
a space of about 10,000 sq. ms. is drained by 
Verdegris, Neosho or Grand, and Illinois rivers, 
which flow sthrd. into Arkansas, which they 
join wstrd. from the Arkansas mts. The entire 
surface contained in the Arkansas valley, above 
the mountains, is at least 170,000 sq. ms. Be- 
low the mountain pass, the Arkansas valley, 
in a length of 250 ms. does not average a width 
above 40 miles, or 10,000 sq. ms. Combining 
the two sections, the entire surface drained by 
the Arkansas and all its confluents, amounts to 
178,000 sq. ms. The geographic position of 
this valley is between lat. 34° and 42°. In com- 
parative geography, the river of Europe, which 
in course and extent most nearly approaches the 
Arkansas, is the Danube. By actual calculation, 
the Arkansas flows s. 65°, e. a fraction above 
1,300 statute ms. in a direct line from source to 
mouth. The Danube flows s. 82°, e. within an 
inconsiderable fraction of 1,470 ms. The sub- 
valHes of the Danube are something more ex- 
tensive than those of Arkansas, but in a general 
view, if even the inflections of those two great 
rs. are compared, the resemblance is very 
strong, and if White r. was included in Arkan- 
sas valley, as it might be without much violence 
to correct analogy, the two valleys would pre. 
sent features peculiarly similar. But with the 
outline and general course of the main and 
minor volumes ofthe Danube and Arkansas, all 
resemblance between these rivers ceases. The 
latter, indeed, in many essential physical fea- 
tures, bears a striking resemblance to the Nile, 
though taken as a whole, the Arkansas stands 
alone among the rivers ofthe earth. Rising on 
a mountainous table land of probably 5,000 feet 
elevation, and entering the Mississippi where 
the river level does not exceed that of the ocean 
150 ft. the actual depression of slope is equal to 
12 degrees of latitude, giving a difference oftem- 
perature of 20 degrees. The far greater part 
of the inclined plane falling from the Chippe- 
wayan towards the Arkansas mts. is naked of 
timber and sterile, scarce of fountain water and 
presenting a perfect model ofthe central step- 



ARK. i 

pes of Asia. In the winter and spring, or in the 
rainy season, the streams bear down immense 
masses of water, whilst in autumn and in the 
early part of winter, they are dwindled to mere 
rills where any stream continues ; but in the 
Canadian, even that feature ceases, and the bed 
of the river becomes in September, October and 
November, a lengthened line of dry sand, and 
in many places, miles intervene without even 
a remaining stagnant pond. Those harsh fea- 
tures are softened rather than changed, below 
the mountains marked in Tanner's maps as 
Ozark mts. ; prairies still continue, though less 
extensive and less sterile than those more 
westward. Springs of fresh water also in- 
crease, approaching the inundated plains near 
the Mississippi, but in a general view, the en- 
tire valley of Arkansas may be regarded as 
naked and rather sterile. To this character, 
the most striking exception is afforded by the 
inundated border near the Mississippi. With- 
out including minute bends, the Arkansas flows 
300 ms. from the mouth of Canadian, to its own 
influx into the Mississippi. This part of the 
valley does not exceed a mean breadth of 50 
miles, the tributary streams are of course 
small ; prairies gradually cease, and approach- 
ing the great recipient, an annually overflowed 
and deeply wooded plain, terminates the length- 
ened valley of Arkansas. The inundations of 
this great though secondary river, are as regu- 
lar as those of the Mississippi, but from the 
position of the valley, the discharge of the Ar- 
kansas is less in quantity in a given time, than 
might be expected. The water of the Missou- 
ri, a milky blue, and that of the Ohio, a blackish 
green, are very distinct from the ochreous red 
water of the Arkansas, which latter again dif- 
fers from the brighter red volume of Red river. 
The great Arkansas flood reaches the Delta in 
May, and early in June, preceding the tide from 
Missouri and the higher Mississippi, and near- 
ly simultaneous with that of the Ohio. 

Arkansas, Ter. of the U. S. bounded w. by 
the yet imorganized territory formerly a part of 
La., N. by the state of Mo., e. by the Mississip- 
pi r., and s. by the state of La. On Taimer's 
map of the United States the ter. of Ark. is 
made commensurate on the w. with the state of 
La. or 17° 30' w. long. W. C. having outlines 
in common with La. on lat 33° of 190 ms., on 
the Mexican province of Texas about 40 ms., 
along the western ter. of the U. S. 210, in com- 
mon with the state of Mo. along lat. 36° 30' 
266 ms., down St. Francis r. to lat. 36° 50 ms., 
along lat. 36° to the right bank of the Missis- 
sippi r. 34 ms., down the right bank of the Mis- 
sissippi r. to the N. E. angle of La. 360 ms., en- 
tire outline 1140, lying between lat. 33° and 
36° 30', and between long. 12° 44' and 17° 30' 
w. W. C. The ter. within these outlines, em- 
braces an area of 54,860 sq. ms. lying so very 
compact as to approach a square of 234 ms. 
each side. Ark. is naturally divided into three 
distinct sections. The e. section, along the 
Mississippi, White, St. Francis, and Ark. rs. is 
mostly level, and in winter and spring, except 
the margin of the streams, liable to inundation. 
With some prairie, this e. section is covered 
with a dense forest. The soil, where arable, is 



5 ARK 

very productive. The middle section, watered 
by the higher branches of White r., by the main 
volume of Arkansas, the higher branches of 
Ouachitta, and by Red r. is broken, in part rath- 
er mountainous, and presenting extensive prai- 
ries. The w. and n. w. section is mountainous, 
with extensive prairies. Though an interior re- 
gion. Ark. is in a high degree supplied with navi. 
gable streams. Beside the Misp. which forms 
the eastern boundary, St. Francis rises in Mo., 
and flowing s. enters Ark., over which it flows 
120 ms., falls into the Mississippi, about 60 ms. 
above the mouth of White r. The latter, a much 
more considerable stream, rises in the s. part of 
Mo. by two great branches. White r. proper and 
Black r., which, uniting in Ark. flows below 
the junction 120 ms. and falls into the Missis- 
sippi, 15 ms. above the mouth of Arkansas r. 
Though impeded by shoals, the Arkansas is a 
navigable r. far above the limits of the territory 
to which it gives name. The Ouachitta rises 
by numerous branches in the Masserne moun. 
tains, between Arkansas and Red rs. and is 
navigable at high water with boats of considera- 
ble size, by the bends 200 ms. within Arkansas. 
Redr. traverses the extreme s. w. angle of the 
territory. It may be doubted whether in this 
large ter. there is one spot 100 ms. from a navi- 
gable water course. The St. Francis, White, 
and Arkansas rs. form navigable channels with, 
in the ter. into the Mississippi, whilst the Red 
r. and its confluent the Ouachitta, leave the ter., 
traverse Louisiana, and finally join the same 
great recipient. The mineral wealth of Ark. 
has been too imperfectly developed to admit 
definite notice. The immense salt prairies or 
steppes of the interior, give a brackish taste to 
the water of Arkansas. Numerous salt springs 
are scattered over the country. Indications of 
lead and iron are numerous. Some lead has 
been smelted, but not in large quantity. As a 
whole, Arkansas may be regarded as a barren 
country, though scattered over the entire extent, 
tracts of exuberantly fertile soil occur. If we 
compare it with La., and from what I have seen 
of both these two regions, they appear remark- 
ably similar in the relative extent of arable to 
unproductive soil in each, respectively, the 
cultivateable surface would be about as one to 
four. The diflerence of latitude and elevation, 
give to the respective sections of Ark. a much 
greater range of temperature, than from its ex- 
tent could be expected. Cotton can be cultiva- 
ted to advantage on the s. and s. e. sections ; 
but advancing up the streams and rising to a 
much higher elevation, the temperature falls, 
and small grain succeeds well. On the whole, 
the climate of Arkansas may be considered as 
excessively variable ; that of the s. resembles 
Louisiana, whilst towards the n. and w. the 
seasons approach those of Missouri. Amongst 
the curiosities of Arkansas, may be particularly 
mentioned the Hot Springs. These fountains, 
with a temperature near that of boiling water, 
are 47 ms. s. w. by w. from Little Rock, on the 
Arkansas, and near the main stream of Washi- 
tau. They became a place of resort for inva- 
lids about 1800, and have increased in reputa- 
tion. The adjacent country is rocky, sterile, 
and mountainous, the water pure, and air elas- 



ARK 



26 



ASC 



tic, affording a most delicious retreat from tire 
summer and autumn temperature of Louisiana 
and South Arkansas. The Washitau is navi- 
gable with steam boats to within 30 ms. vof the 
springs. Arkansas being yet a territory, the 
government is therefore not permanently fixed, 
which precludes the propriety of inserting the 
existing form in this place. 

The pop. of Ark. in 1820, was 14,273, and in 
1830, had increased to 30,388, as follows : 
White persons. 
Males. 

3,0:20 
2.0 il 
1,626 

1,272 
2,835 
1,820 



Under 5 years of age. 
From 5 to 10, 

10 to 15, 

15 to 20, 

20 to 30, 

30 to 40, 

40 to 51), 

50 to 60, 

60 to 70, 

70 to 80, 

80 to 90, 

90 to 100, 

100 and upwards 



434 
209 
69 
12 
1 





Total, 14,195 

Of these, 10 were deaf and dumb, and 8 blind. 
Colored Population. 



Under 10 years of age, 27 
From 10 to 24, 

24 to 36, 

36 to 55, 

55 to 100, 

100 and upwards, 1 



Free. 


Slaves. 


Males. Fems. 


Males. Fems. 


, 27 17 


846 803 


17 13 


814 836 


23 10 


395 399 


17 7 


192 193 


3 6 


47 51 


ds, 1 


1 



Total, 



53 



2,293 2,283 



Of colored persons, 4 were deaf and dumb, and 2 blind. 
Recapitulation, 
Whites. Free col. Slaves. Total. 

25,671 141 4,576 30,388 

Arkansas, CO. of the territory of the same 
name, lying on both sides of Ark. r. having 
•Chicot CO. s., Clark w., .Jefferson n. w., White 
I. or Monroe co. n. e., and the Mississippi r. e. 
Length from n. to s. 60 ms. mean width 40, and 
area 2,400 sq. ms. This co. is traversed ob- 
liquely from N. w. to s. e. by the Ark. r., and the 
White r. bounding it to the n. e. renders the 
lower part subject to annual overflows. The 
Bayou, Barthelamy, and Boeuf rs., branches of 
the Washitau, rise in the s. part, flow s. over 
Chicot CO. enter La. The w. side rises into 
eminences, but the body of the county is level. 
Pop. 1,423. (For lat. and long, see next arti- 
cle.) 

Arkansas, p-v. and st. jus. for Ark. co. Ark. 
Ter. This is the same village formerly called 
"The Post of Arkansas," and was founded by 
the French in 1685. It stands on the n. bank 
of Ark. r. at lat. 34°, long. w. W. C. 14° 25'. 
The site is a high, narrow bluff of poor soil, 
with the inundated flats of White r. in the rear. 
Distant about 100 ms. s. e. from Little Rock, 
and by the bends of the r. 50 ms. from the Mis- 
sissippi. 

Arkopolis, p-v. and seat of government, Ark. 
ter. (See Little Rock.) 

Arkport, p.v. Hornellsville, Steuben co. N. 
Y. 20 ms. s. Bath, 260 ms. w. by s. Albany, on 
Canister r. 

Arkwright, Chautaque co. N. Y, Pop, 926. 



Arlington, p.t. Bennington co. Vt., 12 ms. n. 
Bennington, 106 Montpelier, and 40 from Troy, 
Saratoga Spa, Whitehall and Rutland, was first 
settled in 1763, and is watered by Roaring 
Branch, Mill cr. Warm cr. and Green r. as well 
as Battenkill r. of which they are branches. 
There is plenty of mill seats, and much fine in. 
tervalland. North and Red mts. in the w. are 
divided by Battenkill r. and bear white, red and 
black oak, white and black birch, chesnut, wal- 
nut, &c. The soil is rich, and bears grain. 
Much white marble is quarried here for tomb- 
stones, &c. and lime-Stone is burnt. There is 
a ferruginous spring, and a curious cavern in 
this t. Pop. 1,207. 

Armagh, p.v. s. part of Indiana co. Pa. about 
60 ms. e. Pittsburgh, and 35 n. e. Greensburg. 

Armstrong's p-o. Wabash co. 111. by p-r. HI 
ms. s. e. by e. Vandalia. 

Armstrong co. of Pa. bndd. e. by Jefferson co. 
s. E. by Ind., s. by Kiskiminitas r. or Westmore- 
land co., w. by Butler, and n. by Clarion r. or 
Venango co. Length 45, mean width 20, and 
area 900 sq, ms. The face of this county is 
delightfully diversified with hill, dale, and riv- 
er scenery. Alleghany r. enters at the n. w. 
angle, and sweeping over the coimty by an el- 
liptical curve, leaves it at the s. w. angle, re. 
ceiving within the co. from the e. Clarion r. Red 
bank, Mahoning, and Crooked crs., whilst the 
Kiskiminitas enters as a s. border. Lat. 41° and 
long. 2° 30' w. W. C, intersects a little n. of the 
centre of the co. Cf. t. Kittanning. Pop. 1820, 
10,524, in 1830, 17,695. The traverse section 
of the Penn, Canal, crosses Kiskiminitas at 
Warren t., and enters Armstrong from West- 
moreland CO. and thence follows the right bank 
of the Alleghany r. The canal is then carried 
over the latter stream, and dovsoi its right bank 
to Freeport, where it leaves Armstrong and en. 
ters Alleghany co. 

Arnold's, old place, p-o. Fauquier's co. Va. 
by p.r. 56 ms. w. W. C. 

Arnold's p-o. Rush co. Ind., by p-r. 50 ms. a 
little s. E. Indianopolis. 

Arnoldstown, p-v. Campbell co. Va., by p-r. 
131 ms.s. w. W. C. 

Aroostic, (or Aroostook) r. Me. rises near 
the w. bound of Penobscot co. which it crosses 
N. E. in a devious course, receiving several 
branches, and falls into St. John's, in N. Bruns- 
wick. It passes through lands almost unsettled, 
but which will probably become valuable. Its 
head waters are 20 ms. from those of Penob- 
scot r. and part of the intervening country is very 
hilly, with numerous ponds, the rest marshy. A 
road is making from this r. to the Mattawan- 
keag, a branch of Penobscot r. which is to be 
extended 60 ms. n. to Madawasca. This will 
facilitate emigration. 

Aroostook settlement, Washington co. Me, 
Pop. 261. 

Arthursburg, p-v. Dutchess co, N. Y. 77 ms, 
s. E. Albany. 

AsBURY, p-v. Warren co. N. J, 35 ms. n. Tren- 
ton N. w, Musconetcong r. 

Ascension, parish of La. bounded by Assump- 
tion s. E., St, James e,, Amite r, n, e,, Ibber- 
ville N. w. and Atchafalaya r. w. length from n. 
E. to s. w, 40 ms., mean width about 10, and 



ASH 

area 400 sq. ms. The face of this parish is one 
great plain, and most part liable to annual sub- 
mersion, similar to every other part of the del- 
ta. The bank of the Misp. is the highest part 
of the parish, and that winding across it near the 
middle, contains the far greater part of the pop. 
This parish is rendered remarkable from con- 
taining the outlet of the La Fourche.. This 
stream is in fact a mouth ofthe Misp. from which 
it flows at Donaldsonville, (see La Fourche). 
What soil of Ascension is sufhciently elevated 
for cultivation, is highly fertile. Staple, sugar 
and cotton. For lat. and Ion. see Donaldson- 
ville. Pop. 1820, 3,728, in 1830, 5,426, cf. t. 
Donaldsonville. 

AscuTNEY, mtn. Windsor co. Vt. between 
Windsor and Weathersfield, is 3,320 feet high- 
er than tide water, and 3,116 above Conn, riv- 
er at Windsor. It is nearly bare, except on the 
N. E. side, and consists of granite. The view 
from the summit is very fine. The ascent is 
performed in 2^ hours. From Windsor, the 
route is 4 ms. to the base, half a mile up is a 
moderate ascent, after which it is steep. 

AsHBURNHAM, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 55 
ms. N. w. Boston, was granted to certain sol- 
diers from Dorchester, in a Canada expedition 
in 1690. It is watered from ponds, by mill 
streams of Miller's r. which falls into Conn. 
and Nashua and Souhegan rs. which fall into 
Merrimack r. It is hilly, with a strong soil 
producing grass, fruit and forest trees. Two 
incorporated companies manufacture leather 
and soap stone in large quantities. $500 worth 
of chairs are made here weekly, and many nails, 
clapboards, &c. Fop. 1,402. 

AsHBY, p-t. Middlesex do. Mass. 50 ms. n. w. 
Boston, is handsomely varied with hill and vale, 
with good farms, producing grass and fruit, and 
has a fine mill stream, a branch of Nashua r. ri- 
sing in it. Pop. 1, 240. 

Ashe, n. M'strn. co. N. C, bndd. by Surrey co. 
of the same state n. e., the main spine of Blue 
Ridge or Wilkes co. s. e.. Buncombe s. w., and 
Carter co. of Ten. w. Ashe co. occupies part 
ofthe elevated valley between Bald mtn. and 
Blue Ridge, and from the courses of the rivers, 
must be the highest section of the valley, and 
at least 2500 ft. above the Atlantic tides. The 
N. E. part ofthe co. slopes towards Va. and is 
drained by the extreme sources of Great Ken- 
hawa, whilst the discharge of the s. wstrn. part 
is formed by the sources of the Watauga branch 
of Holston. The extreme length of Ashe, from 
N. E. to s. w. is 70 ms. with a mean breadth of 
12 ms., area 840 sq. ms. The surface is bro- 
ken and soil of middling quality. The climate 
is peculiarly fine, airpure and bracing. In long. 
this county lies very nearly between 4° and 5° 
w. W. C, while the central part is about lat. 36° 
20'. Pop. 1820, 4,335, and in 1830, 6,987. Cf. 
t. Jeff'ersonton. 

AsHFiELD, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 15 ms. n. 
w. Northampton, 105 w, Boston, is on high land 
between Deerfield and Westfield rs. to each of 
which it sends a tributary. It was settled and 
garrisoned about 1754, and called Huntstowni, 
but abandoned in 1755, and re-settled in 1763. 
Fop. 1,732. 

AsHFORD, new v. Berkshire co. Mass. 



27 ASS 

AsHFORD, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 31 ms. e. 
Hartford, about 9 ms. long, and 7 broad, 59 sq. 
ms. is hilly, with a gravelly soil, but favorable 
for grazing, and raises many cattle. Slill, Big. 
elow, and Mount Hope rs. are smaW. Crystal 
pond, 1 m. by ^ m. is between this town and 
Pomfret. There are two small villages. First 
settled in 1700. Pop. 2,660. 

AsHEORD, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 282 ms. 
w. by s. Albany. Pop. 631. 

Ashland, p-v. in the northern part of Rich- 
land CO. O., by p-r. 88 ms. n. estrd. Columbus. 

Ashley's Mills, p-o. Telfair co. Geo. 102 
ms. by p-r. sthrd. Milledgeville. 

AsHPALAGA, p-t. village of Jackson co. Flor. on 
the Appalachicola r., by p-r. 35 ms. westward 
Tallahasse. 

Ashtabula, n. estrn. co. of O. bndd. n. e. by 
Erie co. Pa., e. by Crawford co. Pa., s. by 
Trumbull co. 0., w. by Geauga, and n. by Lake 
Erie. Greatest length along Pa. 32 ms., on the 
wstrn. border the length is about 26 ms., mean, 
length 29, and breadth 28, area, 812 sq. ms. ex- 
tending m lat. 41° 32' to 41° 58', and in long, 
from 3° 30' to 3° 58' w. W. C. The southeast- 
ern angle of this co. slopes to the s. e. and gives 
source to the Shenango and other branches of 
Big Beaver. The western and central sections 
have a N. western declivity, and are drained by 
the sources of Grand r. of Lake Erie, while the 
N. eastern part slopes northwardly, and is wa- 
tered by Conneaut and Ashtabula rs. From the 
preceding elements, we find this co. occupying 
a part ofthe table land between the vallies of 
Erie and 0.. Cf t. Jeff"erson. Pop. 14,584. 

Ashtabula, p-v. on the r. of the same name 
at its efiux into Lake Erie, northern part of Ash- 
tabula CO, O., about 40 ms. s. w. by w. Erie, in 
Pa., and by p-r. 191 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

AsHUELOT r. Cheshire co. N. H., rises from a 
pond in Washington, runs s. to Keene, then s. w, 
to Conn. r. 3 ms. from the line of Mass. To 
make it navigable for boats, from Keene to the 
mouth, considerable exertions were made seve- 
ral years ago ; several places were locked. 

Ashville, p-v. and st. jus. for Buncombe co. 
N. C, stands on French Broad r., 40 ms. n. n. 
w. Rutherfordton, and by p-r. 273 ms. wstrd., 
Raleigh, lat. 35° 32', long. 5° 28' w. W. C. 

Ashville, p-v. and st. jus. St. Clair co. Ala. 
on Canoe cr. (branch of the Coosa) by p-r. 90 
ms. N. E. Tuscaloosa, and about 70 s. s. e. 
Huntsville, lat. 33° 48', long. 9° 21' w. W. C. 

AssANPiNK, r. or cr. N. J. the boundary of 
Burlington and Hunterdon co. rises in Mon- 
mouth, and falls into the Delaware at Trenton. 
This stream separated the British and Ameri- 
can armies in 1777, the day previous to the bat. 
tie of Princeton. 

AssiNiBoiN, large r. of N. America, partly in 
the U. S. and partly in the British territories. It 
is formed by two great branches, Assiniboin prop- 
er, and Red r. The Assiniboin rises by numer- 
ous branches between Lake Winnnipec, and the 
N. eastern curve of Missouri. Flowing s. e. up- 
wards of 300 ms. it receives from the sthrd. a 
remarkable confluent, Morse or Sourie r. The 
latter rises in the U. S., and, what is remarka- 
ble, within 1 m. of the main volume of the Mo. 
Below the influx of Morse r. the Assiniboin 



ASS 



28 



ATC 



curves to the estrd. about 100 ms. to its junc- 
tion with Red r. Red r. or the southern branch 
of Assiniboin, rises in the U. S. on the marshy 
and extended plain which gives source to ihe 
higher confluents of Misp. but the extreme 
southern fountain of the former, as laid down by 
Tanner, is at lat. 45'^ 37', interlocking sources 
with St. Peter's r. and extending 1° 39' of lat. s. 
of the northern source of the Misp. Issuing 
from this elevated table land, Red r. assumes a 
general iHiOrthern course, but with an elliptic 
curve to the wstrd. receiving from the eastern 
side descending. Otter Tail, Buffalo, Wild Rice, 
Plum, Sand Hill, Red Fork, Swamp, Salt, and 
several smaller streams. From the wstrd. this 
r. is augmented also in descending by Ipse, 
Thienne, Elve, Goose, Turtle, Saline, Park, 
Tongue and Pembina rs. Immediately below 
the influx of the latter, the main volume crosses 
lat. 49° enters the British territories, inflects to 
the N. eastward, and finally joins the Assiniboin 
very nearly on lat. 50° and about 40 ms. above 
the influx of the latter, into the sthrn. extreme 
of Lake Winnipec. The direct length of Red 
r. is about 300 ms. but its comparative course 
no doubt exceeds 350. The valley of Red r. 
extends between those of Missouri and Missis. 
sippi, and it is remarkable that the sources of 
streams flowing into Red r. from the wstrd. rise 
close upon the margin of Mo. near the Mandan 
villages, (see Pembina.) Red r. is rendered re- 
markable for another physical feature; its source 
is the extreme southern extension of the great 
northern inclined plane of the continent of 
N. America. The following note, inserted in 
Tanner's U. S., will serve to illustrate the sin- 
gular features of the region from which Red, 
Misp. and Rainy Lake rs. have their sources. 
The note alluded to, quoted below, is inserted on 
the map between the extreme sources of Misp. 
Grand Fork of Rainy lake r. and Red lake, from 
which flows the Red Fork of Red r. "An un- 
interrupted water communication between the 
Grand Fork of Rainy Lake r. and Winnipec 
Lake is said to exist at this place." Rainy lake r. 
is another very singular water course, the drain 
of innumerable lakes, between lakes Superior 
and Winnipec, which though entering the lat- 
ter lake by a separate mouth from the Assini- 
boin, may be correctly noticed under that head. 
The Plateau, from which the sources of the 
Misp. and Assiniboin flow, is continued to the 
N. eastward to within 200 ms. of Hudson's Bay. 
Amongst the countless lakes scattered over this 
elevated but comparatively flat space, there are 
two chains to the n. west of Lake Superior, 
which, after discharging their waters from one 
reservoir into another, converge, and unite 
about lat. 48° 20', and long. 15° w. W. C. Thus 
far, the general course is wstrd. but inflecting 
to the N. w. dilating into Sturgeon lake, again 
into a r. and thence once more opening into 
the large Lake Rain. From the s. western mar- 
gin of Lake Rain, issues a large navigable 
stream, the proper Rain Lake r. This stream, 
flowing a little n. of wstrd. about 80 ms. by 
comparative course, falls into another consid- 
erable sheet of water called Lake of the Woods. 
From the source of the sthern. branch of Rainy 
Lake r. to the Lake of the Woods, the lakes 



and intermediate straits or rs. form the boun- 
dary between the U. S. and the British territo- 
ries. The southern extremity of the Lake of 
the Woods is traversed by the 49th degree of 
lat. and the lake and its discharge into Lake 
Winnipec, assuming a northwestern course, the 
residue of the valley of Rainy Lake r. is in the 
British territories. 

AssoNET, p-v. Berkley t. Bristol co. Mass, 
42 ms. s. Boston. 

Assumption, or Assomption, parish of La., 
bounded by the Misp. r. n. e. St. Johns Baptist,. 
E. La Fourche interior, s. e. and s. Atchafalaya 
r., w. and n. w. by the parish of Ascension. 
Similar to all other parts of the delta. Assump- 
tion is a plain slightly raised above the common 
level of the rs. The Misp. forms one of the 
borders, whilst La Fourche entering from As- 
cension, winds in a direction from n. n. w. to- 
s. s. E., dividing Assumption into two nearly 
equal parts. Length from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms., 
mean width 15, and area 600 sq. ms. Most of 
the arable land is on the two above mentioned 
rs. as the surface falls gradually from the La 
Fourche towards the Atchafalaya, and the banks 
of the latter rise in very few places above annu- 
al overflow. Much of Assumption is, indeed, 
open, untimbered, and overflow marsh. The 
inhabitants reside in great part on the margin of 
the Misp. and La Fourche. The arable mar- 
gin on the right bank of the Misp. at the efflux of 
La Fourche, is continued down the latter, tho* 
narrower than along the former stream. The 
soil is of similar quality on both rs. and crops 
are specifically similar. Though cotton is the 
common staple, some sugar farms are scattered 
along the banks of La Fourche in Assumption. 
The orange tree also begins to flourish in this 
parish. Lat. 30°, and long. 14' w. W. C. intersect 
in the nthrn. part of Assumption. No town of 
note. Pop. 1820, 3,576, in 1830, 5,669. 

Assumption, C. H. and p-o. on La Fourche, by 
p-r. 91 ms. N. O. 

AssYLUM p-0. Bradford co. Penn. by p-r. 184 
ms. northward Harrisburg. 

Atacapas, large settlement of La. lying along 
both banks of Teche r. and extending south- 
eastward from Opelousas to the Gulf of Mexi- 
co. Under the French and Spanish govern- 
ments, Atacapas was under the jurisdiction of a 
commandant; it is now subdivided in<o the par- 
ishes of St. Martin's and St. Mary's, which see. 

Atchafalaya, r. of La. and though a mouth 
of Misp. may be correctly regarded as the con- 
tinuation of Red r. It is only about a m. and 
five tenths from the inlet of the Red r. to the 
outlet of Atchafalaya, the latter leaving the 
main stream at lat. 31° almost exactly. Many 
erroneous opinions exist respecting the Atcha- 
falaya, and the quantity of its drain from the 
Misp. has been greatly overrated. It is only 
indeed at high water in the latter, that any cur- 
rent passes into the former. The writer of this 
article has been at the efflux of the Atrhafalaya 
at almost every stage of weather, and has seen 
the current actually passing into the Misp. At 
its outlet, the Atchafalaya is only 111 yds. wide, 
but dilates below to a general breadth of about 
200 yds. Leaving the Misp. the course is s. w. 
2 ras. from whence with a very tortuous channel. 



ATC 



29 



ATH 



but general course to the s. it flows 50 ms. then 
turns s. E. 10 ms. and thence e. 25 ms. to where 
it receives from the estrd. the Plaquemine, an- 
other, though much smaller outlet of the Misp. 
Receiving the Plaquemine, the Atchafalaya 
curves to the southward and continues in that di- 
rection 60 ms. into the Gulf of Mexico, having 
an entire comparative course of 147 ms. In its 
general appearance, the Atchafalaya is a minia- 
ture picture of the Misp. though very little soil 
on the banks of the former is exempt from an- 
nual overflow. Except merely on the margin 
of the r. the adjacent country for many ms. is a 
congeries of bayous and lakes ; but to apply to 
this annually inundated tract the terra of swamp, 
is a great misnomer. So far from being swamp 
the general surface when not flooded is exces- 
sively dry and hard. In reality, the basin of the 
Atchafalaya, if denuded of timber, would ap- 
pear, in season of high water, an immense ir- 
regular lake, with lines of land merely rising 
above the common surface. The whole surface 
is, however, except the lakes and streams, and 
near the sea coast, covered with a very dense 
forest. Timber along the Atchafalaya, cotton 
wood, willow, ash, red flowering maple, diff'er- 
ent species of oak, and hickory, &c. whilst in 
the remote recesses of the overflow, cyprus 
and tupeloo, intermingle with the oaks and wil- 
lows. When this region was surveyed by the 
writer of this article, in 1809 and 1810, the 
great raft in Atchafalaya commenced 26 ms. 
from the outlet, and continued down that r. at 
■ broken intervals to within 5 ms. above the en- 
trance of the Teche. A small fragment of the 
lower part of the raft broke loose from the main 
body about 1774, and again lodged immediately 
below the mouth of Courtableau. The raft is 
not a stationary mass ; I have myself seen large 
fragments break loose, and again lodge. This 
much misunderstood obstruction was formed in 
the first place by floating timber from the Misp. 
and is perpetuated by accessions from the same 
source. The current of the Atchafalaya, at its 
issue from the Misp. is excessively rapid, but 
deadens, falling towards the interior low lands, 
which circumstance, taken in connexion with 
the very tortuous channel of the former, ac- 
counts for the original formation and perpetuity 
of the raft. The vulgar tales respecting the 
raft, deserve some notice. So lonely and so 
seldom visited is that region, that even at Ope- 
lousas, within 15 ms. direct from the spot, I 
have heard it asserted that so compact was the 
raft, that men and horses had passed it without 
knowing a river was beneath. Myself and as- 
sistants did frequently, and in numerous places 
pass the r. by the raft, but never without danger 
and difficulty. In fact, the timber, ' thrown to- 
gether by accident, lies in all directions, inter, 
laced by roots and branches, but still with so 
much interval and so liable to partial removal, 
that accumulations of mud and young trees are 
prevented. The body of the raft rises and falls 
with the rise and fall of the river, and from the 
sediment fixed on the logs, is in autumn covered 
with a rank growth of weeds, which at a dis- 
tance appears a flowery plain, but approached is 
found to be a very dangerous and uneven sur- 
face to tread. In both the Atchafalaya and 

5 



Courtableau, the raft impedes navigation. In 
the latter the people of Opelousas have effected 
a partial removal ; but still the direct line of in- 
tercommunication between New Orleans and 
the upper part of Opelousas, continues in some 
measure broken. The very near approach of 
the general plain of Louisiana to a level is shown 
by the tides in the Atchafalaya and its conflu- 
ents. In season of high water in the Misp. the 
tide from the higher parts of the basin over- 
comes the more feeble tide from the Gulf of 
Mexico ; but in autumn, when thetMisp. falls 
far witliin its own channel, the gulf tide not 
more than 2 feet at an average, penetrates the 
Atchafalaya above the lower raft, and into the 
Plaquemine to within 4 ms. by the channel from 
the Misp. and up the Courtableau to the prairies 
of Opelousas. The water of the Atchafalaya, 
usually turbid, becomes very highly pellucid, 
when the outlet from the Misp. is interrupted' 
for some weeks. (See articles Courtableau, 
Teche, Opelousas, and Atacapas.) A long ex- 
pected change in the bed of the Misp. above the 
outlet of Atchafalaya and influx of the Red r. 
has taken place recently ; and the Atchafalaya 
can no longer be regarded as an outlet of the 
Misp. (See article Mississippi and Red River.) 

Atchafalaya, bay of La. the estuary of the 
r. of the same name, an elliptical sheet of wa- 
ter 25 ms. from n. w. to s. e. with a mean width 
of about 8 ms. Two long, narrow and low 
points of land, Point Au Fer to the s. e. and 
Point Chevreuil to the n. w. distant from each 
other 7 or 8 ms. terminate this bay. A bar with 
9 ft. water extends from point to point, but with- 
in, and far in both rs. above the junction of Atch- 
afalaya and Teche, a sufficient depth of water 
exists at all seasons for vessels of any tonnage. 
Bar of Atchafalaya bay is at lat. 29° 25', long, 
14° 40' w. W. C. The r. enters the n. e. side 
of the bay. The whole adjacent country is a 
dead level, and grassy plain, interrupted with 
numerous lakes and interlocking water courses, 
and nearly destitute of timber. The surface so 
near that of the gulf, as to be flooded at every 
tide. The first arable land in ascending rises 
above diurnal tides about 5 ms. below the mouth 
of Teche. 

Athens, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 22 ms. n. e. 
Norridgewock, 45 Augusta, 50 n. Hallowel, is 
crossed by the branches of a small stream of 
Kennebec r. Pop. 1200. 

Athens, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 10 ms. s. Bel- 
lows' Falls, 25 N. E. Brattleborough ; contains 
7628 acres, and was first settled 1779. It is un- 
even, with a good soil for grazing, and apple 
trees ; with a native growth of beech, birch, 
bass, maple, ash, hemlock and spruce. A small 
stream affords mill sites. Pop. 415. 

Athens, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. w. side Hud. 
son r. opposite Hudson city, 5 ms. n. Catskill, 
28 s. Albany, is watered by Potock, Corlear's 
and Catskill crs. has Hoogeberg, or High Hill, 
w. but pretty good alluvial soil e. vsdth some 
pine sands. The v. extends 1^ ms. on the Hud- 
r. and about the same distance w. The chan- 
nel is near the shore ; there is a flat in the r. 
through which a channel is kept open for the 
ferry boats. Pop. 2425. 

Athens, or Tioga Point, p-v. of Bradford co. 



ATK 



30 



ATL 



Pa. is most beautifully situated on the point 
above the junction of the Susquehannah and Ti- 
oga rs. The village extends in a single street 
up the peninsula ; the site an undulating plain, 
but environed by mountain and r. scenery. Ath- 
ens is but little improved, but from its proximi- 
ty to two navigable rs. the fertility of the r. soil, 
and from the picturesque vicinity, nature has 
done her part in forming a most inviting resi- 
dence to man. Pop of the tsp. in 1820, 1,108, 
in 1830, 1,249. Lat. 41° 56'. 

Athens, p-v. st. jus. and of Franklin college, 
Clarke co. Geo. is situated on the right bank of 
Oconee r. at n. lat. 33° 58', long. W. C. 6° 40' w. 
85 ms. N. w. from Augusta. Franklin college 
was located here in 1803, with a faculty of a 
president, 4 professors, and 2 tutors, supported 
by a fimd of $100,000 bank stock, and 50,000 
acres of land; $12,000 were appropriated to 
purchase a library and philosophical apparatus. 
The situation has been represented as in an em- 
inent degree agreeable and healthy. 

Athens, p-v. Fayette co. Ky. by p-r. 33 ms. 
from Frankfort. 

Athens, p-v. and st. jus. Limestone co. Ala. 
is situated near the centre of the co. about 25 
ms. a little n. of w. Huntsville, and 120 ms. 
N. N. E. Tuscaloosa, lat. 34° 58', long. 10° 2', w. 
W.C. 

Athens, p-o, Giles co. Va. by p-r. 265 ms. a 
little s. of w. Richmond. 

Athens, co. of O. bndd. s. by Meigs, s. w. by 
Galia and Jackson, w. by Hocking, n. w. by 
Perry, n. e. by Morgan, e. by Washington, and 
s. e. by O. r. separating it from Wood co. of Va. 
The longest line that can be drawn over this ir- 
regularly formed co. is diagonal from s. w. to 
N. e. 40 ms. Mean breadth 20 ms. and area 
800 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 39° 5' to 39° 
33', and in long, from 4° 44' to 5° 30' w, W. G. 
The southern margin of this co. declines to the 
sthrd. and gives source to some crs. flowing in 
that direction into O. r. The central and rather 
most extensive section is watered by the Hock- 
ing r. and its confluents. The Hocking enters 
at the extreme northwestern angle, and flowing 
to the s. e. diagonally over the co. falls into the 
O. r. at the extreme southwestern angle. The 
surface of Athens co. of O. is excessively hilly, 
but fertile. Cf. t. Athens. (See Appendix, ar- 
ticle Ohio.) 

Athens, p-t. and st. jus. Athens co. O. situa- 
ted on Hocking r. near the centre of the co. 41 
ms. a little s. of w. Marietta, 50 ms. e. Ghilico- 
the ; and by p-r. 73 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. 
Lat. 39° 20', and long. 5° 6' w. W. C. 

Athol, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 30 ms. n. 
Worcester, 70 w. Boston; is uneven, with a 
strong soil, and is supplied with water power by 
Miller's r. Pop. 1,325. 

Athol, p.t. Warren co N. Y. 18 ms. w. n. w. 
Caldwell, is mountainous, with a poor soil. Pop. 
909. 

Atkins, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 20 ms. n. e. Phil. 
and 10 ms. s. w. Trenton. 

Atkinson, p.t. Penobscot co. Me. 79 ms. Au- 
gusta. Pop. 418. 

Atkinson, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 4^ ms. 
by 5, with 6839 acres, 30 ms. s. w. Portsmouth, 
32 8. E. Concord ; has an uneven surface, with 



very good soil. First settled 1727. Dr. Bel. 
knap says that a piece of ground, 7 or 8 acres, 
in a meadow, floats when the meadow is flood- 
ed. There is an old and respectable academy 
here. Pop. 554. 

Atkinson, p-o. Monroe co. Mich, by p-r. 43 
ms. s. w. from Detroit. 

Atlantic Ocean, that great expanse of wa- 
ter which separates Africa and Europe from 
America. Under this general term very differ- 
ent extremes north and south have been under- 
stood by writers on Geography. In the present 
article we include all the ocean surface compri- 
sed between a line drawn from the extreme 
southern point of America to the extreme south- 
ern point of Africa, and another line drawn from 
the western point of Nova Zembla, through the 
islands of Spitzbergen to the coast of Green- 
land. Thus defined, the Atlantic mingles on 
the s. with the great Austral Ocean, and to the 
n. with the Frozen or Arctic Ocean. In extent, 
including its seas, the Atlantic spreads over 
above thirty millions of sq. ms. The narrowest 
part between the coasts of Norway and Green- 
land exceeds one thousand ms. and the widest 
part on a line nearly at right angles to its gene- 
ral length, something less than five thousand 
seven hundred ms. from the mouth of the Sene- 
gal to that of Rio Grand del Norte. It is far 
the widest at the northern extreme of the two 
Oceanic connections between the Polar regions 
of the Earth, a circumstance most powerfully 
influential on the respective climates of North 
America and Europe. The general phenome- 
na, on the two opposing sides of the Atlantic 
have great resemblance. To the deep indenting 
of the Baltic is opposed the much more exten- 
sive Mediterranean composed of Hudson's and 
Baffin's Bays. To the south, relative extent is 
reversed. To the West Indian Mediterranean 
is opposed that most interesting Gulf between 
Europe and Africa, to which that descriptive 
name has been given, and which has been in- 
corporated with the history and science of man- 
kind in all ages. But departing from a general 
to a special view, in this article, we shall con- 
fine ourselves to the features and sections of 
the Atlantic connected with the United States. 
By actual calculation, a line drawn from the 
Point of Florida to the Straits of Belle Isle de- 
flects from the Meridians of the Earth 35° fifty- 
one minutes, say 36° extending 2654 statute ms. 
Coast of Africa and Europe from Cape Verd of 
the former, to Cape North of the latter, deflects 
from the meridians 24° forty five minutes in a 
distance of 4232 statute ms. These two lines, 
opening upon each other within a small fraction 
of 11°, enclose the great body of the northern 
Atlantic, and if extended to strike the conti- 
nent of S. America, will include, with the ex- 
ception of the Gulf of Mexico, the sphere of 
action of that immense whirlpool called the 
Gulf Stream. The Earth moves around its 
axis with a maximum of rotation at the equa- 
tor, lessening, advancing along the meridians. 
It is very remarkable that the equator nearly 
coincides with the deep indenting of Africa on 
the east and the eastern protrusion of America 
on the west, and here, particles on the Earth's 
surface are moved with uniform motion estrd. 



ATL 



31 



ATL 



at the hourly rate of 1042 ms. nearly. The 
distance is about 7700 ms. from where the equa- 
tor intersects western Africa to the mouth of 
Rio Grande del Norte, and if we assume 1000 
ms. as the mean intermediate motion, objects 
are borne through the intermediate space in 
about 5t hours. The vis inertice of matter 
produces a perpetual retardation, which efi'ects 
a current of rotation setting from Africa to 
America in opposition to the horary motion. 
This current striking the extreme eastern cape 
of South America is divided into two bodies. 
That to the south is wafted and dispersed over 
the Southern Ocean, but that to the north meet- 
ing the continent of America is deflected north- 
wardly and augmented by accessions from the 
northern side of the Torrid Zone, is gradually 
carried into the Gulf of Mexico, and from 
thence by its own weight, rushes towards the 
Atlantic between Cuba and Florida, but meet. 
ing part of the original stream flowing wstrd. 
along the northern shores of St. Domingo and 
Cuba, the whole body is turned northeastwardly 
along the coast of the United States ; flows thus 
towards the polar section of the Atlantic until 
again deflected by the northern currents, is 
swept down the coasts of Europe and Africa, 
into its original fomrtain. 

An opinion prevails, which was once shared 
by the author of this article, that the Gulf 
Stream exerts a great influence on the climate 
of the United States. More extensive and ac- 
curate observation has modified that opinion in 
his individual case. Under the general head 
of United States, it may be seen that the wind 
over the United States, and that part of the At- 
lantic ocean between North America and Eu- 
rope, blows with a uniformity from the western 
points, which vies in steadiness with those from 
the eastward within the tropics. If, therefore, 
we regard the atmosphere over the Atlantic 
ocean nthrd. of the equator, to n. lat. 50°, we 
discover two powerful currents setting in oppo- 
site directions over the extremes ; and direct- 
ing our attention to the incumbent ocean, we 
find the aquatic current corresponding to the 
aerial. The effects of these phenomena on the 
climate of both continents will be shown under 
the head of climate, under the general article 
United States. 

Commercially, or nautically, to speak in more 
generic terms, the combined effect of the Gulf 
Stream and prevalent western winds over the 
northern Atlantic has had, and as long as the 
present order of things endures, must have a 
most extensive agency in the affairs of mankind. 
The share exerted by the Gulf stream in the 
mean period of voyages over the Atlantic, has 
been overrated, whilst that of the wind has 
been in a corresponding degree overlooked. 
The Gulf of Mexico, we have shown, is the 
great reservoir from which the Gulf Stream is 
supplied, and the difference of level between 
that reservoir and the Atlantic ocean e. of the 
peninsula of Florida, has been determined at 
3 or 4 feet, by the U. S. engineers ; who observe 
in page 39 of their report, " should the surveys 
be perfectly accurate, the level of low tide in 
the Gulf would be 2 65-100 feet above that of 
low tide in the Atlantic. On another hand it 
has been shown, in describing the surveys re- 



lating to the St. Mary's route, that the result of 
the levelling has given 3 55-100 for the differ- 
ence of level between the Gulf and the Atlan- 
tic. We must therefore consider it as probable, 
that at low tide, the elevation of the Gulf at the 
mouth of the Suwannee, is not more than 3 
or 4 feet above low tide at the entrance of the 
St. John's into the Atlantic, and that such might 
be the limit of the rise caused at this point of 
the Gulf, by the tropical trade wind." 

Such a rise, or double such height, could not 
sustain the actual current of the Gulf Stream 
in the Atlantic ocean, unless aided by other 
causes. Such a cause, however, does exist in 
the northern Trade winds. The latter current 
operates so greatly on navigation, as to make 
the mean of voyages from America to Europe, 
23, whilst the mean of those in an opposite di- 
rection demand 40 days. Such is the steadi- 
ness and intensity of these western winds, that 
the orchards and forests of the U. S. are bent 
towards the Atlantic in the U. S. and from 
it along northwestern Europe. (See Art. U. 
States, head of Climate.) 

The Atlantic coast of the U. S. presents an 
elliptic curve, if taken in its entire extent, with 
three intermediate and similar curves. Advan- 
cing from south to north, the first partial curve 
has its axis from Cape Florida to Cape Hatte- 
ras, about 700 ms. with an ordinate or depth of 
near 200 ms. the chord deflecting from the me- 
ridians by an angle of 25°. Issuing from the 
Bahama channel, the Gulf stream flows towards 
cape Hatteras very nearly along the chord of 
the intermediate bay. The second, or middle 
bay, sweeps from cape Hatteras to the outer 
capes of Massachusetts, 500 ms. with conside- 
rably less deflection from the meridians, and 
less comparative depth from its chord. The 
Gulf Stream, turned from the coast by Cape 
Hatteras, has its axis beyond the capes of Mass. 
and, indeed, more estrd. than the general line 
of the coast. The third, or northern bay of 
the U. S. is, in fact, formed by the coasts of 
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, New 
Brunswick and Nova Scotia ; therefore, only the 
southwestern part really appertains to the U. S. 

The respective coasts of these three physi- 
cal sections of that part of the U. S. bordering 
on the Atlantic ocean, have each its appropriate 
and very distinct character. The rivers of the 
southern bay flow generally from n. w. to s. e. 
with narrow and shallow mouths, made in a low, 
flat, and inundated coast. The harbors are 
shallow, and tides moderate and not exceeding 
a mean of 5 feet. The rivers of the second 
bay mingle with the tides in wide sounds, and 
one, the Hudson, carries its tides inland beyond 
the Appalachian system of mts. The tides are 
along this coast of increased elevation, having 
an average of perhaps 7 feet. The solid land 
ceases, gradually, advancing northwardly, to be 
inundated by the Ocean tides or river floods, to 
any great extent. The third bay presents phe- 
nomena, in a very striking manner distinct. 
The coast becomes more bold, and the general 
slope more abrupt. Though the tides so enor- 
mously increase in height as to exceed a mean 
of 25 feet, yet this great swell is arrested with- 
in from 15 to 30 ms. from the coast. 

Opposite to the United States, the Atlantic 



AUB 



32 



AUG 



ocean no where deepens very rapidly, but on 
the contrary, admits soundings in every place 
near the shores. From the course and origin 
of the Gulf Stream, the ocean water every 
where, and at all seasons of the year, exceeds 
the mean temperature of that in the land bays. 
It is evident that the increased height of the 
tide advancing along the coast from south to 
north, arises from the decreased velocity, and 
wider dispersion of the Gulf Stream, as the 
magnitude of the two sets of phenomena is re- 
verse to the extremes where they occur. — (See 
Articles Gulf Stream, United States, and Gulf 
of Mexico.) 

Atlas, p-v. in the s. w. part of Pike co. II. 
about 100 ms. following the land route, about 
N. N. w. St. Louis, and by p-r. 148 ms. n. w. by 
w. Vandalia. 

Atsion, v. Gloucester co, N. J. 60 ms. s. e. 
Philadelphia. 

Attica, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. Ba- 
tavia, 250 w. Albany, is watered by Tonewan. 
ta cr. and branches. It has a pleasant v. on the 
cr. and much timber. Pop. 2,492. 

Attica, p-v. in the n. part of Seneca co. 0. 
by p-r. 92 ms. northwardly from Columbus. 

Attleborough, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 29 ms. 
s. w. Boston, 9 n. Providence, has 3 p-vs. is fur- 
nished with water power by a branch of Paw- 
tucket r. and has many manufactories. The 
Falls cotton factory was incorporated in 1813, 
cap. $100,000. This was an early settlement 
on the frontier of King Phillip's country, and 
was exposed to much difficulty with the Indians, 
in his war. Fop. 3,219. 

Attleborough, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 20 ms. n. 
E. from Phil, and 10 ms. s. w. Trenton. 

Atwater, p-v. Portage co. 0. by p.r. 137 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

AuBDRN, p-v. and cap. in the t. of Aurelius, 
Cayuga co. N. Y. on the outlet of Owasco lake, 
is very pleasant and flourishing ; 175 ms. w, 
Albany, 7 s. Erie Canal. It contains the coun- 
ty buildings, and one of the state prisons, the 
wall of which is of hammered limestone and 
encloses 5 acres, on the bank of Owasco cr. 
whose water moves the machinery of the prison. 
Earnings, the year ending Sept. 30, 1831, $36,- 
209 14 cts. Expenditures, $34,405 61. Ba- 
lance in favor of the prison, $1,803 83. Re- 
ceipts, $43,762 81. Number of convicts, Dec. 
1, 1831, 646, 60 of whom were received 
from the Sing,Sing prison. By the annual re- 
port it appears that in the year,1832, the pro- 
ceeds of the labor of the convicts were $41,833 
47 cts. Expenditures $38,305 3l cts. leaving 
a balance in favor of the prison, of $3,528 16. 
Number of convicts at the commencement of 
the year, 646 ; at the close, 683. Received 
during the year, 192, of which 60 were from 
the prison at Sing-Sing ; discharged by expira- 
tion of sentence, 1 15 ; pardon, 28 ; died, 27. 
During the year, 200 new cells were completed, 
and occupied, and a new work shop was erect- 
ed. Of 133 discharged in 1831, 95 had been 
intemperate. Of the number remaining at the 
close of that year, 209 were grossly intempe- 
rate, 258 regular drinkers, occasionally intoxi- 
cated, 132 temperate drinkers. Of these, 346 
were under the influence of ardent spirits at 



the time of the commission of their crimes. 
The labor performed is on contracts, chiefly for 
the city of New- York. It has been occupied 
about 12 years. Only 2 suicides have occur- 
red. Service is performed in the chapel on the 
Sabbath, and a Sunday school is kept by the 
students of the theological seminary of the 
Presbyterian church, which is estaiilished at 
Auburn. Pop. 4,486. 

Auburn, p-v. in the s. w. part of Geauga co. 
0. by p-r. 143 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Auburn, p-v. Oakland Co. Mich, by p-r. 30 ms. 
N. w. Detroit. 

Audrian CO. Mo. bndd. by Montgomery s. e., 
Callaway s., Boone w., Monroe n. w., and Ralls 
N. E. As laid down by Tanner, in his improved 
map of the U. S., it is a parallelogram of 24 ms. 
E. and w., by 15 ms. n. and s., area 360 sq. ms. 
Central lat. 39° 6' n., long. W. C. 14° 48' w. 
It occupies the summit table land between the 
Mo. and Misp. rs., the crs. flowing from its cen- 
tral sections like radii from a common centre. 
This CO is about 90 ms. n. w. by w. St. Louis, 
and 45 n. n. e. Jefferson. 

Augusta, p-t. and capital, Kennebec co. Me. 
and cap. of the state ; 2 ms. n. Hallowell, 56 n. 
E. Portland, the third in the state in pop. (in. 
crease in 10 years, 61 per. ct.) is divided by 
Kennebec r. 47 ms. from its mouth, across which 
is a bridge. The v. is on an elevated plain and 
a declivity near the r. and contains the state 
house, county buildings, 60 stores, 3 churches, 
an academy, &c. Vessels of 100 tons come 
up to this place, the head of sloop navigation. 
The state house somewhat resembles that at 
Boston, but is smaller. It stands on Capitol 
Hill, east front 150 ft. with two wings of 33 
ft. and 54 deep ; central part, 84 feet, and 56 
deep. It is of granite — and 8 Doric columns, 
also of granite, 21ft. high, weighing 10 tons 
each, form a portico of 89 ft. one story. The 
dome is 54 ft. sq. with a cupola. Extreme 
height, 114 ft. 2 inches. The back country is 
very extensive and fertile. Pop. 3,980. The 
Kennebec road, hence to Quebec, was travel, 
led in 1831, in carriages, in 3 days. 

Augusta, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 17 ms. s. w. 
Utica, 6 ms. by 7. Oriskany, Oneida, and Sha. 
nando crs. furnish mill-seats. The surface is 
gently swelling, with a pretty good soil for 
grain and grass. First settled, 1794. Pop. 1830, 
3,058. 

Augusta, p-v. Frankford, Sussex co. N. J. 79 
ms. n. Trenton, and 6 n. Newton. 

Augusta, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa., by p-r. 
57 ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Augusta co. Va. lying w. from the Blue Ridge, 
is bounded s. w. by Rockbridge, w. by Bath, n. 
w. by Pendleton, n. e. by Rockingham, and s. e. 
by the Blue Ridge, or Albemarle and Nelson. 
It lies in form of a square of about 30 ms. each 
side, of course, contams about 900 sq. ms. The 
surface is broken, and in part mountainous, and 
elevated at a mean of about 1200 ft. above the 
Atlantic ocean. Lat. 38°, and long. 2° w. W. 
C, intersect in the s. e. part of this county. 
Though some of the higher crs. of James r. rise 
in and flow s. from Augusta, the body of the co. 
is drained by the confluents of the Shenandoah. 
The soil is productive in small grain, and the 



AUG 3 

principal staple is flour. Cf. t. Staunton. Pop. 
1820, 16,742 ; in 1830, 19,926. 

Augusta, p-t. and st. jus. Richmond co. Ga. 
situated on the right bank of Savannah r., oppo- 
site Hamburg, Edgefield dist. S. C. by p-r. 90 
ms. N. E. by E. Milledgeville; by the intermediate 
rail-rail road 132 ms. n. w. by w. Charleston, 
and by the land road, 135 ms. above and n. n. 
w. Savannah. Lat. 33° 30', long. W. G. 4° 56' 
w. This town is regularly laid out and well 
built. Many of the houses are elegant struc- 
tures. The public buildings are 8 in number, 
besides 5 or 6 places of public worship. Occu- 
pying a fine site, in a central situation, and be- 
ing a depot for an extensive country above, it is 
a place of great commercial business when 
compared with its pop. Steam boats are navi- 
gated thus far up the Savannah r., and standing 
directly opposite the n. western termination of 
the Charleston and Hamburg rail road, the per- 
manent prosperity of Augusta seems secured. 
Pop. 1820, about 4,000, and in 1830, 6,696. It 
is probable that the actual number of inhabit- 
ants now amount to upwards of 7,000. 

Augusta, p-v. and st. jus. Perry co. Misp. sit- 
uated on Leaf r. or the w. branch of Pascagoula, 
160 ms. a little s. of e. Natchez, and by p-r. 
137 ms. s. E. Jackson. Lat. 31° 12', long. 12° 
12' w. W. C. 

Augusta, p-v. in the s. w. part of Columbiana 
CO. O. by p-r. 141 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Augusta, p-v. and st. jus. Bracken co. Ky. 
situated on Ohio r. on an elevated bank, afford- 
ing a very pleasing site. Lat. 38° 45', long. 
7° w. W. C. Distant about 70 ms. n. e. Frank- 
fort. 

Augusta Springs, p-o. Augusta co. Va., 17 
ms. N. N. w. Staxmton, and by p-r. 137 ms. n. w. 
by w. Richmond. 

Augustine, St. city of Flor. situated on the 
Atlantic shore of that ter. opposite the n. ex- 
tremity of the isl. of Anastasia, lat. 29° 48', 
long. w. W. C. 4° 31'. This is the oldest city 
of either the U. S. or Canada, having been 
founded by the Spaniards in 1565, upwards of 
forty years before the establishment of the 
Enghsh at Jamestown. It is situated on a plain 
resting on a limestone base, along a safe and 
commodious harbor, with a depth of water from 
28 to 30 ft. at low tide. The following notice 
appeared in the Nat. Intelligencer, Oct. 17, 
1825, and from the importance of this city and 
harbor, is inserted entire in this Gazetteer. 
" The entrance is covered outside by sand 
banks and rocks, extending out more than one 
third of a league, between which, there are 
openings and passes which form the channel 
leading to the interior of the harbor. The south 
channel is the one vessels generally enter. 
There is not less than from 20, 25, to 30 ft. of 
water at low tide ; but before you enter this 
channel, you have to pass a bar, over which 
there is not more than 9 ft. water, at low tide. 
You can moor your ship outside the bar, and 
wait till the tide comes in. This pass can easi- 
ly be distinguished by the breaking of the sea 
on the rocks s. and n. and thereby plainly mar- 
king out the passage, which is at least 300 fath- 
oms wide. After passing the bar, you find 
from 18 to 20 ft. water. You will range along 



I AVE 

the island of Anastasia, within 2 cables lengths; 
you may anchor near the n. e. point, opposite a 
battery, in 26 ft. water, within one cable's length 
and a half of the land. You double the north 
point of the island, and then come to anchor be- 
fore the town. These passes and entrances 
into the harbor are very advantageously situa- 
ted ; for all the vessels coming from Mexico, 
Louisiana, and Havanna, are obliged to pass 
through the Bahama channel, at a short distance 
from St. Augustine, the port of which can be 
made with ease." Pop. 1,377. 

Auraria, p-v. and st. jus. Lumpkin co. Geo. 
This is a new t. and, as the name imports, is sit- 
uated in the gold region. "It is" says the Nat. 
Intel, of April 23, 1833, " situated on the ridge 
dividing the waters of the Chestatee, and Eto. 
wah rs. The first cabin was erected in Auraria, 
about the 5th of June, 1832, and there is now in 
the place 100 family dwellings, 18 or 20 stores, 
12 or 15 law offices, and 4 or 5 taverns. Pop. 
of the t. about 1,000, and that of the co. 10,000. 
Exact position not ascertained, but about 150 
ms. N. N. w. Milledgeville." 

AuRELius, p-t. and cap. Cayuga co. N. Y. be- 
tween Cayuga and Owasco lakes, 159 ms. w. 
Albany, contains no streams except the outlets 
of these lakes. Agriculture is prosperous. 
There are 3 villages, Auburn, Cayuga, and Un- 
ion Springs. Pop. 2,767. 

Aurora, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 171 ms. w. 
Albany. Pop. 2,423. 

Aurora, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. Pop. 2,421. 

Aurora, p-v. Dearbon co. Ind. about 25 ms. 
wstrdly. from Cincinnati, and by p-r. 102 ms. a 
little E. of s. E. Indianopolis. 

Aurora, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Portage co. 
O. 15 ms. N. N. w. Ravenna, the st. jus. and by 
p-r. 131 ms. N.E.Columbus. 

Au-Sable, p-v. Essex co. N. Y. 167 ms. n. of 
Albany. 

AusTERLiTZ, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 17 ms. 
E. Hudson, 130 e. s. e. Albany ; has a broken 
surface, with a moist, loamy soil, and is crossed 
by Klinekill and Green r. a branch of Housaton- 
ic r. It has two villages. Green River, and 
Spencertown. Pop. 2,245. 

Austinburg, p-v. in the n. western part of 
Ashtabula co. 0. by p-r. 185 ms. n. e. Colum- 
bus. 

Autauga, one of the central cos. of Ala. bndd. 
E. by Coosa r., s. by Ala. r., w. by Dallas, Per- 
ry, and Bibb cos., and n. by Shelby. It ap- 
proaches a square of 32 ms. each side, with an 
area exceeding 1,000 sq. ms. Surface very 
varied and broken, with a soil as varied ; that 
along the rs. of first rate quality, but deteriora- 
ting from thence to sterile ridges. Staple, cot- 
ton. Beside the two fine rs. which form the 
estrn. and sthrn. limits, this county is drained 
by the Autauga and other large creeks, mostly 
flowing sthrd. into the Ala. r. Cf. t. Washing- 
ton. Pop. 1820, 3,853, in 1830, 11,784. Cen- 
tral lat. 32° 35', long. 9° 35' w. W. C. 

AvENTSviLLE, p-v. Nash CO. N. C. by p-r. 44 
ms. estrd. Raleigh. 

AvERiLL, t. Essex CO. Vt. has a broken sur- 
face and a very sterile soil. Pop. 1. 

AvERYSBORouGH, p-v. Cumberland co. N. C. 
situated on the left bank of Cape Fear r. 25 ms. 



BAH 



34 



BAI 



N. N. E, Fayetteville, and about 40 ms. S. Ra- 
leigh. 
Avery's Gore, Addison co. Vt. Pop. 33. 
Avery's Gore, Franklin co. Vt. Pop. 22. 
Avon, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 35 ms. n. Nor- 
ridgewock, 50 ms. n. n. w. Augusta, on Sandy r. 
Pop. 745. 

Avon, p t. Hartford co. Conn. 10 ms. w. Hart- 
ford, w. Talcott mtn. has much good level land 
on the banks of Farmington r. Pop. 1,025. 

Avon p-t. Livingston, co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. e. 
Geneseo, 21 w. Canadaigua, e. Genesee r. s. 
Honeyco or. is well watered by these streams 
and their tributaries, and contains some of the 
best land in the state, as it includes a tract of 
the alluvion on Genesee r. Boats go down to 
Rochester and the Erie canal, 20 ms. Pop. 
2,372. 

Avon, p-v. in the n. e. part of Lorraine co. O. 
by p-r. 149 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Avoyelles, prairie and parish, La. bndd. s. 
by Opelousas, e. by Atchafalaya, Mississippi, 
and Red r., n. by Red r. w. parish of Rapide, s. 
w. by part of Opelousas. The extreme length 
from the mouth of Bayou Rouge, to that of the 
Ouchitta r. is about 40 ms. The breadth from 
E. to w. a mean of 20 ms. having an area of 800 
sq. ms. Avoyelles designates a district of 
country composed of two unequal and very dif- 
ferent bodies of land. The western part is a 
plain, elevated 15 or 20 feet above the highest 
flood of the adjacent rivers. This comparative 
table land rises at once and on all sides, from 
the annnally inundated low lands, but is never- 
theless an almost undeviating plain, of tolerable 
good soil, covered in part by forests, but in great 
part prairie. Below the prairie plain, expands 



the uninhabitable overflow, forming more than 
two thirds of the whole parish. This overflow- 
ed tract is so uniform in its general features, 
as to admit little variety of description. We 
may therefore refer to article " Atchafalaya," 
for a view of the Avoyelles overflow. Bayou 
de Glaize, one of the outlets of Red r. flows to 
the estrd., pasing the sthrn. extremity of the 
Avoyelles table land, and by a very winding 
course, falls into the Atchafalaya. By the Ba. 
you de Glaize, a belt of soil is carried across 
the deeper inundation, which, except at very 
high floods, admits a road from Avoyelles to 
Red r. This tortuous zone contributes in part 
to produce a phenomenon very remarkable, and 
yet very little known, even in Louisiana. The 
far greater share of the annual flood of Red r. is 
prevented by the banks of the de Glaize, from 
flowing sthrd. towards Opelousas, but is thus 
directed southeastward, into the outlet of the 
Atchafalaya, and again on the opposite side of 
the Misp., the incumbent water is in a similar 
manner turned wstrd. so that the entire body of 
flood brought down by both rs. is forced into a 
passage of at most 5 ms. wide. This accumu- 
lation of water above the Bayou de Glaize, how- 
ever, contributes to render that part of Avoyel- 
les in a particular manner exposed to submer- 
sion. On the habitable table land, the staple is 
cotton — the port of the settlement, Red r. Pop. 
in 1820, 2,245, in 1830, 3,484. Lat. 31°, and 
w. Ion. 13° W. C. intersect near the centre of 
this parish. Cf t. Avoyelles. 

Ayletts, p-o. King William co. Va. by p-r. 
about 36 ms. n. e. Richmond. It is situated 
near the right bank of Mattapony r. opposite 
Dunkirk. 



Bacheldor, t. Oxford eo. Me. 20 ms. w. Paris. 
e. N. Hampshire and just s. Androscoggin r. has 
several mountains, but no streams. 

Bachelor's Retreat, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. 
20 ms, a little s. of w. Pendleton, and by p-r. 154 
ms. N. w. by w. Columbia. 

Back Creek Valley, p-o. Fredericks co. Va. 
by p-r. 88 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Baggs, p-v. Mcintosh co. Geo. by p-r. 130 ms. 
s. E. Milledgeville, and 35 from Darien. 

Bahama Channel, a narrow sea or sound be- 
tween Florida and the Bahama Islands. This 
sound is usually considered as commencing to 
the sthrd. about lat. 24°, where the Florida and 
Santerem channels unite, and thence extending 
due N. to Matinilla Reef, about lat. 28°. The 
entire length 280 ms. with a general width of 60 
ms. The Bahama channel is a great ocean river, 
formed by the Gulf stream flowing estrd. between 
Cuba and Florida, and which meeting the cur- 
rent from the Santerem channel, the whole turns 
northward, and flows with a velocity from 2 to 
5 ms. per hour, between the Florida coast, and 
the numerous keys, islands and shoals, known 
under the general name of Bahama. When the 
winds are from any southern point, the naviga- 
tion of Bahama channel is delightful, but on the 
contrary, when northern winds meet and con- 



tend with the powerful current of this sound, the 
waves of the sea are in a peculiar manner dread- 
ful. 

Baileysburg, p-v. Surrey co. Va. by p-r. 72 
ms. s. E. Richmond. 

Bailey- ville, t. Washington co. Me. Pop. 
189. 

Bainbridge, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. 20 ms. 
s. Norwich, 110 w. Albany ; contains 48,000 
acres. It is crossed diagonally by Susquehan- 
nah r. and has 3 post offices. It has a good 
soil, well watered, and little waste land. Bain- 
bridge V. w. Susquehannah r. is pleasant. Pop. 
3,040. 

Bainbridge, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. situated on 
the left bank of Susquehannah r. opposite the 
mouth of the southern Conewago cr., 18 ms. be- 
low Harrisburg, and about the same distance a 
little N. of w. Lancaster. 

Bainbridge, p-v. Jackson co. Geo. by p-r. 88 
ms. northward from Milledgeville. 

Bainbridge, p-v. situated on the left bank of 
Tennessee r. 5 ms. above, but on the contrary 
side from Florence, and in the n. e. angle of 
Franklin co. Ala. 100 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. 

Baird's Forge, p-o. Burke co. N. C. by p-r. 
187 ms. w. Raleigh. 
Bairds or Baibdstown, p-v. and st. jus. Nel- 



BAL 



35 



BAL 



son CO. Ky. situated near the Buck Fork of Roll- 
ing r. 41 ms. s. s. e. Louisville, and 47 ms. s. w. 
Frankfort, lat. 37° 48', lotig. w. W. C. 8° 25'. 
Fop. 1820, about 600, in 1830, 1629. 

Baker co. Geo. bndd. w. by Early, n. w. by 
Randolph, n. by Lee, n. e. by Dooley, e. by Ir- 
win and Lowndes, s. e. by Thomas, and s. by 
Decatur. Length 43 ms. breadth 35. Area 
1500 sq. ms. Flint r. traverses Baker diagonal- 
ly from N. E. to s. w. It is a new, and in great 
part, unsettled tract, extending in lat. from 31° 
7', to 31° 43', and in long, from 7° 10' to 7° 45' 
w. W. C. Cf. t. Byron. Pop. 1,253. 

Baker's Falls, on Hudson r. Sandy Hill t. 
Washington co. N. Y. about 100 ms. from the 
source of the r. and 44 above tide. The de- 
scent, including the upper and lower Falls and 
the rapids, is here 70 ft. in 100 rods. The dam 
at Fort Edwards has raised the water 10 ft. at 
the foot of the falls. 

Bakersfield, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 30 ms. n. 
E. Burlington, 38 n. n. w. Montpelier ; contains 
26,000 acres, and was first settled about 1789. 
It is hilly, with a productive soil, bearing much 
hard wood, and watered by Black cr. and other 
streams of Missiscoui r. with few mill sites. 
Fop. 1,087. 

Baker's Island, Essex co. Mass. of Salem 
harbor. 

Baker's Ri^er, Grafton co. N. H. unites with 
Pemigewasset r. near Plymouth v. 

Bakerstown, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. 14 ms. 
from Pittsburg on the Butler road. 

Bakersto'^'N, p-v. Burke co. N. C. by p-r. 220 
ms. wstrd. from Raleigh. 

Balcony Falls, and p-o. in the western part 
of Rockbridge co. Va. by p-r. 153 ms. w. Rich- 
mond, and 210 s. w. by w. W. C. 

Bald Eagle, chain of Appalachian system of 
mts. in Pa. extends in a direction nearly n. e. 
and s. w. between the main and west branch of 
Susquehannah r. separating Northumberland 
and Columbia cos. from Lycoming, and stretch- 
ing into Luzerne. 

Bald Eagle, large creek or river of Centre 
and Lycoming cos. Pa. rises by numerous 
branches in the former, which by a general 
course of n. 6. unite, and entering Lycoming, 
fall into the w. branch of the Susquehannah, at 
Duimstown, after a comparative course of 50 
ms. 

Bald Eagle, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa. by p-r. 
126 ms. Harrisburg. 

Bald Head, cape, Me. in long. 70° 35', lat. 
43°. 

Bald Hill, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 39 ms. 
Augusta. 

Baldridge's p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 
283 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Baldwin, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 26 ms. n. 
w. Portland, 80 w. s. w. Augusta, w. Sebago 
pond, N. Saco. r. Pop. 947. 
Baldwin, p-v. Tioga co. N. Y. 
Baldwin co. Geo. on both sides Oconee r. 
having Putnam and Hancock n., Hancock n. e., 
Washington s. e., Wilkinson s., and Jones w. 
Length from w. to. E. 18 ms., mean breadth 12, 
and area 216 sq. ms. The face of the country 
rolling, and soil second rate generally, though 
some of first rate skirts the streams, Pop. in 



1820, 5,665, 1830, 7289. Lat. 33° traverses 
the southern extremity of this co. and the cen- 
tre is about 6° 20' west W. C. Chief town, 
Milledgeville, the seat of government of Geor- 
gia. 

Baldwin, co. Ala. bndd. by Perdido r. or Es- 
cambia CO. in Flor. e. and s. e., by Conecuh co. 
in Ala. n. e., by Monroe n., Alabama r. n. w., 
Mobile r. and bay w., and s. by the Gulf of 
Mexico. In a direction from n. to s. in Tan- 
ner's map of the U. S. this co. is 72 ms. in 
length, with a mean width of 28, and an area of 
2,000 sq. ms. Along the rs. there is some good 
land, but taken as a whole, it is sterile. The 
surface rises very gradually, from the sandy 
plain near the Gulf of Mexico, to the interior 
pine ridges. Staple, cotton. It extends from 
lat. 30° 13' to 31° 16', and is traversed by long. 
11° w. W. C. Cf. t. Blakelevs. Pop. 1820, 
1,713, 1830, 3,324. 

Baldwin's Ceoss Roads, p-o. Ann Arundel 
CO. Md. on the road from W. C. to Annapolis, 
48 ms. from the former, and 12 from the latter 
place. 

Baldwinsville, p-v. Worcester co. Mass. 59 
ms. Boston. 

Ballaed's Bridge, and p-o. in the northern 
part of Chowan co. N. C. 16 ms. n. Edenton, 
and by p-r. 268 ms. sthrd. W. C. and 155 ms. 
N. E. byE. Raleigh. 

Ballardsville, p-o, Logan co. Va. by p-r. 
390 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Ballardsville, p-v. w. part of Oldham co. 
Ky. 31 ms. n. by w. Frankfort. 

Ballston, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 23 ms. n. 
Albany, about 5 ms. square, is principally on an 
elevated, open, champaign country, with gentle 
swells ; the soil a strong gravelly loam, and 
some sand and clay. It produces grass and 
grain, orchards, and numerous forest trees. It 
has Ballston lake or Long pond s. e., 4 ms. 
long, 90 rods wide. The outlet and Mournkill 
are the principal streams, which supply a few 
mills. There is a small post-village, with an 
academy and a high school. This place was an 
early settlement, and was attacked and burnt by 
a party of Indians from Canada, during the 
Revolution. The Ballston Springs are not in this 
township, but in the neighboring one of Milton. 
Pop. 2,113. 

Ballston Spa, p-v. t. of Milton, and cap. Sar- 
atoga CO. N. Y. 18 ms. n. w. Waterford, 7 s. w. 
Saratoga Springs, 15 n. Schenectady, 26 n. by 
w. Albany. 

Baltimore, t. Windsor co. Vt. Population 
179. 

Baltimore co. Md. bndd. by Chesapeake bay 
s. E. Patapsco r. separating it from Ann Arun- 
del CO. s. w., Frederick co. Md. w., York co. 
Pa. N., and Hartford co. Md. n. e. Greatest 
length from s. e. to n. w. 36 ms. mean width 25 
ms. and area 900 sq. ms. It extends in lat. 
from 39° 12' to 39° 42^', and in long, from Qo 
T w. to 0° 39' E. W. G. This county contains 
two natural sections in itself, being very nearly 
commensurate with the vallies of Gunpowder 
and Patapsco rivers. The surface is finely va- 
ried ; no part is mountainous, but the greater 
part is hilly. The great primitive ledge which, 
except in the St. Lawrence and Hudson, arresta 



BAL 



36 



BAL 



the Atlantic tides, traverses Baltimore county, 
leaving a minor section of sea-sand alluvion be- 
tween the bays of Gunpowder and Patapsco. 
Though the section below the head of the tides 
is not very broken, it is far from level. Above 
the head of tide water the country rises, and 
the hills in many places are elevated, and near 
the streams abrupt. The general surface at 
Reisterstown, 17 ms. n. w. from Baltimore, has 
gained a relative elevation of 500 feet, and at 
the sources of the Patapsco and Patuxent, along 
the southeastern foot of the dividing ridge be- 
tween Baltimore and Frederick counties, the 
farms are about 800 feet above tide water. 
This difference of height produces a very sen. 
sible difference of temperature. At and near 
Baltimore, spring time and harvest are from a 
week to 10 days in advance of similar seasons 
at the western and northwestern parts of the 
county. This and the two adjacent counties, 
Frederick and Ann Arundel, afford a very cen. 
tral example of the middle climate of the 
United States, on and near the Atlantic ocean. 
The great variety in the soil and sensible ex- 
tremes of temperature arising from relative 
level, are productive of a corresponding diver- 
sity of vegetable genera and species. To 
enumerate the cultivated plants of Baltimore 
county alone, would be to give a list of almost 
every vegetable reared in the middle climate of 
the United States. In commercial rank and im- 
portance, Baltimore county is a very interesting 
section of the U. S., and one that is rapidly in- 
creasing in wealth and population. Beside the 
rising city of Baltimore, the great Western rail- 
way, now in progress, will pass along the whole 
southwestern margin of this county. This in- 
teresting work has been already extended to the 
city of Frederick, and Point of Rocks on Poto- 
mac river 71 ms. But a recurrence to the cen. 
sus of the city and county of Baltimore, gives 
the most decisive evidence of the augmentation 
of both within the last ten years. Population 
in 1820, exclusive of the city, 33,463, and in 
1830, 40,250. In 1820, aggregate of city and 
county, 96,201, but in 1830 it had risen to 
120,870, and yielded an increase of 126 per 
cent. The county now, 1832, no doubt con- 
tains 136 to the sq. m. 

Baltimore city, port of entry, p-t. and st. jus. 
Baltimore co. Md. is situated on the primitive 
ledge, and on a small creek or bay of Patapsco 
r. 14 ms. above its mouth into Chesapeake bay, 
38 ms. N. E. W. C, within a small fraction of 100 
ms. southward from Phil., and by p-r. 30 miles a 
little w. of N. Annapolis. Lat. 39° 17', long. 
0° 26' E. W. C. 

The site of Baltimore now under improve- 
ment comprises about 1,500 acres ; we have 
seen in the preceding paragraph, that in 1830, 
the population amounted to upwards of 80,000, 
and it may be very safely observed that the ag- 
gregate of 86,000 for the present population, is 
from every probability, too low an estimate. It 
would not be too much to say that the harbor 
of Baltimore is among the finest havens of the 
earth. From a plan of that harbor, published 
by the Canton company of the city of Baltimore, 
1829, it appears that the opening between fort 
McHenry and the Lazaretto, is about 600 



yards wide, with 22 feet water. This depth is 
continued upwards of a mile and a quarter, to 
near Fell's Point, vwth an increased width to 
from upwards of half, to near a mile. Opposite 
Fell's Point, the width is contracted to about i 
mile, but again dilates into an ellipsis of near a 
mile in length, and half a mile greatest breadth. 
Li this second harbor, the depth is from 15 to 12 
feet, the latter depth at the mouth of the basin. 
The latter, or third and inner harbor, has a depth 
of 10 feet to near the centre of the city. The 
distance from the open Chesapeake bay to fort 
McHenry by the ship channel, is about 15 ms. 
in a direction of nearly n. w. In 1829, the ton- 
nage of Baltimore amounted to 96,481 tons, and 
only fell short of that of New York and Boston. 
The water power within the distance of 15 or 20 
ms. of this city has been estimated as equal to 
the force of 314,000 men. Within this circle of 
power, there is already invested in mills and 
other machinery, a capital exceeding $1,200,- 
000. From the iron ores which exist in the 
single CO. of Baltimore, it is believed iron suffi- 
cient may be manufactured, to supply the wants 
of the whole U. S. The manufacturing capital 
employed in and near Baltimore, has reached 
an amount of not less than five, and probably not 
less than six million of dollars. We estimate, 
says Niles, that the annual value of our manu- 
factures of iron, copper, chemicals, leather, hats, 
lead, cabinet and other wares of wood, metals, 
and various materials, which enter into the sup. 
ply of the interior and exterior commerce of our 
city, at not less than f 5,000,000. 

Connected with the adjacent country by only 
the ordinary roads, Baltimore is well situated 
for internal commerce. It is more contiguous 
to the valley of Ohio, to all western Maryland, 
and also to a large section of Pa. than is Phil, 
and having the advantage of a more southern 
climate, the harbor of the former, is not so lia- 
ble as that of the latter to annual obstructions 
from ice. The buildings, public and private, 
vie in elegance with those of Phil. New York, 
or Boston, bi this city are an exchange, sev- 
eral splendid hotels, and two monuments. The 
battle moument, in N. Calvert street, is a chaste 
obelisk. Washington's monument rising in the 
intersection between N. Charles and Monument 
streets, is by far the most magnificent edifice in 
the U. S. of that class. It is surmounted by a 
colossal statue of the Father of his country. 
This imposing figure is visible from the sur- 
rounding country, at an immense number of dif- 
ferent points ; and is an honor to the city. There 
are 47 places of public worship of the following 
denominations — Roman Catholic 7 ; Protestant 
Episcopal, 4 ; Associated Methodists, 2 ; Pres- 
byterian, 4; Associated Reformed, 1 ; Baptist, 
4 ; Methodist Epis. 8 ; African do. 3 ; Fish street 
church, 1 ; German Lutheran, 1 ; English do. 1 ; 
Seamen's Bethel, 1 ; Evangelical Reformed, 1 ; 
German Reformed, 1 ; Calvinists, 1 ; Friends, 3 ; 
Unitarian, 1 ; Dunkards, 1 ; Missionary, 1 ; 
Scotch Seceders, 1 ; Branch Tabernacle, 1 ; 
New Jerusalem, 1 ; Universalist, 1. There are 
also 10 banks, 4 market houses, a prison, the 
state penitentiary, a museum, library, three the- 
atres, a great number of private schools, and 2 
colleges. Of the edifices and institutions of 



BAL 



37 



BAN 



Baltimore those of the most decided utility, are 
those dedicated to education, and of these, the 
most remarkable are Baltimore, and St. Mary's 
colleges. In 1807, a medical college was 
founded, but subsequently connected with the 
university of Maryland. All those institutions 
are in activity. St. Mary's college belongs to 
the Roman Catholics, and is in a flourishing 
state. The following notices of this school may 
be regarded as official, as they are extracts 
from an address to the public, dated the 3d of 
March, 1831, and undersigned by Samuel Ec- 
cleston, the president. 

'• In the month of January, 1805, this institu- 
tion was raised to the rank of 'University of 
Maryland,' and vested with power to hold public 
commencements and grant degrees." 

" St. Mary's college enjoys the advantage of 
a most healthful and pleasant situation, in the 
most northwestern part of the city of Baltimore. 
The buildings are sufficient for the accomoda- 
tion of one hundred and fifty boarders, and af- 
ford the facility of appropriating a separate 
room to each class of the various literary de- 
partments." 

" The system of instruction embraces the va. 
rious arts and sciences usually taught in the 
most extensive colleges. Latin, Greek, and the 
Mathematics, are considered as the ground work 
of general scholarship." 

From the residue of the address, too lengthy 
for insertion in this Gazetteer, it appears, that 
the means of a complete classical and liberal 
education, are all embraced in this College. 
Boarding is at !^140 for full, and $70 for half 
boarders, annually. Tuition per annum, $60, 
paid half yearly in advance. Day scholars $15 
per quarter; and entrance fee $5. 

The manners of the people of Baltimore are 
those of business and industry. Habits of mere 
pleasure or amusement, have gained but little 
force. In literary acquirement the people of 
this city are perhaps in the rear of some others 
of the large commercial capitals of the U. S. 
but certainly in advance of their modest claims. 
In solid prosperity, Baltimore has probably no 
second in the United States. The advance of 
this emporium is best seen by a single glance at 
the following progress of its population. In 
1790 there were 13,503 inhabitants ; in 1800, 
26,514; in 1810, 35,583; in 1820, 62,738; in 
1830, 80,625. This shows an increase of near- 
ly 600 per cent, in 40 years, and if the ratio of 
increase in the decennial period from 1820, to 
1830, has been preserved, this city now (April 
1833) contains about 86,000. 

Baltimore, named from the title of the origi- 
nal founder of Maryland, stands on an admira- 
bly well chosen site, at the head of the tide. 
.The city, similar in that respect to Philadelphia, 
occupies in part the margin of primitive rock. 
The northern and most elevated part of the 
ground plan, is composed of rounded hills, ris- 
ing to 8>l or 100 feet above tide level. The slope 
from the alluvial section of the city, now the 
basin, is not regular, but is in no place very ab- 
rapt. The lower part rests on a real recent al- 
luvion, around a basin into which only vessels 
of 200 tons can enter. Southward from the 
main body of the city, and over the basin, rises 

6 



a conical hill, on which stands Fort McHenry 
the citadel of Baltimore, and below which the 
harbor widens and deepens, so as to admit ships 
of 18 ft. draught to Fell's Point, or the lower 
and southeastern part of the city. 

Baltimore, Hundred, of Sussex co. Del. Pop. 
2176. 

Baltimore, a small village in the middle and 
eastern part of Fauquier co. Va. about 50 ms. 
a little s. of w. W. C. 

Baltimore, p-v. Fairfield co. 0. by p-r. 30 ms. 
s. E. from Columbus. It is in the nthrn. part of 
the CO. and on the Ohio and Erie canal, has ris- 
en rapidly from the advantages of position, and 
contains upwards of 200 houses, and 500 inhab- 
itants. 

Bane3bridge, and p-o. in the northern part of 
Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 5 ms. nthrd. from 
Rockingham, the co.st. and 108 ms. s.w. Raleigh. 

Bangor, p-t. and cap. Penobscot co. Me. w. 
side Penobscot r. 35 ms. n. Castine, 66 n. e. Au- 
gusta, 52 from Owl's Head point, a cape of Pe- 
nobscot bay, is the most flourishing town in the 
State. The place was a wilderness 30 yeara 
since. It stands at the head of navigation, and 
is easily accessible except in the winter. The 
Maine charity school, a theological seminary, 
was established here in 1815, and prepares 
young men for the desk. The course of study 
embraces 4 years. There is also a mechanic 
association. Bangor is destined to be the cen- 
tre of business within the State, for more than 
half of Me. and it will command the trade of 
9000 sq. ms. or more than i without competi- 
tion. The water power in the vicinity is said to 
be superior to that of any other town in the U. S. 
Great expectations are entertained of the growth 
of this place. The increase of population be- 
tween 1820 and 1830, was about 130 per cent, 
and the surrounding regions have been rapidly 
peopled from diff'erent parts of the country, 
though the greater part of the Penobscot valley 
is still unoccupied. When the lumber shall 
have been removed, the soil will be arable and 
valuable. The following recapitulation, the ex- 
ports of one year, will show the importance of 
this branch of business to the place. 
Boards, plank & joists, surveyed, 23,473,180 ft. 
Do. shipped without survey, 3,354,000 



26,827,180 
This item, at $8,14 the thousand, amounts to 
,471; besides which, 4338 tons of timber, 
at $2,75, 99,671 feet ranging timber at $2,50, 
shingles, clapboards, and laths, to the value of 
$96,000, and staves, oars, and other small lum- 
ber to the value of $7,000 more, make a total 
sum of $335,891. 

The transportation employs many vessels, 
their own and from other districts also. Build- 
ing goes on fast, but rents are high. Above 
3,000,000 bricks were made in 1831. Abridge 
crosses the Kenduskeag. 4 churches have 
been built in 3 years, and a jail and court house 
are intended to be built this season. Naviga- 
tion in the summer, and sleighing in the winter, 
give great activity to the place. Pop. 2,867. 

Bangor, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. 210 ms. Alba, 
ny, 6 ms.by 48, is but little settled, has a sandy- 
loam, bearing beech, maples, bass, elm, cherry 



BAR 



38 



BAR 



and cedar. Little Salmon r. is the principal 
stream. Pop. 1,076. 

Banister, r. of Va. rising by numerous 
branches in Pittsylvania co. flows 25 ms. in a 
northeasterly direction, enters Halifax co. and 
inflects to the s. e. about 30 ms. and falls into 
Dan r. about 10 ms. above the junction of the 
latter with Roanoke. Banister drains most 
part of the peninsula between Dan and Roanoke 
rs. below the e. boundary of Henry and Frank. 
lin cos. 

Banister, named in the p-o. list, Halifax c. h. 
p. V. and St. jus. Halifax co. Va. situated on 
Banister r. byp-r. 130 ms. s. w.byw. Richmond, 
and 220 s. w. W. C. Lat. 36° 44', long. 1° 58' 
w. W. C. 

Baptist Town, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. 10 
ms. w. Flemington. 

Barbersville, p-o. Jefl'erson co. Ind. by p-r. 
95 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Barboursville, p-v. Orange co. Va. at the 
northwestern foot of South mtn. byp-r. 113 ms. 
s. w. W. C, and 88 n. w. Richmond. 

Barboursville, p-v. and st. jus. Cabell co. 
Va. situated on the right bank of Great Guyan- 
dot, 5 ms. above its entrance into the Ohio r. by 
p-r. 355 me. s. w. by w. W. C. and 344 ms. a 
little N. ofw. Richmond, n. lat. 38° ii4', long 5° 
12' w. W. C. 

Barboursville, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co. Ky. 
situated on the right bank of Cumberland r., by 
p-r. 122 ms. s. e. Frankfort, and 533 ms. s. w. by 
•w. W. C. Lat. 36° 55', long. 6° 47' w. W. C. 
Pop. 138. 

Bardstown, p-t. and st. jus. Nelson co. Ky. is 
pleasantly situated near the Beach fork, and by 
p-r. 50 ms. s. w. Frankfort, 65 s. w. Lexington, 
and 38 s. e. Louisville. The town is built on ri- 
sing ground, which slopes in nearly every direc- 
tion from it. The business of the place is con- 
siderable, and there are some valuable manufac- 
turing establishments in the town. It contains 
a court house, 3 houses of public worship, pres- 
byterian, methodist, and catholic ; the latter is 
very handsome, and contains several handsome 
paintings. St Joseph's, a catholic college is lo- 
cated here ; it was founded in 1819, and incor- 
porated in 1826. The buildings are very hand- 
some, and the philosophical and chemical appa- 
ratus are very complete ; the library contains 
about 1,500 vols. There are 15 instructers, 
and the average number of students is about 
150. Commencement, 1st. August. There is 
also a female seminary here, and a weekly pa- 
per is published in the town. Pop. 1,625. 

Barges, p-o. Wilcox co. Ala. by p-r. 81 ms. 
Bthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Baring, t. Washington co. Me. 209 ms. e. 
Augusta. Pop. 159. 

Bark Camp, p-o. Burke co. Geo. by p-r. 67 
ms. estrd. Milledgeville. 

Barkhamstead, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 23 
ms. N. w. Hartford, contains about 32 sq. ms. 
5 ms. by 6 and a half, and is rough and stony, 
divided n. and s. by two high granite ridges 
which run far n. A little iron ore and free 
stone are found. The soil is hard and dry, and 
generally not good for tillage, except along the 
streams. The grazing is good, and considera- 
ble butter and cheese are sent to market, as 



well as cattle and sheep. Oak, chesnut, sugar 
maple, beech, pine, &c. were formerly abun- 
dant, but have been destroyed partly by fire and 
wind. Still r. and another main branch of 
Farmington r. supply mill seats. First settled, 
1744. Pop. 1,715. 

Barksdale, p-v. in the western part of Hali- 
fax CO. Va. by p-r. 246 ms. s. w. W. C. and 156 
s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Barnard, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 21 ms. n. w. 
Windsor, 37 s. Montpelier, lies between Quee- 
chy and White rs. and has a pond of 100 acres, 
near the centre. Locust cr. and other streams 
afford mill seats. There is a small village in 
the centre ; and in the e. part a bog of marl. 
First settled 1744. Pop. 1,881. 

Barnard's Station, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. 
about 200 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Barnardstown, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. was 
incorporated 1762. It was called Fall Town in 
1746, when there was a fort in the place, and 
that year was attacked by the Indians, and de- 
fended by three soldiers only. The t. lies upon 
high land between Conn, and Green rs. and is 
bounded n. by Vt. Pop. 918. 

Barnegat, v. Poughkeepsie, Duchess co. 
N. Y. is remarkable lor the large quantities of 
limestone which is burnt and transported to dif- 
ferent parts of the TJ. S. 

Barnegat, bay and inlet, Monmouth co. N. J. 
lat. 39° 47', long, 74° 13' w. The bay is about 
20 ms. long, separated from the ocean by a 
beach, and united with it by the Inlet. 

Barnegat, v. Monmouth co. N. J. on Barne- 
gat bay, opposite the inlet. 

Barnes' Store, and p-o. Pike co. Geo. by p-r. 
33 ms. w. Milledgeville. 

Barnestown or Barnesville, p-v. in the north- 
western part of Montgomery co. Md. on the 
road from W. C.to New Market, 15 ms. s.E.by 
E. from Frederick, and by p-r. 40 ms. n. n. w. 
W. C. 

Barnesville, p-v. in the western part of Bel- 
montco. 0. 30 ms. s. w. by w. Wheeling in 
Ohio CO. Va. and by p-r. 297 ms. n. w. by w. a 
little w. W. C, and 128 ms. e. Columbus. Pop. 
408. 

Barnet, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., w. Connecticut 
r. opposite Lyman N. H. 35 ms. e. Montpelier, 
65 N. Windsor, contains 40 sq. ms., has Pas. 
sumpsic and Stevens' rs. which supply mills, 
particularly Stevens' mills, where the fall is 100 
ft. in 10 rods. The 15 m. falls of Connecticut 
r. are in this town, and below them are 21 
islands, one of which contains 90 acres. The 
soil is generally rich, and good for grazing and 
tillage. Tiiere is much slate, and some iron 
ore. Boats come up Connecticut r. to this 
place. There are 3 ponds, one of 100 acres. 
Pop 1,764. 

Barnett's Mills and p-o. Fauquier co. Va. 
by P-r. 56 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Barneysvile, p-v. Bristol co. Mass. 43 ms. 
Boston. 

Barns' Mills and p-o. western part of Monon- 
galia CO. Va. by p-r. 233 ms. n. w. by w. a little 
w. W. C. 

Barnstable co. Mass. is the easternmost 
land in the state, and comprehends the peninsu- 
la of Cape Cod. It is bndd. by Massachusetts 



BAR 



39 



BAR 



bay N., Buzzard's bay s. w., the ocean e. and s. e., 
and Plymouth co. w., connected by a narrow 
neck, and is almost entirely sandy and barren. 
The inhabitants are almost all fishermen. Barn- 
stable is the cf. t. Great quantities of salt are 
made here from sea water, by solar evaporation ; 
the water being pumped by wind into large vats 
exposed to the sun's heat, and covered with 
moveable roofs from dew and rain. Some parts 
of this county are like an Arabian desert. There 
are in the co. sixty.two meeting-houses, at 
which there is stated preaching, viz : twenty- 
two for congregationalists, twenty for method- 
ists, nine for baptists, four for unitarians, three 
for friends, three for universalists, and one for 
Roman catholics. Pop. 1820, 24,026, 1830, 
28,514. 

Barnstable, p-t. s-p. and cap. Barnstable co. 
Mass. 66 ms. s. e. Boston. The tsp. extends 
across Cape Cod, and is 9 ms. by 5, with a bet- 
ter soil than most of the Cape, chiefly producing 
oak and yellow pine. The tide rises from 8 to 
14 ft. and supplies many salt vats. The town 
is on a declivity, s. Barnstable bay, with consid- 
erable shipping, and at the mouth of the port is 
a bar with 6 or 7 ft. water at low tide. Incor- 
porated 1639. Pop. 3,974. 

Barnstead, p-t. Strafi'ord co. N. H. 36 ms. n. 
w. Portsmouth, 26 w. by n. Dover, 20 e. Con- 
cord ; has a swelling surface, good soil, bearing 
pine, oak, beech, maple, &c. Suncook, Brin- 
dle, and Halfmoon ponds are stocked with fish, 
and enter into Suncook r. First settled, 1767. 
It has a social library. Pop. 2,047. 

Barnwell, one of the southwestern dists. of 
S. C. bounded by Edgefield dist. n. w., South 
Edisto r. separating it from Orangeburg n. and 
N. e., Colleton e., Beaufort s. e., and Savannah 
r. separating it from Scriven co. of Geo. s. w. 
and from Burke co. w. Greatest length by a 
line along the general course of South Edisto, 
60 ms. mean breadth 28, and area 1,680 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 32° 50', to 33° 37', and 
in long, from 3° 48' to 4° 50' w. Both the two 
rivers which bound this district on the southwest 
and northeastern sides, as well as the two Sal- 
kehatchies which rise within it, flow to the s. e., 
the general slope of the district is therefore in 
that direction. Soil in general of middling 
quality. Chief staple, cotton. Cf. t. Barnwell. 
Pop. of the dist. 1820, 14,750, 1830, 19,236. 

Barnwell, C. H. and p-v. and st. jus. Barn- 
well dist. S. C. situated on Great Salkehatchie 
r. near the centre of the dist. 90 ms. n. w. by 
w. Charleston, and by p.r. 62 ms. s. s. w. Co- 
lumbia, and 562 ms. s. s. w. W. C. Lat. 33° 
13', and long. 4° 20' w. W. C. 

Barre, p-t. Washington co. Vt. 50 ms. n. w. 
Windsor, contains 31 sq. ms. First settled 1788. 
The soil is a dry, warm loam, without stones, 
with an uneven surface, and the people are good 
farmers. Cobble and Millstone hills in the s. 
E. yield much granite for building and mill stones. 
The latter are sent to different parts of the U. 
S. Spanish brown and alum are found. Ste- 
vens' and Jail branch, uniting and joining with 
Onion r. give excellent mill seats. There are 
2 villages, and 14 school dists. Pop. 2,012. 

Barre, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 66 ms. w. 
from Boston, named after Col. Barre, a distin. 



guished friend of America in the British parlia 
ment, is one of the first agricultural towns in 
the CO. Ware r. passes through it, and there 
are here several of its branches. The ground 
is high, dividing the head waters of Ware, Black- 
stone, and Nashua rs. Pop. 2,503. 

Barue, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y. 13 ms. n. Bata- 
via, 5 Montpelier, is on the mountain Ridge, and 
is watered by small branches of Oak, Orchard 
and Sandy crs. Pop. 4,768. 

Barren, Big and Little, the two southern con- 
fluents of Green r. Ky. Big Barren r. has its 
numerous sources in Jackson, Smith and Sum- 
ner cos. Ten. Flowing thence in a n. n. w. di. 
rection, it enters Ky. receiving confluents from 
Barren, Monroe, Allen, Simpson and Warren 
cos. they unite in one channel, in the latter, near 
Bowling Green. Assuming thence a n. w. 
course. Big Barren, now a navigable stream, 
joins Green r. on the border between Warren 
and Butler cos. The valley of Big Barren is 
about 70 ms. in length, by a mean width of 30 ; 
area 2, 1 00 sq. ms. Little Barren, a much infe- 
rior stream to the preceding, rises in the east- 
ern part of Barren, and western of Adair cos., 
and flowing in a n. n. w. direction, first separates 
Barren from Green, and thence Green from 
Hart cos. finally joining Green r. near Sinking 
Spring, after a comparative course of about 30 
ms. 

Barren, one of the southern cos. of Ky. bndd. 
s. by Monroe, w. by Warren, n. by Hart, n. e. 
by Green, and e. by Adair. Length from e. to 
w. 30 ms. mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. 
ms., extending in lat. from 36° 52' to 37° ll' n. 
and in long, from 8° 30' to 9° 02' w. W. C. The 
eastern part of this co. is drained by Little Bar- 
ren, but the greater part of the surface is drain- 
ed by the sources of Big Barren. Surface rath- 
er level and soil far more fertile than the ill- 
chosen name would induce the reader to sup- 
pose. Cf. t. Glasgow. Pop. in 1820, 10,328, 
1830, 15,079. 

Barren Creek Springs, p-o. in the extreme 
northern part of Somerset co. Md. about 80 ms. 
s. E. Baltimore, and 80 s. e. by e. W. C. 

Barren Hill, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. by 
p-r. 93 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Barrington, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 20 ms. 
N. w. Portsmouth, 30 e. Concord, 65 n. Boston, 
has a surface somewhat broken and rocky, with 
much gravelly loam. The' oak ridges have a 
sandy loam, good for tillage. There are 13 
ponds, whose streams furnish mill seats. The 
rocks are granite, &c. and there are bog iron 
ore, crystals, &c. The Devil's Den is a curious 
cavern. First settled, 1732. Pop. 1,895. 

Barrington, p-t. Bristol co. R. I. 7 ms. s. e. 
Providence, s. Massachusetts, n. e. Narragan- 
set r. is about 3 ms. by 3, with a surface nearly 
level, and a light sandy soil, good for grain. 
Sea weed is used as manure. Abridge crosses 
to Warren. There is plenty of fish, and some 
salt is made. Pop. 612. 

Barrington, Great, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 
(See Great Barrington.) 

Barrington, p-t. Yates co. N. Y. e. Crooked 
lake, 21 ms. n. e. Bath, 219 w. Albany, 6 ma. 
by 5, has a good soil, nearly level, with chest- 
nut, oak, walnut, and some pine. Pop. 1,854. 



BAS 



40 



BAT 



Barron's, p-o. Perry co. Ala. 52 ms. s. e. 
Tuscaloosa. 

Barry, new co. Mich. bndd. by Calhoun s. e., 
Kalamazoo co. s. w., Allegan w., Kent n. w., 
Ionia N. E., and Eaton e. Length from s. to n. 
24, breadth 21, and area 504 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 
35', long. 8° 20' w. W. C. The sthrn. part slopes 
to the s. and is drained by crs. flowing into Ka- 
lamazoo r. but the body of the co. slopes to s. w. 
by w. and in that direction is drained by Apple 
r. branch of Grand r. The central part is about 
120 ms. a little n. of w. Detroit. Pop. uncertain. 

Barryville, p-v. Sullivan co. N. Y. 

Barryville, p-v. in the northern part of Stark 
CO. O. by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 322 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Bart, tsp. and p-o. eastern part of Lancaster 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 54 ms. southeastward from Har- 
risburg. Pop. 1,470. 

Bartholomew co. of Ind. bndd. by Johnson 
N. w., Shelby n. e., Decatur e., Jennings s. e., 
Jackson s., Monroe w. Length 24 ms. mean 
width 20, and area 480 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 39° 03' to 39° 21', and in long, from 8° 
38' to 9° 08' w. W. C. The slope of this co. 
is nearly southward. In it unite Clifty, Plat 
Rock, and Blue rs., confluents of Driftwood, 
fork of White r. 

Bartlett, p-t. Coos CO. N. H. 45 ms. s. w. 
Lancaster, 75 n. by e. Concord, 85 n. by w. 
Portsmouth, lies at the s. base of the White 
mtns. and contains about 13,000 acres of rough 
land, but little cultivated, with some good, on 
Saco r. Named after Gov. B. Pop. 644. 

Barton r. Orleans co. Vt. rises near the 
source of Lamoille r. and runs n. to lake Mem. 
phremagog, watering about 160sq. ms. 

Barton, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. e. Montpelier, is 
crossed by Barton r. and has apaJt of Willough- 
by's r. a branch of it, with several ponds. Bell- 
water pond, a source of Barton r. has an outlet 
with mills, and a village. First settled, about 
1796, from N. H. and R. L Pop. 729. 

Barton, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. Pop. 982. 

Barton's p-o. Lauderdale co. Ala. by p-r. 
164 ms. northwardly from Tuscaloosa. 

Bascobel, p-v. Jackson co. Geo. by p-r. 85 
ms. a little w. of n. Milledgeville. 

Basin, and Valley, are two terms very fre- 
quently used is this treatise, as applied to rivers. 
The term Basin is employed to designate the 
whole space claimed by a river from its most 
remote fountains to its ultimate disappearance 
in some ocean or sea, or inland lakes. In this 
application of the word Basin it is a generic 
term, and the word Valley a specific term. As 
prominent examples we may adduce the Mis- 
sissippi, and its confluents the Missouri and 
Ohio. When the expressionis used, therefore, 
" Basin of the Mississippi," it is intended to 
embrace the entire space drained by that river 
and all its confluent streams. So also of the 
Basin of any other river, but can be only under- 
stood of rivers which do not flow into other riv- 
ers, but into a final recipient, be it ocean, sea, 
lake, bay, or gulf; or as there are many exam- 
ples in the eastern continent, and some few in 
America, into a sandy desert. Thus we say 
with correctness, basin of Connecticut, Hudson, 
Delaware, &,c. 



Valley is used to designate the space drained 
by a river falling into another river, and losing 
its name ; such as Missouri, Ohio, and Arkan. 
sas, into the Mississippi, Mohawk into Hudson, 
or the Lehigh and Schuylkill into Delaware. 

The least unequivocal principle to adopt in 
settling the relative importance of any river, is 
the space drained by the streams which contri- 
bute to form its volume. This gives the com- 
parative territorial extent of the Basin or Val- 
ley, and determines the space occupied on the 
surface of the earth. This is also the only 
principle to solve the problem which is of uni- 
versal application. (See Art. rivers.) 

Basking Ridge, p-v. Bernard, Somerset co. 
N. J. near the head waters of Passaic r. 7 ms. 
s. w. Morristown, is situated on elevated land, 
and is memorable for the capture of Gen. Lee 
by the British in the revolutionary war. Part 
of the house is still standing near the stage 
road. Stage coaches go daily for New York by 
2 routes, except in winter. 

Bason Harbor, p-v. Ferrisburg t. Addison 
CO. Vt. is one of the best harbors on Lake Cham- 
plain. 

Bass Islands, a group of small islands in 
lake Erie, lying off" Sandusky Point, and form- 
ing a part of Huron co. 0. This cluster gains 
importance from containing the fine harbor of 
Put-in Bay. The group is composed of three 
main islands and a few islets. The southern 
lies in form of a crescent, concave to the s. and 
convex to the n. The second or middle Basa 
crosses like a chord, and approaching the cusps 
of that to the s. encloses a noble sheet of wa- 
ter, with 12 feetdepth, two entrances, one to the 
east and the other to the west. If we can ex- 
cept Buffalo and Detroit rs. this is the best ha. 
ven belonging to lake Erie. As laid dovm by 
Tanner in his U. S. map, Put-in-Bay lies 18 ms. 
N. N. w. of the entrance into Sandusky bay ; 
and 30 ms. s. e. of the mouth of Detroit r. n. 
lat. 41° 42', long. 5° 42' w. W. C. When visit- 
ed by the author of this article, in 1818, the 
Bass Islands were uninhabited. 

Batavia, p-t. and cap. Genesee co. N. Y. 256 
ms. w. Albany, 20 s. Erie canal, 36 e. Buffalo, 
is crossed by Tonawanta creek, aud has small 
head streams of Oak, Orchard and Black creeks. 
It has level land, good for farms, and is on the 
road from Albany to Buffalo. The village is ve- 
ry neat. Here are the county buildings, and 
the house of the agent of the Holland land com- 
pany. Pop. 4,264. 

Batavia, p-v. and st. jus. Clermont co. O. sit. 
uated on the e. branch of Little Miami r. 24 
ms. a little s. of e. Cincinnati, and by p-r. 109 
ms. s. w. Columbus, and 496 w. W. C. Lat. 
39° 2', long. 7° w. W. C. 

Batesville, p-v. in the eastern part of Guern. 
sey CO. O. by p-r. 119 ms. e. Columbus. 

Batesville, p-v. and st. jus. Independence co. 
Ark. situated on the left bank of White r. 87 
ms. N. N. E. Little Rock, and about 250 ms. s. 
s. w. St. Louis. By p-r. 1044 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. Lat. 35° 44', long. 14° 18' w. W. C. 

Bath, p-t. s-p. Lincoln co. Me. w. Kennebec 
r. 37 ms., Augusta 15 ms., ocean 14 ms. s. w. 
from Wiscasset, 34 n. e. Portland, 153 n. e. 
Boston, is the highest place to which the r. is 



BAT 



41 



BAT 



navigable in winter. It stands on an acclivity, 
and is almost isolated by some of the numerous 
arms of ths sea which penetrate that part of 
the coast. Pop. 3,773. 

Bath, p-t, Grafton co. N. H. e. Conn. r. 42 
ms. N. E. Dartmouth college, 81 n. n. w. Con- 
cord, 148 ms. N. N. w. Boston, has some rich 
land, and is sheltered e. by the White mtns. and 
w. by the Green mtns. It has many good mill 
seats on the Ammonoosuc r. and a bridge across 
it 350 ft. Ihere is a majestic fall in Conn. r. 
near this place. Perch pond, 100 acres, is also 
here. Gardner's mtn. about 500 ft high, which 
divides the t. consists of granite, slate, &c. 
and contains alum, pyrites, some iron and silver, 
and a stone which dissolves in warm water. 
The hills have a red loam, or marl, with maple, 
beech, birch, oak, &c. The vallies alluvial, 
with white pine, hemlock, spruce, elm, &c. 
Pop. 1,623. 

Bath, p-t. and cap. Steuben co. N. Y. 240 
ms. w. Albany, 41 s. s. w. Geneva, 41 e. An- 
gelica ; is crossed by Conhocton r. which winds 
through it for 30 ms. and its streams furnish 
mill seats. The soil is various and irregular. 
The village is on the e. side of Conhocton r. 
which is 75 ft. wide. Pop. 3,387. 

Bath, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 1 ms. n. n. 
w. from Easton, and 8 a little w. of n. Bethle- 
hem. 

Bath, one of the central cos. of Va. bndd. 
by Alleghany co. s., and s. w. by Alleghany 
mtn. separating it from Greenbrier on the w. 
and Pocahontas on the n. w. by Pendleton n. e. 
by the Great North mtn. separating it from Au- 
gusta on the E. and Rockbridge on the s. e. 
Length from n. e. to s. w. 36 ms. Mean breadth 
21, and area 756 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
37° 50' to 38° 25', and in long, from 2° 18' to 
3° w. W. C. Bath occupies part of a high 
mountain valley, with a slope to the southwest- 
ward. The extreme northwestern constituents 
of James r. Cowpasture and Jackson's rs. have 
their sources along the southwestern border of 
Pendleton, but flow into and traverse Bath in 
a southwestern direction. North r. another 
branch of James r. issues from the eastern part 
of this CO. and traversing Rockbridge, joins its 
recipient at the western foot of the Blue Ridge. 
The mean elevation of the cultivated surface of 
Bath, exceeds 1200 ft. or an equivalent to 3° of 
iat. The face of the country is very broken and 
in part mountainous ; and with the latitude and 
elevation produces winters severe and lengthen- 
ed. The cultivated vegetables also evince a cli- 
mate of much lower mean temperature than 
on like latitudes near the Atlantic coast. Soil 
in general sterile. Cf. t. Warm Springs. Pop. 
1820, 5,237, 1830, 4,002. 

Bath, C. H. or Warm Springs, p-v. Bath co. 
Va., by p-r. 170 ms. n. n. w. Richmond, and 226 
s. w. W.C. 

Bath, p-v. in the eastern part of Beaufort co. 
N. C. situated on a small bay near the n. shore of 
Pamlico r. 16 ms. s. e. by e. from the port of 
Washington, and by p-r. 138 ms. a little s. of e. 
Raleigh. 

Bath, p-v. in the n. eastern part of Medina co. 
O. by p-r. N. E. Columbus, and 344 ms. n. w. by 
w.W.G. 



Bath, co. of Ky. bndd. by Morgan s. e., Mont" 
gomery s. w. and w., Nicholas n. w., and Lick' 
ing r. separating it from Fleming n. and n. e. 
Length from s. e. toN. w. 25 ms., mean breadth 
10, and area 256 sq. ms., extending in lat. from 
38° to 38° 17' N. and in long. 6° 30' to 6° 50' w. 
W. C. The slope of this co. is to the n. wstrd. 
towards Licking r. Cf. t, Owingsburg, and 
Sharpsburg. Pop. 1820, 7,961, 1830,8,799. 

Bath Iron Works, and p-o. in the southern 
part of Rockbridge CO. Va. by p-r. 167 ms. w. 
Richmond, and 209 s. w. by w. W. C. 

Baton Rouge, p.v. in the nthrn. part of Ches- 
ter dist. S. C. by p-r. 66 ms. n. Columbia. 

Baton Rouge, East, parish of La., bndd. by 
the parish of Iberville s. e., Mississippi river, 
separating it from the parish of w. Baton Rouge 
on the s. and w. and from that of point Coupee 
on the N. w., E. Feleciana n., and the Amite r. 
separating it from St. Helena e. Length from 
N. to s. 23 ms., mean width 15, and area 345 sq. 
ms. extending in lat. from 36° 18' to 30° 37', and 
in long. 14° to 14° 22' w. W. C. This parish 
contains the first land which rises above the 
level of the delta, ascending the Misp. Imme- 
diately above the efflux of the Iberville outlet, 
the surface begins to swell into eminences or 
hills of humble elevation. The soil of the pa- 
rish, in a state of nature, was covered with a 
very dense forest. The slope either way is but 
slight, that eastward towards Amite r. is wid- 
est. Cf. t. Baton Rouge. Pop. 1820, 5,220, 
1830, 6,698. 

Baton Rouge, (Red Stick,) p-v. and st. jus. 
for East Baton Rouge, parish of La. is situated 
on the left bank of the Misp. r. at n. lat. 30° 31', 
and long. 14° 18' w. W. C. 30 ms. above Don. 
aldsonville, and 117 above N. Orleans, and by 
p-r. 1237 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. This town 
was founded on the lower bluff or high land 
which reaches the bank of the Misp. and ex- 
tends mostly in one street along the margin of 
the hill. The site of Baton Rouge is, however, 
only a hill comparatively, as it does not rise 
above high water mark more than 25 ft. but con. 
trasted with the uniform plain along the margin 
of the river, the apparent elevation of Baton 
Rogue is real and pleasing deception in vision. 
Pop. 1,000. 

Baton Rouge, West, parish of La. bndd. by 
the parish of Iberville s. e., the Atchafalaya r. 
separating it from the parish of St. Martin's s. 
s. w., and St. Landre'or Opelousas n. w., parish 
of Point Coupee n. and the Misp. r. separating 
it from East Baton Rouge on the e. Length 
from E. to w. 35 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 
700 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 30° 12\ to 30° 
32', and in long, from 14° 15' to 14° 55' w. W. 
C. The surface being a part of the delta of 
' the Misp. is an almost undeviating plain, with a 
very slight sthrn. declivity, and the far greater 
j part liable to annual submersion. The arable 
part lies along the streams, and the soil being 
invariably fertile, every spot which can be 
brought under the plough is highly productive. 
Cotton is the common staple ; sugar has been 
attempted, but the situation is a little too far 
N. for the sugarcane. In the post ofHce list 
of 1831, no p-o. is named in this parish; nor 
does it contain a village worthy of notice. The 



BEA 



42 



BEA 



settlements border the streams, and are princi- 
pally upon the Misp. Pop. 1820, 2,335, 1830, 
3,084. 

Battahatcha, r. of Ala, and Misp. rising in 
Marion CO. of the former, having interlocking 
sources with Bear or. branch of Ten. r. and 
with those of the N. western sources of Black 
Warrior r., and flowing thence s. wstrdly. enters 
Monroe co. Misp. falling into the Tombigbee 
after a comparative course of 70 ms. 

Battenkill, r. r sing in Vt. and crossing 
Washington co N. Y , joining Hudson r. half a 
mile above Fish cr. is a good mill stream 50 ms. 
long. 

Battletown, p-v. Frederick co. Va., situated 
on Opequhan cr. 12 ms. s. e. Winchester, and 
by p-r. 68 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 

Battle cr. and p-o. s. wstrn. angle of Marion 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 107 ms. s. estrd. Nashville. 

Bayou Chicot, p-o. in the n. wstrn. part of 
the settlement of Opelousas, or parish of St. 
Landre'. La., about 30 ms n. w. from the vil- 
lage of St. Landre', and by p-r. 1298 ms. s. w. 
by w, W. C, 

Bay Settlement, and p-o. extending along 
the Erie shore, or estrn. part of Monroe co. 
Mich. It lies n. wstrd. Maumee Bay, and by 
p-r. 46 ms. s. w. Detroit. 

Bazetta, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Trumbull 
CO. 0. 7 ms. N. w. Warren, and by p-r. 162 ms. 
N. e. by E. Columbus, and 302 ms. n. w. by w. 
W.C. 

Beal's Island, Washington co. Me. Pop. 55. 

Beallsville, p-v. on the U. S. road, s. estrn. 
part of Washington co. Pa. 14 ms. from Wash- 
ington, the CO. St., by p-r. 218 ms. n. w. by w. 
W. C, and 300 ms. wstrd. Philadelphia. 

Beallsville, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Mon- 
roe CO. 0. 10 ms. wstrd. Woodsfield, and by p-r. 
140 ms. a litile s. of e. Columbus, and 294 ms. 
wstrd. a little n. W. C. 

Bean's Station, p-o. Granger co. Ten. by p-r. 
204 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Beak cr. a small confluent of Ten. r. rising in 
Marion and Franklin cos. Ala. flows westward 
into the state of Misp. in which it inflects to the 
nthrd. and falls into Ten. r. after a comparative 
course of 70 ms. This small r. gains impor- 
tance from forming the boundary on and near 
Ten. r. between the states of Ala. and. Misp. 

Beard's Ferky, and p-o. wstrn. part of Mor- 
gan CO. II. 7 ms. wstrd. Jacksonville, the co. st. 
and by p-r. 140 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia. 

Beard's Store and p o. Anson co. N. C. by 
p-r. 102 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Beatie's Bluff and p-o. sthrn. part of Madi- 
son CO. Mo. by p r. 50 ms. s. St. Louis, and 
1085 s. w. by w. W.C. 

Beatie's Ford, and p-o. Lincoln Co. N. C. 
by p-r. 151 ms. estrd. Raleigh. 

Beatty's Bridge, and p-o. New Hanover co. 
N. C. by p-r. 114 ms. s. estrd. Raleigh. 

Beattystown, v. Warren co. N. J. on the 
Muskonetkunk, 2J ms. below Hacketstown. 

Beaucoup, p-v. Washington co. II. No loca- 
tion given in p-o. list. 

Beaufort co. N. C. on both sides of Pamlico 
r., bndd. by Pamlico Sound e., Craven co. s. 
and s. w., Pitt w. and n. w., Martin n. and Hyde 
N. E. Length 40 ms., mean breadth 17, and 
area 670 sq. ms.; n. lat. SS^ 30' and the merid- 



ian of W. C. intersect in the wstrn. part of this 
CO. The whole surface is a plain, and liable 
to periodical submersion. Staples, cotton, rice, 
&c. Cf. towns, Washington and Baths. Pop. 
1820, 9,900, 1830, 10,969. 

Beaufort, extreme sthrn. dist. of S. C. bndd. 
by Atlantic s. e.. Savannah r. which separates it 
from Scriven, Effingham, and Chatham co. Geo. 
S.W., Barnwell dist. n. w., and Cambahee r. 
separating it from Colleton dist. n. e. Great- 
est length in a direction from s. to n. and from 
the outer side of Turtle Island to the s. e. boun. 
dary of Barnwell dist. 61 ms.; mean breadth 30, 
and area 1830 sq. ms., extending in lat. from 
32° 3', to 34°, and in long. 3° 30', to 4° 30' w. 
W. C. The slope of this dist. is to the s. estrd. 
but the declivity is very slight, being from the 
utmost extent inland a level plain, terminating 
towards the Atlantic in numerous interlocking 
streams, enclosing, with many others of lesser 
note, Hilton Head, Turtle, Hunting, Reynold's, 
St. Helena, and Port Royal Islands. Though 
no entrance into Beaafort is of great depth, it is 
remarkably well supplied with commercial in- 
lets for vessels of moderate draught, of which 
the principal are Savannah r. Callibogue Sound, 
Port Royal Entrance, and St. Helena Sound, or 
the outlet of Cambahee r. Commercially, Sa- 
vannah, in Chatham co. Geo. is a port of Beau- 
fort, admitting vessels of 16 feet draught. Ves- 
sels drawing 14 feet are navigated to the port 
of Beaufort. Beside the two rs. which bound 
this district on the s. w. and n. e. sides, the cen- 
tral parts are drained by the Cosawhatchie r. 
which, rising in Barnwell and entering Beau- 
fort, flows s. estrd. 35 ms. to where it divides 
into two channels, which a fewms. lower, again 
separate. The nthrn. channel, under the name 
of Coosau river, flows estrd. into St. Helena 
Sound, whilst that of the s. maintains the origin, 
al direction to the s. estrd.. gradually widens 
into Broad r. and finally contributes to form 
Port Royal Entrance. The position of this dis- 
trict, and its moderate elevation, give it a cli. 
mate which admits the culture of sugar, rice, 
cotton, and in some places the orange tree. 
Cf. t. Beaufort, though the st. jus. is at Coosa- 
whatchie. Pop. 1820, 32,199, 1830, 37,032. * 
Beaufort, p-t., port of entry, and st. jus. 
Beaufort dist. S. C. situated on the wstrn. bank 
of Port Royal r., 14 ms. n. Port Royal Entrance, 
by the land road, 50 ms. n. e. Savannah, 75 s. w. 
Charleston, and by p-r. 148 ms, a little e. of s. 
Columbia. Lat. 32° 25', long. 3° 42' w. W. C. 
The harbor of Beaufort is spacious, and of more 
than sufficient depth to admit the entrance of 
any vessel which can pass the bar of Port Royal 
Entrance. Steam and other vessels of small 
draught, have an inland passage by Beaufort in- 
to Coosau r. The whole of St. Helena parish 
in which this seaport is situated, contained, in 
1830, a population of 8,788. 

Beaufort, s-p. and p-t. Cartaret co. N. C. sit- 
uated on the main land at the head of Onslow 
Bay, and opposite Old Topsail Inlet, about 11 
ms. N. w. Cape Lookout, and by p-r. 164 ms. s. 
e. Raleigh. Lat 34° 47', long. 0° 18' e. W. 
C. This is one of the best ports of N. Caro- 
lina, admitting vessels of 14 ft. draught, and 
affording complete shelter. It is well situa- 
ted to become a mart of considerable conse. 



BEA 



quence. A canal has been proposed across the 
intermediate peninsula to unite Onslow Bay with 
Neuse r. and if such a work was executed, Beau- 
fort must become the southern of its depots. In 
the Census lists of 1830, the population of this 
place not given separate from Cartaret co. 

Beaver, Big r. of Pa. and 0. is composed of 
two branches, the Mahoning and Shenango. 
The Mahoning rises by numerous branches in 
Columbiana, Portage and Trumbull cos. O. 
which, uniting in the latter co. bends from. n. 
E. to s. E. and after an entire comparative course 
of 60 ms. enters Beaver co. Pa. in which it re- 
ceives the Shenango from the n. The latter ri- 
sing in Crawford and Mercer cos. Pa. flows by 
a general course of sixty ms. sthrdly. to its junc- 
tion with the Mahoning. Below the union of its 
main constituents, Beaver flows a little e. of s. 
20 ms. receiving from the estrd. in the interme- 
diate distance, the Conequenessing, and falls in- 
to the 0. at the t. of Beaver, after an entire com- 
parative course of 80 ms. This stream rises on a 
table land elevated from 800 to 1200 ft. and is 
precipitated over a fall of about 44 ft. entire de- 
scent, about IJ ms. above its entrance into Ohio. 
The elevation of the farms near the mouth, is 
about 700 ft. above the Atlantic tides. The val- 
ley of this river lies between lat. 40° 44' and 
41° 43' and comprises an area of 3,850 sq. ms. 
The channel from the mouth to Warren, in 
Trumbull co. O. forms apart of the route along 
which a canal has been projected to unite the 
Ohio river to lake Erie, or to unite with the 
Ohio canal. 

The valley of Beaver has that of the Alle- 
ghany r. to the N. E. that of Cayahoga to the n. 
w. and that of the Tuscarawas branch of Musk- 
ingum to the s. w. and w. To the n. it has in- 
terlocking sources with those of Conneaut, Ash- 
tabula and Grand rs. flowing into lake Erie. 

Beaver co. of Pa. bndd. by Mercer co. n., 
Butler E., Alleghany s. e., Washington s., Ohio 
CO. Va. s. w., and Columbiana co. 0. n. w. Great- 
est length along the state of Ohio 36 ms. mean 
breadth 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 40° 30' to 41° 02', and in long, from 3° 
06' to3o 30' w. W. C. The O. r. enters the south- 
eastern border and flowing thence n. n. w. 10 
ms. to the influx of Big Beaver, inflects thence 
to s. w. by w. leaving the co. below the mouth 
of Little Beaver, and dividing it into two une- 
qual sections. The smaller section comprising 
about one third of the entire surface lies south 
of Ohio r. and slopes northwardly towards 
that stream. The northern section comprised 
in the vallies of Big and Little Beaver, has a 
southern declivity towards Ohio r. The sur- 
face of the whole co. on both sides of Ohio r. 
is very hilly, but the soil almost uniformly pro- 
ductive. Cf. t. borough of Beaver. Pop. 1820, 
13,340, 1830, 24,183. 

Beaver, borough, p-t. and st. jus. Beaver co. 
Pa. situated on the right bank of Ohio r. and on 
the point below the mouth of Big Beaver 30 ms. 
by water below Pittsburg ; 45 a little w. of n. 
Washington Pa. 35 ms. n. e. Steubenville O. 
by p-r. 251 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 229 a 
little N. of w. from Harrisburg. Lat. 40° 44', 
long. 3° 23' w. W. C. Pop. of tsp. 1820, 351 ; 
of the borough alone in 1830, 914. 



43 BED 

Beaver cr. N. Y. a mill stream, rises in Ulster 
and Sullivan cos. and runs through Delaware 
CO. into a branch of Delaware r. 

Beaver Creek, p-o. Anderson co. Ky. about 
15 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Beaver Dam, p-v. in the central part of Erie 
CO. Pa. 7 or 8 ms. southwardly from the borough 
of Erie, and by p-r. 325 ms. n. w. W. C. Pop. 
of the tsp. 1820, 142, 1830, 443. 

Beaver Dam, p-o. Goochland co. Va. near the 
northern bank of James r. by p-r. 25 ms. above 
Richmond, and 139 s. s. w. W. C. 

Beaver Dam, p-v. in the eastern part of Ruth- 
erford CO. N. C. 19 ms. estrd. from Rutherford- 
ton, and by p-r. 204 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Beaver Islands, group in Lake Michigan, 
lying at near the mid-distance between the 
straits of Michilimackinack and the strait usu- 
ally called the Grand Traverse, which unites 
Lake Michigan to Green Bay. The Beaver 
Islands are part of a chain which stretches from 
N. to s. and composed of Round Island, Great 
Beaver Island, and the Fox Islands : to which 
might be added the two Maniton islands, lying 
about 16 ms. sthrd. of the Fox Islands. 

Beaver Meadows, p-o. in the northern part 
of Northampton co. Pa. 21 ms. n. Easton, and 
by p-r. 21 1 ms. N. e. W. C. 

Beavertown, p-v. in the southern part of 
Union co. Pa. by p-r. 59 ms. a little w. of n. 
from Harrisburg. Pop. of the tsp. 2,280. 

Becket, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 17 ms. s. e. 
Lenox, 110 w. Boston, is on high land of the 
Green mtn. range, and contains 4 ponds which 
give rise to branches of Westfield, Farmington 
and Housatonic rs. The inhabitants are chiefly 
farmers. Pop. 1,063. 

Beckhamsville, p-v. Chester dist. S. C. situa- 
ted on Catawba r. by p-r. 50 ms. n. Columbia, 
and 479 s. s. w. W. C. 

Beddington, t. Washington co. Me. 35 ms, 
N. w. Machias, is the fourth town from the 
coast, and is crossed by the upper parts of 
Pleasant and Narraguasus rs. It adjoins Han- 
cock CO. 

Bedford, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. w. side 
Merrimack r. 8 ms. n. w. Amherst, 18 s. Con- 
cord, 52 N. w. Boston, contains 20,660 acres. 
Merrimack and Piscataquog rs. water the town. 
Piscataquoy v. is in the n. e. part. The w. part 
is uneven and stony, but warm. The E. is a 
pine plain, and some intervals. White, red, and 
black oak, walnut, chesnut, birch, pine and hem. 
lock are the trees. Much white oak has been 
sent by the r. and Middlesex canal, for ship tim- 
ber. Hops have been raised here to a large 
amount. Cotton and woollen are manufactured. 
There is a brook which falls 200 ft. Iron ore, 
black lead, copper, pyrites, gneiss, &c. are 
found. The t. was granted by Mass. in 1733, 
to officers, soldiers, &c. of Phillip's War. First 
settled, 1737. Pop. 1,563. 

Bedford, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 ms. n. 
w. Boston, s. w. Concord r. Shawsheen r. a 
good mill stream, rises here. It is a small town, 
and half shire. Pop. 685. 

Bedford, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 44 ms. 
N. New York, 130 s. Albany, s. e. Croton r. 6 
ms. square. Several small streams supply ma- 
ny mill seats. It is elevated land, with various 



BED 



44 



BEL 



soils for farms, well watered, and producing 
much excellent rye. It belonged to Conn, till 
1700. The village was burnt in the revolution- 
ary war. Hon. John Jay lived here many years, 
and here died. Pop. 2,750. 

Bedford go. Pa. bndd. w. by Somerset, n. w. 
by Alleghany mtn. separating it from Cambria 
CO., N. E. by Huntingdon co., e. by Franklin, s. e. 
by Washington co. Md., and s. and s. w. by Al- 
leghany co. Md. Greatest length from the Ma- 
ryland line to the northern angle, 52 ms., con. 
taining 16l2 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 39° 
42' to 40° 30', and in long, from 0° 53' to 1° 44' 
w. W. C. The surface of this large co. is 
lined with chains of mtns. extending from s. s. 
w. to N. N. E. with very productive intervening 
valleys. In regard to the rs. the central part is 
a table land, from which creeks flow southward- 
ly into the Potomac r. The northern and lar- 
ger section declines to n. n. e. and gives source 
to both the Raystown and Frankstown branches 
of Juniata. To travel over Bedford without 
giving other than a cursory glance, the country 
would appear a congeries of rocks and mountain 
ridges, yet the valley soil is generally good, 
and in many places very productive. Many of 
the mountain ridges have broad table lands of 
excellent quality on their summits. There is 
no part of Bedford co. which does not exceed 
an elevation of 500 ft. above the Atlantic level, 
and the farms along the eastern margin of the 
Alleghany mtn. to at least 1700 ft. 'The mean 
height of the arable land is from 1200 to 1300 ft. 
or an equivalent to at least three degrees of lat- 
itude. The winters are long and severe, but 
the highly diversified features of this region ren- 
der it a delightful summer residence. The min- 
eral springs near the borough of Bedford are 
much frequented. The northern extreme of 
Bedford is traversed or rather touched by one 
of the rail-roads of Pa. a link in the great chain 
of internal improvement, advancing to comple- 
tion in that state. Staples of the county, grain, 
salted provision, live stock, &c. to which iron, 
and mineral coal of the bituminous species may 
be added. Cf. ts. Bedford and McCoiinelsburg. 
Pop. 1820, 20,248, 1830, 24,502. 

Bedford, p-v. borough, and st. jus. Bedford 
CO. Pa., situated on one of the higher branches 
of Juniata r, 105 ms. s. w. by w. from Harris- 
burg, 200 ms. almost due w. from Phil, and by 
p-r. 126 northwestward from W. C. According 
to Tanner's U. S. the borough stands exactly on 
lat. 40°, and very near 1° 30' w. W. C. This 
village had its origin in a fort, and was laid out 
as a town in 1771. The situation is truly roman- 
tic. The main body of the village stands on a 
globular swell in a beautiful mountain valley. 
The scenery has great variety of feature ; soft- 
ness is blended with grandeur ; there is nothing 
of sublime, but a pleasing boldness and richness 
strikes the eye on all sides. The village is, in 
summer, a place of fashionable resort by per- 
sons visiting the mineral waters in its vicinity. 
It does not, however, appear to gain rapidly in 
permanent Pop. In 1820 the inhabitants were 
789, and only 869 by the census of 1830. 

Bedford co. of Va. bndd. e. and s. e. by 
Campbell co., by Roanoke r. separating it from 
Pitteylvania, s., Franklin s. w., by Blue Ridge, 



separating it from Botetourt w. and n. w., and 
by James r. separating it from Amherst, n. e. 
Length between James and Roanoke rs. 30 ms. 
mean width 22, and area 660 sq. ms. extending 
in lat. from 37° to 37° 32', and in long, from 2<» 
10' to 2° 50' w. W. C. The declivity of this 
CO. is to the southeastward ; the northern part 
containing, in the peaks of Otter, the highest 
elevation of the Appalachian system, 4,250 ft. 
unless the White mtns. of N. H. are included. 
From this elevated part of Blue Ridge, Bedford 
slopes with the course of the great bounding rs. 
and with that of the two small intermediate 
streams. Goose and Otter. Cf. t. Liberty. Pop. 
1820, 19,305, 1830, 20,246. 

Bedford co. of Ten. bndd. w. by Maury, n. 
w. by Williamson, n. by Rutherford, n. e. by 
Warren, s. e. by Franklin, and s. by Lincoln. 
Length from e. to w. 40 ms. mean width 25, and 
area 1,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 
20' to 35° 44', and in long, from 9° 02' to 9° 
47' w. It is nearly commensurate with the high, 
er part of the valley of Duck r. and with the 
general course of that stream, slopes wstrd. 
Cf. t. Shelbyville. Pop. 30,396. 

Bedford, p-v. in the northern part of Oldham 
CO. Ky. 10 ms. n. e. from Westport, the st, jua. 
and by p-r. 53 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Bedford, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co. Ind., 
situated on the right bank of the east fork of 
White r. at and above the mouth of Salt cr., 60 
ms. N. w. by w. Louisville Ky. and by p-r. 73 
ms. s. w. Indianopolis, and 633 ms. wstrd. from 
W. C. Lat. 38° 52'. 

Bedfordville, p-v. Burke co. N. C. by p-r. 
205 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Bedminster, t. Somerset co. N. J. 20 ms. n. 
w. New Brunswick. Pop. 1,453. 

Beech Grove, p-v. Luzerne co.Pa. by p-r. 86 
ms. N. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Beech Grove, p-v. Bedford co. Ten. 48 ma. 
sthrd. from Nashville. 

Beech Hill, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. 47 ms. 
N. E. from Nashville. 

Beech Park, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 34 
ms. northwardly from Frankfort. 

Beekman, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 12 ms, e. 
Poughkeepsie. The Clove is a fine valley be. 
tween w. mtn. and Oswego ridge 1 or 2 ms, by 
6, with a warm gravelly loam, much improved 
by gypsum, and watered by Clovekill, flowing 
through it and turning mills, Bushkill joins it, 
and they form Fishkill r. on which is Beekman 
V, Great Pond covers about 300 acres and emp- 
ties into the r. as does Sprout cr. Many human 
bones have been found here, probably left in 
some Indian fight. Pop. 1,584. 

Beekmantown, p-t. Chiston co. N. Y. 6 ms. 
N. Plattsburg, 165 n, Albany, w. Lake Cham- 
plain, has fertile land in the e. part, and most 
of its population farmers. Pop. 2,391. 

Beela>'s Ferry and p-o. Perry co. Pa., by 
p-r. 3 1 ms. Harrisburg. 

Beeler's Station and p-o. in the sthrn. part 
of Ohio CO. Va., by p-r. 250 ms. n. w. by w. 
something w. of W. C. and 350 ms n. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Belair, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C, by p-r, 81 
ms. nthrd. Columbus. 

Belbrook, or Bellbrook, p-v, in the s. wstm. 



BEL 



45 



BEL 



part of Greene co. O. 9 ms. s. w. Xenia, the st. 
jus. for the co., and 40 n. n. e. Cincinnati. 

Belchertown, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 80 
ms. w. Boston, 12 e. Northampton, has hills of 
gentle declivity, with loam and gravel. The 
village is large, handsome, and on high ground. 
Pop.2,49L 

Belew's cr. and p-o. in the n. estrn. part of 
Stokes CO. N. C, by p-r. 127 ms. n. w. by w. 
Raleigh. 

Belfast, p-t. s.p. cap. of Waldo co. Me. 40 
ms. e. Augusta, 9 w. Castine, from which it is 
separated by Penobscot r., which, although about 
30 ms. from the sea, is very broad. A wide, but 
short stream crosses the tsp. with several of its 
branches. It is 40 ms. n. e. Hallowell. The 
harbor has considerable advantages, and the 
coasting trade is great. Pop. 3,077. 

Belfast, p-v. Alleghany co. N. Y. 262 ms. w. 
Albany. Pop. 743. 

Belford, p-v. Nash co. N, C. by p-r. 50 ms. e. 
Raleigh, 

Belgrade, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 10 ms. n. 
Augusta, is situated between 3 lakes or large 
ponds. Pop. 1,375. 

Belgrade Mills, p-v. Kennebec co. Me.lS 
ms. N. Augusta. 

Bellborough, p-v. Williamson co. Ten. by 
p-r- 32 ms. sthrdly. Nashville. 

Bellefontaine, p-v. and st. jus. Logan co. 0. 
125 ms. N. N. e. Cincinnati, and by p-r. 458 ms. 
N. w. by w. W. C. and 62 ms. n. w. Columbus. 
Lat. 40° 21', long. 6° 43' w. W. C. Pop. 266. 
This place stands on the table land between the 
valleys of Sciota and Great Miami rs., the wa- 
ter sources discharging from its vicmity like 
radii from a common centre. 

Bellefonte, borough, t. p-v. and st. jus. Cen- 
tre CO. Pa. situated on Spring cr. a branch of 
Bald Eagle r. 45 ms. s. w. Williamsport, 35 n. 
N. E. Huntingdon, and by p-r. 85 ms. n. w. Har- 
risburg, and 192 n. n. w. W. C. Lat. 40° 55'. 
Pop. 698. 

Bellefonte, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. Ala. 
situated on Paint Rock r. 25 ms. a little s, of e. 
Hantsville, and by p-r. 171 ms. n. e. Tuscaloo. 
sa. Lat. 34° 43', long. 9° 20' w. V/. C. 

Belle Haven, p-o. in the s. estrn. part of Ac- 
comac CO. Va. 20 ms. s. Drummondstown, and by 
p-r. 194 ms. s. s. e. Annapolis, and 226 s. e.W. C. 

Belle Isle, p-o. in the nthrn. part of Matthews 
CO. Va., by p-r. 98 ms. a little s.ofE. Richmond, 
and 182 ms. s. s. e. W. C. 

Belle Valley, p-o. in the n. estrn. part of 
Rockbridge co. Va. by p-r. 147 ms. w. Rich, 
mond, and 188 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Belle View, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Calhoun 
CO. II. by diiect distance, about 100 ms. but by 
p-r. 146 ms. n. w. by w. a little w. Vandalia, and 
926 ms. w. W. C. 

Belleville, p-v. Essex co. N. J. 3 ms. N.New- 
ark, w. Passaic r. is in a pleasant situation, and 
has a large printing, bleaching, and dying facto- 
ry for cotton, woollen and silk. The principal 
building is of hewn stone, 263 ft. long and of 3 
stories. The bleaching and print works are 
now upon the largest scale, producing upwards 
of 4,000 pieces weekly, of a variety of styles of 
goods. 

Belle Vxlle, p-v. on the western border of 

7 



MifflHn CO. Pa., 20 ms. n. e. Huntingdon, and by 
p-r. 77 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg, and 169 ma. 
N. N. w. W. C. 

Belle Ville, p-v. on the left bank of Ohio r. 
at the mouth of Lees cr. 30 ms. below Mariet- 
ta, and by p-r. 314 ms. wstrdly. W. C. 

Belle Ville, p. v. in the nthrn. part of Cone, 
cuh CO. Ala. 12 ms. nthrdly. Sparta, the st. jus. 
and by p-r. 193 ms. a little e. of s. Tuscaloosa, 
and 959 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Belleville, p-v. in the estrn. part of Roane co. 
Ten. 9. ms. estrd. Kingston, and by p-r. 148 ms. 
a little s. of e. Nashville, and 567 s. w. by w. 
W.C. 

Belleville, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Richland 
CO. 0., Ill ms. s. Mansfield the st. jus. and by p-r. 
62 ms. ^. N. e. Columbus, and 368 ms. n. w. by 
w. W. C. 

Belleville, p-v, and st. jus. St. Clair co. II. 
15 ms. s. E. St. Louis, Mo. and by p-r. 71 ms. 
s. w. Vandalia, and 843 ms. wstrdly. W. C. 

Bellingham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 ms. 3. 
w. Boston, N. R. I., is a manufacturing place. 
The Bellingham cotton and woollen factory, in. 
corporatedl814 — capital ^15,000, and Boston 
do. 1813,(^400,000, are moved by the water of 
Charles r. The soil is sandy. Pop, 1,102. 

Bellona, Arsenabard p-o. on the right bank 
of James r. 14 rns. above and wstrd. Richmond, 
but in Chesterfield co. Va. 

Bellows Falls, p-v. Westminster, Windham 
co.Vt. about 40 ms. n, e. Bennington, 80 s. Pvlont- 
pelier, is in a pleasant and picturesque situation, 
at the place where Connecticut r. after flowing 
tranquilly through Charlestown meadows, with 
a current 350 feet wide, and 25 deep, rushes 
down a fail of 44 ft. in half a mile, amongst rocks 
of hard gray granite, into which the water has 
worn deep holes. In summer, the r. is here 
only 16 ft. wide. Above the falls is a bridge ; 
and a canal three quarters of a mile long, waa 
dug through the rocks, some years ago, at 
much expense, for the passage of flat bottomed 
boats and rafts. A steam boat has once or 
twice gone through and navigated the r. above. 
There is an ancient bed of the r. w. of the vil- 
lage. Bones and weapons of Indians are found 
here, and a rude specimen of their art is seen on 
a rock. It was once a great fishing place for 
salmon. 

Bell's Landing, and p.o. on Alabama r. in 
the northern part of Monroe co. Ala. by p,r. 136 
ms. s. Tuscaloosa, and 935 s. w. by w. W. C. 

Belmont, p t. Waldo co. Me. 20 ms. w. Cas- 
tine, 34 Augusta, is near the centre of the CO, 
Pop. 3,077, 

Belmont, one of the eastern cos. of 0. bndd. 
s. by Monroe, w. by Guernsey, n. w. by Harri- 
son, N. E. by Jefferson, and e. by Ohio r, sepa. 
rating it from Ohio co. Va. Greatest length 
along the northern border, 30 ms. the breadth 
20, and mean length ^26, the area 520 sq, ms. 
Extending in lat. from 39° 52' to 40° 10', and in 
long, from 3° 40' to 4° 14' w. W. C. This co. is 
divided into 2 very nearly equal sections, by the 
dividing table land between the vallies of Ohio 
and Muskingum, from which flow estrd. small 
crs. into Ohio r. and issue wstrd. the sources of 
Will's and Stillwater branches of Muskingum. 
The surface is a series of hills, with deep and 



BEN 



46 



BER 



narrow intervening vallies. Soil almost uni- 
formly fertile. Cf. t. St. Clairville. Pop. 1820, 
20,329, 1830, 28,412. 

Belmont, p-v. in the Central part of Belmont 
CO. 0. 17 ms. w. Wheeling in Va. and by p-r. 
119 ms. E. Columbus, and 288 ms. n. w. by w. 
W. C. Pop. 142. 

Belmont, p-v. in the eastern part of Wayne 
CO. Misp. 10 ms. eastwardly from Winchester, 
the St. jus. and about 180 ms. e. Natchez. 

Belpre, p-v. in the southern part of Wash- 
ington CO. O. situated on the right bank of Ohio 
r. opposite the mouth of Little Kenhawa r. and 
the village of Parkersburg, Wood co. Va. 12 
ms. below Marietta, and by p-r. Ill s. e. Colum- 
bus, and 316 ms. w. W. C. 

Belvernon, p-v. on the right bank of Monon. 
gahela r. and in the extreme northwestern an- 
gle of Fayette co. Pa. 20 ms. a little w. of n. 
Uniontown, the co. st. and by p-r. 194 ms. wstrd. 
Harrisburg, and 217 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Belvidere, t. Franklin co. Vt. 32 ms. n. e. 
Burlington, 32 n. Montpelier, on the w range 
of the Green mts. contains 30,100 acres, is wa- 
tered by two branches of I;amoille r. but has 
much mountainous land. Pop. 185. 

Belvidere, p-t. and cap. Warren co N. J. 11 
TOS. N. E. Easton, 70 w. New York, is on the e. 
side of Delaware r. at the mouth of Bequest r. 
on a broad plain. 

Benedict, p-v. on the right bank of the Pa- 
tuxent, in the extreme eastern angle of Charles 
CO. Md. by p-r. 49 ms. s. s. e. W. C. and 54 s. 
Annapolis. 

Benevola, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Henry co, Ky. by p-r. 566 ms. vs^estrd. W. C. 
and 47 ms. n. w. Frankfort. 

Bennett's Branch, small cr. and p-o. in the 
northwestern part of Clearfield co. Pa. 100 ms. 
N. E. Pittsburg, and 120 n. w. Harrisburg. 

Bennett's Store, and p-o. Halifax co. Va. by 
p-r. 131 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Bennettsville, P-v. and st. jus. Marlborough 
dist. S. C. situated between the Little and Great 
Pedee, 25 ms. s. e. from Sneadsboro' in N. C. 
and by p-r. 406 ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 102 n. e. 
by E. Columbus, lat. 3 i° 36', long. 2° 40' w. W. C. 

Bennettsville, p-v. in the northern part of 
St. Clair co. Ala. 13 ms. northwardly from Ash- 
ville the st. jus. and by p-r. 735 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. and 142 m.s. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Bennington, co. Vt. s. w. corner of the state, 
is bndd. by Rutland co. n., Windham co. e., 
Massachusetts s., and New York w. It lies be- 
tween 42° 44' and 43° 18' lat., and 3° 46' and 4° 
10' E long. ; it is 20 ms. by 39, and contains 
610 sq. ms. a large part of it mountainous. 
Streams flow out on all sides into Deerfield, 
Hoosack, Battenkill, and Westrs. and Otter and 
Wood crs. and give good mill sites. The low 
lands are good for tillage. A range of lime- 
stone crosses the co. n. and s. and good marble, 
chiefly white and fine grained, is taken from 
several quarries. Some iron and lead ore is 
also found. Bennington and Manchester are 
the shire and chief towns. This was the first 
CO. settled in Vt. w. of the Green mts. Most of 
the committees of safety in the state, in the rev- 
olutionary war, were held here. Pop. 1820, 
16,125, 1830, 17,468. 



Bennington, p-t. and half shire, Bennington 
CO. Vt. 100 ms. s. w. Montpelier, llOw. byN. 
Boston, 33 n. e. Albany, 160 n. New York city, 
375 E. by N. W. C. was chartered by Gov. Ben- 
ning Wentworth, 1749, and was first settled by 
separatists under Samuel Robinson, 176 1, who 
first resisted the authority of New York. The 
battle of Bennington, 1777, occurred near 
the line of this town, in Washington co. N. Y. 
Iron ore, marble, &c. are found here in large 
quantities. There are mills and factories, large 
iron works, &c. The village is on a hill, with 
a court house, academy, &c. Pop. 3,419. 

Bennington, p-t. Genessee co. N. Y. 18 ms. 
s. w. Batavia, 250 w. Albany, has Ellicot's cr. 
on the N., Cayuga branch of Buffalo cr. s. w., 
Tonawanta s. e., &c. The land is nearly level, 
and pretty good. Pop. 2,224. 

Bennington, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Delaware co. 0. situated between Big Walnut 
and Alum crs. 41 ms. a little e. of n. from Co- 
lumbas, and 60 ms. n. w. Zanesville. 

Bensboro', p-v. Pitt CO. N. C. 115 ms. estrd. 
Raleigh. 

Benson, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 57 ms. n. Ben- 
nington, 84 Montpelier, e. Lake Champlain, i to 
to 1^ ms. wide, contains 25,214 acres, is poorly 
watered, but has a pond, Hubbardton r. &c. A 
stream which flows from a swamp, runs under 
a hill ^ a mile. First settled, 1783. Timber, 
chiefly pine, with hemlock, beech, maple, wal- 
nut, &c. Pop. 1,493. 

Bent cr. and p-o. in the southwestern part of 
Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 196 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. and 112 wstrd. Richmond. 

Bentleyville, p-v. on Pigeon cr. eastern part 
of Washington co. Pa. 13 ms. s. e. by E. Wash- 
ington, the CO. seat, 9 ms. n. w. by w. Browns, 
ville, and by p-r. 222 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Benton, p-t. Yates co.N. Y. 18 ms. s. e. Can. 
andaigua, w. Seneca lake, 6 ms. by 8, has the 
outlet of Crooked lake and Cushong cr. with 
mills, &c. slightly varied surface, a warm, gra- 
velly soil, producing fruit trees, and forests of 
oak, chesnut, maple, and beech. The soil rests 
on argilaceous lime and slate. It has Hopeton 
and Dresden villages, and part of Penn-Yan. 
Pop. 3,957. 

Benton, p-v. and st. jus. Yazoo co. Misp. by 
p-r. 45 ms. nthrd. from Jackson, and about 120 
N. N. E. Natchez. 

Benton, p-v. and st. jus. Scott co. Mo. about 
25 ms. N. w. by w. from the mouth of Ohio r . 
and 40 ms. n. from New Madrid, on Misp. r. 
lat. 37° 05', long. 12° 38' w. W. C. 

Bent's p-o. in the extreme southwestern angle 
of Washington co. 0. by p-r. 320 ms. wstrd. 
from W. C. and 107 s. e. Columbus. 

Bergen, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 16 ms. e. n. 
E. Batavia, 240 Albany, 8 s. Erie canal, has a 
varied surface, and soil very favorable for fruit. 
Black cr. supplies some mill seats. Pop. 1,508. 

Bergen, co. N. J. bndd. by Orange co. N. Y. 
N., Hudson r. e., Pequannock and Passaic rs. s. 
w., with Newark bay and Kill-van-Kuhl, s. e., 
and Essex co. n. w., is crossed by Hackensack, 
Saddle, and Ramapo rs. running southwardly, 
and many small streams, with falls. The Short 
hills enter the co. near the middle, and the Pom- 
ton or Ramapo mtns. cross it above. There 



BER 



47 



BER 



are large marshy meadows in the s. e. Along 
the Hudson extends a remarkable trap precipice, 
called the Pallisadoes. The n. part is moun. 
tainous, with many iron mines and forges, some 
of which are not in operation. The lower part 
of the CO. is pleasantly situated opposite New 
York city, from which it derives much advan- 
tage, having communication by steamboats. 
This CO. was originally settled by emigrants 
from Holland, and their descendants have con- 
tinued, like their fathers, an industrious and 
thrifty people. The co. contains 9 tsps. Cf. t. 
Hackensack. Pop. 1820, 18,178, 1830, 22,414. 

Bergen, p-t, Bergen co. N. J. w. Hudson r. 
and opposite N. York city ; it has a gently vari- 
ed surface, with extensive meadows along the 
head of Newark bay ; the village lies 3 ms. 
from the city of N. Y. The soil is pretty well 
cultivated, supplying vegetables, &c. to the city. 
It was settled from Holland, and the inhabitants 
still speak Dutch. Pop. 4,651. 

Berger's Store, and p-o. Pittsylvania co. Va. 
by p-r. 164 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Berkley, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 35 ms. s. 
Boston, E. Taunton r. Pop. 907. 

Berkley, co. Va. bndd. by Jefferson s. e., 
Frederick, s. w., Morgan, w. and n. w., and Po. 
tomack r. separating it from Washington co. 
Md. N. e. Greatest length from n. e. to s. w. 
28 ms., mean breadth, 14 ms. and area 392 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 14' to 39= 35' 
and long, from 1° 14' to 2° 11' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is to the n. e. and it is drained 
in that direction by Back and Opequhan crs. 
The mean elevation of the arable surface of the 
farms, from 500 to 700 ft. above tide water. 
Surface, broken and mountainous. Cf. t. Mar- 
tinsburg. Pop. 10,528. 

Berkley Springs, otherwise called Bath, p-v. 
and St. just Morgan co. Va. situated 8. ms. s. s. 
w. Hancockstown, Md. 45 ms. n. w. by w. 
Harper's Ferry, and by p-r. 93 ms. n. w. by w. 
W. C. and 186 ms. n. n. w. Richmond. 

Berks, co. Pa. bndd. n. e. by Lehigh co. e., 
l)y Montgomery, s. e. by Chester, s. by Lancas- 
ter, s. w. by Lebanon, and w. and n. w. by Kit- 
tatinny mtn. separating it from Schuylkill. 
Breadth 30 ms. the northeastern and south- 
western sides being parallel, mean length 34, 
and area 1,020 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
40= 09' to 40° 42', and in long, from 0=> 30' to 
1° 24' E. 

The face of this fine country is greatly diver- 
sified; bounded on the n. w. by the Kittatinny, 
and s. E. by the s. e. chain of mtns. it contains a 
part of two mountain vallies. The general 
slope is to the southeastward, and it is traversed 
in that direction by the Schuylkill r. which 
breaks through the Blue Ridge at Reading. The 
latter chain traverses Berks in a s. wstrn. di- 
rection, dividing the co. into two unequal valley 
sections. The lower and lesser, lies between 
the Blue Ridge and Southeast mtn. and widens 
from N. E. to s. w. from 3 to 15 ms. The sec- 
tion above Blue Ridge has a nearly equal 
breadth of 18 ms. something more than a third 
of which is on the great limestone strata which 
flanks the Blue Ridge on the n. wstrn. side. The 
limestone tract is the most fertile, but the gen- 
eral character of the soil of the co. is that of 



productiveness, and the staples are numerous 
and valuable. The mean level of the arable 
soil of Berks is about 300 ft. above the level of 
tide water in Delav/are r. The seasons of in- 
florescence, foliage, and of harvest, are sensi- 
bly different above and below Blue Ridge. 
Under the head of canals and roads, the great 
improveirents which traverse Berks are no- 
ticed. Cf. t. Reading. Pop. 1820, 37,327, in 
1830, 53,152. 

Berkshire, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 50 ms. N. w. 
Montpelier, 31 n. e. Burlington, has a variety of 
good soils, and is watered by Missisque and 
Pike rs. and many brooks which supply water 
power. The timber is beech and maple. First 
settled, 1792. Poo. 1,308. 

Berkshire, co. Mass. the w. co., is bndd. by 
Vt. N., Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin e., 
Conn, s., N. Y. w. The people are engaged 
in agriculture, and a variety of manufactures ; 
Housatonic and Hoosic rs. are the principal 
streams, whose waters are divided from those 
of Conn. r. by the Green mtn. range. Much 
white marble is obtained from the quarries. 
Lenox is the co. town. Pop. 1820, 35,720 ; 
1830, 37,835. 

Berkshire, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 14 ms. n. 
Oswego, 160 w. Albany, e. of w. branch of Os- 
wego cr., 8 ms. by 14, has a gentle varied sur- 
face, with soil favorable for grain and grass, es- 
pecially the meadows on the e. branch of Os- 
wego cr. First settled, about 1793, from Berk- 
shire CO Mass. It is well watered, and the 
land is held in fee. Pop. 1,883. 

Berkshire Valley, p-v. Morris co, N. J., on 
the Rockaway, 8 ms. x. Dover, 16 N. Morris, 
town 

Berkshire, p-v. towards the estrn. side of 
Delaware co. 0. 10 ms. e. Delaware, the st. 
jst. and by p-r. 23 ms. n. Columbus. Pop, of 
the tsp. of Berkshire, 1,057. 

Berlin, t. Oxford co. Me, 45 ms. n, w. 
Augusta. Pop. 478. 

Berlin, Coos co. N. H. an uninhabited t, 125 
ms. from Concord, containing 31,154 acres, and 
was granted Dec. 31, 1771 to Sir Wm. Mayne 
and others, of Barbadoes. The Ameriscoggin 
and Upper Amonoosuck pass through it. 

Berlix, t. Washington co. Vt. 4 ms, from 
Montpelier, near the centre of the state, con. 
tams 21,855 acres, much broken but good land, 
and is watered by Onion r., on n. line Dog r., 
and has a pond 2 ms. long. First settled, about 
1786. Pop. 1,664. 

Berlin, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 33 ms, w. 
from Boston. North brook furnishes mill seats. 
There is a quarry of building stone. Pop, 692. 

Berlin, p.t. Hartford co. Ct. 11 ms. s. Hart- 
ford, 23 N. New-Haven, about 5 ms. by 8, with 
40 sq. ms., is uneven, with mtns. s. w. and w. 
The rocks are clay, slate, and greenstone, of 
the range extending from Middletown to North, 
field Ms., and some coal, carb. lime, iron py. 
rites, silver, &c. have been found. The soil is 
generally a gravelly loam, and is very good for 
grass, grain, and orchards. Tin W)are.— This 
manufacture was carried on for many years 
here, to a great extent, and the products sent to 
all parts of the U. S. and other countries. It 
was introduced here, and into the U. S, by Ed- 



BER 



ward Patterson, an Irishman, about the time of 
the revolutionary war. The neighboring towns 
are now engaged in it, and manufacturers have 
gone to the southern states ; and the business 
is now carried on in almost all parts of the 
country. Other manufactures are also carried 
on here. Pop. 3,047. 

Berlin, p.t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 20 ms. e. 
Albany, 20 e. s. e Troy, 7 ms. by 8, is hilly and 
partly mountainous, with much poor soil, many 
marshes and evergreen forests, and some fine 
vallies. It is watered by Little Hoosac cr. and 
some small streams. The soil is generally per- 
manently leased by S. Van. Rensselaer, Esq. 
for about 10 bushels of wheat for 100 acres. A 
few Germans settled here in 1764. Pop. 2,019. 
Berlin, p-v. and borough of Somerset co. 
Fa. on the main road from Cumberland in Md. 
to the borough of Somerset, 25 ms. n. w. of 
the former, and 10 s. e. from the latter place, 
and by p-r. 157 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Berlin, p-v. Worcester co. Md. by p.r. 150 
ms. s. E. by e. W. C. 

Berlin, p-v. in the eastern part of Maury co. 
Ten. by p-r. 47 ms. a little w. of s. Nashville. 

Berlin, p-v. in the n. eastern part of Holmes 
CO. 0. 8 ms. a little n. of e. Millersburg, the co. 
seat, and by p-r. 333 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 
88 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Bermudian, p-v. York co. Pa. 18 ms. sthrd. 
from Harrisburg and 96 nthrd. W. C. 

Bernard's p-t. Somerset co. N. J. watered 
by Raritan and Passaic rs. Pop. 2,062. 

Bernardston, p-t. Franklin CO. Mass. 96 ms. 
N. w. Boston on high land between Green and 
Connecticut rs. is uneven, with pretty good soil. 
First settled 1746, and was attacked by Indians 
the same year. Pop. 918. 

Berne, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. 20 ms. w. Alba- 
ny, on the high lands between Albany and Sco- 
harie cos. has some of the Helderberg mtns., 
small streams, 2 ponds of 100 acres, fine vallies 
of calc. loam, marshes and beds of clay, turf 
and marl. There are many marine petrifactions 
in the rocks. Pop. 3,607. 

Berrien, co. Mich. bndd. n. e. by Van Buren 
CO., by Cass co. e., St. Joseph's co. Ind. s. e.. 
La Porte co. Ind. s. w., and Lake Michigan w. 
Length from s. to n. 33 ms., mean breadth 18, 
and area 594 sq. ms. Lat. 42°, and long. 9° 
25' w. W. C. Slope to the northwstrd. and in 
that direction is traversed by St. Joseph's r. 
which enters at the southeastern angle, and 
winding to the n. w. receiving tributaries from 
the northestrd. and falling into lake Michigan 
at the St. jus. Saranac. Cf. t. Newburyport. Pop. 
1830, 325. 

Berrien, p-v. and st. jus. Dooley co. Geo. sit- 
uated on the table land between Oakmulgee, 
and Flint rs. by p-r. 739 ms. s. w. W. C. and 97 
ms. s. s. w. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 03', long. 
6° 48' w. W. C. 

Berry's p-o. Wayne co. Ky. 11 ms. sthrd. 
from Monticello, the co. seat, and by p-r. 121 
me. a little e. of s. Frankfort. 

Berrysville, p-v. in the northern part of 
Knox CO. Ind. 13 ms. nthrd. from Vincennes, 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 113 ms. s. w. Indianop- 
-olis. 

Bertie co. N. C. bndd. n. w. by Northamp. 



48 BET 

ton, N. by Herford, e. by Chowan r. separating 
it from Chowan co., and by Roanoke r. separa- 
ting it from Washington s. e., Martin s. and s. w., 
and Halifax w. Greatest length 40 ms. from 
Chowan point, at the head of Albermarle sound 
and junction of Roanoke and Chowan rs. to the 
extreme northwestern angle on Roanoke r., mean 
breadth 25, and area 1000 sq. ms., extending in 
lat. from 35° 40' to 36° 15', and in long, from 0° 
20' E.to 0° 21' w. W. C. The slope is to the south, 
eastward. Surface generally level, and in part 
marshy; staples, cotton, tobacco, &c. Cf. t. 
Windsor. Pop. 1820, 10,805, and 12,262 in 1830. 
Berwick, p-t. York co. Me. 16 ms. n. w. 
Portsmouth N. H. 103 s. w. Augusta, on Salmon 
Fall r. contains an academy, and has consid- 
erable trade in lumber, &c. Pop. 3,168. 

Berwick, South, p-t. York co. Me. 17 ms. n. 
Portsmouth, 103 s. s. w. Augusta, is situated at 
the falls of Salmon Falls r. e. N. H. 

Berwick, p-v. and borough of Columbia co. 
Pa. situated on the right bank of Susquehanna 
r. and on the extreme eastern border of the co., 
28 ms. below and s. w. from Wilkesbarre, and 
by p-r. 86 ms. n. e. from Harrisburg, and 196 n. 
n. e. W. C. Population, 500. 

Bethania, p-v. Stokes co. N. C. 5 ms. sthrd. 
from Germantown, the co. seat, and 122 ms. 
N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Bethany, p t. New Haven co. Conn. 45 ms. 
s. w. Hartford. 

Bethany, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 8 ms. s. s. e. 
Batavia 240 w. Albany, is on the highest ground 
between Black and Tonawanta crs. and has a 
surface favorable for farming. Pop. 2,374. 

Bethany, p-v. borough and st.jus. Wayne co. 
Pa. situated on Dyberry cr. a branch of Lacka. 
waxen r. about 80 nis. a little w. of n. Easton, 
3 ms. n. Honesdale on the Lackawaxen canal, 
and by p-r. 265 ms. n. n. e. W. C. and 162 n. e. 
Harrisburg. Lat. 41° 37', long. 1° 42' e. W. C. 
Pop. 327. 

Bethany, p-v. Brooke co. Va. 26 ms. n. w. 
from the borough of Washington, Pa. and 282 
ms. N. w.by w. W. C. and 375 n. w. Richmond. 
Bethany Church, and p-o. western part of 
Iredell co. N. C. 6 ms. westrd. from Statesville, 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 402 ms. s. w. W. C. 
and 152 w. Raleigh. 

Bethel, p-t. Oxlord co. Me. 18 ms. n. w. Pa. 
ris, 53 Augusta, s. and e. Androscoggin r. Pop. 
1,620. 

Bethel, p-t.Windsor co.Vt. 30 ms. s. Montpe. 
lier, 30 n.w. Windsor, contains 23,060 acres, has 
a mountainous surface, but generally a warm, 
and productive soil, watered by White r. and its 
second and ihird branches ; with 2 rs. e. and w. 
First settled about 1780. Pop. 1,240. 
Bethel, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 
Bethel, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. 16 ms. w. 
Monticello, 10 ms. by 15, e. Delaware r. and 
Pa., has Coliakoon and Mongaup crs. White 
lake, 1 m. long, with a p-o. mills, &c. at the 
outlet. Cochecton V. is on Delaware r. Pop. 1,203. 
Bethel, tsp. and p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 
80 ms. escrd. from Harrisburg. Pop. 1,491. 

Bethel, p-v. in the s. wtrn. part of Hartford 
CO. N. C. 14 ms. s. wstrd. Winton, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 254 ms. s. W. C. and 143 n. e. by e. 
Raleigh. 



BET 



Bethlehem, pt. Grafton co. N. H. 100 ms. n. 
Concord, is crossed by Great Ammonoosuc r., 
contains 28,608 acres. Round and Peaked mtns.; 
produces good crops of grain and grass, pine 
and sugar maple. Some mineral springs and 
mtn. and bog iron ore exist. First settled 1790. 
Pop. 673. 

Bethlehem, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. | m. s. 
w. Albany, w. Hudson r., contains 96 sq. ms. 
part of Vlamanskill, Norman's cr., Vlykill, 
and a part of Helderberg hills. There is much 
rich alluvial land near Hudson r. inhabited by 
descendants of early Dutch settlers. There are 
several caverns. The seat of Gen. Schuyler, 
distinguished in the revolutionary war, is near 
the r. New Scotland, and Rensselaer's mills, 
(mouth of Norman's creek) are villages. Pop. 
6,082. 

Bethlehem, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. Pop. 
2,032. 

Bethlehem, p-v. and borough, Northampton 
CO. Pa. situated on a fine acclivity rising from 
the Lehigh r. below the mouth of Manocasy 
cr. 48 ms. a little w. of n. Phil. 12 ms. s. w. by 
w. Easton, and by p-r. 184 ms. n. e. W. C. lat. 
40° 37', long. 1° 46' e. from W. G. Bethlehem 
was founded on land purchased by the Unitas 
Fratum, United Brethren, under Count Zin- 
zendorf, 1741. The Moravians, as the United 
Brethren are usually called, have retained the 
ownership, and have produced a very neat and 
flourishing borough. The body of the village 
extends up the acclivity from the Lehigh 
bridge. The houses are neat, substantial, and 
though not splendid, have a fine appearance 
when seen from the vicinity. This village, 
from the date of its foundation, has been the 
seat of a female school, and in which many of 
the most accomplished women of the middle 
states of the U. S. have received their educa- 
tion. There is but one house of public worship, 
in which divine service is performed in English 
and German. Though from having to contend 
with so many other respectable seminaries, 
that of Bethlehem has not mamtained its rela- 
tive rank, still it may be safely asserted, that 
the solid and useful elements of female educa- 
tion can be obtained at this school with a 
cheapness, and moral and bodily health, ex- 
ceeded by but very few, if any others in the 
U. S. The manners of its inhabitants and the 
richly varied scenery of its neighborhood render 
Bethlehem a very pleasant place of visit to the 
traveller. The Lehigh canal passes ahmg the 
river bottom at the lower extreme of Bethlehem. 
Pop. tsp. 2,430, of which the village contained 
about 1,200. 

Bethlehem, p-v. on Tuscarawas r. and Great 
O. canal. Stark co. 0. about 60 ms. n. w. by w. 
Steubenville, 60 ms. n. n. e. Zanesville, and by 
p-r. 329 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 114 n. e. by 
E. Columbus. 

Bethlehem, p-v. on the right bank of O. r. 
and eastern part of Clarke co. Ind. 26 ms. 
above Louisville, Ky. and by p-r. 592 ms. w. 
W. C. and 101 s. s. e. Indianopolis. ' 

Bethlem, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 38 ms. w. 
s. w. Hartford, 33 n. w. N. Haven. 4 ms. by 4^, 
about 18 sq. ms., is hilly, with granite rocks, 
and a gravelly loam, good for grazing and grain. 



49 BIG 

bearing oak, maple, nut-wood, &c. Branches 
of Pomperaug r. supply mill seats. Pop. 9tJ6. 

Bettsburg, p-v. Chenango co. N. Y. 120 ms. 
w. Albany. 

Bevansville, p-o. in the eastern part of Al- 
leghany CO. Md. by p-r, 109 ms. n. w. W. C. 
and 142 n. w. by w. Annapolis. 

Beverly, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 17 ms. n. e. 
Boston, N. Salem harbor, connected with Salem 
by a bridge 1500 ft. by 32, has excellent soil 
well cultivated, and is much engaged in fish, 
eries. Pop. 4,073. 

Beverly, p-v. and st. jus. Randolph co. Va. 
situated on Tygart's Valley r. or the eastern 
fork of Monongahela r. about 60 ms. very nearly 
due s. from Morgantown, 45 s. e. Clarksburg, 
by p-r. 221 a little s. of w. W. C. and 210 n. w, 
by w. Richmond. Lat. 38° 50', long. 2° 55' w. 
W. C. 

Bibb, co. of Geo. bndd. by Tehocunno cr. 
separating it from Houston s. and part of Craw- 
ford s. w., by the northern part of Crawford w., 
Monroe n. w., .Tones n. e., and the Ocmulgee r. 
separating it from Twiggs e. Length parallel 
to the general course of the Ocmulgee 30 ms., 
mean breadth 15, and area 450 sq. ms. extend, 
ing in lat. from 32'-" 35' to 33°, and in long, 
from 6° 36' to 7° w. W. C. The general slope 
is southeastward. The Ocmulgee r. enters at 
the extreme northern angle, and flowing with- 
in the CO. about 20 ms. becomes thence a 
boundary between it and Twiggs co. Cf. t. 
Macon. Pop. 7,154. 

Bibb, co. of Ala. bndd. by Perry s. Tuscaloosa 
w. and N. w. Jefferson n. Shelby n. e. and E. 
and Autauga s. e. Length 40 ms. mean 
breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 32° 46' to 33° 20', and in long, from 
10° 3' to 10° 30' w. W. C. The general slope 
is s. southwestward, and is drained in that di- 
rection by Cahaba r. Cf. t. Centreville. Pop. 
1820, 3,676, and in 1830, 6,306. 

BiDDEFORD, P-t. York CO. Me. 38 ms. n. e. 
York, s. Saco r. It extends to the sea, and has 
Fletcher's neck and light house off" the mou'h 
of Saco r. and near Wood isl. with a revolving 
light. Pop. 1,995. 

Big Black, or Chitteloosa r. of Mis. rises in 
the country of the Choctaw Indians, interlock, 
ing sources with those of the Oaknoxabee, 
branch of Tombigbee, and with those ol Pearl 
r. and flowing thence about 60 ms. westward, 
along north lat. 33° 10' ; enters Yazoo co. in- 
flects to s. w. and with a very tortuous channel 
continues that direction 100 ms. to its junction 
with the Mississippi between Warren and Clai- 
borne cos. at lat. 32° 2', and long. 14° 7' w. W. 
C. after a comparative course of 160 ms. The 
valley of Big Black lies between that of Yazoo, 
and the higher part of that of Pearl. 

Big Bone Lick, p-v. Boone co. Ky. situated 
on a creek of the same name, in the sthrn. part 
of the CO. about 30 ms. s. s. vv. from Cincinnati, 
and by p.r. 66 ms. nearly due n. Frankfort. 

Bigbtville, p-v. sthrn. part of Maury co.Ten. 
7ms. sthdly. from Columbia, the co. seat, and by 
p-r. 42 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 

Big cr. a small branch of White r. Ark. rises 
in St. Francis co. and flowing sthrd. over Phi- 
lip's falls into White r. about 15 ms. above ths 



BIG 



50 



BIL 



mouth of the latter. The valley of Big or. lies 
between those of White and Mississippi rs. 

Big Creek, p-o. s. estrn. part of Logan co. 
Va. about 70 ms. s. s. e. Charleston, on Great 
Kenhawa, by p-r. 396 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 
and 338 a little s. of w. Richmond. 

Big Creek, p-o. on the last noted stream, by 
p-r. 106 ms. s. e. by e. Little Rock, and 1,056 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Big Creek, p-o. on a small creek of the same 
name, nthrn. part of Shelby co. Ten. by p-r. 221 
ms. s. w. by w. Niishville, and 918 ms. in a 
nearly similar direction W. C. 

Big Darby, p-v. in the n. w. angle of Picka- 
way CO. O. 13 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Big Eagle, p-v. in the n. estrn. part of Scott 
CO, Ky. by p-r. 34 ms. n. e. Frankfort. 

Big Flats, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. w. 
Elmira, 218 w. s. w. Albany, has rich alluvial 
lands on Cheming r. but the hills are sterile, 
bearing only pitch and white pine, and shrub 
oak. Pop. 1,149. 

Big Hatchy, r. of Misp. and Ten. rises in the 
Chickasaw country, and nrthrn. part of the for- 
mer, and flows thence n. into Hardiman co. Ten. 
and inflecting to n. wstrd. pursues that course 
over Hardiman and Wood into Tipton co. In 
the latter the channel curves round to s. w. to 
its final discharge into the Misp. above the se- 
cond Chickasaw Bluff", after an entire compar- 
ative course of something above 100 ms. The 
valley of Big Hatchy lies between those of Loo- 
sahatchy and Forked Deer rs. 

Big Horn, r. great sthrn. branch of Yellow 
Stone r. has its remote sources in the Chippe- 
wayan or Rocky mtns. and as laid down by 
Tanner, has interlocking sources with those of 
Arkansas and Platte rs. on the sthrd. and with 
those of Yellow Stone nrthwrd. Its extreme 
s. wstrn. fountains are the springs which feed 
Biddle lake, n. lat. 42° 20', long. 32. w. W. C. 
From this elevated region Big Horn flows 150 
ms. to the n. e. receives by the influx of Stink- 
ing Water r. from the wstrd. a large accession, 
and inflecting to a course of n. n. e. 200 ms. joins 
the Yellow Stone at Manuel's Fort, lat. 46°, 
after a comparative course of 450 ms. The 
valley of Big Horn lies between those of Yellow 
Stone proper and Tongue rs. The country it 
drains is generally composed of open arid plains. 
(See Yellow Stone.) 

Big Island, tsp. and p-v. Marion co. 0. By 
p-r. the p-o. is 51 ms. a little w. of n. Columbus. 
Pop. 470. 

Big Lick, p-v. in the southeastern part of 
Botetourt co. Va. 53 ms. a little s. of w. Lynch- 
burg, 173 wstrd, from Richmond, and by p-r, 
250 ms, s. w. by w. W. C. 

Big Mills, and p-o. Dorchester co. Md. 14 
ms. from Cambridge the co. st. and by p-r. 113 
ms. s. E. by e. W. C, and 76 s. e. Annapolis. 

Big Prairie, and p-v, in the southwestern 
part of Wayne co. O. by p-r. 77 ms, n. e, Colum- 
bus, and 357 n. w. by w. W. C, 

Big River Mills and p-o. in the eastern part 
of St, Francis co. Mo. about 70 ms, s. St. Louis, 
30 s, w. St, Genevieve, and 9 estrd. Farmington, 
the CO. st. 

Big Sandy, r. of Va, and Ky. having its most 
remote sources in the northwestern slopes of 



Clinch mtn. but receiving tributaries from a dis- 
tance of 70 ms. along th,e upper parts of Russel, 
Tazewell and Logan cos. Va. The eastern or 
main branch rises in Logan and Tazewell, but 
the higher streams uniting, the main channel 
becomes for a distance of 30 ms. a line of de- 
marcation between those two cos. to where it 
passes Cumberland mtn. From the latter point 
to its influx into Ohio, the channel of Big Sandy 
separates Ky. from Va., flowing between Logan 
and Cabell of the latter, and Floyd, Lawrence, 
and Greenup of the former state. The main or 
eastern branch of Big Sandy has interlocking 
sources with those of Guyandot, Bluestone, 
branch of Great Kenhawa, Clinch, branch of 
Tennessee, and its own West Fork. 

The West Fork of Sandy rises in Russel co. 
Va. flows thence vsrestward, traverses Cumber- 
land mtn. and enters Pike co. Ky. Passing over 
Pike into Floyd in the original direction, the 
channel curves to northward, and unites with 
the eastern branch, between Lawrence of Ky. 
and Cabell of Va. The valley of Big Sandy is 
in its greatest length from s. s. e. to n. n. w, 
about lODms. with a mean breadth of about .W, 
area 3000 sq. ms. ; bounded to the westward 
by the vallies of Kentucky and Licking rs., to 
the northeastward by that of Guyandot, and east- 
ward by that of New r. or the upper waters of 
Great Kenhawa. The main stream enters the 
Oiiio at Catlettsburgh in Greenup co. Ky. and 
opposite to the extreme southern angle of the 
state of Ohio. Lat 38° 24' and long. 5° 33' w, 
W. C. 

Big Sioux, r. (See Sioux r.) 

Big South Fork, of Cumberland r. rises in 
Morgan co. of Ten. between Fentress and 
Campbell cos., and flowing thence, interlocking 
sources with those of Emery's r. by a general 
course a little w. ofN. enters Wayne co. Ky., 
which it traverses to its final influx into Cumber- 
land r. having a compai'ative course of about 40 
ms. 

Big South Fork, p-v. in the southern part of 
Wayne co. Ky. by p-r. 28 ms. s. e. Monticello, 
the CO. St. and 138 ms. s. s. e. Frankfort. 

Big Spring, and p-o. westernpart of Giles co. 
Va. 26 ms. wstrd, from the c. h. of Parisburg, by 
p-r, 324 ms, s, w. by w, W, C. and 266 a little 
s. of w, Richmond. 

Big Spring, p-v. in the n. wstrn. part of Har- 
din CO. Ky. 17 ms. wstrd. Elizabethtown, the co, 
seat, 45 ms. s. s. w. Louisville, and by p-r. 98 
ms, s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Big Spring and p-o. in the wstrn. part of Mont- 
gomery CO. Mo. about 80 ms. a little n. of w. St. 
Louis, and by p-r. 64 ms. n. e. by e. Jefferson, 
and 952 wstrd. W. C. 

Big Swamp, and p-o. n. wstrn. part of Mont- 
gomery CO. Ala. by p-r. 112 ms. s. s. e. Tusca- 
loosa. 

Big Walnut r. one of the easterly branches of 
Sciota r. rises in Delaware co. 0. and flowing 
thence southwardly, traverses the estrn. parts of 
Delaware and Franklin, and joins the Sciota in 
the nrthrn. side of Pickaway co. after a compar- 
ative course of about 55 ms. Big Walnut has 
interlocking sources with those of White Wo- 
man's r. a branch of Muskingum. 

BiLLERicA, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 ma. 



BIS 



51 



BLA 



N. w. Boston, is supplied with mill sites by Con- 
cord and Shawsheen rs. and has a handsome v. 
in the centre, on a fine eminence, with an aca- 
demy. Pop. 1,374. 

BiLLSBURG, p-v. in the n. wstrn. part of Ran- 
dolph CO. Va. by p-r. 224 ms. w. W. C. and 240 
N. w. by w. Richmond. 

BiNGHAiM, t. Somerset co. Me. 26 ms. n. Nor- 
ridgewock, 55 n. Augusta, e. Kennebec r. oppo- 
site Concord. It has a few brooks. Pop. 535. 

Bingham, formerly Rose's, p-v. in the n. wstrn. 
part of Potter co. Pa. 15 ms. Cowdersport, and 
by p-r. 192 ms. n. w. Harrisburg, and 298 ms. 
N. N. w. W. C. 

BiNGHAMPTON, p-v. and cap. Broome co. N. Y. 
40 ms. s. w. Norwich, at the junction of Che- 
nango and Susquehanna rs. 

BiRCHARDSviLLE, p-0. in the estrn.part of Sus- 
quehanna CO. Pa. about 9 ms. from Montrose 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 172 ms. n. n. e. Harris- 
burg. 

Birch Pond, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Fayette 
CO. Ten. 12 ms. from Somerville, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 196 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville, and 885 
ms. in the same general direction from W. C. 

Birch r. and p-o. in the nrthrn. part of Nich- 
olas CO. Va. 17 ms. n. w. from the st. jus. of the 
CO. and by p-r. 327 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 

Birdsall, p-v. Alleghany co. N*. Y. 240 ms. 
w. Albany. Pop. 543. 

Birdsong's BlufI', and p-o. on the sthrn. 
branch of Forked Deer r. and wstrn. part of 
Madison co. Tenn. 9 ms. wstrd. from Jackson, 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 156 ms. s. w. by w. 
Nashville. 

BiRDsviLLE, p-v. wstrn. part of Burke co. Geo. 
16 ms. wstrd. from Waynesboro', the st. jus. 
and E. Milledgeville. 

Birmingham, p-v. on the Little Juniata r. n. 
wstrn. part, of Huntingdon co. Pa. 15 ms. n. w 
from the borough of Huntingdon, and by p-r. 
105 ms, N. w. by w. Harrisburg, and 163 ms. 
N. n. w. W. C. 

Btscane, bay of Florida, on the estrn. or At- 
lantic side of that peninsula. This elliptical 
sheet of water opens from the Bahama channel, 
having at the extremes of its entrance, cape 
Florida n. and Ellis island s. The small Para- 
dise Islands or Keys lie scattered between the 
two capes. The centre of the bay is about n. 
lat. 25° 35' and long. 3° 20' w W. C. 

BisHOPSViLLE, P-V. near the extreme nrthrn. 
angle of Sumpter dist. S. C. about 20 ms. e. 
Camden, and by p-r. 67 ms. n. e. by e. Colum- 
bia, and 477 s. s. w. W. C. 

Bissell's, p-o. in the s. wstrn. part of Geauga 
CO. O. about 20 ms. s. s. w. Chardon, the co. 
seat, and by p-r. 136 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 
333 n. w. by w. W. C. 

BisTiNEAU, lake of La. in the valley of Red r. 
This very remarkable sheet of water is, how- 
ever, only the most extensive of a series of 
similar reservoirs along both sides of the main 
channel of Red r. for a distance of 120 ms. be- 
low its entrance into La. The author of this 
article surveyed the country on both sides, in 
the region of these lakes, and from actual ob- 
servation came to the conclusion that the Cado, 
Coshatta, Spanish and Cassin lakes on the right, 
and Bodcau, Bistineau, Black, Saline, and Noix, 



on the left, are all of comparative recent forma, 
tion, and formed by the operation of one gene- 
ral cause. Taking Bistineau as an example, 
since their features are common, it extends 
along a valley, between hills of considerable 
elevation, for a distance of about 35 ms. vary, 
ing from half am. to 3 ms. wide. Into the 
head of this lengthened body of water Dacheet 
r. enters, and at the opposite or lower extreme 
it narrows into a river cliannel connecting it with 
Red r. It is completely evident that what is 
now a permanent lake, lies over what was for. 
merly the valley and low lands, or bottom 
ground of Datcheet, but the alluvial deposit 
brought down by Red r. gradually formed bars 
between the base of the hills and effected natur- 
al dams. 

These lakes contribute most efficiently to mit- 
igate the floods of Red r. over La. In the lat- 
ter, summer, autumn, and early winter, as the 
streams become low, a considerable part of the 
water of Bistineau and similar lakes drains out, 
and extensive natural meadows skirt the mar. 
gin of the contracted lakes. On the contrary, 
at the season of winter snows, thaws, rains, and 
spring flood, the lakes open immense deposito. 
ries into which the surplus water of the main 
stream is poured. (See Ocatahoola, and Delta.) 

Black r. Windsor co. Vt. 35 ms. long, joins 
Connecticut r. at Springfield, after passing 
through many ponds, and watering 160 sq. ms. 

Black r. Orleans co. Vt. runs 30 ms. n. into 
the s. bay of lake Memphremagog, watering 150 
sq. ms. 

Black r. N. Y. is the third r. in size which is 
wholly in the state. Rising near the sources of 
Hudson r. e. Canada cr. after a crooked course 
and receiving many branches, it enters Black r. 
bay, an arm of Chaumont bay, near the outlet of 
lake Ontario. Long Falls extend 14 ms. be- 
low Wilna, and High Falls, at Turin are 45 ms. 
below these. The water looks dark, and is 
deep and slow, and the land on the low part is 
good. It is 18 rods wide at Louville, 40 ms. 
from its mouth. 

Black r. of N. C. one of the estrn. branches 
of Cape Fear r. rises in the n. estrn. part of 
Cumberland co. between the vallies of Neuse 
and Cape Fear. rs. Flowing thence about s. s. 
eastwardly over Cumberland, Sampson, Bladen 
and New Hanover cos. it falls into the main 
stream of Cape Fear r. between New Hanover 
and Brunswick cos. after a comparative course 
of 90 ms. 

Black r. of S. C. the s. wstrn. branch of 
Great Pedee r. has its most remote source in 
Kershaw dist. and flowing thence over Sumpter 
and Williamsburg, falls into Great Pedee 3 ms. 
above the harbor of Georgetown in Georgetown 
dist. after a course of 110 ms. The higher con- 
fluents of this stream drain the greater part of 
Sumpter and Williamsburg dists. 

Black r. and lake of La. The r. rises out of 
the pine forests of the parish of Claiborne, in. 
terlocking sources with those of the Terre Bonne 
branch of Washitau, and flowing thence sthrd. 
expands into a lake and again contracts to a r. 
which joins the Saline to form the Rigolet de 
Bondieu. The valley of Black lake and r. lies 
between those of Saline and Bistineau. 



BLA 



52 



BLA 



Black r. of La. separating the parishes of 
Concordia and Rapides, though thus locally 
designated, is in reality lower Washitau. Where 
the higher Washitau receives the Tensau from 
the N. E. and the Ocatahoola from the w. the 
united waters take the local name of Black r. 
which by a very tortuous channel unites with 
Red r. about 30 ms. above the junction of the 
latter with the Mississippi. The soil along both 
banks of Black r. of La. is highly fertile, and yet 
rendered generally uncultivatable from annual 
overflow. The channel of Black r. is navigable 
except at very low water. 

Black r. of Huron, one of the estrn. branches 
of the Missouri proper, rises in Ocooch mtn. 
interlocking sources with those of Ouisconsin, 
and flowing thence about 100 ms. by compara- 
tive course to the s. w. by w. falls into the Mis- 
sissippi nearly on lat. 44°, and by the land road 
about 100 ms. above Prairie du Chien. 

Black r. of Mo. and Aik. rises by numerous 
branches in the former, interlocking sources 
with those of St. Francis, Maramec and Gas- 
connade rs. and flowing thence by two main 
branches. Current r. to the w. and Black r. pro- 
perto the e. The latter winds, first s. s. e. but 
curving gradually to the s. w. enters Arkansas, 
and unites with Current r. in Lawrence co. af- 
ter an entire coinparative course of 110 ms. 
After their junction, the name of Current r. is 
lost in the general term Black r. which, turn- 
ing to s. s. w. and continuing in that direction 
by comparative courses 60 ms. in turn loses its 
name in that of White r. at their union in Inde- 
pendence CO. Ark. It may be remarked, that 
in the much greater part of its course, Black r. 
receives no tributary of consequence from the 
left. The channel seems to be a common reci- 
pient for numerous streams from the n. vv. Of 
these tributaries. Eleven Points, Spring and 
Strawberry rs. enter below the influx of Current 
r. The valley of Black r. including all its con- 
fluents, extends from lat. 35° 32' to 37° 40' and is 
about equal to a parallelogram of 150 by 60 or 
with an area of 9000 sq. ms. very nearly tra- 
versed centrally by long. 14° w. W. C. 

Black Lake, see Oswegatchie lake. 

Black Rivek, v. Morris co. N. .7. on a stream 
of that name, which runs into the n. branch of 
Raritan r. 14 ms. w. Morristown. 

Blackbys, p-v. in the western part of Indi- 
ana CO. Pa. by p-r. 202 ms. n. w. W. C. and 
170 a little n. of w. Harrisburg. 

Blackbyville, p-o. in the northern part of 
Wayne co. 0. 8 ms. northwardly from Wooster, 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 94 ms. n. e. Columbus, 
and 355 n. w. by w. W. C. 

Black Horse, tavern and p-o. Chester co. 
Pa. 

Black Rock, Conn. (See Fairfield, Conn.) 

Black Rock, p-v. Buffalo, Erie co. N. Y. 2 
ms. N. Buffalo, has a large artificial harbor, 
made by a pier, intended as the canal harbor in 
lake Erie. A large amount of money was ex- 
pended in constructing and repairing it, as it 
was repeatedly injured by storms, &c. For a 
few years the village was very flourishing while 
it was expected to become an important place ; 
but the capital and business have since been 
chiefly transferred to Buffalo. Black Rock was 



burnt by the British during the last war, and but 
one house left standing. There is here a ferry 
to Waterloo, on the Canada side about | m. 

Blacks and Whites, p-o. Nottaway co. Va. 
by p-r 60 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Black's Bluff and p-o. on the right bank of 
Alabama r. about 105 ms. n. n. e. Mobile, and 
by p-r. 126 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

Blacksburgh, p-v. in the northern part of 
Montgomery co. Va. 9 ms. northwardly from 
Christiansburg, the co. seat, and by p-r 290 ms. 
s. w. by w. W. C. and 215 ms. westwardly from 
Richmond. 

Black Stocks, p-o. in the s. western part of 
Chester district S. C. by p-r. 46 ms. n. n. w, 
Columbia. 

Blackstone r. or Pawtucket, rises in Wor- 
cester CO. Mass. and after a s. w. course across 
the N. E. corner of R. I. enters Providence r. on 
the line of Mass. It supplies a great number 
of factories and mills, and adds vastly to the 
wealth of the region through which it flows. 
The Blackstone canal lies very nearly along its 
course. 

Blackstone, p-v. Worcester co. Mass. 41 ms. 
s. w. Boston. 

Blackstone Canal, Mass. and R. I. (See 
Rail Roads and Canals.) 

Blackstone, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 41 ms. 
s. w. Boston. 

Blacksville, p-o. Monongalia co. Va. by p-r. 
243 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 

Black Walnut, po. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 
112 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Black Warrior, (Tuscaloosa) r. of Ala. is 
formed by two main branches, Locust Fork to 
the estrd. and Mulberry r. to the wstrd. Both 
of these constituent streams have their sources 
in the ridge of hills which separate the Mobile 
and Tennessee vallies, and between the conflu- 
ent streams of Coosa and Tombigbee. The 
Locust Fork, or eastern branch, rises in Blount 
CO. within 20 ms. from Coosa r. at the mouth 
of Will's cr. and about the same distance from 
the extreme southern bend Tennessee r. Flow- 
ing thence southwestwardly over Blount co. it 
unites with Mulberry r. in the western part of 
Jefferson co. after a comparative course of 80 ms. 
Mulberry r. though with a more contracted 
length of course than the Locust branch, is 
however the main stream. Deriving its nume- 
rous confluent crs. from Lawrence, Walker, 
and the western and central part of Blount cos. 
the general course of the Mulberry is from n. 
to s. ; comparative length 60 ms. Below the 
union of its two great constituents the Black 
Warrior receives no tributary worthy notice in 
a comparative course of 80 ms. to its final junc- 
tion with Tombigbee. The valley of this r. 
approaches the form of a triangle ; base 150 
ms. from s. w. to n. e. and from the source of 
Locust r. to the mouth of the main stream ; 
greatest breadth 65, and area 4,875 sq. ms. ex- 
tending in lat. from 32° 32' to 34° 25', and in 
long, from 9° 15' to 11° w. W. C. In this val. 
ley are contained all the cos. of Blount and 
Walker, great part of .Jefferson, Tuscaloosa 
and Greene, with about one third of Fayette. 
It has the valley of Tombigbee w., Tennessee 
N., Coosa N. e., and Cahaba, s. e. 



BLA 53 

Blackwater, r. Merrimack co. N. H. joins 
Contoocook r. in Hopkinton. 

Blackwater, r. of Va. has its extreme source 
in Prince George's co. and within 8 or 10 ms. 
sthrd. from the influx of Appomattox into James 
r. Flowing thence southeastward over Surry 
and Sussex, inflects to the southward and sepa. 
rating Southampton on the right from the isle 
of Wight and Nansemond on the left, falls into 
the Nottaway r. very nearly on the border be- 
tween Va. and N. C. after a comparative course 
of 70 ms. 

Blackwell's Isl. in the East r. opposite N. 
York city, near Hurl Gate, is occupied by the 
city prison or penitentiary, where about 200 
convicts are employed in hammering stone &c. 
and the institution has become a source of profit 
to the corporation. 

Blackwell's Mill and p-o. Fauquier co. Va. 
by p-r. 60 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 116 n. n. 
w. Richmond. 

Bladen, one of the southern cos. of N. C. 
bndd. N. w. by Cumberland, by Black r. separa- 
ting it from Sampson n. e., and from New Ha- 
nover E., Brunswick s. e., by White Marsh or. 
separating it from Columbus s. w., and by the 
eastern branch of Lumber r. separating it from 
Robeson w. Length from s. e. to. n. w. 40 ms. 
mean breadth 30, and area I'iOO sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 34° 14' to 34° 42' and in 
long, from 1° 15' to 2° 04' w. W. C. The main 
volume of Cape Fearr. enters the northwestern 
border and winding southeastward divides Bla- 
den into two not very unequal sections. The 
general slope is sthrd. Much, indeed most of 
its surface is flat and marshy. Cf. t. Elizabeth- 
toNvn. Pop. 1820, 7,276, 1830, 7,814. 

Bladensburg, p-v. in the northwestern part 
of Prince George's co. Md. and on the bank of 
the e. branch of Potomac, 6 ms. n. e. from the 
general p-o. W. C. and 31 ms. w. Annapolis. 
It is a village extending chiefly in one street, 
along the main road from Baltimore to W. C. 

Blair's Cross Roads, and p-o. Grainger co. 
Ten. by p.r. 191 ms. estrd. from Nashville. 

Blair's Ferry, and p-o. in the eastern part of 
Roane co. Ten. by p-r. 20 ms. from Kingston 
the CO. seat, 179 a little s. of e. Nashville, and 
546 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Blair's Gap, and p-o. in the extreme western 
part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 35 ms. n. from the 
borough of Bedford, and by p-r. 120 ms. wstrd. 
from Harrisburg, and 158 n. n. w. W. C. 

Blair, p-v. and st. jus. Harford co. Md. 23 
ms. N. e. Baltimore, lat. 39'' 33', long. 0° 40' e. 
W. C. 

Blairsville, borough and p-v. on the right 
bank of Conemaugh r. southern part of Indiana 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 161 ms. a little n. of w. Harris- 
burg, and 189 n. w. W. C. This borough stands 
on the Pa. canal, and is a flourishing village. 
Fop. 957. 

Blairsville, otherwise Bellville, p-o. in the 
southwestern part of York dist. S. C. 9 ms. s. 
w. from Yorkville, the st. jus. of the co. and 
by p.r. 86 ms. a little w. of n. Columbia and 441 
ms. s. w. W. G. 

Blakely, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Stokes CO. N. C. by p-r. 316 ms. s. w. W. C. 
and 132 n. w. by w. Raleigh, 

8 



BLE 

Blakely, p-v. and st. jus. Early co. Geo. sit- 
uated between Flint and Chattahooche rs. by 
p.r. 869 ms. s. w. W. C. and 227 ms. in a near- 
ly similar direction from Milledgeville Lat. 
31° 22', and long. 8° w. W. C. 

Blakely, p-v. port of entry, and st. jus. Bald- 
win CO. Ala. situated on the left bank of Ten- 
saw r. or eastern arm of Mobile r. 8 ms. n. e. 
and on the opposite side from the city of Mobile, 
and by p-r. 228 ms. a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa, 
and 1,020 s. w. by w. W. C. n. lat. 30° 44', 
w. long. 11° 04'. By the returns of the census 
of 1830, the population of this place is not giv- 
en separate from that of Baldwin co. but is sup- 
posed about 500. 

Blakesburg, Plantation, Penobscot co. Me. 
20 ms. N. Bangor, 90 n. n. e. Augusta, one tsp. 
s. Piscataquay r. crossed by Dead cr. both 
branches of Penobscot r. Pop. 403. 

Blakesburg, p-v. Putnam co. Ind. 12 ma. 
from Green Castle, the st. jus., and by p.r. 614 
ms. westrd. W. C. and 54 westrd. Lidianopo- 
lis. 

Blanchard's Fork, the eastern constituent 
of the Au Glaize branch of Maumee r. O. The 
extreme source is in the central part of Hardin 
CO. interlocking sources with those of Sciota 
and Sandusky, and flowing thence northwardly 
30 ms. into the central part of Hancock co. 
where abruptly inflecting to the wstrd. it crosses 
Hancock into Putnam, and finally unites with 
Au Glaize, near the western border of the 
latter co. 

Blanford, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 15 ms. 
w. Springfield, 116 s. w. Boston, s. w. Westfield 
r. two branches of which rise here among hilly 
country, and are subject to sudden floods. It is a 
good farming town, and was principally settled 
from N. of Ireland. Pop. 1,590. 

Blanding, p-v. Orangeburg dist. S. C. by p-r. 
61 ms. southwardly from Columbia. 

Blazing Star, a noted ferry on the sound be- 
tween N. J. and Staten Island, 5 ms. s. of 
Elizabeth, 7 ms. n. of Amboy. Previous to 
the revohuion, on the main route between Phil 
and N. Y. 

Bledsoe, co. of Ten. bndd. s. w. by Marion, 
by Cumberland mtn. separating it from Warren 
w., and White n. w., by Morgan n., Roane n. e., 
and by Walden's Ridge, separating it from 
Rhea co. e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms. 
mean breadth 15, and area 600 sq. ms. Ex. 
tending in lat. from 35° 25' to 36° and in long 
from 7° 48' to 8° 36' w. W. C. This co. oc- 
cupies part of the comparatively elevated valley 
between Cumberland mtn. and Walden's Ridge; 
the central part being a table land from which 
flows sthwstrdly. the sources of Sequatchie, 
and northeastwardly those of Emery's r. The 
surface hilly and in part mtnous. Cf. t., Pikes, 
ville. Pop. 4,648. 

Blendon, p-v. and tsp. of Franklin co. O. 
The tsp. in 1830, contained a population of 666. 
The p-o. is within a few ms. from Columbus, 
the seat of government, but the exact distance 
is not given in the p-o.. list. 

Blenseim, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 44 ms. 
w. Albany, 38 n. .n. w. Catskill ; is supplied by 
Schoharie cr, and branches, with many fine mill 
seats, includes the w. part of the Catsberg hills, 



BLO 



bears oak, walnut, beech, maple, birch, &c. 
Pop. 2,280. 

BussFiELD, p-0. Lenawee co. Mich, by p-r. 
67 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit. 

Blockersville, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 64 ms. a little s. of w. Columbia, and 553 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Block Island, or New Shoreham, isl. and t. 
Newport co. R. I. lies in the Atlantic, 15 ms. 
s. s. w. Point Judith, 12 s. of the nearest part of 
the continent, 3 ms. by 8, has an uneven surface 
generally high, with a chain of ponds from n. to 
centre, has no forests and is devo!ed to tillage, 
though il)rmerly to pasture. It is a heap of 
loose earth, with separate masses of granite, 
and is constantly washing away by the sea. It 
has no harbor, and boats are secured only by 
being drawn upon shore. Long. 71° 30' w., 
lat. 41° 8'. It is proposed by the U. S. govern- 
ment to form a harbor here. 

Blockley, tsp. along the right bank of 
Schuylkill r. Philadelphia co. Fa. 3 ms. Phila- 
delphia. Pop. 1810, 1,618, 1820, 2,655, and in 
1B30, 3,401. 

Bloody Brook, p-v. Franklin co. Mass. 90 
ms. w. Boston, the scene of a battle in 1675. 

Bloody Run, p-v. Bedford co. Pa. on the left 
bank Juniata r. 8 ms. e. borough of Bedford, 
and by p-r. 118 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Bloom, p-v. on the s. e. part of Seneca co. 
O. by p-r. 423 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 83 
northward of Columbus. 

Bloomfield, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 7 ms. n. 
,E. Norridgewock, 33 n. Augusta, s. Kennebec 
r. at the bend. Has an academy. Pop. 1,072. 
Bloomfield, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 13 ms. w. 
Canandaigua, 12 ms. by 6, has an agreeable 
variety of surface, with a good and well culti- 
vated soil, and is supplied with many mill seats 
by Honeoye outlet and Mud cr. It produces 
grain, grass, and plenty of apples, &c. East 
and West Bloomfield are p-vs. In the latter is 
an academy. Pop. 3,861. 

Bloomfield, p-t. Essex co. N. J. 5 ms. n. w. 
Newark. Pop. 4,309. 

Bloomfield, v. Essex co. N. J. in the town 
of that name, distinguished by E. and W. 
Bloomfield, two flourishing villages on a small 
stream which affords power for many manufac- 
tories of woollen, paper, &c. &c. There is a 
large and well conducted academy, 4 ms. n. of 
Newark. The Morris canal passes through the 
village. 

Bloomfield, p-v. and tsp. of Crawford co. Pa. 
16 ms. wstrd. Meadville. 

Bloomfield, p-v. Loudon co. Va. by p-r. 51 
ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

, Bloomfield, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Nelson co. Ky. by p-r. 44 ms. s. w. Frankfort, 
and 595 wstrd. W. C. Pop. 301. 

Bloomfield, p-v. in the s. estrn. part of Oak- 
land CO. Mich. 19 ms. n. w. Detroit. 

Bloomfield, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. Ind. 
situated on the west branch of White r. by p-r. 
648 ms. w. W. C. and 76 below and s. w. In- 
dianopolis, lat. 39° 06' and long. 10° w. W. C. 
Bloomfield, p-v. Edgar co. II. by p-r. 120 
ms. N. E. Vandalia, and 689 ms. w. W. C. 

Bloomingburg, p-v. Sullivan co. N. Y. 23 ms. 
w. Newburgh on Shawangunk cr. 



54 BLO 

Bloomingburg, p-v. in the N. part of Fayette 
CO. O. by p-r. 44 ms. s. w. Columbus. Pop. 100. 
Bloomingdale, p-v. in the w. part of Jeffer- 
son CO. 0. 14 ms. from Steubenville, and by p-r. 
274 N. w. by w, W. C. and 135 n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbus. 

Blooming Grovc, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 12 
ms. w. West Point, is broken by mountainous 
ranges of the Highlands, and watered by Murd- 
ner's or Murderer's cr. Skunnemunk mtn. has 
several commandiny; eminences, s. e. Salisbury 
mills is a village and 2 ms. w. of it Washing- 
tonville. Craigsville and Oxford, are small vil- 
lages. Pop. 2,099. 

Blooming Grove, p-v. in the n. e. part of 
Tazewell co. II .by p-r. 772 ms. n. w. by w. half 
w. W. C. and 169 northwardly Vandalia. 

Bloomington, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Ind. 
by p-r. 627 ms. w. W. C. and 51 s. w. Indianopo- 
lis ; lat. 39° 12', long. 9° 34' w. W. C. 

Bloomington, p-v. and st. jus. McLean co. II. 
Neither the co. or village is located by either 
Tanner's United States, or the p. o. list of 1831. 
Bloomingville, p-v. in the n. part of Huron 
CO. O. 15 ms. N. Norwalk, the co. seat, and by 
p-r. 415 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 108 a little 
of N. Columbus. 

Bloomsburg, p-v. situated on the right bank 
of the main or e. branch of Susquehannah r. and 
in the s. e. part of Columbia co. Pa. by p-r. 75 
ms. above Harrisburg, and 196 a little e. of n. 
W. C. 

Bloomsburg, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Halifax 
CO. Va. 13 ms. s. Banister, the co. seat, and by 
p-r. 233 s. s, w. W. C. and 143 s. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Bloomsbury, v. Burlington co. N. J. lies ad- 
joining the city of Trenton, and includes all the 
buildings s. of the Assanpink creek. The bridge 
over the Delaware is in this town. 

Bloomsbury, v. Hunterdon co. N. J. on the 
Muskonetcunk 6 ms. e. Easton, 40 w. n. w. 
New Brunswick. 

Bloomville, p-v. Delaware co, N. Y. 70 ms. 
s. w. Albany. 

Blount, co. of Ala. bndd. by JefTerson s., 
Walker s. w. and w., Morgan n., the Cherokee 
country n. e., and St. Clair co. e. and s. e. 
Greatest length from e. to w. 55 ms. mean 
breadth 30, and area, 1,650 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 33° 45' to 34° 16', and in long, from 
9° 14' to 10° 12' w. W. C. The n. and n. e, 
boundaries of this co. are along the dividing 
ridge between the vallies of Tennessee, and 
Tombigbee branch of Mobile r. 

From this rather elevated tract, the higher 
sources of both branches of Black Warrior r. 
are poured southwardly, giving a general slope 
to the county in that direction. The surface 
is hilly, and soil with some exceptions rather 
sterile. Chief t, Blountsville. Pop. 1820, 2,415, 
1830, 4,233. 

Blount, co. of Ten. bndd. by Tennessee r. 
separating it from the Cherokee country s. w., 
and Monroe co, of Ten. w., by Holston r. sepa- 
rating Roane co. n. w., and Knox n., Sevier co. 
N. E. and E., and the Iron mtn. separating it from 
Haywood co. N. C. s. e. Length 48 ms. mean 
breadth 14, and area 672 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 35° 28' to 36" 53', and in long, from 6° 



BLU 



55 



BLU 



24' to 7° 12'. The slope ot this co is \. wstrd. 
towards Holston r. The surface is broken, but 
soil good. It is among the most ancient settle- 
ments of Ten. by the whites. Cf. t. Maysville. 
Pop. 1820, 11,258, 1830, 11,028. 

Blount Spring, p-o. in the s. part of Blount 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 90 ms. n. e. from Tuscaloosa, 
and 789 s. w. by w. W. C. 

Blountsville, p-v. Jones co. Geo. 17 ras. w. 
Milledgeville. 

Blountsville, p-v. and st. jus. Blount co. Ala. 
situated on Locust branch of Black Warrior r. 
56 ms. sthwd. from Huntsville, and by p.r. 748 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 110 n. e. Tuscaloosa. 
Lat. 34° 05', w. long. 9° 35' W. C. 

Blountsville, p-v. and st. jus. Sullivan co. 
Ten. 107 ms. n. e. by E. Knoxville, and by p-r. 
409 s. w. by w. W. C. and 306 a little n. of e. 
Nashville. Lat. 36° 32', long. 5° 18' w. W. C. 

Blue Earth, r. a nrthrn. br. of Kansas r. ri- 
ses at about 2H° w. long. W. C. and between 
the Platte r. and Republican Fork of Kansas, and 
flowing thence by a general s. estrn. course ; 
comparative length of 150 ms. falls into the left 
side of Kansas r. at n. lat. 39°. The valley of 
Blue Earth r. lies between that of the Republi- 
can Fork of Kansas, and those of Great Neme- 
haw, and some lesser confluents of the Missouri 
below the mouth of Great Nemehaw and that of 
Kansas r. 

Blue Hill, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 12ms.N. e. 
Castine, 78 Augusta, on a large Bay. It has an 
academy. Pop. 1830, 1,486. 

Blue House, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Colleton 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 93 ms. s. Columbia, and 588 

B. w. W. C. 

Blue Mountain. This undistinguishing term 
has been applied to several chains of the Appa- 
lachian system in the U.S. but more particular- 
ly to that one called by some tribes of Indians 
" Kaatatin Chunk," or Endless mountain. If we 
turn our attention to the Appalachian chain we 
find them often only interrupted, where a cursory 
survey would lead us to place a termination. 
Whether the Kittatinny chain, or " Blue Moun- 
tain" could be detected estwrd. from the Hud- 
son we are unprepared to determine, but wstrd. 
of that river, this chain is found distinct in the 
Shawangunk, near Kingston, in Ulster co. N. Y. 
It thence ranges s. w. meets and turns Dela- 
ware r. at the extreme nrthrn. angle of N. J. 
and continues its original direction to the Del. 
Water Gap, where the mountain chain is tra- 
versed by the river, and the former curves more 
wstwrd. enters Pennsylvania, over which it ran- 
ges about 150 ms. to the nithrn. angle of Frank- 
lin GO. after having been pierced by the Lehigh, 
Schuylkill, and Susquehannah rivers. Between 
Franklin and Bedford cos. the Kittatinny reas- 
sumes nearly its original direction in the state 
of N. Y. and though in some places confounded 
with the Alleghany, really continues a distinct 
chain over Md. Va. N. C. and Ten. into Ala. 
s. w. of Susquehanna, the Kittatinny rises, and 
extending first nearly w. between the confluents 
of Conedogwinet and Shoreman's rivers, is 
thence broken into ridges bounding on the w. 
the valley of Conecocheague, gradually curves 
to the sthwrd. and reaches Potomac, extend- 
ing very little w. of s. Rising again beyond 
the Potomac, between the Opequan and Black 



creeks, it runs nearly parallel with the Blue 
ridge, is passed by the North Fork of She- 
nandoah, and extends thence between the 
two main branches of that river. Though 
scarcely appearing distinctly on our best 
maps, the chain of Kittatinny is completely 
distinct and continues over Rockingham, Au- 
gusta, and Roxbridge cos. Va. into Botetourt, to 
where it is traversed by James river, below the 
mouth of Craig's creek. Rising again beyond 
James r. the chain stretches along the higher 
sources of James and Roanoke rs. to the centre 
of Montgomery co. near Christiansburg. Here 
it leaves the Atlantic slope, and merges into 
the valley of O. by entering the subvalley of 
New river or upper Kenhawa. 

Thus far, in all its range from the Hudson; the 
Kittatinny chain is broken into links by the high- 
er sources of the Atlantic rivers, and similar to 
the Soutlieast mountain and Blue ridge, tha 
base gradually rises, ascending the vast inclin- 
ed plain obliquely, until it reaches the high. 
est apex between the sources of Roanoke 
and those of Little river branch of New river. 
In this region the lowest gap through which 
measurements have been made for a project- 
ed canal, is 2049 feet above the level of the 
Atlantic ocean. The base of the chain now 
commences to depress and inflecting to a course 
considerably west of southwest, is traversed by 
New river or Upper Kenhawa. Beyond the 
latter stream, under the local name of Iron 
mountain, and discharging to the eastward the 
confluents of New river, and from the opposite 
flank those of the south branch of Holston and 
Watauga, reaches the extreme n. estrn. angle 
of Ten. At the latter point, the chain assumes 
a direction very nearly s. w. and under the va- 
rious local names of Iron mountain, Bald moun- 
tain, Smoky mountain, and Unika mountain, is 
pierced in succession by Watauga, Doe, Nole- 
chucky, French Broad, Big, Pigeon, Tennesee, 
Proper, and Hiwassee rs. and merges accord- 
ing to Tanner's map of the United States, into 
Blue ridge, in the northern part of Georgia, be- 
tween the sources of Coosa and Hiwassee rs. 

If the whole body of the Kittatinny and its 
mean elevation is compared with the body and 
elevation of Blue ridge, the former exceeds in 
both respects, trom the Hudson to their termi- 
nation in Georgia, though at the High lands on 
the Hudson and in the Peaks of Otter, the Blue 
ridge rises to a superior elevation from their re- 
spective bases. 

As a distinct and defined chain the Kittatinny 
is upward of eight hundred miles in length. 
The height above the ocean varies from 800 to 
2,500 feet. All the ridges in their natural state 
were wooded to their summits, though the trees 
are generally stunted in growth at any consid- 
erable height. In the vallies along both flanks 
the timber is often very large and lofty ; par- 
ticularly the pines, oaks, hemlocks, and lirio- 
dendron. On some of the ridges good arable 
soil is found on the summits, but sterility is the 
general character of the soil. Amongst the pe- 
culiar features of this chain, one may be re- 
marked, which gives it a very distinct charac. 
ter. In all its length, it is no where strictly a 
dividing limit between river sources. Without 
assuming any connexion with the mountains 



BLU 



56 



BLU 



eastward of the Hudson, the Kittatinny is 
pierced by the Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill, 
Susquehannah, Potomac and James rivers, flow- 
ing into the Atlantic ocean, and by the Great 
Kenhawa, and various branches of Tennnesee 
flowing into the valley of Ohio, or basin of the 
Mississippi. 

Blue Ridge ; of the distinctive chains of the 
Appalachian system, and indeed of all the sec- 
tions of this system, the Blue ridge stands most 
apart and prominent, though of much narrower 
base, and of less mean elevation than either 
the Kittatinny or Alleghany. On a colored 
map of Virginia the Blue ridge has a very stri- 
king appearance, arising from the fact of being 
a county limit in all its range over that state. 
Without tracing a probable but hypothetical 
identity, between the mountains of Mass. Conn, 
and Vt. with the Blue ridge, we first meet this 
chain distinct at West Point on the Hudson 
river. Thence it rises into broken but continu- 
ous ridges over N. Y. and N. J. to the Dela- 
ware, in a southwesterly direction. Traversed 
by the Delaware immediately below the influx 
of Lehigh, and inflecting similar to the Kitta- 
tinny, to s. w. by w., it is pierced by the Schuyl- 
kill at Reading, by the Susquehannah below the 
mouth of Swatara, by the Potomac at Harper's 
Ferry, by James river, between Bedford and 
Amherst cos. Virginia, and by the Roanoke be- 
tween Bedford and Franklin cos. in the same 
state. In its further progress s. w. from Roan- 
oke, the Blue ridge becomes the limit of river 
source to its final extinction in Ala. The length 
of this chain from the Hudson to Roanoke, 450 
ms. and from Roanoke to where it ceases to be 
a distinct chain in Ala. 350 ms. having an en- 
tire length of 800 ms. s. w. from the Hudson. 
The Hudson does not, however, terminate the 
Blue ridge to the n. eastward. Many river 
passages through mountains have been noticed 
and celebrated, and, amongst others, the pas- 
sage of this chain by the Potomac at Harper's 
Ferry ; but it may be doubted whether from all 
the attendant circumstances, any similar phe- 
nomenon on earth combines so many very re- 
markable features as the tide stream of the 
Hudson through the two chains, the southeast 
mountain and Blue ridge. 

Profoundly deep, far below the utmost 
draught of the largest vessels of war, the flux 
and reflux of the tides rush along a narrow and 
tortuous channel, on both sides bounded by 
enormous craggy and almost perpendicular 
walls of rock, rising from one thousand to 
twelve or fifteen hundred feet above the water 
surface. Sailing along this astonishing gorge 
the mind involuntarily demands by what opera- 
tion of nature has this complication of wonders 
been produced ? Again, what in an eminent 
degree enhances the surprise and admiration, 
is the fact, that this great river pass is made 
directly through a mountain nucleus. In all 
the chains of the Appalachian system, masses 
rise at different places, far above the ordinary 
height, and spreading much wider than the 
mean base of the chain in which they occur. 
The peaks of Otter — the peaks in the Catsbergs, 
in Windham, Green co. N. Y., several peaks of 
the Green mts. in Vt., and above all, the White 



mts. of N. H. are examples. The Highlands, 
pierced by the Hudson, and passed by the tide 
from the ocean, are however, every thing con- 
sidered, by much the most remarkable of these 
mountain peaks or groups to be found, not only 
in the U. States, but probably on this planet. 
Receding from the highlands, either to the s. w. 
or N. E. the chain depresses so much, that on 
our maps, the continuity in either direction, is 
generally not represented. There is, neverthe. 
less, in the vicinity of the Hudson, no real 
interruption of either the s. e. mtn. or Blue 
Ridge, along their lines of direction. The 
highest peaks being in the Blue ridge on both 
sides of the river. Of these peaks, the highest 
is Butter Hill, which rises 1,535 feet above the 
ocean tides, and rising abruptly from the water, 
affords a very fine and extended landscape to 
the N. w. and n. 

After leaving the Hudson, Blue Ridge con- 
tinues to n. e. about 20 ms. and then, similar to 
other chains of the same system on both sides of 
that river, rapidly inflects to a course a very 
little N. of E., a direction which it maintains 
above 250 ms. in the states of N. Y., Mass. and 
Vt. For the first 70 ms. of its northerly course, 
the Blue Ridge discharges from its eastern 
flank numerous branches of Housatonic, and 
from the opposing slope, Fishkill, Wappingers, 
Jansen's or Ancram, and Kinderhook creeks, 
flowing wstrd. into the Hudson. With the 
sources of Housatonic and Hoosack rs. the 
features of Blue Ridge change ; hitherto from 
the Hudson, a line of river source, it now loses 
that character, and is broken into innumerable 
ridges by the higher sources of Hoosack and 
Batten Kill, flowing into the Hudson, and thence 
by those of Paulet, Otter, Onion, La Moille, 
and Missisque rs. falling into lake Champlain. 
All these latter streams rise in the s. e. moun- 
tain, and flowing down a western slope pass the 
Blue Ridge. 

A hypothesis may be hazarded that what is 
designated Green mountains in the southern 
part of Vt. and the ridge or series of ridges 
known by the same term in the northern part of 
the same state, are fragments of two separate 
chains, though generally represented as the 
continuation of one and the same chain. Re- 
garding the great western chain e. of the Hud- 
son, in the state of N. Y., Mass. and Vt., as the 
continuation of Blue Ridge, the whole length 
of the chain in the U. S. exceeds 1,000 ms. In 
relative elevation, the Blue Ridge is humble, 
though in one part, Bedford co. Va. the peaks 
of Otter rise to 4,200 feet above tide water. 
Generally, the ridges are from 700 to 1,000 
feet above their bases, and the base rising with 
the mountain, when the ridges are seen from 
the elevated table land, from which flow 
Roanoke, Kenhawa, Yadkin, and Tennessee, 
they are, in fact, less imposing than when seen 
from the Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, 
Potomac or James rs., though ot the former 
region, the real oceanical elevation is more 
than double to what it is near the more northern 
rivers. 

From its prominence, and southwestwardly 
from the Hudson, its isolation, Blue Ridge has 
been, though very erroneously, regarded and 



BOE 



57 



BOL 



delineated as the extreme southeastern chain 
of the system ; in reality, however, it is the 
third distinct chain advancing from the Atlantic 
ocean. (See art. Southeast mtn.) 

Blue Rock, p-v. in the western part of Musk- 
ingum CO. O. 12 ms. from Zanesville, and by 
p-r. 71 E. Columbus, and 348 n. w. by w. W. C. 

Blue Spring Grove, p-o. Barren co. Ky. 12 
ms. N. Glasgow, the st. jus. and by p-r. 126 s. 
w. Frankfort. 

Blue Stone, small r. of Va. in Tazewell and 
Giles cos. rises in the latter, interlocking 
sources with those of Clinch and Big Sandy, 
flows thence n. e. down a mountain valley into 
Ne w r. which it enters about five ms. above the 
influx of Green Brier r. 

Blue Stone, p-o. on the Blue Stone r. south- 
eastern part of Tazewell co. Va. by p-r. 279 ms. 
a little s. of w. Richmond, and 337 s. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Blue Sulphur Spring, and p-o. Green Brier 
CO. Va. by p-r. 203 ms, w. Richmond, and 264 s. 
w. by w. W. C. 

Bluffdale, p-o. in the w, part of Greene co. 
II. 10 ms. w. Carrollton, the st. jus. for the co. 
and by p-r. 116 ms. a little n. of w. Vandalia, 
and 897 w. W. C. 

BoALSBUKG, p-v. in the southern part of Centre 
CO. Pa. 15 ms. s. Bellefonte, by p-r. 81 n. w. 
Harrisburg, and 183 n. n. w. W. C. 

BoARDMAN, P-v. on Mahoning r. and in the s. 
E. part of Trumbull co. 0. ll ms. s. e. and be- 
low Warren, the st. jus., and 161 ms. n. e. by e. 
Columbus. 

BoDCAU, r. of Ark. and La. The Bodcau 
rises in Hempstead co. of the former, and flow- 
ing thence s. over La Fayette, enters Claiborne 
parish, La., expands into a lake and again into 
a river which falls into Red r. opposite the 
great raft. The valley of Bodcau lies between 
those of Bistineau and Red r. The lake of 
Bodcau is similar in its features to that of Bis- 
tineau, which see. 

BoEUF, large bayou or creek of La. has its 
source in the pine forests, of the parish of 
Rapide, 8 or 10 ms. s. w. from the village of 
Alexandria on Red r. This remarkable water 
course flows first to the n. e. towards Red r. 
and entering the alluvial tract near that stream, 
approaches within a few hundred yards of that 
arm of Red r. called the Rapide bayou, but the 
Boeuf retires to the s. e. about 15 ms. where it 
divides into two streams, one of which, the left 
or eastern, winds eastwardly and communicates 
with Red r. by an outlet from that stream ; 
and again dividing, the right branch forms the 
bayou de Glaize, which unites with the Atcha- 
falaya, 5 ms. below the outlet of the latter from 
the Mississippi. 

The main or right branch of the Boeuf, after 
the division of its waters as noticed above, as- 
sumes a course of s. s. e. by direct distance 
thirty miles, but perhaps a third more following 
the windings to its junction with the Crocodile, 
to form the Courtableau r. The lands along 
the Boeuf are exuberantly fertile. By its chan- 
nel, at seasons of high flood, a navigable con- 
nexion exists for small vessels, between Red r. 
and the streams of Opelousas and Attacapas. 
The writer of this article made this navigation 



in a very large pirogue, built on lake Bistineau, 
brought down Red r. and through the interme- 
diate bayou into the Boeuf, and down the Boeuf 
into the Courtableau to Lemelle's landing, 4 
ms. from the village of St. Landre in Opelousas. 

Boeuf, r. of Ark. and La. rises in the former 
and in Arkansas co. and within 7 or 8 ms. from 
Arkansas r. Interlocking sources with those 
of the Barthelemy, and flowing at a mean 
distance of about 20 ms. from the Misp. r. over 
Ark. and Chicot cos. the Boeuf enters La. 
Bending to s. s. w. about 70 ms. and again curv- 
ing to a little E. of s. joins the Washitau, twenty 
direct miles north of the junction of the latter 
with Ocatahoola and Tensaw. The entire 
comparative course of the Boeuf is 170 ms. 
The valley of Boeuf generally separates the 
pine forest land from the annually overflown 
tracts along the Misp. and Tensaw rs. 

A boatable channel could be easily formed to 
unite the Misp. with the Washitau by means of 
the Boeuf, and by a canal from Grand lake im- 
mediately above the northern boundary of 
Louisiana. 

Bogle's p-o. in the s. w. part of Iredell co. N. 
C. by p-r. 167 ms. w. from Raleigh. 

Bogle's p-o. Ferry co. Ala. by p-r. 50 ms .s. e. 
Tuscaloosa. 

BoGUE Chitto, r. of the states of Misp. and 
La. is the s. w. branch of Pearl r. rising in 
Lawrence co. of the former, flows thence by a 
course a little e. of s. over Pike, and enters 
Washington parish, La. Inflecting to southeast 
35 ms. over Washington, it thence bends still 
more e. and for a distance of 25 ms. separates 
the latter from St. Tammany parish to its final 
influx into Pearl r. after an entire comparative 
course of about 90 ms. The Bogue Chitto has 
interlocking sources with those of Bayou Pierre, 
and Homochitto, but higher part of the valley of 
Bogue Chitto lies principally between that of 
Pearl and Tangipaha, and the lower part be- 
tween that of Pearl and Chifuncte. 

Bohemia, large cr. in the southern part of 
Coecil CO. Md. This cr. rises in Newcastle co. 
Del. and flowing thence w. opens into a com- 
paratively large bay, which communicates with 
the Elk r. between 4 and 5 ms. above the 
opening of the latter into Chesapeake bay. 
The Bohemia heads with the Appoquinimink. 

Bolivar, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 265 ms. w, 
Albany. Pop. 449. 

Bolivar, p-o. Westmoreland co. Pa. by p-r. 
189 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 166 w. Harris- 
burg. 

Bolivar, p-v. in the s. part of Robeson co. N. 
C. by p-r. 101 ms. a little w. of s. from Raleigh. 

Bolivar, p-v. Washington co. Misp. about 100 
ms. N. N. E. Natches. 

Bolivar, p-o. and st. jus. Hardiman co. Ten. 
situated on Big Hatche r.70ms. a little n. of e. 
Memphis, on Misp. r.. and by p-r. 849 ms. s. w. 
by w. W. C. and 158 in nearly a similar direc. 
tion from Nashville. Lat. 35° l6' and long. 12° 
w. W. C. 

Bolivar, p-v. on Tuscarawas r. in the north- 
ern angle of Tuscarawas co. O. 10 ms. above 
and north from New Phil, the st. jus. and by p-r, 
111 ms. N. E. by E, Columbus, and 324 n. w. by 
w. W. C. 



BOO 



58 



BOR 



Bolivia, p-v. in the n. w. part of St. Genevieve 
CO. Mo. by p-r. 894 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 
and about 65 a little w. of s. St. Louis. 

Bolsters' Mills, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 
81 ms. Augusta. 

Bolton, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 17 ms. n. w. 
Montpelier, 17 s. e. Burlington, is very moun- 
tainous, and has but a small part habitable, on 
the w. range of the Green mtns. crossed by 
Onion r. and several branches. Pop. 452. 

Bolton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 33 ms. w. 
Boston, has a varied surface, with good soil, 
between Concord and Nashua rs. Pop. 1,258. 

Bolton, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 14 ms. e. Hart- 
ford, 3 ms. by 5, is on the granite range which 
divides the waters of Conn, and Thames rs., 
has a coarse gravelly loam, with very good 
grazing, with oak, walnut, chestnut, &,c. It 
has a branch of Hop r. and one of Salmon r. 
Pop. 744. 

Bolton, p-t. Warren co. N. Y., 14 ms. n. 
Caldwell, 76 n. Albany, w. Lake George, e. Sca- 
roon r. has a mountainous or hilly surface, with 
broad vallies. It yields wheat, rye, grass, &c. 
with fruit trees near the lake. Timber is car- 
ried down the lake on rafts. The people are 
chiefly from N. England. The t. includes 
Tongue mtn. n. w. Bay, and the Narrows of 
Lake George, which is spotted with innumera- 
ble islands, and offers the most romantic scenery 
on the lake. The steamboat Moimtaineer plies 
from Caldwell to the bottom of the lake, 14 ms. 
Fop. 1,466. 

Bolton, v. Ulster co. N. Y. on the Hudson 
and Delaware canal. 

Bond, co of II. bounded by Clinton s., Madi- 
son w., Montgomery w., and Lafayette e. Length 
20, breadth 18, and area 360 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 38° 44' to 39° 02', and in long. 
from 12° 16', to 12° 36' w. W. C. The slope 
is nearly due south, and in that direction is 
drained by Shoal creek and other smaller 
streams flowing into Kaskaskiar. Cf. t. Gren- 
ville. Pop. 3,124. 

Bone, p-o. Hopkins co. Ky. by p-r. 210 ms. 
s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Bo.nnetCarke', (Square Bonnet,) remarkable 
bend of the Mississippi r. 

Bonnet Caere', p-o. on Bonnet Carre' Bend, 
parish of St. John Baptist, La., 36 ms. above 
New Orleans, and by p-r, 1241 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Bono, p-v. in the southern part of Lawrence 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 84 ms. a little w. of s. Indianopo- 
lis, and 631 westward W. C. 

BoN Pas, p-v. on the right bank of Wabash r. 
in the extreme n. e. angle of White co. II. 45 
ms. s. w. Vincennes, and by p-r. 106 ms. s. e. by 
E. Vandalia, and 747 Westward W. C. 

Box Secouus. (See Mobile bay.) 

Boone, p-v. in the w. part of Pickens co. Ala. 
11 ms. w. Pickensville, the st. jus. and by p-r. 
48 ms. w. Tuscaloosa, and 906 s. w. by w. 
W.C. 

Boone, one of the two extreme northern cos. 
of Ky. bndd. by Grant s., the Ohio river below 
the mouth of Great Miami, separating from 
Switzerland co. Ind. w., and Dearborne co. Ind. 
N. w., by Ohio river above the mouth of Great 
Miami, separating it from Hamilton co. 0. n., 
and by Campbell co. Ky. e. Length from south 



to north along the Ohio river, 25 ms., mean 
breadth 12, and area 300 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 38° 47', to 39° 08' n., and in long, from 
7° 35', -to 7° 51' w. from W. C. The slope is 
westward towards the Ohio r. surface very hilly, 
but soil productive. Cf. t. Burlington and Flor- 
ence. Pop. 1820, 6,582, 1830, 9,075. 

Boone, co. of Ind. bndd. s. by Hendricks, w. 
by Montgomery, n. by Clinton, e. by Hamilton, 
and s. e. by Marion. Length 26, breadth 20, 
and area 520 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 
57', to 40° 13', and in long, from 9° 13', to 9° 
42' w. from W. C. The slope is westward 
and drained in that direction by Sugar and Rac- 
coon crs. and other streams flowing into Wa- 
bash r. Thorntown, the st. jus. is situated in 
direct distance 35 ms. southwestwardly from 
Indianopolis, but by p-r. 62, and 598 ms. w. W. 
C. Pop. 622. 

Boone, co. Mo. bndd. on the n. w. by How- 
ard, N. by Randolph, n. e. by Audrain, e. and 
s. E. by Callaway and Monroe, and s. and s. w. 
by Missouri r. separating it from Cole co. 
Length from south to north 40 ms. : mean 
breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 38° 38', to 39° 12' and in long, from 
15° 03', to 15° 32' w. W. C. It slopes a little 
w. of s. and is drained in that direction by Rock 
cr., Cedar cr. and other small streams falling in. 
to Missouri r. Cf. t. Columbia. Pop. 8,839. 

BooNSBORo', or Morganville, p-v. in the east- 
ern part of Washington co. Md. 11 ms. s. s. e. 
Hagerstown, 16 n. w. by w. Frederick, and by 
p-r. 59 N. w. W. C. 

BooNESBORo', P-v. ou the left bank of Ky. r. 
Madison co. Ky. 41 ms. s. e. Frankfort, 13 s. s. 
E. Lexington, and by p-r. 526 a little s. of w. 
W.C. 

Boone's Mill, and p-o. Franklin co. Va. by 
p-r. 167 ms. s. w. Richmond, and 263 s. w. by 
w. W. C. 

Booneton, v. Morris co. N. J., on the Rock- 
away r., where there are a succession of falls 
affording great water power, and on which sev- 
eral extensive manufactories of iron are erect- 
ed, 10 ms. N. N. E. of Morristown. The Morris 
canal passes by this place. 

Booneton, p-v. Boone co. Mo. by p-r. 57 ms. 
northwardly from Jefferson, and 992 ms, west- 
wardly from W. C. 

BooNESviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Warrick co. 
Ind. situated between Pigeon and Cypress crs. 
19 ms. N. E. by e. Evansville, on Ohio r., 55 ms. 
s. s. E. Vincennes, and by p-r. 187 ms. s. s. w. 
Indianopolis. 

BooNEViLLE, p-v. st. jus. Coopcr CO. Mo. situ- 
ated on the right bank of Missouri r. opposite 
to Franklin in Howard co., by p-r. 185 ms. a lit- 
tie N. of w. from St. Louis, and 51 n. w. by w. 
Jefferson. 

BooNviLLE, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 27 ms. n. 
Utica, is hilly in some parts, is crossed by Black 
r. of L. Ontario, lO ms. above High Falls. The 
v. is in the s. on the Black r. road. Pop. 2,746. 

BooTHBAY, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 10 ms. s. e. 
Wiscasset, 39 from Augusta, w. Damariscotta 
r. which, with another arm of the sea w. almost 
insulate it. Pop. 2,286. 

BoRDENTOwN, p-v. Burlington co. N. J. Beau- 
tifuUy situated on the Delaware at the mouth of 
Crosswicks cr. 6 ms. below Trenton, 25 above 



BOS 



59 



BOS 



Philadelphia. Here is the residence of Joseph 
Bonaparte, who has enclosed an extensive and 
beautiful park in the vicinity. The Delaware 
and Raritan canal discharges here into the Del- 
aware river, and the Camden and Amboy Rail- 
way passes through the town, affording great 
advantages of communication. 

BoRDENViLLE, p-o. Carteret co. N. C. by p.r. 
177 ms. s. E. Raleigh, and near the Atlantic 
coast. 

BoRDLAY, p-v. in the western part of Union 
CO. Ky. by p-r. 753 ms. w. W. C, 2 15 a little s. 
of w. from Frankfort, and 10 w. from Morgan, 
field, the co. seat. 

BoRGNE, lake of, as usually denominated, is a 
bay, and the western extreme of Pascagoula 
sound. The sheet of water particularly called 
lake Borgne, lies between the parish of Plaque- 
mines in La. and Hancock co. Misp. It com- 
municates on the N. E. with Pascagoula sound 
by the pass of Christian, between Cat island and 
the main shore of Mississippi, on the e. with the 
gulf of Mexico by the pass of Marian, and to 
the N. w. with lake Pontchartrain, by the two 
passes of Rigoletts and Chef Menteur. From 
its position lake Borgne is important, as through 
it exists the inland or Pontchartrain entrance to 
New Orleans. (See Pascagola sound.) 

BoREDiNo, p-v. in the n. w. part of Wayne co. 
Mich, by p-r. 547 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 30 
westwardly from Detroit. 

BoRRYSviLLE, p-v. Nimeshillon, tsp. Stark co. 
O. 10 ms. N. E. Canton, and by p-r. 126 ms. n. e. 
by E. Columbus. 

BoscAWEN, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 ms. 
N. N. w. Concord, 52 n. w. Portsmouth, e. Mer- 
rimack r. 7 ms. by 7, contains 32,230 acres, and 
is partly watered by Blackwater r. on which are 
fine meadows and mill sites, and it has Great 
and Long ponds. It has extensive meadows on 
Merrimac r. The hilly country (five sevenths 
of the t.) is fertile and bears oak, &c. It is re- 
markably healthy. First settled 1734; the in- 
habitants lived in garrison 22 years. Pop. 2,093. 

Bosric's Mills, and p-o. in the s. part of 
Richmond co. N. C. by p-r. 41 1 ms. s. w. W. C. 
and 127 s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Boston Corner, t. Berkshire co. Mass. Pop. 
64. 

Boston, s-p. capital of Mass. and st. jus. Suf- 
folk CO. is the largest city in New England, and 
the fourth in the U. S. in population. It stands 
on an irregular peninsula, at the bottom of Mass. 
bay, and is united s. w. to the main land by a nar- 
row neck, which formerly was overflowed by 
high tides. Length nearly 2 3-4 ms., original 
breadth 1 m. but by the addition of streets built 
out upon the flats is now much wider; so that 
including South Boston (which is not within the 
peninsula) the whole extent is about 3 sq. ms. 
It is distant from W. C. n. e. 436 ms. 300 n. e. 
Phil., 210 n. e. New York, 100 e.n. e. Hartford, 
40 N. E. Providence ; long. 70° 58' 53" w.; lat. 
42° 22'. Pop. 1765, 15,520, in 1790, 18,038, in 
1800, 24,937, in 1810, 33,250, in 1820, 43,298, 
and in 1830, 61,392. Its harbor is commodious ; 
it might contain 500 ships, and is of depth suf- 
ficient for those of the largest size. It is pro- 
tected from storms by numerous islands. On 
Governor's and Castle islands, are forts War- 



ren and Independence, which defend the harbor, 
and in a good degree shelter it from the sea. 
The entrance is very narrow. 

Cotmnerce. — The commerce of Boston has 
always been great. Many ships are owned and 
employed in their coasting and foreign trade ; 
during the year ending Sept. 30, 1832, the value 
of imports into the district of Boston and 
Charlestown was $15,492,432; value of ex- 
ports $9,605,087. The duty accruing in the 
same district and time amounted to $5,490,- 
126,95. Aggregate tonnage of 3 lines regular 
coasting vessels to New York 1920, and their 
cargoes estimated at $6,000,000 per annum. 
There are also regular packets to Phil., Balti- 
more, Alexandria, Georgetown, Washington, 
Charleston, Hartford, Albany, Troy, &c. Large 
investments have been made by the capitalists 
here, in the joint stock manufacturing establish- 
ments of Mass. in Lowell, Waltham and many 
other towns ; and in N. H., R. I., Conn, and oth- 
er states. The interior communication has 
been much improved. The Middlesex canal, 
which is 29J ms. long, breadth 30 feet, and 
depth 3 feet, with an elevation of 104 feet, ex- 
tends to Lowell from Boston harbor, and forms 
with Merrimack river a navigable channel to 
Concord, N. H. Large quantities of manufac- 
tured goods and the raw material, granite, tim- 
ber, &c. are transported upon it. There is a 
rail road to Lowell, and several others are pro- 
jected; from Boston to Albany, to Worcester, 
and Ogdensburg, N. Y. to Providence R. I. and 
Taunton ; and surveys were begun in 1831 for 
one or more to the waters of Narraganset bay. 
Numbers of fine stage coaches run regularly 
on all the principal roads from Boston, and the 
travelling between that place and Providence is 
very great, while the steam boats ply on Long 
Island sound. By steam boats to Augusta, Me. 
and thence to Quebec by the Kennebec road, 
travellers have gone through in five days. A 
company has been formed, with a considerable 
capital, for the purpose of running a line of 
steam-carriages from Boston to Salem. It is in 
contemplation to put 4 carriages (to contain 24 
to 30 passengers each) upon the road ; and to 
commence operations during the present sum- 
mer, (1833.) 

Banks, Insurance Companies, ^c. — There 
are 22 Banks, the aggregate capital of which is 
.$15,600,000, including a branch of the U. S. 
bank, capital $1,500,000, and the State bank, 
capital $1,800,000. In 1831 their dividends 
were $770,000. There are 13 Marine Insu- 
ranee companies, capital $3,375,000, and 10 
Fire Insurance companies, capital $2,800,000 ; 
the Mass. hospital and Life Insurance company, 
capital, $500,000, and the Mass. Assurance, 
and Fishing Insurance companies. Seventeen 
of these companies, in 1831, averaged more 
than 5 per cent, dividend. 

Bridges, ^-c. — There are seven bridges con- 
necting Boston with the neighboring country. 
The oldest, Charles r. bridge, 1,503 feel long, 
42 wide, built on 75 piers and extending across 
Charles r. to Charlestown ; Warren, nearly par- 
allel with the former, and also running to 
Charlestown, 1,420 feet long, on piers, and 
macadamized, at the end of which the Lowell 



BOS 



60 



BOS 



rail road terminates ; Craigie's bridge, running 
in a N. vv. direction to Lechmere point, standing 
on piers also, and macadamized ; Cambridge, 
or West Boston bridge, running nearly e. and 
w. 3,483 feet in length, and supported by 180 
piers, extending to Cambridge port ; and the 
Western Avenue, or Mill dam, so called, 8,000 
feet long and 50 wide, running a little s. of w. 
across to Roxbury. This latter is formed of 
solid earth, supported by stone walls on the 
sides ; with the addition of a cross dam, two 
large basins are formed which are alternately 
filled at ebb and flood tide, by means of which 
a perpetual water power is created for mills, 
and other machinery connected with it. These 
dams were built in 1823 — 4 and cost over $600,- 
000. There is a branch from Craigie's bridge 
also, which runs to Charlestown point, near the 
Mass. state prison. The preceding are all toll 
bridges. South Boston bridge, running about 
s. s. E. from the Neck to South Boston, former- 
ly a toll bridge, rendered unprofitable by the 
erection of the free bridge from Wheeler's point, 
the s. extremity of the city, has been surrender- 
ed to the corporation and is now free. 

The wharves are numerous, generally spa- 
cious, and offer ample accommodation for ship- 
ping, and store houses for merchandize. Long 
wharf is 1,650 feet in length, and on Central 
wharf, which is 1,240 feet long and 150 wide, 
is built a uniform range of brick stores, 4 stories 
high, extending the whole length of the wharf. 
In the centre of these is a hall and observatory, 
where the telegraph office is kept, which is 
conducted on the most approved semaphoric 
system. Here, by means of intermediate sta- 
tions on Rainsford island, and Point Alderton at 
the mouth of the harbor, intelligence can be 
conveyed in 3 minutes to and from vessels 50 
miles from the city. Commercial and India 
wharves, also, are very extensive. 

Public Buildings, <^c. — Boston in the num- 
ber and extent of its public buildings, stores, 
&c. is not exceeded by any other city in the U. 
S. The state house stands on an eminence, 
the highest in the city, is built of brick, and 
from the summit of its dome presents a most 
extensive and beautiful view of the city and sur- 
rounding country. In a niche erected for the 
purpose, on the lower floor, stands Chantry's 
statue of Washington, a fine specimen of sculp- 
ture, erected at an expense of $16,000. Fane- 
uil hall market,said to be the most beautiful build- 
ing of the kind in the world, was built in 1826. 
It stands near the principal wharves, in the cen- 
tre of business ; it is built of granite, the centre 
about 60 feet square, surmounted by a dome ; 
there are -2 wings, having at each extremity 4 
massy granite columns, weighing about 25 tons 
each. Its extreme length is 540 feet, width 50, 
and is 2 stories high ; the upper one has a spa- 
cious hall, occupied by the New England so- 
ciety for the encouragement of domestic man- 
ufactures. Semi-annual sales oi these articles 
are held here. At the last sale in 1831, cotton 
and woollen goods, amoimting to $452,945, 
boots and shoes, $61,133, and furniture, $4,876 
were sold. The Tremont house is the most 
elegant and commodious hotel in the U. S. Its 
front is gray sienite, ornamented with a splen- 1 



did portico of the Doric order, with fluted pil- 
lars. It cost upwards of $100,000. These, 
with the Tremont theatre, the Mass. general 
hospital, the masonic temple. Trinity church, 
built of stone in the Gothic style, at a cost of 
upwards of $160,000, and many others, are 
splendid specimens of architecture. Other pub- 
lic buildings are the county court house, which 
is built of stone, and cost $92,000 ; Faneuil 
hall, where town and political meetings are 
held; the custom house; 41 churches, some of 
which are very elegant; a house of industry ; 
a house of correction; a county jail, and 10 
pubjic school houses. Of the churches, 12 are 
occupied by Unitarians, 10 Congregationalists, 
4 Episcopalians, 4 Baptists, 3 Methodists, 3 Uni- 
versalists, 2 Roman Catholics, 1 Freewill Bap- 
tists, 2 African, one of which is Baptist, and 
the other Methodist. The Swedenborgians al- 
so have a society. 

Literary, scientific, and charitable institu. 
tions. — The medical branch of Harvard univer- 
sity is established in Boston, where the profes- 
sors reside. A library of about 5000 vols, is 
connected with this department. The Boston 
Atheneum has two buildings, one containing a 
library of 24,000 volumes ; the other has two 
halls, one for the exhibition of paintings, &c. 
the other for public lectures ; there are also 
rooms for various scientific purposes. Of sci- 
entific institutions there are the American aca- 
demy of arts and sciences; the Mass. histori- 
cal society ; the Mass. medical society, and the 
mechanic institution, where an annual course 
of lectures is delivered on the mechanie arts. 
Beside these, there are the humane society, the 
Boston dispensary, by which attendance and 
medicine are furnished to the poor free of ex- 
pense ; the asylum for indigent boys ; the fe- 
male orphan asylum, and several others. 

Schools. — Boston takes an honorable station, 
atthe head of American cities, in public schools. 
Among these are the Elliot, Mayhew, Adams 
and Boylston for boys; and Hancock, Bowdoin, 
and Franklin for girls. There are a latin and 
grammarschool, free to boys from 9 to 15 years 
of age ; 8 grammar and ^yriting schools for boys 
and girls, in each of which is a master for each 
branch ; a high school, where are taught vari- 
ous mathematical branches, and a course of 
English education ; an African school, and 
about 60 primary schools for children from 4 to 
7 years of age, which are taught by females. 
These schools are supported at an annual ex- 
pense of about $55,000. The African school is 
supported by the interest of a fund of $5000, 
given by Abiel Smith. The public schools are 
visited annually by the aldermen and school 
committee, when medals are distributed; 3,913 
children attended the primary schools in 1831. 
There are numerous private schools also, high- 
ly creditable to their founders, and to the city. 
The streets in the older parts of Boston are 
narrow and crooked, but the more recent ones 
are generally strait, many of them wide, and 
well built. Granite brought from the banks of 
the Merrimack and from Quincy, has been much 
used for many years past, to the great improve- 
ment of public and private edifices. Among 
the latter are to be found many spacious and 



EOT 



61 



BOW 



truly magnificent structures, unsurpassed, per- 
haps not to be equalled in our country. The 
wharves and several streets are furnished with 
line blocks of stores, among which those on 
each side of Faneuil hall market and built of 
the same material, are in the first rank. These 
ranges of stores are four stories high, iibout 600 
feet long, and are uniformly built. The prin- 
cipal public square is the common, containing 
about 50 acres, sloping gradually, yet undulat- 
ing from the state house. In the centre is a fine 
pond, and on two sides it has some of the most 
elegant buildings in the city. The Mall, extend- 
ing around it, is a gravelled walk, shaded with 
many fine elms, and with the common is much 
admired by strangers. A cemetery has been 
formed at Mount Auburn, which is to be planted 
with shrubs, &c. on the plan of that of Pare la 
Chaise, near Paris. It is in a secluded vailey, 
near a pond, with serpentine walks, and is 
named after different trees and shrubs. The 
deaths in Boston, in 1832, were 1761, of which 
72 were by malignant cholera. In the pre- 
ceding year, the number of deaths was 1424. 
There are 7 daily newspapers published here, 
and numerous semi-weekly and weekly prints. 
There are also many other periodicals, con- 
ducted, many of them, with great ability, among 
which is the North American Review. Boston 
was founded 1630, and the first church erected 
in 1632. This was the birth place of Franklin. 
Boston, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 23 ms. s. s. e. Buf- 
falo, 289 w. Albany, has an uneven, moist loam, 
elevated, with the streams of Canquaga cr. bear- 
ing beech, maple, hemlock, linden, &c.; best for 
grass. Pop. 1,521, 

BoswELLSTiLLE, p-v. Louisa CO. Va. about 40 
ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Botetourt, co. of Va. bndd. s. w. by Montgo- 
mery and Giles, w. by Potts' mtns. separating 
it from Monroe, n. w. and n. by Potts' mtns. 
separating it from Alleghany co., n. e. by Rock- 
bridge CO., e. by Blue Ridge, separating it from 
Bedford, and s. e. by Blue Ridge separating it 
from Franklin. Length s. w. to n. e. 40 ; mean 
breadth 25, and area 1000 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 37° 08' to 37° 46', and in long, from 
2° 28' to 3° 19' w. W. C. The mountainous 
country has two slopes, one estwd. with the 
general courses of Jamee and Roanoke rs. and 
the other n. estwd. down the mountain valley, 
between the Blue Ridge and Kittatimiy mtns. 
Salem, on the Roanoke, and in the sthrn. part 
of the CO. is 1006 ft. above tide water, and Pat- 
tonsburg on James r. in the n, estrn. part, 806 ft. 
The acclivity is rapid towards the wstrn. border 
on Potts' mtn. and the mean elevation of the 
arable soil may be assumed at 1250 ft. The 
great body of the county is drained by the con- 
fluents of James r. ; the sthrn. angle is traversed 
by Roanoke. Both rivers are navigable to tide 
water. Cf. ts. Fincastle and Salem. Pop. 1820, 
13,590, 1830, 16,354. 

Botetourt Springs, and p-v. Botetourt co. 
Va. by p-r. 11 ms. westward from Fincastle, the 
CO. seat, and 189 w. Richmond. 

Bottle Hill, p-v. Chatham, Morris co. N. J. 
16 ms N. w. Elizabethtown, 5 ms. s. w. Morris, 
town, is agreeably variegated with pretty good 
soil and fine landscapes. It is the residence of 

9 



several respectable French families. Stao^e 
coaches run daily on 2 lines to N. Y. 

Bouquet, r. Essex co. N. Y. 35 ms, long, funs 
E. into lake Champlain, 93 ms. n. Crown point, 
and is boatable 2 ms. V/ith its branches it af- 
fords many mill seats. An entrenchment was 
thrown up here by General Burgoyne. 

Bourbon, co. of Ky. bounded s. by Clark, s. 
w. and w. by Lafayette, n. w. by Harrison, n» 
and N. E. by Nicholas, and e. by Montgomery. 
Length 17 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 225 
sq. ms., extending in lat. from 38° 03' to 38° 22', 
and in long, from 6° 56' to 7° 25'. This highly 
productive country slopes to a little w. of n. and 
is drained by various confluents of the south 
Fork of Licking r. Cf. ts. Paris and Millers- 
burg. Pop. 1820, 17,664, in 1830, 18,436, or at 
the latter epoch, a fraction above 72 to the sq. m« 
Paris, the st. ju^. is by p-r. 43 ms. e. Frankfort. 
BouNDBRooK, p-v. Warren, Somerset co. N. 
J. 7 ms. N. w. New Brunswick, has a good level 
soil, N. Raritan r. The farms are small, but 
pretty well cultivated. 

BoviNA, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 89 ms. s. w. 
Albany, 10 s. e. Delhi, is hilly, with good gra.< 
zing, and contains Fish lake. Pop. 1,348. 

Bow, P-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 6 ms. s. e. 
Concord, contains about 16,000 acres, s. w. 
Merrimack r. has an uneven and hard soil, con- 
tains Turee pond, and Turkey t. In Merrimack 
r. are Turkey and Garven's Falls. Bow canal, 
3 ms. from Concord, ^ m. long, surmounts a 
fall of 25 ft. cut through granite ; cost f 13,000. 
1^2,000 of the first income were paid for clearing 
Turkey falls, &c. It is very healthy. Pop. 1,065^ 
BowDoiN, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 20 ms. s. s. w. 
Augusta, has no considerable streams. Fop. 
2,095. 

BowDoiNHAM, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 20 ms. Sj 
by w. Augusta, w. Kennebeck r. Pop. 2,061. 
Bower, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 49. 
Bowers, p-v. in the southern part of South- 
ampton CO. Va. by p-r. 91 ms. s. s. e. Richmond. 
Bovvers' Store and p-o. in the northern part 
of Ashe CO. N. C. by p-r. 374 ms. s. by w. W. G. 
BowERsviLLE, p-o. in the southern part of Geo. 
10 ms. s. from Carnesville, the st.jus. and by p-r. 
124 a little e. of n. Milledgeville. 

Bowler's, p-o. in the southern part of Essex 
CO. Va. by p-r. 62 ms. n. e. by E. Richmond. 

Bowling Green, p-v. and st. jus. Caroline co, 
Va. by p-r. 43 ms. n. n. e. Richmond. 

Bowling Green, p-v. in the southern part of 
Oglethorpe co. Geo. by p-r. 62 ms. n. n. e. 
Milledgeville. 

Bowling Green, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. 
Ky. on Big Barren, a branch of Green r. by p-r. 
142 ms. s. w. Frankfort, and 77 a little E. of n, 
Nashville. 

Bowling Green, p-v. and st. jus. Clay co, Ind. 
on Eel r. a branch of the West Fork of White r. 
69 ms. s. w. by w. from Indianopolis. 

Bowling Green, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. 
Mo. by p-r. 84 ms. n. w. from St. Louis, and 132 
ms. n. e. by e. from Jefferson. 

Bowman's Mtn. or Bald Mountain, local name 
of that part of the Alleghany chain extending 
over Lycoming and Luzerne cos. Perm, be- 
tween the two main branches of Susquehannah 
river. The general range of the Alleghany 



BOY 



62 



BRA 



chain, including Bowman's mountain, until it 
merges into the great nucleus of the Catsbergs, 
is from the southwest by west, to northeast by- 
east. Northeastward of the main branch of 
Susquehannah it is known as the Tunkhannoc 
mountain. The ordinary height above its base 
is about 1000 ft. and resting on a plain, with a 
mean elevation of 500 ft. The actual oceanic 
elevation of Bowman's mountain is about 1500 
ft. The naked and barren aspect of this ridge, 
has given it the term of Bald mountain. 

Bowman's Mills, and p-o. in the n. w. part 
of Rockingham co. Va. by p-r. 23 ms. n. n. w. 
from Harrissonburg, the st. jus. for the co. and 
145 N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Bowman's Valley, drained by Bowman's and 
Bourn's crs. between Bowman's and Mahoopeny 
mountains, Luzerne co. Pa. The soil is in gen- 
eral sterile. 

Bowyer's Bluff, precipice of limestone rock, 
forming the west point of Washington harbor, 
Green Bay lake, Michigan, and about 100 ms. 
s. w. from Fort Mackinaw. 

BowYER Fort was a small stockade water 
battery placed on the salient angle of Mobile 
point, Baldwin co. Ala. and erected to defend 
the entrance into Mobile bay. Here on the 5th 
of September, 1814, Major W. Lawrence, with 
a small garrison of 158 men repulsed an attack 
made by a British squadron of which the 
Hermes of 28 guns was destroyed. On the 8th 
of Feb. 1815, this feeble post was regularly in- 
vested by aland and naval force and surrender- 
ed to the British by Major Lawrence, but at the 
subsequent peace was restored to the U. S. 

BoxBOKouGH, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 
ms. N. w. Boston, between Concord and Nash- 
ua rs. is a small t. Pop 474. 

BoxFORD, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 24 ms. n. e. 
Boston, is uneven and gravelly, with poor soil, 
but well cultivated and fruitful, and has a lega- 
cy of ^2061 left for Latin and grammar schools 
by Hon. Aaron Wood. Rye straw bonnets are 
made here by females, in great numbers. In 
1830, many were sold in the cities at 10 and 
$14 as imported, which cost about 2 or $3. 
Pop. 935. 

Boyd's, p-o. in the eastern part of Henry co. 
Ind. by p-r. 53 ms. a little n. of e. Indianopolis. 

Boyd's Cr., and p-o. Sevier co. Ten, by p-r. 
216 ms. a little s. of E.Nashville. 

Boydstown, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 123. 
Boydton, p-v. and st. jus. Mecklenburg co. 
Va. near the centre of the co. 88 ms. s. w. Rich- 
mond. 

BoYERSTowN, p-o. Bcrks CO. Pa. by p.r. 68 
ms. eastward from Harrisburg. 

BoYES r. br. of Misso. r. rising interlocking 
sources with those of Raccoon, Fork of Des 
Moines r. and flowing thence by a nrthwstrn. 
course of 120 ms. falls into the left side of 
Misso. r. about 12 ms. below Fort Calhoun. The 
central part of the valley of this r. is about N. 
lat. 42°, and long. 18° w. of W. C. 

Boyle's Store, and p-o. in the northern part 
of Stoke CO. N. C. by p-r. 156 ms. n. w. by w. 
Raleigh. 

Boylston, t. Worcester fco, Mass. 7 ms. n. e. 
Worcester. Pop. 820. 
Boylston, t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 388. 



Bozrah, p-t. New London co. Conn. 33 ms- 
w. s. w. Hartford, 14 n. by w. N. London, 5 w. 
Norwich, 4 ms. by 4i ; 18 sq. ms. is uneven, 
with granite rocks, and rich gravelly soil, bear- 
ing oak, walnut, chesnut, &c. grass, grain and 
flax. It is watered by Yantic r. Pop. 1,073. 

Braceville, p-o. and tsp. Trumbull co. O. by 
p-r. 153 ms. n. e. by e. from Columbus. Pop. 584. 
Bracken, co. Ky. bndd. e. by Mason, s. e. by 
Nicholas, s. w. by Harrison, w. by Pendleton, 
and N. by Ohio r. separating it from Clermont 
CO. 0. Extending in lat. from 38° 30' to 38° 
47' and in long, from 6° 50' to 7° 11' w. from W. 
C. Length 20, mean breadth 11 ms. area 220 
sq. ms. Though bordering on Ohio r. and of 
moderate extent. Bracken co. lies mostly on a 
tabic land, the southern part declining wstrd. 
and drained in that direction by the North Fork 
of Licking. The northern section slopes nthrd. 
towards Ohio r. Surface very broken, but soil 
productive. Cf. t. Augusta. Pop. 1820, 5,280, 
1830, 6,518. 

Bracken Cross Roads, p-o. in the southern 
part of Bracken co. Ky. by p-r. 62 ms. n. e. 
Frankfort. 

Bracken's p-o. in the eastern part of Sum- 
ner CO. Ten. by p-r. 41 ms. northeastward from 
Nashville. 

Braddock's bay, on lake Ontario, N, Y. (See 
Greece.) 

Bradford, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 28 ms. 
w. Concord, midway between Connecticut and 
Merrimack rs. 31 ms. from Amherst, 80 n. w. 
Boston, contains 19,000 acres, of which 500 are 
ponds, furnishing small mill streams. Todd's 
in pond, the n. branch of Warner r. has floating 
islands. The t. is partly hilly, partly level, 
with various soils, and has quarries in the e. 
part. Pop. 1,285. 

Bradford, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 7 ms. s. New- 
bury, 25 Montpelier, w. Connecticut r. Pop. 
1,507. 

Bradford, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 30 ms. n. 
Boston, 20 N. Salem, 10 w. Newburyport, s. 
and E. Merrimack r. is uneven, with much good 
soil. Johnson's cr. supplies mill sites. A 
bridge of 800 ft. crosses to Haverhill, on stone 
piers. Ship building has been carried on. 
There are several villages and an academy, 
and shoes are made in great quantities. Pop. 
1,856. 

Bradford, one of the northern cos. of Pa. 
bndd. E. by Susquehannah, s. e. by Luzerne, s. 
by the eastern part of Lycoming, w. by Tioga 
CO. of Pa., and n. by Tioga co. of N. Y. Length 
from e. to w. 40, mean breadth 30 ms. area 
1,200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 41° 32' 
to 42° and in long, from 0° 2' w. to 0° 44' e. W. 
C. This CO. is traversed from n. w. to s. e. by 
the main volume of the Susquehannah, which 
receives its large tributary, the Chemung or Ti- 
oga river, on its northern border. The co. is 
formed by two slopes, the western declining 
rather e. of n. towards the Susquehannah, 
whilst the eastern slope falls also towards the 
Susquehannah. The face of this large co. is 
mountainous, though much excellent soil skirts 
the stream. It has a very diversified surface, 
as regards both land and water scenery. Near 
the northern border, the main Susquehannah 



BRA 



63 



BRE 



receives the Chemung or Tioga from the north- 
west, and the united waters after a rugged and 
tortuous course, s. eastward, through mountain 
chains, leave the s. estru; angle of Bradford 
and enter Luzerne. Derived also from eleva. 
ted sources, the Wyalusing pours down from 
Susquehannah co. and on the opposite sides, 
Towanda and Sugar creeks fall rapidly out of 
the vallies of Bowman's mountain. Bituminous 
coal is found on the Towanda creek. The 
mountain vallies abound in excellent timber, 
consisting of hemlock, oak, pine, cedar, sugar 
maple, beech, elm, &c. ; other staples, grain, 
flour, live stock, &c. Cf. ts. Towanda and Ath- 
ens. Pop. 1820, 11,554, 1830, 19,746. 

Bradford Springs, p.o. Sumpter dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 48 ms. e. Columbia. 

Bradleysburg, p-v. in the northern part of 
Louisa CO. Va. by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. by w, Rich- 
mond. 

Bradley's Store and p-o. in the northern 
part of Northampton, co. N. C. by p-r. 87 ms. 
N. E. by E. Raleigh. 

Bradleyvale, t. Caledonia CO. Vt. crossed by 
Moose r., is unsettled. Pop. 21. 

Bradleyville, p-v. Litchfield co. Conn, 35 
ms. w. Hartford. 

Bradshaw, p-v. n. part Giles co. Ten. by p-r. 
66 ms. s. w. Nashville. 

Brailsoin's Mills, p-v. Washington co. Ten. 
by p-r, 245 ms, e. Nashville and 80 eastward 
from Knoxville. 

Braintree, t. Orange co. Vt, 21 ms. s, Mont- 
pelier. Pop. 1,209, 

Braintree, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. s. of 
Boston, is the birth place of John Adams, 2d 
President of the U, S, ; is on Montiquot r. 
Pop. 1,758, 

Braintrem, p-v, in n, w, part of Luzerne co. 
Pa. by p-r. 157 ms. from Harrisburg. Pop. 722. 
Brakabeen, p-v. Schoharie co. N. Y. 
Branch, one of the southern cos. of Michigan, 
bounded w. by St. Joseph co., n. by Calhoun, 
Hillsdale e., and La Grange co. of Ind. s. w. 
It is a sq. of 21 ms. each way, 441 sq. ms. Lat. 
42°, and long. 8° w. W. C. intersect in this co. 
Slope wstrd., and in that direction drained by 
various branches of St. Joseph's r. of lake Mich. 
The central part is 110 ms. a little s. of w, De- 
troit, Pop. uncertain. 
Branchtown. p-v. Phil. co. Pa. 7 ms. from Phil. 
Brandenburg, p-v. and st. jus. Mead co. Ky. 
on Ohio r. by p-r, 108 ms, s. of w. Louisville. 
Pop. 33L 

Brandon, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 40 ms. n. w. 
Windsor, 40 s, w, Montpelier, 65 n. Bennington, 
is level, except near the Green mtns. in the e. 
with much light, fertile loam. On Otter cr. is 
fine alluvial ; but there is a large pine plain. 
Mill r, has good mill sites. First settled, 1775, 
White and yellow pine, white and red oak, 
cherry, hard and soft maple, ash, and cedar, 
prevail. Bog iron ore, from a bed, yields 33 
per cent, of soft metal. Copperas is also found ; 
there are several marble quarries, and 2 curious 
caverns. There is a circulating library and a 
Lyceum. Pop. 1,940. 

Brandon, t. Franklin co. N. Y. Pop. 3 1 6, 
Brandon, p-o, and st. jus. Rankin co. Misp. 
16 ms. N. E. Jackson, 



Brandonville, p-v, Preston co, Va, 268 ms. 
N. w. Richmond, 

Brandywine, a considerable cr, or r. of Pa. 
and Del, It rises in the Welch mountains, 
between Lancaster and Chester co, of the 
former, flows thence s, e. by comparative 
courses 30 ms, and enters New Castle, co, of 
Delaware, Continuing the original course 10 
ms, to Wilmington, it there receives the Chris- 
tiana creek from the w. The latter, an inferior 
but navigable stream, is formed by Red clay, 
White clay, and Christiana proper. The united 
water forming the harbor of Wilmington, ad- 
mits vessels of considerable draft. Brandy- 
wine again deserves particular notice for the 
number of manufactories it serves to move. 
Beside those of flour, numerous powder and 
paper mills, and cloth factories are in operation 
along this stream, which falls from a compar- 
atively high country to the tide level of the Del. 
Brandywine Manor, p-v. Chester co. Pa. by 
p-r. about 40 ms. westward from Phil, 

Brandywine Mills, and p-o, in the north- 
western part of Portage co, 0, by p-r. 130 ms. 
N, E, Columbus, 

Branford, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 10 ms. 
E. N. Haven, 40 ms. s. Hartford, n. Long Island 
Sound, 5 ms. by 9, 45 sq. ms. is uneven, with 
gravelly loam, with oak, elm, walnut, butternut, 
&c. and yields grain. The farms are good ; 
Branford river is small and navigable a short 
distance in vessels of 50 or 60 tons, A beauti- 
ful pond, called Saltonstall's lake, is on the w. 
boundary ; and 2 clusters of islands, Thimble, 
and Indian, in the Sound, belong to the t. 
Many of the people engage in fishing a part of 
the year. Pop. 2,332. 

Brantingham, t. Lewis co. N. Y, Pop, 669, 
Brasher, t, St, Lawrence co, N,Y. Pop, 828. 
Brasherville, p,o. Perry co, Ky. by p-r, 163 
ms, s, e. by e. Frankfort. 

Brattleborough, P-t. Windham co, Vt, 30 
ms, E. Bennington, 60 n. e. Albany, 75 w. Bos- 
ton, 80 N, Hartford, on W, bank Conn, r, cf, t. 
of the CO, ; it was the first settlement in Vt. 
1724, and called Fort Dummer, It has two 
villages, e. and w, parishes, an academy 40 by 
56 ft. Great and Little Round mtns,, with a va- 
ried surface and soil, and two streams, West r. 
and Whitestone branch. The e, village is large, 
active, and pleasant, with good mill seats on 
Whitestone br, near its mouth. There a bridge 
crosses to Hinsdale, N, H, over Conn, r, which 
runs rapidly here at the " Swift water," A 
company has been formed to make a rail road 
from the e. side of Brattleboro' to the w, side 
of Bennington or Pownal, across the state, to 
connect the Troy and Bennington rail road with 
the Boston and Lowell rail road reaching to 
Brattleborough, Pop. 2,141. 

Bratton's p-o. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 58 ms. 
N. estwrd. from Nashville. 

Brattonsville, p-o, York district, S, C. by 
P-r. 70 ms. n. Columbus. 

Breakwater in Delaware bay. This being 
an unfinished work we cannot attempt what 
would necessarily be an imperfect description. 
We extract the following notice : " Opera, 
tions on this great national work are recom- 
menced. The appropriation of the present 



BR I 



G4 



BRI 



year (1833) is $270,000. This work, even in 
its unfinished state, has afforded a secure haven 
to many a tempest tossed mariner, during the 
past winter ; and, when completed, its benefits 
to the commercial community, will be incalcu- 
lable." 

Breckenridge CO. of Ky. bndd. n. w. by Ohio 
f. which separates it from Perry co. in Ind., 
Meade n. w., Hardin s. e.. Rough cr. branch of 
Green r. which separates it from Grayson s. 
and by Hancock w. Length 35, mean breadth 
20 ms., area 700 sq. ms., surface not very bro- 
ken ; soil generally fertile. {For lat. and long. 
see Hardinshurg, the co. si.) In 1820, pop. 
7,485, 1830, 7,345. 

Bremen, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 45 ms. Augusta. 
Pop. 770. 

BrentonsvIlle, p-o. Owen co. Ind., about 50 
ms. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Brents, p-o. Henry co. Ky. by p-r. 36 ms. n. 
W. from Franlcfort. 

Brentsville, p-o. and c-h. Prince William co. 
Va. 31 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Brentwood, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 37ms. 
s. E. Concord, with 10,465 acres, watered by 
Exeter r, and other streams, yields grass well. 
At Pick Pocket Falls, on Exeter r. are several 
mills and factories. Iron ore and vitriol have 
been foimd. Pop. 770. 

Breton, two small islands of La. in the s. 
wstrn. part of Chandeleur bay, about 28 ms. 
nearly due n. from the main pass of Miss, and 
1^ ms. s. w. from the Grand Gozier. There is 
a channel with 12 ft. water between Cape Bre- 
ton and Grand Gozier, lat. 29° 26' long, on Tan- 
ner's U. S. map, 12° 02' w. W. C. 

Breton Woods, Coos co. N. H. at the n. w. 
base of the White mtns. and adjoining ungrant- 
ed lands ; it is almost uninhabited, is uneven, 
dreary, and contains 24,640 acres, with part of 
Pondicherry mtn. n., and Amonoosuc and 
streams of John's and Israel's rs. Pop. 108. 

Brevard, p-o. Smith co. Ten. 54 ms. n. e. by 
p. Nashville. 

Brevardsville, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. 267 
ms. w, Raleigh. 

Brewer, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 5 ms. s. e. 
Bangor, 67 n. e. Augusta, e. Penobscot r. n. 
Hancock co. Pop. 1,078. 

Brewster, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 88 ms. 
B. E. Boston, 18 N. w. Plymouth, s. Cape Cod 
bay, and beyond the elbow of the cape ; was 
named after elder Brewster, one of the first set- 
tlers of Plymouth, who died 1644. Pop. 1,418. 

Brickersville, p-o. Lancaster co. Fa, by p-r. 
45 ms. estrd. from Harrisburg. 

Bkiceland's Cross Road, p-v. in the northern 
part of Washington co. Pa. by p^r. 233 ms. wstrd. 
from Harrisburg, 25 a little s. of w. Pittsburgh, 
and 11 E. Steubenville. 

Brick Meeting House, and p-o. in the north- 
ern part of Cecil co. Md. 12 ms. n. w. Elkton. 

Bricksville, p-v. in the s. w. part of Caya- 
hoga CO. O. by p-r. 122 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Brickville, p-o. formerly Town Creek Mills, 
in the n. part of Lawrence co. Ala.iiy p-r. 128 
ms. a little e. of n. Tuscaloosa. 

Bridgehampton, p-v. Southampton, Suflolk 
CO. N. Y. 100 ms. e. New York. 

BEinGEPOBT, p-t, and borough, Fairfield co. 



Conn. 3 ms. w. Stratford, 17 w. New Haven, 
51 s. w. Hartford, 62 n. e. New York, on the 
w. side Bridgeport harbor, which is 3 ms. long, 
from L. I. Sound, ^ to2 ms, wide. Pequanock 
r. furnishes mill seats. The harbor is narrow, 
shoal except in the channel, with a bar, having 
13 ft. at high water, is easy of access, and has 
a beacon of 40 ft. There is a lighthouse on 
Fairweather isl, and a toll and draw bridge at 
the head of the harbor. It is a thriving and 
pleasant town, with good soil. Banking capital, 
§305,500. Pop. 2,800. 

Bridgeport, v. Junius, Seneca co. N. Y. call. 

ed also W. Cayuga v. at w. end Cayuga bridge^ 

185 ms. w, Albany, The lake boats touch here. 

Bridgeport, p-v. Harrison co. Va. 10 ms. s, 

E. Clarksburg. 

Bridgeport, borough of Fayette co. Pa. situ- 
ated on the right bank of Monongahela r. sepa- 
rated from Brownsville by Dunlap's cr. The 
site of Bridgeport is a high bottom of the river. 
Pop. 1820, 624, 1830, 727. 

Bridgeport, p-v. Pease tsp. n. eastern part of 
Belmont co. O, 10 ms, from St, Clairsville, and 
by p-r, 134 ms, e, from Columbus. Pop. 165. 

Bridgetown, Cumberland co. Me. 39 ms. n, 
W.Portland. It has an academy. Here begins 
the Cumberland and Oxford canal, at Long pond, 
and extends (including Brandy and Sebago 
ponds and outlets, 27 ms.) to Portland, 50 ms. 
There are 24 locks. Tolls per mile, for planks, 
6 cents per M. feet; shingles, 2 cts. perM.; 
wood, 6 cts. a cord ; timber 6 cts. a ton ; goods 
in boats, 6 cts. a ton ; boats, rafts, &c. 6 cts. 
additional for each lock. Pop. 1,541. 

Bridgetown, p-t. and cap. Cumberland co. 
N. J. 50 ms. s. E, Philadelphia, and 69 from 
Trenton, on Cohanzey cr, 20 from Delaware 
bay; contains the co, buildings, and is access, 
ible to vessels of 100 tons. 

Bridgeville, (or Bridgetown,) p-v. on, or 
near the right bank of Nanticoke r. Sussex co. 
Del. 35 ms. a little w. of s. from Dover, and 
about 30 ms. nearly due e. from Eastern Md. 

Bridgeville, p-v. in the n. e. part Muskin. 
gum co, O. by p-r. 68 ms. estrd. Columbus. 

Bridgewater, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 20 ms. 
N. N, w. Concord, w, Pemigewasset r. e. New- 
found pond ; yields grass, with no large streams. 
First settlement 1766, Pop, 784. 

Bridgewater, p-t. Windsor co, Vt, 45 ms, s. 
Montpelier, 17 n. w, Windsor, 60 ms. n. e. Ben, 
nington, 7| ms. by 8, with 46 ^ sq, ms, first set- 
tlement 1779 ; is watered by Queechy r. and 
branches, which supply mills, and is uneven, 
partly rough and stony, with primitive rocks, 
and a quarry of soap stone, which is manufac- 
tured. Iron ore is also found. Pop. 2,320. 

Bridgewater, p-t. Plymouth co, Mass. 28 ms, 
s, Boston, 18 ms, n, w. Plymouth, has tolerable 
soil, but a sandy tract begins here which goes 
through the s. part of the co. Arms were made 
here in the revolutionary war — first settled, 
1651 — burnt in 1676, by Indians. It contains 
88 acres of tillage, 1,547 mowing, and 4,904 
pasturage. Pop. 1,855. 

Bridgewater, p-t. Oneida co, N. Y. 12 ms. 
s. ITtica, 6 ms, by 4, well watered by head 
streams of Unadilla r. It has a 'rich vally v.. 
and is hilly w. Pop, 1,608, 



BRI 



65 



BRI 



Bridgevvater, t. Somerset co. N. J. lies n. 
of the Raritan, and extends from Boundbrook 
w. to the line of Hunterdon ; Somerville the 
CO. St. is in this t. Pop. 3,549. 

Bridport, p-t. Addison co. Vt. e. lake Cham- 
plain, opposite Crown Point, 8 ms. w. Middle- 
bury, 35 s. Burlington, 41 s. w. Montpelier, with 
42 sq. ms. It is nearly level, with loam and 
slaty sandstone, bearing oak, white and Norway 
pine, on the lake — maple and beech e. It has 
few streams. The soil contains Epsom salts, 
which were formerly made from the water. 
There are wharves and landing places on the 
lake. First permanent settlement, 17G8. Pop. 
1,774. 

Brier Creek, p-o. Wilkes co. N. C. by p.r. 
194 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Brighton, t. Somerset co. Me, Pop. 722. 

Brighton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 5 ms. w. 

Boston, s. Charles r. has pleasant hills and val- 

lies, good soil, well cultivated, with 200 acres 

of marsh. The annual cattle Fair is the most 

important in New England. It was commenced 

in the revolutionary war, and is now under the 

direction of the Mass. agricultural society, who 

have a neat building for the exhibition of various 

articles for which premiums are offered. In 

1830, were sold. 

Beef cattle, 37,767 Sales ^977,989 75 

Stores, 13,685 " 154,564 00 

Sheep, 132,697 " 215,618 17 

Swine, 19,639 " 70,970 50 



^1,419,142 42 



Whole number,203, 789 

Pop. 1830, 972. 

Brighton, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. e. Genessee 
r. opposite Rochester, s. Lake Ontario, 66 sq. 
ms. has a good soil, and a great amount of wa- 
ter power on Genessee r. with many flour mills, 
factories, &c. Carthage v. or Clyde, 2^ ms. n. 
Rochester, has considerable business as the 
landing place of lake vessels below the lower 
falls of Genessee r. The banks are 200 ft. per- 
pendicular, of rock in strata. A wooden bridge 
was thrown across some years ago, which soon 
after fell. Erie canal passes through the t. and 
receives a feeder from Genessee r. above the 
rapids. Pop. 6,519. 

Brighton, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. about 20 ms. 
Pittsburg. 

Brighton, tsp. and p-o. in the n. part Loraine 
CO. O. by p-r. 116 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Brightsville, p-v. in the n. part Marlborough 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 102 ms. n. e. by e. Columbia. 

Brimfield, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 19 m. e. 
Springfield, 75 s. w. Boston, on e. side of the 
Jjime range of mtns. with hills and valleys, 6 
ms. by 5, and good farms. First settled 1701, 
with Chickopee and Quinebaug rs. Gen. Eaton, 
formerly U. S. Consul at Tunis, was born here. 
Pop. 1,599. 

Brindletown, p-o. Burke co. N. C. 199 ms. 
w. Raleigh. 

Brinkleysville, p-v. in the w. part Halifax 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 83 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Bristol, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 13 ms. E. Wis- 
casset, 45 Augusta. Pop. 2,450. 

Bristol, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 90 ms. n. w. 
Boston, 16 s. Plymouth, 30 n. Concord, is hilly 
ivith a good soiL It lies w. Pemigewasset r- 



contains 9000 acres land, besides several ponds 
of water, one, 2 or 3 ms. by 6, called Newfound 
pond, which empties by an outlet into Pemige- 
wasset r. a pleasant village, stands at the junc- 
tion. A toll bridge crosses to New Hampton. 
Black lead is found here. Pop. 779. 

Bristol Mills, p-v. Lincoln co. Me, 42 ms, 
Augusta. 

Bristol, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 54 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 25 s. e. Burlington, 26,000 acres. 
First settled at the close of the revolutionary 
war ; J of the t. w. Green mtns. is quite level 
and rich, the rest broken and useless. A range 
of mtns. crosses n. ands. above New Haven r., 
it is called the Hog Back ; below, South mtn. 
Pop. 1,247. 

Bristol co. Mass. bndd. by Norfolk co. n., 
Plymouth co. the sea and R. I. s. and R. I. w. 
contains 19 towns, of which New Bedford and 
Taunton are the co. sts. New Bedford is large 
and flourishing. The co. is divided by Taunton 
r., whose streams supply mills and manufacto- 
ries. Pop. 1820, 40,908, 1830, 49,592. 

Bristol, co. R. I. bndd. by Mass. n. e. and 
N. w.. Mount Hope bay s. e., Narraganset bay 
s. w. 3 ms. by 8, with 25 sq. ms. between two 
fine sheets of water, a pleasant situation, diver- 
sified surface, rich loam, with granite rocks, 
except N., where it is more level. The harbors 
are good, and much commercial enterprize has 
existed here, in proportion to the size of the 
towns. This was the country of the Indian 
King, Philip. There are few manufactories. 
A sealing company was formed here in 1831. 
Bristol is the co. t. Pop. 1820, 5637, 1830, 5446, 

Bristol, p-t., s-p. and cf. t. Bristol co. R. I. 
13 ms. N. Newport, 15 s. Providence, 2 ms. by 
5, 12 sq. ms. on a good harbor, e. side of Nar. 
ragansett bay, w. Mount Hope. It has an agree- 
able variety of surface, with Mount Hope, a talj 
eminence, s. e., the chief seat of Metacom, or 
King Philip, who made a destructive war on the 
New England colonies, 1675, and was killed 
here 1676. The land is well cultivated, Many 
onions are exported. There are 4 banks, capi- 
tal ^361,250. Part of the town was burnt in 
the revolutionary war. The trade is less than 
formerly, employing 30 in foreign trade, and 12 
coasters. The business of the place, however, 
is improving, and some whaling ships are now 
owned there. A factory is building for patent 
wrought nails. There are 5 churches, Baptist, 
Episcopal, Methodist, Reformed Methodist, and 
Presbyterian. Pop. 3,054. 

Bristol, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 16 ms. w. 
by s. Hartford, 28 n. New Haven, 5 ms. by 5^, 
about 27 sq. ms., hilly, gravelly loam, good for 
grain and grass, bearing oak, chestnut, &c. 
The rocks are granite, with some iron and cop- 
per ore, and the streams small branches of 
Farmington r. The manufactories are various, 
including wooden clocks, 30,000 of which were 
made in 1831. 800 persons are employed in 
making brass clocks. Pop. 1707. 

Bristol, Ontario co. N. Y. 10 ms. s. w. 
Canandaigua, has an inferior soil, high, broken 
land between Canandaigua and Honeoye lakes, 
which discharge e. and w. The source of Mud 
cr. gives a few mill seats. It l)as a burning 
spring. Pop. 2,952. 



BRO 



66 



BRO 



Bristol, p-t. borough and port, Bucks co. 
Pa. situated on the right bank of Delaware r. 
20 ms. above Philadelphia, and 12 below Tren- 
ton. It is a neat and elegant village on a swell. 
ing bank, runnin^j chiefly in one street along 
the river. Pop. 1,262. 

Bristol, tsp. s. e. part of Bucks co. Pa. lying 
around the borough of Bristol. Pop. 1,534, ex- 
clusive of the borough. 

Bristolville, tsp. and p-o. in the eastern 
part of Trumbull co. O. ; the p-o. is by p-r. 167 
ms. N. eetrd. from Columbus. Pop. 526. 

Britton's Store, and p-o. Bertie co. N. C. 
by p-r. 110 ms. n. of e. Raleigh. 

Broadalbin, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 38 
ms. w. Albany, 6 n. Mohawk r., 5 ms. by 10, 
has a strong loam, yields grass, grain, &c. su- 
gar maple, beech, birch, &c. First settled 
1776; deserted in revolutionary war. Chucte- 
nunda, Fonda's, Hans, and Frenchman's crs. 
which give mill sites. The v. on w. line is 10 
ms. from Johnstown. Pop. 2,657. 

Broad, r. of N. and S. C. having its extreme 
source in the Blue Ridge, and in Burke co. N. C. 
but draws most of its remote constituents from 
the valley of Rutherford co. Pursuing thence 
a southeastern course, the various branches 
unite and enter S. C. between Yorke and Spar- 
tanburg dists. Inclining to a general course of 
s. s. E. receiving only large creeks from the 
left, but on the right, augmented by the com- 
paratively considerable streams of Pacolet, 
Tyger, and Enoree rivers, it finally unites with 
the Saluda at Columbia, to form the Congaree. 
The valley of Broad r. including all its conflu- 
ents, reaches from n. lat. 34° to 35° 30' inter- 
locking sources with the Catawba, French, 
Broad and Saluda rivers, and draining a valley 
embracing 130 ms. by a mean breadth of 35 ms 
or an area of 4,550 sq. ms. 

Broad, r. of Geo. one of the western branch- 
es of Savannah r, rises in Habersham, Hall, and 
Franklin cos. pursues thence a s. eastern course 
through Albert, Madison, Oglethorpe and 
Wilkes cos. and falls into Savannah r, at the 
centre of the triangle, between Petersburg, 
Vienna, and Lisbon, after a comparative course 
of 70 ms. 

Broad r. S. C. is formed by the tide water 
part of Coosawatchie r. and is the local name 
of the inner part of Port Royal entrance, 
Beaufort dist. The bay, for it is in fact such, 
called Broad river, inside of Hilton Head, ex- 
tends in a n. western direction, 20 ms. with a 
mean breadth of 2 ms. and opens to the ocean 
22 ms. N. E. from the mouth of Savannah r. 

Broad creek, p-v. on the western shore of 
Kent Island, Queen Anne co. Md. nearly op. 
posite and lO ms. distant from Annapolis, and 
47 ms. a little n. of e. from W. C. 

Broad mtn. one of the Appalachian chains 
in Northampton and Schuylkill co. Pa. It is 
the next chain, or rather ridge wstrd. from the 
Mauch Chunk mtns. and like the latter, contains 
much anthracite coal. It receives its name 
from its width on the summit, which differs 
from 2 to 5 ms. {See Appalachian system.) 

Broad mountaix, p-o. on the Broad mtn. and 
N. eastern part of Schuylkill CO. Pa. 71 ms. n. e. 
Harrisburg. 



Brockport, p-v. Sweden, Monroe co. N. Y- 
18 ms. w. Rochester on Erie canal, has grown 
to some importance in a few years. A rail 
road to Alleghany r. has been proposed, about 
85 ms. 

Brock's gap, and p-o. Rockingham co. Va. 
by p-r. 113 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

Brockville, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 
139 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Brockwayville, p-o. in the s. eastern part 
of Jefferson co. Pa. by p-n 154 ms.,N. w. by w. 
Harrisburg. 

Bronson's Prairie, and p-v. Branch co. Mich. 
by p-r. 133 ms. Detroit. 

Bronx cr. Westchester co. N. Y. runs from 
Rye pond to East r. about 28 ms. and supplies 
mills. It has been proposed to lead the water 
to N. York, to supply the city, to which it is 
supposed to be adequate. 

Brooke, n. w. co. of Va. bndd. w. by Ohio r. 
which separates it from Jefferson co. Ohio, n. 
w. by Ohio r. which separates it from Colum. 
biana co. O., e. by Beaver and Washington cos. 
Pa. It is a mere slip, 30 ms. by 5 ms. and 
area 150 sq. ms. Surface very hilly, but highly 
fertile soil. Buffalo, Cross, Harman's, and 
other creeks rising in Pa. traverse Brooke in 
their way to Ohio r. The staples are grain ; 
and its products some iron, and bituminous coal. 
Cf. t. Wellsburg. Pop. 1820, 6,611, in 1830. 
7,041. 

Brookeville, p-v. on a small branch of the 
Patuxent, Montgomery co. Md. 22 ms. almost 
due N. from W. C. and 28 ms. s. w. from Balti- 
more. In this village is an academy in active 
operation, in which are taught the Latin and 
Greek languages, with the various branches of 
an English education. 

Brookfield, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 17 ms. s. 
Montpelier, 40 n. w. Windsor, nearly on the 
height of land between White and Onion rs. is 
generally good grass land, with the second 
branch of White r. and several large ponds. 
Lime is made here from marl. First settled, 
1779. Pop. 1,677. 

Brookfield, Strafford co. N. H. p-t. Pop. 
671. 

Brookfield, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 18 ms. 
w. Worcester, 64 s. w. Boston, is beautifully 
varied, has good soil, with two large and beau- 
tiful fish ponds, and three handsome villages. 
Quaboag r. flows into Chickapee r. Iron ore 
is found. This was one of the earliest white 
settlements of Mass. and suffered much. It 
was first settled 1660, burnt by the Indians 1675, 
and deserted for several years. Pop. 2,342. 

Brookfield, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 33 w. 
N. Haven, 50 s. w. Hartford, s. w. Ousatonick 
r. contains 17 sq. ms. It is crossed by Still r. 
Ousatonic r. has a bridge, and affords fish, par- 
ticularly shad. It yields wheat and rye, oak, 
hickory, maple, chesnut, &c. The rocks are 
limestone, and afford marble. Pop. 1,261. 

Brookfield, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 22 ms. s. 
by w. Utica, 90 w, Albany ; is hilly and fertile, 
and well watered, with lime rocks of petrified 
shells. Pop. 4,367. 

Brookfield, one of the northern tsps. of 
Tioga CO. Penn. the p-o. by p-r. 185 ms. n, 
Harrisburg. Pop. 328. 



BRO 



67 



BRO 



Brookfield, tsp. and p-v. Trumbull co. O. 
by p-r. 170 ms. n. e. Columbia. Pop. of the 
tap. 874. 

Brookhaven t. Suffolk co. N. Y. crosses 
Long Island ; 20 ms. long, with 300 sq. ms. has 
various soils, few inhabitants, and much forest. 
On the harbors and Long Island Sound, the 
soil is good. It comprehends several important 
headlands in the Sound ; Crane Neck, Old 
Field Point, Strong's Point, and Mount Misery. 
A light house stands on Old Field Point. 
There is much salt meadow and sand on the 
Sound, and plenty of fish are taken. On the s. 
are many trout brooks and mill streams. In- 
terior are pine plains, with plenty of good deer. 
N. are good small harbors — Stony Brook, 
Setauket and Drowned Meadow ; s. is South 
Bay. Population, 6,095. Setauket, v. 58 ms. 
E. N. Y. is the oldest, and was once inhabited 
by a tribe of Indians. There are also the 
villages of Stony Brook, Drowned Meadow, Old 
Man's, Miller's Place, Wading r.. Coram, 
Patchogue, Blue Point, (celebrated for Oysters,) 
Fireplace, Mastic, the Forge and Moriches. 
The last 4 are on S. Bay, which extends from 
Hempstead, Queen's co. to Southampton, Suf- 
folk CO., nearly 100 ms. and from 2 to 5 ms. 
wide. It affords fine fish, and clams ; and 
much pine is carried to N. Y. for fuel. It has 
been proposed to cut a canal through the w. 
shore to open it more directly to navigation. 
Stage coaches run regularly from Patchogue, 
&c. to Brooklyn. Ronconcoma pond, 3 ms. 
round, on the w. line, is the centre of Long Is- 
land. Pop. 6,098. 

Brookline, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 45 ms. 
from Concord, 7 Amherst, 43 n. w. Boston, 
contains 12,664 acres, 240 of them water ; Ni- 
sitissit r. runs into Potanipo pond, in the centre, 
and thence to Nashua river in Pepperell. Pop. 
627. 

Brookline, p-t. Norfolk co, Mass. 5 ms. s. w. 
Boston, has an agreeably diversified surface, 
adorned with many well tilled farms, and coun- 
try seats belonging chieflv to city gentlemen. 
Pop. 1,043. 

Brooklyn, t. Windham co. Vt. 40 ms. s. 
Windsor, 2 ms. by 8. First settled 1777. 
Grassy cr. runs through a valley in the centre. 
Here is a bed of porcelain clay. Pop. 376. 

Brooklyn, p-t. and st. jus. Windham co. 
Conn. 14ms. n. Norwich harbor, 30 e. Hartford, 
44 w. Providence, 6 ms. by 8, with 46 sq. ms., 
has a good soil and is hilly, with primitive 
rocks, and a quarry of building stone near the 
ch. It yields a variety of produce, and walnut, 
oak, chestnut, &c. Willimantic and Nachaug 
rs. unite and form Shetucket r. and with branch- 
es give mill sites, and fish. First settled, 1686. 
It has 2 societies. Pop. 1,451. 

Brooklyn, p-t. Kings co. N. Y. on the w. end 
of Long Island, opposite N. Y. city, of which 
it in fact forms a suburb, is the 3d town in the 
state in population. The village, which is in. 
corporated, and the largest in the state, stands 
on an acclivity rising from the East r. and an 
extent of high land above, so that some of the 
houses overlook the metropolis. The lower 
streets are narrow and crooked, but the higher 
strait and agreeable. There are 7 churches, 2 



Presbyterian, 2 Baptist, 1 Dutch Reformed, i 
Episcopal, 1 Catholic. 

Banking cap. $300,000. It has two markets, 
court-house, several good private schools man. 
ufactories of different kinds, extensive store- 
houses, &c. A navy yard of the U. S. is a 
little N. of the village, s. of Wallabout bay, 
where the largest ships are built, launched, and 
repaired in security. There are two large 
buildings for constructing frigates and larger 
ships, under shelter ; the house of the com- 
mandant, barracks for marines, and a small vil- 
lage adjacent ; 3 steam ferries connect Brook- 
lyn with N. Y. and many merchants reside in 
the village. Aug. 26, 1776, the British gained a 
battle nearBrooklyn, by which they obtained pos- 
session of N. Y. Pop. 1820, 7,175, 1830, 15,396. 
Brooklyn or Bk.ookla.nd iron works, Morris 
CO. N. J. at the outlet of the Muskonetcunk 
lake, 14 ms. n. n. w. of Morris Town. A dam 
is erected here to raise the lake for the supply 
of the Morris canal. 

Brooklyn, p-v. Halifax co. Va. by p.r. 101 
ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Brooklyn, p-v. Conecuh co. Ala. by p.r. 176 
ms. E. of s. Tuscaloosa. 

Brooklyn, t-s. and p-v. in the northern part 
of Cuyahoga co. O. by p r. 149 ms. n. e. Colum- 
bus. Pop. 646. 

Brookneal, p-v. in the s. w. part Campbell 
CO. Va. by p-r. 162 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 
Brooks, p.t. Waldo co. Me. 51 ms. Augusta. 
Pop. 601. 

Brooksville, p-v. Montgomery co. Ten. by 
p-r. 54 ms. n. w. Nashville. 

Brookville, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 8 ms. from 
Augusta. Pop. 1,089. 

Brookville, p-v. in the s. w. part of Albe- 
marie co. Va. 20 ms. s. w. Charlotteville, and 
by p-r. 101 ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Brookville, p-v. and st. jus. .Tefferson co. 
Pa. by p-r. 165 ms. n. of w. Harrisburg. 

Brookville, p.v. and st. jus. Franklin co. 
Ind. on White Water r. 30 ms. n. w. Cincin. 
nati, and 70 s. e. by e. Indianopolis. 

Broome co. N. Y. bndd. by Cortlandt and 
Chenango cos. n., Delaware co. e., lat. 42°, 
and Pennsylvania s., Tioga co. w., contains 8 
tsps. and about 700 sq. ms. It is watered by 
Susquehannah r. and some of its branches ; has 
many hills, with a hard pan soil, but large and 
rich vallies, with gravelly loam. Susquehan- 
nah r. is boatable, and falls are numerous. 
First settled, from w. Massachusetts, about 
1790. It is healthy and yields fruit, as well as 
other productions. Binghampton is the co. t. 
Pop. 1820, 14,343 ; 1830, 17,759. 

Broome, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 35 ms. s. w. 
Albany, e. Schoharie cr. includes part of Cats- 
kill mts. with good alluvial vallies w. Different 
streams supply fine mill seats. Most of the 
land is leased. Livingstonville p-o. is in s. b. 
part. Pop. 3,161. 

Brothertown, Indian v. Paris, N. Y. 8 ma. 
s. w. Utica, was granted by the Oneida Indiana 
to the remnant of the Stockbridge and other 
tribes of N. England. They resided here in 
considerable numbers, with a church, a mis- 
sionary, &c. but many of them have recently 
gone to Green Bay. 



BRO 



68 



BRO 



Brower, p-o. Berks co. Ten. by p-r. 74 ms. 
E. Harrisburg. 

Broweh's Mills, and p-o. in tho s. w. part 
Randolph co. N. C. by p-r. 76 ms. westward 
Raleigh. 

Brown University, {See Providence, R. I.) 

Brown, one of the southern cos. of Ohio, 
bndd. by Ohio r. separating it from Mason and 
Bracken cos. of Ky. s., by Clermont co. O. w., 
Clinton n. w., Highland n. and n. e., and Adams 
E. Length from s. to n. 30, mean breadth 17, 
and area 512 sq. ms., extending in lat. from 38° 
44' to 39° 17', and in long, from 6° 40' to 6° 
58' w. W. C. The n. wstrn. part between Cler- 
mont and Highland cos. slopes to the s. e. and 
is drained by the east Fork of Little Miami. 
The southern and larger section declines to- 
wards Ohio r. and is drained by White Oak and 
several smaller crs. The surface of the whole 
CO. is broken, but soil excellent. Cf. t. George- 
town. Pop. 1820, 13,356, 1830, 17,867. 

Brown, co. Mich. This co. is bounded n. by 
Michilimakinac co.; w. by Crawford, and s. by 
Indian country. On the e. it has lake Michigan ; 
and the whole embracing a square of about 120 
ms. each side, or 14,400 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 4ii° 40' to 45° 30', and in long, from 
9° to 11° 30' w of W. C. The configuration of 
the country is very remarkable. The westrn. 
part comprises the lowest depression of an in- 
clined plain, sloping sthestrdly. and down which 
flow Menomonies and Wolf rivers, together 
with numerous smaller rivers and creeks. 
This base is occupied by Fox r. Green bay, 
and Winnebago lake. An opposite slope might 
be sought for, but except a very narrow mar- 
gin such is not the case ; but on the contrary 
another inclined plain declines almost from the 
shores of Winnebago lake. Fox r. and Green 
bay also s. e. towards lake Mich. This latter 
plain gives source and course to the Manawa- 
kee, Melwakee, Saukee, Sheboygan, Manito- 
Wok, and Twin rivers, with some others of les- 
ser note. The surface of Brown co. is undula- 
ting rather than either hilly or flat. Much of 
the soil is fertile, occupying part of the direct 
route from the Canadian sea to the Upper Misp. 
r. The settlements along Green bay are an- 
cient, and were first made by the French. Cf. 
t. Fort Howard. Pop. 1830, 1,356. 

Brown, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 

Brown, p-o. in the e. part of Stark co. O. by 
p-r. 13;jms. N. e. Columbus. 

Brownfield, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. 
28 ms. s. w. Paris, 81 Augusta. Pop. 936. 

Brownfield, p-o. in the northern part of Bel- 
mont CO. O. by p-r. 152 ms. e. Columbus. 

Brownhelm, p-o. in the northern part of Lo- 
raine co. O. by p-r. 139 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Browningtown, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 95 ms. 
N. Windsor, 45 n. e. Montpelier, 57 e. Burling- 
ton, has 16,750 acres, with mill sites on Wil- 
loughby's r. and branches, which empty n. into 
lake Meinphremagog. Pop. 412. 

Brown's, p-o. Fairfield dist. S. C. by p-r. 23 
ms. northwardly from Columbia. 

Brownsboro', p-o. in the s. part of Montgom- 
ery CO. Md. 9 ms. from W. C. 

Brownsboro', p-v. in the n. part of Madison 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 10 ms. from Himtsville, the st, jus. 



Brownsboro', p-v. in the western part of Old- 
ham CO. Ky. by p-r. 41 ms. n. w. Frankfort. 

Brownsburg, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. about 27 ms. 
n. Phil. 

Brownsburg, p-v. on Hays' cr. in the n. part 
of Rockbridge, co. Va. by p-r. 143 ms. a little 
n. of w. Richmond. 

Brown's Cove, and p-o. in the n. part of AU 
bemarle co. Va. by p-r. 109 ms. n. w. Rich- 
mond. 

Brown's Cove, and p-o. in Jackson co. Ala. 
by p-r. 181 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Brown's Creek, and p-o. in the e. part of 
Union dist. S. C. 10 ms. E. Unionville and by p-r. 
66 ms. N. N. w. Columbia. 

Brown's Ferry and p-o. Limestone co. Ala, 
by p-r. 129 ms. a little e. of n. Tuscaloosa. 

Brown's Mills, and p-o. Mifflin co. Pa. by 
P-r. 60 ms. northwestward Harrisburg. 

Brown's Mills and p-o. in the n. w. part of 
Washington co. 0. 18 ms. n. w. Marietta. 

Brown's Store, and p-o. Caswell co. N. C. 
by p-r. 99 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Brown's Tavern, and p-o. Ann Arundel co. 
Md. 46 ms. n. w. Annapolis. 

Hrownstown, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. 
Ind. situated on Driftwood Fork of the e. branch 
of White r. by p-r. 69 ms. a little e. of s. In. 
dianopolis, and 50 n. w. Louisville, Ky. 

Brownstown, p-v. in the s. estrn. part of 
Wayne co. Mich. 18 ms. s. s. w. Detroit, and 
by p-r. 508 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Brownsville, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 40 ms, 
n, Bangor, 97 n. n. w. Augusta, n. Piscataway 
r. and on Pleasant r, one of its branches, with 
a large pond e. Pop. 402. 

Brownsville, p-v. and borough of Fayette co. 
Pa. founded on a rapid acclivity rising from the 
Monongehela r. where stood formerly Red 
Stone Fort. The U. S. road passes along the 
main street, upon which the bulk of the houses 
are situated. It is separated from Bridgeport 
by Dunlap's cr. and stands 12 ms. n. w. from 
Union, the co. st. 35 ms. a little e. of s. Pitts- 
burg. Pop. borough, 1,222. 

Brownsville, p-o. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 
65 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Brownsville, p-v. in the n. part of Granville 
CO., N. C, by p-r. 58 ms, n. Raleigh. 

Brownsville, p-v. in the s. past of Marlbo- 
rough dist. S. C, by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. by e, Co- 
lumbia. 

Brownsville, p-v. and st. jus, Haywood co. 
Ten. situated near the centre of the co. by p-r. 
175 ms. a little s. of w. Nashville, and 891 ms. 
s. w. by w, W. C. N. lat. 35° 35', and 12° 20' 
w. W. C, 

Brownsville, p-v, and st, jus, Edmonson co. 
Ky, by p-r. 138 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and 
678 wstrd. W. C. Pop. 229. 

Brownsville, p-v. in the n. e, part Licking 
CO. 0. by p-r. 49 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 
Pop. 155. 

Brownsville, p-o. Union co, Ind. by p-r. 76 
ms. E. Indianopolis. 

Brownsville, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co, II. 
situated on Muddy cr. by p-r. 833 ms. wstrd. 
W. C, 127 s. Vandalia. 

Brownsville, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. at the 
mouth of Black r. n. side, s. e, L. Ontario and 



BRU 



69 



BUG 



Griffin's bay, 6 ms. by 15, has a marly loam, 
with much limestone, bearing beech, maple, 
bass, elm, &c. The v. is 3 ms. from the mouth 
of Black r. on its shore, at the head of naviga- 
tion, and the lower rapids, with some manufac- 
tories. Pop. 2,938. 

Brucetown, p-v. Frederick co. Va. 7 ms. 
wstrd. Winchester. 

Bruceville, or Hendricks' Mills, p-o. on 
Pipe cr. Frederick co. Md. 18 ms. n. e. the city 
of Frederick. 

Bruington, p-v. in the n. part of King and 
Queen co. Virginia, by p-r. 36 ms. n. e. Rich- 
mond. 

Brunel's p-o. Davidson co. N. C, by p-r. 100 
ms. w. Raleigh. 

Brumfieldville, p-o. Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 9 
ms. w. Reading. 

Brunso.m's p-o. Stewart co. Ten. 14 ms. wstrd. 
Dover, the st. jus. 

Brunswick, p-t. Essex co. Vt. 55 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, 23 sq. ms. w. Conn. r. First set- 
tlement 1780, watered by w. branch of Nulhe- 
gan r. Wheeler's and Paul's streams cross the 
town and afford mill sites. A mineral spring 
flows from the bank of Conn. r. near a pond. 
Pop. 160. 

Brunswick, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 23 ms. 
N. E. Portland, 30 s. Augusta, s. w. Androscog- 
gin r. at the falls, which supply excellent mill 
sites. Bowdoin college, incorporated 1794, 
was endowed by the Mass. legislature with 5 
tsps. of land, and §^3,0l)0 per annum. This 
sura was continued by the legislature, of Me. 
James Bowdoin, its chief benefactor, gave the 
college 6,000 acres of land, in the town of Lis- 
bon, and also purchased for it a well arranged 
collection of minerals, and some fine models of 
crystalography. The college buildings are de- 
lightfully situated, on a plain near the Andros- 
coggin. It has a president, 6 professors in 
languages, natural philosophy, chemistry, mine- 
ralogy, rhetoric and oratory, intellectual and 
moral philosophy, with lectureships in sacred 
literature and political economy. Alumni of 
the college, 1833, 792 ; students, 157 ; vols, in 
col. library, 8,000 ; do. in students' library, 
6,000. Com. 1st Wednesday in September. 

The course of instruction resembles that of 
most other colleges in the United States. A 
medical academy is attached to it, with 100 stu- 
dents. Pop. 3,587. 

Brunswick, t. Rensellaer co. N. Y. 5 ms. e. 
Troy, N. Sand lake, is high and broken n. w. 
The land w. is handsom.e. Poestenkill cr. fur- 
nishes good mill sites ; there are also Tamha- 
noc and Wynant's crs. The soil is leased at 
low rates. Pop. 2,570. 

Brunswick, one of the southern cos. of Va. 
bndd. by Mecklenburg w., Lunenburg n. w. and 
n., Nottaway r. separating it from DinwidJie 
N. E., Greensville e., Northampton co. in N. C. 
s., and Warren co. N. C. s. w. It is nearly a 
square, 26 ms. each side ; area 676 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 36° 32', to 36° 56', and 
in long, from 0= 39', to 1° 04' w. W. C. The 
southwestern angle touches the Roanoke, and 
a small section is drained southwardly into that 
stream ; but the body of the co. is comprised in 
the vallies of Meherin and Nottaway re. and 

10 



declines eastward. Cf. t. Lawrenceville. Pop. 
1820, 16,687, 1830, 15,767. 

Brunswick, extreme southern co. of N. C. 
bndd. by White Marsh cr. separating it from 
Columbus CO. of the same state w., by Bladen 
N. w., by Cape Fear r. separating it from New 
Hanover on the n. e. and e., by the Atlantic 
ocean s., and by Hony dist. S. C. s. w. Length 
from the border of S. C. to the Forks of Cape 
Fear r. 48 ms., mean breadth 28, and area 
1,344 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 33° 53', to 
34° 32', and in long, from 1° to 1° 46' w. from 
W. C. The slope of this county is nearly 
southward ; the surface generally flat, marshy 
and sterile. Ch. t. Smithville. Pop. 1820, 
5,480, 1830, 6,516. 

Brunswick, p-v. and st. jus. Glynn co. Geo. 
by p-r. 733 ms.s. s. w. W. C. and 200 s. e. Mil. 
ledgeville, n. lat. 31° l2', long. 4° 40' w. from 
W. C. It is a sea port, and situated on Turtle 
r. about 10 ms. nearly due w. from the opening 
between St. Simon's and Jekyl islands. 

Brunswick, p-v. and tsp. in the nrthrn. part 
of Medina co. 0. The p-o. is about 25 ms. s. w. 
Cleaveland, on lake Erie, and by p-r. 356 ms. 
n. w. by w. W. C. and 118 n. e. Columbus. In 
1830, the tsp. contained a pop. of 449. 

Brushy hill, p-o. in the w. part St. Clair co, 
II., by P-r. 84 ms. n. of New Vandalia. 

Brutus, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 5. ms. n. Au. 
burn, 153 ms. w. Albany, on Erie canal, s. Sene- 
ca r. 5 to 6^ ms. by 10, is uneven, with many 
gravel hills, but very fertile and well watered, 
and affords gypsum and good lime stone for 
building. Weeds Port, on the canal, 7 ms n. 
Auburn, 4 e. Bucksville, 9 e. Montezuma, has 
a large basin. Pop. 1,827. 

Bryan, co. of Geo. bndd. s. e. by the Atlantic, 
Liberty co. s. w., Bullock, n. w. and n., and the 
Great Ogechee r. separating it from Effingham 
and Chatham, n. e. Length from s. e. to n. w. 
40 ms. ; mean breadth 12, and area 480 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 31° 43' to 32° 12', and in 
long, from 4° 08' to 4° 46' w. W. C. Cf. t. 
Hardwick. Pop. 1820, 3,021, 1830, 3,139. 
This CO. includes the sea coast of Ossabaw isl. 
from St. Catharine's sound, to that of Ossabaw 
or mouth of Great Ogechee r. 

Bryan's p-o. in the w. part of Hardiman. co. 
Ten. 12 ms. wstwrd. from Bolivar, the st. jus. 
for the CO. 

Bryantown, p-v. Charles co. Md. 32 ms. a. 
W. C. and 10 n. e. Port Tobacco. 

Bryant's, p-v. in the s. e. part of Fayette co. 
Pa. by p-r. 178 ms. s. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Brydie's Store, and p-o. in the n. part of 
Lunenburgco. Va.byp-r. 91 ms. s.w^ Richmond. 

Buchannon, p-v. in the n. part of Lewis co. 
Va. by p-r. 266 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

Buck, p o. in the e. part of Lancaster co. Pa. 
by p-r. 54 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

Buckfield, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 6 ms. s. Paris, 
34 Augusta. Pop. 1,514 ; has a mtn, s. w. and 
is crossed by a stream of water. 

Buckhead, p-o. Fairfield dist. S. C. 35 ms. n. 
Columbia. 

Buckhead, p-o. Morgan co. Geo. by p-r. 50 
ms. N. n. w. Milledgeville. 

BuoKHORN, p-o. Columbia co. Pa. by p-T. 7Q 
ms, N. Harrisburg. 



BUG 

BucKHORN Falls, and p.o. Chatham co. N. 
C. by p-r. 28 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Buckingham, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. about 27 ms. 
N. Philadelphia. Pop. of tsp. of B. 2,132. 

Buckingham, co. Va. bndd. by Appomattox r. 
separating it from Prince Edward, s. w. by 
Campbell, w. by James r. separating it from 
Amherst, n. w. by James r. separating it from 
Nelson, n. by James r. separating it from Albe- 
marle, N. E. by James r. separating it from Flu- 
vanna, and E. by Cumberland. Length 34, 
mean breadth 24, ros. ; area 816 sq. ms. Ex. 
tending in lat. from 37° 13' to 37° 45', and in 
long, from 1° 12' to 1° 55' w. W C. Though 
from the southern part of this co. the Appomat- 
tox rises and Hows eastward, the body of the 
CO. dechnes northwardly towards James r., 
■which latter stream forms about one half the 
entire outline. Cf. t. Maysville. Pop. 1820, 
17,582, 1830, 18,351. 

Buckingham, c. h. and p-o. (See Mays- 
ville.) 

Buckland, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 105 ms. 
w. N. w. Boston, 12 w. Greenfield, s. Deerfield 
r. Pop. 1,039. 

Buckland, p-v. in the n. w. part Prince Wil- 
liam CO. Va. 5 ms. s. w. from Hay Market. 

Bucklin, p-v. Wayne co. Mich. 16 ms. from 
Detroit. 

Bucks, co. of Pa. bndd. by Phil. co. s., Mont- 
gomery s. w., Lehigh and Northampton cos. 
N. w., Delaware r. separating it from Hunter- 
don CO. N. J. N. E. and e , and Burlington co. 
N. J. s. E. Greatest length (from opposite 
Bordentown to the borders of Northampton and 
Lehigh), 42 ms., mean breadth l3, area 546 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 04' to 40° 36', 
and in long, from 1° 35' to 2° 22' e. W. C. The 
general declivity is eastward, and obliquely to- 
wards the Delaware r. To this the n. w. angle 
is an exception ; it slopes southwardly, and is 
drained by the sources of Perkiomen cr. The 
soil of Bucks is diversified, and moderately fer- 
tile, some parts highly productive, and is 
amongst the best cultivated cos. of Pa. The 
surface is pleasantly broken into hill and dale, 
and the northwestern border formed by one of 
the minor chains of the Appalachian system. 
Of the large crs. which rise and terminate in 
this CO. the principal are the Neshamany in the 
southern, and Tohicken in the northern part. 
A canal is completed, or nearly so, along the 
Bucks CO. bank of Delavs^are r. from Bristol, to 
be extended to form a chain with the Lehigh 
navigation at Easton. The staples of Bucks co. 
are composed of nearly every species of pro- 
duce brought to the Phil, market, and which 
the chmate will admit. Cf. ts. Doylestown, st. 
jus. and Bristol. Pop. 1820, 37,842, 1830, 45,- 

:745. 

BucKSEYTowN, p-v. Frederick co. Md. by 
p-r. 49 ms. n. w. W. C. 

BucKSPORT, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 25 ms. e. 
Castine, 61 Augusta, E.Penobscot r. and just 
above Orphan island. Pop. 2,237. 

Buck's Store, and p-o. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 
by p-r. 32 ms. from Tuscaloosa. 
_ BucKsviLLE, V. Mentz, Cayuga co. N. Y. 8 
Ins. N. Auburn, on Erie canal. 

BucYRUS, tsp. p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. 



70 BUF 

O. on the table land between the sources of 
Sandusky and Sciota rs. by p-r. 69 ms. n. Co- 
lumbus. Pop. V. 308, tsp. exclusive of the v. 362. 

Buffalo, small r. of Misp. rises in Amite co. 
between the n. sources of Amite r. and the 
southern of Homochitto, and flowing thence 
westwardly over Wilkinson co. falls into the 
Misp. above Loftus heights, after a course of 
80 ms. over a very broken but highly productive 
country. 

Buffalo, city, port of entry, st. jus. Erie co. 
N. Y. E. end of lake Erie, at the head of Niaga- 
ra r. and of the Erie canal, on the n. e. side, 
and at the mouth of Buffalo cr. It is very ad- 
vantageously situated, and has rapidly increased 
since the completion of the canal. It was burnt 
by British troops, 1814, except one house. The 
cr. affords mill sites of great importance, and a 
canal has lately been formed from the falls to 
the town, on which are important hydraulic 
works. Near its mouth the cr. forms a good 
harbor, with 12 or 14 ft. water for a mile. On 
account of a sand bar, a pier has been built into 
the lake 1000 feet; there is a light house. 
There are seven steam boats which form a daily 
line hence to Detroit; and four others form a 
regular line to Cleaveland, Ohio, touching at the 
different ports. Among these are several very 
superior boats ; and the facilities they afford to 
travellers, as well as for transportation, are ex- 
cellent. Frequent excursions are also made to 
Green Bay. A vast and increasing amount of 
produce is thus brought hither from tRe lake 
shores, and other articles by canal. There 
were shipped east in 1829, 3,640, 1830, 149,219, 
and in 1831, 186,148 bushels of wheat ; in 1829, 
4,335, 1830, 31,810, and in 1831, 62,968 barrels 
of flour ; received during the same period, 
1829, 65,435, 1830, 75,370, 1831, 74,064 bar. 
rels of salt. Canal arrivals and clearances, in 

1829, 1,068, 1830, 2.083, 1831,2,425. Canal 
tolls, 1829, $25,873 48, 1830, $48,953 02, 
1831, $65,980 71. The other waters are To- 
nawanta cr., Ellicot's, with branches, and seve- 
ral streams of the lake. Soil and surface vari- 
ous. The V. is large, flourishing, and very 
pleasantly situated on an elevation overlooking 
the lake, with regular streets, a square, fine 
public houses, and stores. The v. of Black 
Rock is in this t. (see Black Rock), and a tract 
of the reserve lands of the Seneca Indians. 
There Red Jacket lately died. The great road 
from Albany ends here. Pop. 1820, 2,095, 

1830, 8,668. 
Buffalo, p-v. and tsp. of Washington co. Pa. 

13 ms. w. from the borough of Washington. 
Pop. of the tsp. 1,519. 

Buffalo, p-v. on the right bank of Great Ken- 
hawa, s. e. part of Mason co. Va. about 50 ms. 
s. E. Mount Pleasant. 

Buffalo, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 187 
ms. a little s. of. w. Raleigh. 

Buffalo Forge, and p-o. in the s. part, of 
Rockbridge co. Va. 8 ms. w. Lexington, the co. 
seat. 

Buffalo Springs, and p-o. w. part of Am- 
herst CO. Va. by p-r. 147 w. Richmond. 

Buforel's Bridge, and p-o. on Salkehatchie 
r. s. part of Barnwell dist. S. C. 14 ms. s. k. 
Barnwell. 



BUN 



71 



BUR 



Bull Creek, p.o. Wood co. Va. by p-r. 299 
ms. w. W. C. 

BuLLiT CO. Ky. bndd. by Jefferson n., Spen- 
cer E., Nelson, s. e., Salt r. separating it from 
Hardin and Meade cos. s. w., and by a very 
narrow point on the Ohio r. above the mouth of 
Salt r. and opposite Harrison co. Ind. Length 
from E. to w. 25, mean breadth 10 ms. and area 
250 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 47' to 
38° 03', and long, from 8° 30' to 8° 55' w. W. C. 
One of the main confluent streams of Salt r. 
enters the e. border, and traverses Bullit co. in 
a s. w. by w. direction, and uniting with Rolling 
Fork, assumes a course n. w. and falls into 
Ohio r. at the extreme western angle of the 
county. Similar to most cos. which border on 
Ohio, the features are hilly, and soil productive. 
Cf t. Shepherdsville. Pop. 1820, 5,381, 1830, 
5,632. 

Bullock, co. Geo. bndd. by Bryan s. e. the 
Cannouchee r. separating it from Tatnall s. w. 
Emanuel n. w. and Great Ogeeche r. separat- 
ing it from Scriven n. e. and from Effingham e. 
Greatest length from s. e. to n. w. 40 ms. mean 
breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. extending in 
lat. from 32° 6', to 32° 43', and in long, from 4° 
28' to 5° 10' w. W. C. Enclosed between two 
rs. which both flow to the s. estrd., the general 
slope of the co. is in that direction. The 
soil is generally sterile ; staple, cotton. Cf. t. 
Statesboro'. Population 1820, 2,578, in 1830, 
2,587. 

Bui;jL'^asture, r. and p-o. in the n. estrn. part 
of Bath CO. Va. by p-r. 164 ms. n. w. by w. 
Richmond. Bullpasture is the local name of 
the higher part of Cowpasture r. or the middle 
constituent of James r. 

BuLLTowN, p-v. on Little Kenhawa r. Lewis 
CO. Va. 30 ms. w. of s. Clarksburg. 

Buncombe co. of N. C. bndd. by the Blue 
Ridge, which separates it from Greenville and 
Pickens dist. S. C. on the s. by a mountain chain, 
which separates it from Haywood co. N. C. on 
the w. by the main chain of Kittatinny, which 
separates it from Greene, Washington and Car- 
ter cos. of Ten. n. w. by Ashe co. of N. C. on 
the N. E. and by the Blue Ridge, which sepa- 
rates it from Burke and Rutherford cos. N. C. 
on the E. Greatest length from s. w, to n. e.. 
along the Blue Ridge, 100 ms. ; mean breadth 
20, and area 2,000 sq. ms. extending in lat. 
from 35° 3' to 36° 8'n. and in long, from 4° 41', 
to 5° 51' w. W. C. Buncombe occupies apart 
of the great valley between the Blue Ridge and 
the Kittatinny. The latter chain, where it sepa- 
rates N. C. from Ten. is called by the local 
names of Bald mountain, or Iron mountain. 
Within this valley, and as far s. as n. lat 35° 5' 
rises the French Broad r. which, receiving tri- 
butary creeks from both chains flows in a north, 
wardly direction, with a curve to the e. 55 ms. 
to its passage through the Bald mtn. after having 
drained the sthrn. part of Buncombe. Similar 
to the French Broad, the Nolachucky rises also 
in Buncombe, and draining the nrthrn. part of 
the CO. by confluent streams from both chains, 
bends to n. w. and enters the state of Ten. be- 
tween the Bald and Iron mtns. Buncombe co. 
comprises the s. e. section of the basin of the 
Misp. ; the French Broad interlocking sources 



with those of Santee and Savannah rs. as the 
Nolachucky does with those of the Catawba. 

Buncombe is an elevated region, the lowest 
point perhaps exceeding 1,000 ft. above tide 
water, and the farms varying from that height 
1,400, or 1,500 ft. which, with a northwestern 
exposure gives to Buncombe a winter as in- 
tense, if not more so, as that of southern Mary, 
land. The surface is excessively broken, and 
soil as greatly varied. The air and wa-,er are, 
however, as fine as that of any other section of 
the earth. Cf. t. Ashville. Pop. 1820, 10,542, 
1830, 16,281, 

BuNDYSBURG, p-v. in the northern part of 
Geauga co. 0. by p-r. 13 ms. northwardly from 
Chardon. 

Burgess' Store, and p-o. in the s. part of 
Northumberland co. Va. by p-r. 101 ms. a little 
N. of E. Richmond. 

BuRGETTSTowN, Small p-v. in the n. w. part of 
Washington co. Pa. 

Burke, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 40 ms. N. e. 
Montpelier, 37 n. Newbury. First settled, 
1790, — has Passumpsick r. with many mill sites, 
and Burke mtn. 3,500 ft. s. e. It is uneven, 
with good soil, and hard wood, and evergreen 
trees. Magog oil-stones are brought from an 
island in Memphremagog lake, and manufac. 
tufed here. Pop. 866. 

Burke, co. N. C. bndd. by the Blue Ridge, 
which separates it from Buncombe n. w., by 
Wilkes N. E., Iredell e., Catawba r. vi^hich sep- 
arates it from Lincoln s. e., and by Rutherford 
and the western part of Lincoln s. This co. is 
commensurate with the upper valley of Cataw- 
ba, enclosed on three sides by Montague hills, 
Blue Ridge, and Brushy mtn. The various crs. 
rising in these mtns. and flowing towards the in- 
terior of the county form Catawba, which, 
flowing estrd. to the western border of Iredell, 
then turns abruptly to the s. and continues that 
course to its final issue from N. C. In lat. 
Burke co. reaches from 35° 32' to 35° 8'n. and 
in long, from 4° 12' to 5° 15' w. from W. C. 
Greatest length n. e. to s. w. in the general di. 
rection of the Catawba valley, 65 ms. mean 
breadth 25 ms. and area 1625 sq. ms. Similar 
to most mountain valleys, the soil is of every 
quality. The elevation renders it a grain dist. 
Pop. 1820, 13,411, in 1830, 1 7,888. Cf. ta. 
Morgantown and Mackeysville. 

Burke, co. of Geo. bndd. by Scriven s. e., 
Great Ogeechee r. or Emanuel co. s., Jefferson 
w., Richmond n., and Savannah r. which sepa- 
rates it from Barnwell dist. S. C. on the n. e. 
Length 40 ms. mean breadth 30 ms. and area 
1,2jO sq. ms. Beside Savannah and Great 
Ogeechee, which bound this county, it is water- 
ed by Brier cr. which, entering its western bor- 
der, traverses the co. in a s. e. direction. Lat. 
33° and long. 5° w. W. C. intersect near the 
centre of Burke. Cf. t. Waynesboro. Pop. 
1820, 11,574. 

Burkes Garden, and p-o. Tazewell co. Va, 
20 ms. N. N. w. Evansham. 

Bukkesville, p-v. in the nthn. part of Prince Ed. 

ward CO. Va. by p-r. 66 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Burkesville, p-v. and st. jus. Cumberland co. 

Ky. on the right bank of Cumberland r. by p-r. 

152 ms. a little w. of s. from Frankfort. 



BUR 



72 



BUS 



BuRKETsviLLE, p-v. Frederick co. Md. 
Burlington, p-t. and port of entry, and st. jus. 
Chittenden co. Vt. 38 ms. Montpeiier, 22 s. e. 
Plattsburgh, 97 s. Montreal, 75 n. Whitehall, 
has a fine and advantageous situation, e. lake 
Champlain, and is large and flourishing. The 
V. is on a slope of 1 m. to a fine harbor. On 
the top of the hill is the University of Vermont, 
incorporated 1791 and vi'hich went into opera- 
tion, 1800. It is finely situated e. of the vil- 
lage, on an elevation 245 ft. above the lake, 
and commands an extensive and delightful pros- 
pect. There are 3 brick edifices belonging to 
the institution ; 2 for the students, the other 
containing a chapel, and rooms for other pur- 
poses. Its endowments, which consist chiefly 
of lands, are considerable. A president and 3 
professors compose the faculty. There is a 
medical school connected with the university. 
Alumni of the col. 182 ; students, 21 ; vols, in 
col. library, 1000; do. students', 500. Com- 
mencement, 1st Wednesday in Aug. Many of 
the private houses are in beautiful taste, with 
large gardens, &c. It has the county buildings, 
an academy, bank, (^150,000 capital,) &c. 
Many of the vessels on the lake belong to this 
village. A manufacturing village is at the falls 
of Onion r. 5 ms. from its mouth, 1^ m. n. e. 
Burlington. First settled just before the revolu- 
tion, which interrupted it. It is agreeably un- 
even, with a soil not very good : hard timber 
s. w.,pine plains n. e. Below the falls is a fine 
alluvial tract. Limestone abounds, and some 
iron ore is found. The Champlain glass com- 
pany here make excellent glass. Very good 
stage coaches travel by day light to Boston, 
through Middlebury, -Rutland, Keene, and in 
other directions. A branch of the U. S. bank 
is located here. Burlington college is | m. e. 
of the village, overlooking it and much of the 
lake. Two steam boats which ply between 
Whitehall, and St. John's, L. Canada, touch 
here, and another runs to Plattsburgh, 25 ms. 
The road to Rutland is quite level, with fine 
scenery. Pop. 3,526. 

Burlington, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 12 ms. 
N. w. Boston. Pop. 1830, 446. 

Burlington, p-t. Hartford co. Ct. 16 ms. w. 
Hartford, 5 ms. by 6, 30 sq. ms. is irregular, 
with a gravelly loam on granite rocks, yielding 
grain, &c. and is watered by Farmington r. and 
branches of Poquaback r. Pop. 1830, 1,301. 

Burlington, co.N. J. nearly triangular, bndd. 
by Hunterdon, Middlesex and Monmouth cos. n. 
N. w. & N. E., Little Egg Harbor s. e., Gloucester 
CO. s,, and extends from Del. r. to the Atlantic. 
It has Rancocus and Croswicks crs. with Assan. 
pink cr. n. and Little Egg Harbor cr. s. Bur. 
lington is the co. town, and it contains also Bor- 
dentown. Mount Holley, &c. The land near 
the Delaware, is level, fertile, highly cultivated 
and sends supplies to Phil., but much of the re. 
mainder is poor. A great part of the pop. are 
Friends. The steam boat navigation of Dela- 
ware r. is important to the co. and one of the 
great routes of travelling between Philadelphia 
and New York is by Bordentown, where the 
rail road strikes the Delaware from Amboy, and 
whence it extends to Camden, Pop. 1820, 
28,822 ; 1830, 31,107. 



Burlington co. N. J. on e. bank Delaware r. 11 
ms. s. Trenton, 17 n. e. Phil., is a very pleas- 
ant place, with green banks on the river, and 
some fine country seats, principally of Phil, 
gentlemen. The co. buildings, a bank, and an 
academy, are here. The large steam boats 
touch here several times every day. The soil 
is good, level, wtU cultivated, and inhabited by 
industrious people. It is opposite Bristol, Pa. 
Pop. 2,670. 

Burlington, p-t. Otsego, co. N. Y. 12 ms. w, 
Cooperstown, 78 w. Albany, is hilly, arable, 
productive, and well supplied with mill sites, by 
Butternuts and Otsego crs. which have rapid 
descents. The trees are maple, beech, birch, 
elm, &c. Pop. 2,459. 

Burlington, p-v. in the s. estrn. part of Brad- 
ford CO. Pa. by p-r. 162 ms. e. of n. Harrisburg. 
Burlington, p-v. Hampshire co. Va. about 
160 ms. N. N. w. W. C. 

Burlington, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, 8 ms. wstrd. 
from Chester, the co. st. 

Burlington, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co. 0. 
situated on Ohio r. in the extreme sthrn. point 
of the state, nearly opposite the mouth of Great 
Sandy r. by p-r. 135 ms. s. s. e. Columbus. 
Pop. 149. 

Burlington, p-v. and st. jus. Boone co. Ky. 
12 ms. s. w. Cincinnati. Pop. 276. 

Burnham's, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 37 ms. s. Au- 
gusta. Pop. 803. 

Burning Spring, p-v. in the n. w. corner Floyd 
CO., Ky. by p-r. 126 ms. s. e. Frankfort. 

Burns, town Alleghany co. N. Y. Pop. 702. 
Burnt Cabins, p-v. Bedford co. Penn. by p-r. 
70 ms. s. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Burnt Coat, island, Hancock co. Me. oflf 
Blue Hill bay and Union r. Pop. 254. 

Burnt Corn, p-v. in the s. part of Monroe co. 
Ala. by p.r. 183 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

Burnt Prairie, p-v. in the s. part White co. 

11. 15 ms. from Carmi, the st. jus. for the co. 
Burnt Tavern, p-o. in the s. part Garrard co. 

Ky. by p-r. 49 ms. s. s. e. Frankfort. 

BuRRiLLViLLE, p-t. Providence, co. R. I. 24 
ms. N. w. Providence, is a new t. e. Conn, line, 
5 ms. by 12, with 60 sq. ms. rough, with pretty 
good timber and grazing land, on primitive soil, 
watered by the outlet of Allum pond. It is a 
manufacturing town. Pop. 2,196. 

Burrow's Old Store and p-o. in the n. part 
of Madison co. Ala. by p-r. 15 ms. from Hunts, 
ville, the st. jus. 

BuRRSviLLE, p-v. Caroline co. Md. by p.r. 87 
ms. E. W. C. and 50 from Annapolis. 

Burton, t. Strafford co. N. H. 75 ms. n. e. 
Concord, 45 Guilford, 75 Portsmouth, 5 ms. by 

12, with 36,700 acres, supplied by Swift r. a 
branch of Saco r. and other streams, with mill 
sites. They were once stocked with oiter and 
beaver. There are high, granite mtns. Cho. 
corna, &c. The soil is generally good, with 
maple, birch, ash, pine &c. Pop. 325. 

Burton, p-v. and tsp. in the e. part of Geauga 
CO. O. 9 ms. s. E. Chardon. Pop. of tsp. 646. 

Burtonsville, p.o. E. part of Orange co. Va. 
by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

Bushkill, p-v. on Del. r. at the mouth of 
Eushkill cr. Pike co. Penn. 90 ms. e. of n. Phil. 

Bushkill, the name of two crs. of Penn. one 



Burlington, city, port of entry and st. jus. ' rising near the centre of Pike co. in three 



BUT 



73 



BYR 



branches which rise and fall into the Del. at the 
village of the same name ; the second rises in 
the Blue or Kittatinny mtns. Northampton co. 
and falls into Del. r. ai Easton. 

BcjsHviLLE, p-v. Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 116 
ms. nthrd. Milledgeville. 

BusHwicK, t. King's co. N. Y. on Long Isl- 
and, E. East r. opposite N. Y., is hilly, with a 
light, fertile loam, with Bushwick and Wil- 
liamsburg v. At the latter is a steam ferry 
boat to N. Y. Pop. 1,020. 

Buskirk's Bridge, p-v. Cambridge, Wash- 
ington CO. N. Y. 

BusTi, p-v. Chatauque co. N. Y. 334 ms. w. 
Albany. Pop. 1,680. 

BusTLETowN, p-v. Phil. CO. Penn. 11 ms. n. e. 
Phil. 

Butler, t. Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 1,764. 
Butler, co. of Penn. bndd. by Alleghany s., 
Beaver w., Mercer n. w., Venango n., and Arm- 
strong E. Length 35, mean breadth 23 ; and 
area 8J0 sq. ms. extending from n. lat. 40° 42' 
to 41° ir, and in long, from 2° 48' to 3° 14' w. 
from W. C. Alleghany r. merely touches the 
N. E. angle of Butler, from which it then re- 
cedes, and again touches the s. e. angle at 
Freeport. The body of the county is drained 
by the Slippery Rock, and other branches of 
Connequenessing, flowing wstrd, into this r. 
Surface very hilly, but soil excellent for grain, 
fruit, and pasturage. Cf. t. Butler. Pop. 1820, 
10,251, 1830, 14,683. 

Butler, p-v. borough and st. jus. Butler co. 
Penn. on the Connequenessing, 32 ms. e. of n. 
Pittsburg, and by p-r. 205 ms. wstrd. Harris- 
burg. Pop. 567. 

Butler, co Ky. bndd. by 0. co. n. w., Gray- 
son N. E., Warren s. e., Logan s. w. and Muh- 
lenburg w. Length from s. w. to n. e. 38 ms. 
mean breadth 15, and area, 570 sq. ms. extend- 
ing from N. lat. 37° to 37° 23', and in long, from 
9° 25' to 10° 2' w. Green r. receives its great 
tributary. Big Barren, on the s. e. margin of this 
county, and the united waters in a n. w. direc- 
tion, flow across the county, and then turning s. 
w. form a common boundary between it and O. 
CO. to the eastern angle of Muhlenburg co. 
Thus, though Butler may be considered an in- 
land CO. a line navigable channel unites it to O. 
r. Cf. t. Morgantown. Pop. 1820, 3,083, 1830, 
3,058. 

Butler, co. Ala. bndd. w. by Monroe and 
Wilcox, N. by Lowndes, e. by Pike, and s. by 
Covington and Conecuh. Length 35, mean 
breadth 30, and area 1000 sq. ms. extending 
from N. lat. 31° 30' to 31° 57', and in long, from 
9° 38' to 10° 2' w. W. C. Surface undulating, 
and soil generally thin and sterile. It is a table 
land from which flow many crs. towards Ala- 
bama r. but the body of country slopes south- 
wardly, giving source to Patsligala, Pigeon and 
Supulga, branches of Conecuh r. Staple, cot- 
ton. Cf. t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 1,405, in 
1830, 5,650. 

Butler's p-o. Putnam co. Geo. by p-r. 28 ms. 
nthrd. Milledgeville. 

Butler's Mills, p-o. Montgomery co. N. C, 
by p-r. 100 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Butler's Ferry and p-o. Jackson co. Ten. 
by p-r. 94 ms. n. e. by e. Nashville. 



BuTTAHATCHE r. rises in the western part of 
Marion co. Ala. and flowing s. s. w. enters and 
traverses Monroe co. Misp., falls into Tombig- 
bee 12 or 13 ms. above Columbus, after a com. 
parative course of 70 ms. 1 his stream hag 
interlocking sources with Hear cr. flowing into 
Ten. with the Black Warrior. 

Buttermilk Channel, the channel between 
Governor's Island and Long Island in New York 
harbor. 

Butternuts, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. 
w. Cooperstown, 87 w. Albany, bears grain and 
grass ; maple, beech, birch, elm, &c., watered 
by Unadilla cr. and other streams ; contains 
Louisville v. Gilbertsville v. and Gilbert's v. p-o. 
Pop. 3,991. 

Butts, co. Geo. bndd. by Monroe s.. Pike w., 
Henry n. w., and Ocmulgee r. separating it from 
Newton n. e., Jasper e., and Jones s. e. Length 
28 ms. breadth 15, and area 420 sq. ms., extend. 
ing in lat. from 33"^ 5' to 33^ 28', and in long, 
fronr 6° 5u' to 7° 13' w. W. C. Cf. t. Jackson. 
Pop. 4,944. 

Butztown, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 
103 ms. N. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

Buxton, p-t. York co. Me. e. Saco r. 8 ms. 
n. w. Saco, 40 N. York, 71 s. s. w. Augusta, 
bordering n. e. on Cumberland co. Here is a 
large manufactory on Saco r. at a fall of 79 ft. ; 
7 ms. by 40. Pop. 1830, 2,856. 

Buygonsville, p-v. eastern part of De Kalb 
CO. Georgia, by p-r. 92 miles n. w. Milledge- 
ville. 

Buzzard's Bay, on s. coast. Mass. 7 ms. by 
40. with Plymouth co. n., Barnstable co. e., 
Bristol CO. w. and Atlantic Ocean s. It extends 
within 3i ms. of Cape Cod Bay, 2^ Barnstable, 
to which a canal has been proposed for coast- 
ers through Sandwich. It receives a number 
of small streams ; Elizabeth islands are off the 
mouth. Seakonet is the w. Point. 

Byberry, tsp. and p-o. Phil. co. Penn. by p-r. 
11 ms. N. e. Phil. 

Byfield, p-v. and parish, Rowley and New- 
bury, Essex CO. Mass. 6 ms. s. w. Newbury, 
port, has a good soil, well cultivated. Parker 
r. falls 40 feet in 1 m. of tide, with many mill 
sites, on one of which was the first woollen fac 
tory in New England, perhaps in America. 
Boats go to the ocean. Here is Dummer's acad- 
emy, founded 1756, by Lt. Governor D. 

with a fine farm, for a grammar school ; opened 
1763; the first academy established in Massa. 
chusetts. 

Byon, p-v. and st. jus. Baker co. Geo. on 
Flint r. at the Falls, by p-r. 150 ms. s. w. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Byram, r. on the s. w. bound, of Conn, be- 
tween it and N. Y. is small, and runs into Long 
Island Sound. 

Byram, t. Sussex co. N. J. lies on the Mus- 
conetcunck, and contains a part of the range of 
Schooley's mtn. verges upon Morris canal s. 
with Hop Pond on the e. Pop. 958. 

Byran's po. Pike co. Geo. by p-r. 68 ms. w. 
Milledgeville. 

Byron, p-t. Genesee co. N, Y. 10 ms. e. n. 
e. Batavia, 5 ms. by 6, has level and good land, 
watered by Black, Bigelow and Spring creeks, 
with some mill seats. Pop. 1,936, 



CAD 



74 



CAL 



c. 



Cabarras, CO. of N. C. bndd. s. w. by Meck- 
lenburg, N. w. by Iredell, n. by Rowan, and s. e. 
by Montgomery. It is in form of a triangle, 
base from e. to w. along Montgomery and Ire- 
dell 30 ms. and salient point stlird. between 
Montgomery and Mecklenburg, with a perpen- 
dicular of 20 ms. which yields 300 sq. ms. 
Cabarras occupies a mountain valley drained by 
the higher sources of the Rocky river. These 
streams with a general southern course unite 
in the southern part of the co. and leaving it at 
the extreme s. point turn thence eastward, sep- 
arating Montgomery and Anson co. fall into the 
Yadkin. The face of Cabarras is broken and 
in part mountainous, though much of the soil is 
productive. Lat. from 35° 13', to 35° 30', and 
long, from 3° 21', to S° 52' w. W. C. Cf. t. 
Concord. Pop. 1820, 7,228, 1830, 8,810. 

Cabell, co. of Va. bndd. by Mason co. n. e., 
Kenhawa e., Logan s. e., Sandy r. which sepa- 
rates it from Lloyd, Lawrence, and Greenup 
COS. of Ky. w., and by O. r. which separates it 
from Galia and Lawrence cos. O. n. Greatest 
length from s. w. to n. e., 50 ms. mean width 
about 20, and area of 1000 sq. ms. Extending 
from 37° 55', to 38° 40' n. and in long, from 4° 
45', to 5° 34' w. from W. C. Beside this and 
Sandy rs. which form part of the boundaries of 
Cabell, it is subdivided into two not very unequal 
parts, by the Great Guyandot, which rises in 
Logan, enters Cabell, over which in a north- 
western direction, it reaches the Ohio r. below 
Barbersville. The face of Cabell is very broken 
and in part mountainous. The soil, except a 
minor part, rocky and sterile. Cf. t. Barbers- 
ville. By the census of 1820, Cabell, then in- 
cluding about one third of what is novv compris- 
ed in Logan, contained a pop. of 4,789, in 1830, 
Cabell, as then restricted, contained 5,834. 

Cabell, c. h., p-o. and st. jus. Cabell co. Va. 
{See Barboursville, Cabell co. Va.) 

Cabin Creek, p-o. in the northern part of 
Lewis CO. Ky. byp-r. 83 ms. n. e. by e. Frank- 
fort. 

Cabin Point, p-v. almost on the meridian of 
W. C. and in the w. part of Surry co. Va. 49 ms. 
s. E. Richmond. 

Cabot, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 18 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, 65 n. Windsor, 6 ms. sq. on the 
head waters of Onion r. First settlement, 1785. 
The plain is on the height between Conn, and 
Onion rs. The soil is hard and uneven. Ze- 
rah Colburn was born here. Pop. 1,304. 

Cackley's, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by p-r. 
202 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. 

Cadiz, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Ohio, 27 
ms. s. w. by w. Steubenville, and by p-r. 124 n. 
E. by E. Columbus. It is a very neat, thriving 
village. Pop. 1820, 537, 1830, 818. 

Cadiz, p-v. and st. jus. Trigg co. Ky. on Little 
r. a small branch of Cumberland r. about 100 
ms. N. w. Nashville, Ten. and by p-r. 218 ms. s. 
w. Frankfort. 

Caddo, p-v. Clarke co. Ark. by p-r. 75 sthrd. 
from Little Rock. 

Cadwallader, p-v. in the e. part of Tusca- 
rawas co. 0. by p-r. 112 ms. N. E. by E. Columbus. 



Cahaba, r. Ala. rises in Jefferson and St. 
Clair cos. flowing s. w. by w. over Bibb, Shelby, 
Perry, and Dallas cos. falls into Ala. r. at the 
town of Cahaba, after a course of 120 ms. 

Cahaba, p-v. and st. jus. Dallas, co. Ala. on 
the right bank o( Alabama r. immediately be- 
low the mouth of Cahaba r. 77 ms. s. s. e. Tus- 
caloosa, and about 140 ms. n. n. e. Mobile. 

Cahokia, p-v. on the left bank of the Misp. r. 
St. Clair co. 11. 5 ms. s. e. St. Louis. 

Cahoos Falls, N. Y. 3 ms. from the mouth 
of Mohawk r. is one of the greatest cataracts in 
the U. S. The Mohawk falls very abruptly 
about 70 ft. over a broken precipice of slaty 
rock, in one sheet of foam, at high water. The 
banks below are nearly 100 ft. high, rocky and 
perpendicular. Fish abound in the basin. Erie 
canal, on the s. bank, surmounts the fall by 
locks, and crosses the r. on an aqueduct, a little 
above. A bridge crosses about 1 m. below, 
and Champlain canal by a ferry. 

Cain's p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 64 ms. estrd. 
Harrisburg. 

Cainsville, p-v. Wilson co. Ten. by p-r. 48 
ms. estrd. from Nashville, and 700 s. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Ca Ira, (pronounced Sa Era) small p-v. on 
Willis r. in the w. part Cumberland co. Va. 62 
ms. a little s. of w. Richmond, and 45 ms. n. e. 
by E. Lynchburg. 

Calahan's, p-o. Alleghany co. Va. by p-r, 189 
ms. w. Richmond. 

Cairo, p-t. Green co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. w. 
Catskill, 11 w. Athens v., 40 s. Albany, has the 
summits of Catskill mts. on s. bound, nearly 
7i ms. sq., is hilly, with alluvial levels, on Cats- 
kill cr. and 2 branches, which also supply iroa 
works, mills, &c. Pop. 2,912. 

Calais, p-t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. n. w. 
Eastport, 204 e. Augusta ; below the falls of St. 
Croix r. it is accessible to navigation through 
Passamaquoddy bay. It stands a little above 
and nearly opposite St. Andrews in New Bruns- 
wick. Pop. 1,686. 

Calais, t. Washington co. Vt. 37 ms. e. Bur- 
lington, 12 Montpelier. Pop. 1,539. 

Calcasiu, r. of Louisiana, rises in the parish 
of Natchitoches, between Red and Sabine rs. 
Flowing thence in a nearly general southern 
course, but curving to the eastward, with a re- 
markable compliance to the course of lower Sa- 
bine. From the source of the former, to the 
head of Calcasiu lake, the two rivers mauitain a 
nearly regular distance of about 35 ms. asunder. 
The Calcasiu rises in a forest of pines, which 
continues to be the prevailing tree on all its 
tributaries to where all forest ceases ; and is 
followed by the prairies of Opelousas. Issuing 
from this great body of woods, the Calcasiu, 
similar to the Sabine, expands into a lake of 
from 1 to 10 ms. wide, and 30 long, and again 
contracting into a river, falls into the Gulf of 
Mexico at n. lat. 29° 28', long. 16° 20' w. W.C. 
Though the tide flows up this river above the 
head of its lake, it can scarce be called naviga- 
ble, as there is not more than 3 feet water at its 
mouth, and not much more in the lake. The 



CAL 



75 



CAL 



soil it waters, both in woods and prairie is most- 
ly thin and sterile, though in the former section 
supplied with abundance of pure and limpid 
spring water. 

Caldwell, p-t. and cap. Warren co. N. Y. 
62 ms. N. Albany, at the head of lake George, 
7 ms. in extent, is very hilly and picturesque, 
the scenery on this lake being more admired 
than almost any other in the U. S. The head 
of the lake is in the centre of the township, and 
towards it slopes a high ridge of 2 or 3 ms. s. 
French mtn. nearly e. and Rattlesnake mtn. 1^ 
ms. w. leaving little arable land. Part of Sca- 
roon creek, the e. branch of Hudson r. touches 
the w. bound. Caldwell v., near the head of 
lake George, w. containing the co. buildings, is 
pleasant, with a fine view down, and over the 
sites of Fort George and Wm. Henry. There 
is a hotel for about 200 persons, looking upon a 
basin and the lake, for visiters who resort here 
every summer. Near it is the line of approach- 
es of Gen. Montcalm, who captured Fort Wm. 
Henry 1757, and allowed the prisoners to be 
massacred by Indians. A steamboat plies hence 
to the bottom of the lake in the warm season, 
and the excursion surpasses all others of the 
kind in the country for beauty of scenery. Gen. 
Johnson was attacked, 1765, where Fort George 
was built, by Gen. Diesliau ; the latter was de- 
feated and mortally wounded. Pop. 797. 

Caldwell, p-t. Essex co. N. J. on the Pas- 
saic, about 9 ms. n. w. Newark, 59 n. Trenton. 
Pop. 2,004. 

Caldwell, co. of Ky. bndd. s. w. by Tennes- 
see r. which separates it from Callaway and 
McCracken cos., n. w. by Livingston, n. e. by 
Tradewater r. which separates it from Hopkins 
CO., and n. e. by Trigg. Length 32 ms. breadth 
22, and area 700 sq. ms. Cumberland r. en- 
ters the s. e. border, and by a very winding 
channel, passes over the s. w. part, leaving a 
strip of 1 to 8 ms. wide between the latter r. 
and Ten. r. Surface mostly level, and soil 
productive. Cf. ts. Eddyville and Princeton. 
Lat, 37°, and long. 10° w. intersect in this co. 
Pop. 1820, 9,022, 1830, 8,324. 

Caldwell's p-o. Washitau parish, La. by p-r. 
201 ms. N. w. N. Orleans. 

Caledonia, co. Vt. w. Connecticut r. 700 sq. 
ms. is crossed in w. part by the height of lands 
on E. range of Green mtns. between which and 
Conn. r. is fine country, with Passumpsic r. &c. 
w. of it, forms Onion r. Limestone, granite, 
&c. abound, and sulphur springs. Cf. and co. t. 
Danville. Incorporated 1792. Pop. 1820, 16,- 
669, 1830, 20,967. 

Caledonia, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 31 ms. 
w. Canandaigua, 12 n. Genesee, 17 above Ro- 
chester, w. Genesee r. which is very crooked, 
but affords navigation to Erie Canal ; it has ex. 
cellent wheat land. 2^ ms. by 8. Pop. I,6l8. 

Caledonia, p-v. in the s. w. part Moore co. 
N. C. 20 ms. sthrd. from Carthage, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Caledonia, p-v. in the w. part Henry co. Ten, 
by p-r. 1 23 ms. a little n. of w. Nashville. 

Caledoma, p-v. in the southern part Jeffer- 
son CO. Ind. by p-r. 97 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Caledonia, p-v. in the western part Wash- 
ington CO. Mo., 15 ms. wstrd. Potosi, the st. jus. 



Calhoun, co of II. comprising the point be- 
tween the Mississippi proper and Illinois rs. 
bndd. by II. r., separating it from Greene co. e., 
and the Misp. r., separating it from St. Charles 
CO. Mo. s., Lincoln co. Mo. w., and Pike co, 
Mo. N. Length nearly parallel to both the 
bounding rs. 40 ms., mean breadth 6 ms., and 
area 240 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 
52' to 39° 38', long, from 13° 26' to 13° 52' w. 
W. C . Cf. t. Gilead. Pop. 1830, 1,090. 

Calhoun CO. Mich. bndd. by Jackson e., Hills- 
dale s. E., Branch s. and s. w., Kalamazoo w.. 
Barry n. w., and Eaton, n. e. Length from e. 
to w. 30 ms. breadth 24, and area 720 sq. ms. 
N. lat. 42° 15', and long. 8° w. W. C. intersect 
in this CO. Slope wstwrd., sthrn. part drained 
by branches of St. Joseph's r. of lake Mich., 
and the nthrn. by the Kalamazoo r. The cen- 
tral part is about 110 ms. w. Detroit. Pop. un- 
certain. 

Calhoun, t. Orange co. N. Y. Pop. 1,535. 

Calhoun's, p-v. and st. jus. McMinn. co. Ten. 
on Hiwassee r. 78 ms. s. w. Knoxville, and by 
p-r. 159 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Calhoun's Mills, and p-o. Abbeville dist. 
S. C. by p-r. 136 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Calibogue Sound, an inlet of S. C. between 
Dawfuskee and Hilton Head islands. It opens 
a little E.of N. 7 ms. from Savannah r. entrance, 
and extending inland is lost in a maze of inter- 
locking inlets, enclosing the numerous islands 
which chequer the ocean border of Beaufort 
dist. between broad and Savannah rs. 

Calland's p-o. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 
136 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Callaway, co. of Ky. bndd. by Graves w., 
Mc Cracken n., Tennessee r. separating it from 
Caldwell, n. e., Trigg e., Stewart co. Ten. s. e., 
and Henry co. Ten. s. Length 30, mean width 
20 and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° 30' to 36° 56' n., and in long, from 1 1° U' 
to 11° 35'. The estrn. margin of this co. de- 
clines N. E. towards Tennessee r. but the body 
of it is drained by Clarke's r. flowing n, into 
Ohio. Cf. t. Wadesborough. Pop. 5,164. 

Callaway, co. Mo. bndd. by Boone w., Au- 
drain n., Montgomery e., and by Miser r. sepa- 
rating it from Gasconnade co. s., and Cole s. w. 
Length from s. w. to n. e. 38 ms., mean breadth 
14, and area 532 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 38° 30' to 39° n. and in long, from 14° 36' 
to 15° 10'. This CO. occupies a part of the 
nrthrn. inclined plain of Miser, and as delineated 
by Tanner, the 39th degree of n. lat. which 
separates it from Audrain, extends between the 
two COS. very nearly along the dividing ridge 
from which issue the extreme sthrn. sources of 
Salt r. and those of creeks flowing sthrd. into 
Miser r. The body of the co. lies about 90 ms. 
a little n. of w. St. Louis, and opposite the en- 
trance of Osage r. into Miser r. Cf. t. Fulton. 
Pop. 6,159, but this aggregate included the pop. 
of the area now in Audrain, co. 

Cala way's Mill, and p-o. Franklin co. Va. 
by p-r. 190 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Callinsburg, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 
248 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Calumick, called relatively. East Calumick 
and West Calumick, two small but remarkable 
streams. East Calumick rises in La Porte co. 



CAM 



CAM 



Ind. from whence flowing w. it is discharged 
into the extreme sthrn. part of lake Mich, after 
a course of about 30 ms. West Calumick is a 
more extensive stream than its relative. Rising 
in Ind. and flowing n. westwardly about 40 ms. 
enters II. where inflecting to a nrthrn. course 20 
ms. falls into the s. wstrn. angle of lake Mich. 
The whole country to the sthrd. of and adjacent 
to lake Mich, is with but little exception an im- 
mense level with a very slight inclination to- 
wards the lake. From this plain oozes rather 
than flows the water in any direction, and from 
it originates the sources of Tippecanoe br. of 
Wabash, Kankakee br. of Illinois r., and the 
two Calumicks and other small streams enter- 
ing the sthrn. extreme of lake Mich. 

Calvert co. Md. bndd. n. by Ann Arundel 
CO., E. by Chesapeake bay, and s. s. w. and w. 
by Patuxent r. which separates it from St. Ma- 
ry's, Charles, and Prince George's cos. Length 
33 ms., mean width 8, and area 264 sq. ms. 
Rolling surface, rather than level or hilly. For 
lat. and long, see article Prince Fredericktown, 
the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 8,073, 1830, 8,900. 

Calvert, p-o. Franklin co. Ky. 

Cambria, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 7 ms. n. w. 
Lockport, 13 e. Lewiston v. is crossed e. and w. 
by the mtn. ridge, and Erie canal, with small 
streams of Howell's, Cayuga, and 18 m. crs. 
The soil is pretty good, ill watered, and greatly 
diversified. Lockport, a very important v. is in 
this t. (See Lockport.) Pop. 1,712. 

Cambria co. Pa. bndd. e. by the Alleghany 
chain which separates it from Bedford and 
Huntingdon, n. by Clearfield, w. by Laurel Hill, 
separating it from Ind. and Westmoreland, and 
s. by Somerset. Length from s. to n. 36 ms., 
mean breadth between the two chains of mtns. 
20 ms., and area 720 sq. ms. Cambria occupies 
part of the elevated mountain valley, from 
which the streams flow, like radii from a com- 
mon centre. The sthrn. part is drained by nu- 
merous creeks of Conemaugh r. whilst the 
nrthrn. section gives source to the extreme 
heads of the w. branch of Susquehannah. By 
the surveys made on the route of the Pennsyl- 
vania canal, it appears that Johnstown, at the 
forks of Conemaugh in this co. is elevated 1154 
ft. above the tide water in Delaware r. This 
point is at least 150 ft. below the common level 
of the county, which may be assumed at 13u0 ft. 
The surface of the co. is hilly, rocky, and in 
part mountainous, with a soil of middling quali- 
ty. In lat. it extends from 40° 15' to 40° 40', 
and in long, from 1° 22' to 2° w. W. C. Pop. 
1820, 3,287, in 1830, 7,076. The canal and 
railway route, designated the Pa. canal passes 
over the sthrn. part of Cambria. 

Cambridge, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 30 ms. n.w. 
Montpelier, 22 n. e. Burlington, 28,533 acres, 
first settled 1783. Lamoille r. runs l2ms. in 
it, with branches and mill sites. It is uneven, 
but fertile, with 3 villages. Pop. 1,613. 

Cambridge, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 3 ms. 
N. w. Boston, was first settled 1631. It has 
3 principal divisions ; Cambridge, containing 
the university, an arsenal, and several churches, 
is pleasantly situated on a beautiful plain, ex- 
tending from Charles r. It is a handsome vil- 
lage, and contains the residences of several of- 



fleers of the university. Cambridge port, p-v. 
is a village of considerable business, containing 
several churches, connected by w. Boston bridge 
with the city ; and East Cambridge, p-v. on 
Lechmere point, is also a flourishing village, 
where are various manufactories, among them 
the largest of glass in the U. S., a court house, 
jail, and 4 churches. This point is connected 
with Boston by Craigie's bridge. Harvard Uni- 
versity, the oldest institution of the kind in the 
U. S. was founded in 1638, and derives its name 
from Rev. John Harvard, who made the first 
large donation to it. It was designed to be a 
nursery for the churches. The buildings are 
University Hall, an elegant granite edifice, 140 
ft. by 50, and 42 high ; Massachusetts, Hollis, 
Harvard, Stoughton, and Holworthy Halls ; 
Holden Chapel, of brick, containing a chemical 
laboratory, anatomical museum, and other lec- 
ture rooms, and Divinity Hall, a commodious 
building, appropriated to theological students. 
The library is the largest in the U. S. containing 
40,000 volumes, exclusive of that for the stu- 
dents, of 4,600. The library of the college is 
very valuable, containing a very complete col. 
lection on American history and its subjects ; the 
number of maps and charts exceeds 13,000. 
There is also a mineralogical cabinet, and a 
botanic garden of 8 acres. Connected with the 
University are also a law and medical schools, 
(the latter located in Boston,) and a theological 
seminary. By large donations from the state, 
and individuals also, this institution is more rich- 
ly endowed than any other in the U. S. Its in- 
come is between g40,000 and $50,000 (about 
half from tuition) and the expenditure is about 
the same : the personal property of the college 
is over t$3OO,0OO. Several professorships have 
thus been established. The president's house, 
and the medical college in Boston, containing a 
library of about 5,000 vols, belong to the institu- 
tion. Presidents, as inducted : Dunster, 1640, 
Chauncey, '54, Hoar, '72, Oaks, '75, Rogers, '82, 
Mather, '85, Willard, 1701, Leverett, '08, 
Wadsworth, '25, Holyoke, '37, Locke, '70, 
Langdon, '74, WiUard, '81, Webber, 1806, Kirk- 
land, '10, and Quincy, 1828. Number of in- 
structers, 1833, 24 ; total alumni, 5,685 ; under- 
graduates, 1832-3, 210 ; medical students, 82 ; 
law, 31. Commencement is on the last Wednes- 
day in August. 

The first printing press in America was loca- 
ted here, and was used by Stephen Day, who 
printed " The Freeman's Oath." The American 
army encaniped here in 1776, during the siege 
of Boston, and some of their entrenchments re- 
main. On Copp's hill is a monument bearing 
date 1625. Pop. 6,072. 

Cambridge, Washington co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. 
Salem, 35 n. e. Albany. It is in part, hilly, has 
good farms, on a warm deep gravel. Streams, 
White creek, with a few mill seats. Pop. 2,3 19. 

Cambridge, p-v. and st. jus. Dorchester co. 
Md. on s. side of Choptank bay, about 12 ms. 
above its mouth, 36 ms. s. e. Annapolis in a 
direct line, butby p-r. 53. 

Cambridge, p-v. in the e. part of Abbeville 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. a little n. of w. Colum- 
bia. Population 1820, about 350. 

Cambridge, p.v. and st. jus. Guernsey co. 



CAM 



77 



CAM 



O. on Wilts creek, 53 ms. w. Wheeling, and by I has 3 villages, Camillus on Otisco or., Elbridge 



little N. of E. Columbus. Pop 



p-r. 83 ms 
518. 

Camden, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 12 ms. n. e. Tho- 
mafton, 59 s. e. Augusta, on Penobscot bay. 
Pop. 2,200. 

Camden, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 20. ms. n. w. 
Rome, 6 ms. by 12, has many mill sites on Fish 
cr., is uneven, with a fertile sandy loam, good 
for grain, bearing beech, maple, bass and hem- 
lock. Camden and Taberg iron works are vil- 
lages. Pop. 1,945. 

Camden, p-v. Newton, Gloucester co. N. J., e. 
Delaware r. opposite Philadelphia, with a ferry. 
Here commences the Camden and Amboy rail 
road, designed to transport travellers and mer- 
chandize between New York and Philadelphia. 
(See Rail Roads and Canals.) 

Camden, co. of N. C. bndd. by Nansemond 
and Norfolk cos. Va. n., by Currituck co. N. C. 
N. E., Albemarle sound s., and Pasquotank r. 
and CO. w. Greatest length from s. e. to n. w. 
38 ms. ; mean breadth 6, and area 228 sq. ms. ; 
N. lat. 36° 15', long. 38' e. W. C. Surface 
level, and in part marshy. Pop. 1820, 6,305, 
1830, 6,733. 

Camden, C. H. and p-o. Camden co. N. C, by 
p-r. 199 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Camden, p-v. in the estrn. part of Kent co. 
Del. by p-r. 3 ms. from Dover, and 117 a little 
N.ofE. W. C. 

Camden, p-t. and st. jus. Kershaw dist. S. C. 
near the left bank of Wateree r. 31 ms. n. e. 
Columbia, and 123 ms. n. n. w. Charleston. 
Wateree r. is thus far navigable for boats of 70 
tons, which gives to Camden considerable trade. 
Pop. 1820, about 1,000. It contains an acade- 
my, and several places of public worship. 

Camden, s. estrn. co. of Geo. bndd. by St. 
Mary's r. s. and s. w., Warren co. w., Wayne 
CO. n. w., Scilla r. or Glynn n. e. and the Atlan- 
tic e., without including a long narrow strip in 
the s. wstrn. part of this co. and in the great 
bend of St. Mary's r. ; the body is a parallelo- 
gram of 35 by 25, and the whole area about 
1,000 sq. ms. Lat. from 30° 21', to 31° 10', 
and long, from 4° 36', to 5° 24'. The surface 
is in great part a plain, with Cumberland isl. 
stretching along nearly its whole front. The 
Santilla r. enters it from Wayne's co. and flow- 
ing s. 20 ms., turns abruptly e., pursues the lat- 
ter course 30 ms. into St. Andrew's sound. The 
r. St. Mary's affords the deepest entrance on 
the Atlantic coast of U. S. s. of Chesapeake 
bay, a depth sufficient for ships of war of the 
first class. Cf ts. St. Mary's and Jefferson. 
Pop. 1820, 3,402, in 1830, 4,578. 

Camel's Back, or Hump, mtn. Huntington, 
Chittenden co. Vt. one of the highest of the 
Green mtns. 4,188 ft. above tide, 3,960 above 
Montpelier state house. 17 ms. w. Montp., 25 
N. E. Middlebury, 20 s. e. Burhngton. It affords 
a fine view, and is seen from lake Champlain. 

Camekon, t. Steuben co. N. Y. 8 ms. s. of 
Bath, watered by Canisteo and Conhocton crs. 
has broken land, with some alluvion, and pine, 
hemlock, maple, beech, &c. Pop. 1830, 924. 

Camillus, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 10 ms. 
N, w. Onondaga, 160 vr. Albany, is supplied by 
Seneca r. with navigation and mill seats, and 

11 



on Skeneateles cr. and Jodan on Erie canal, 
which crosses the town. There are remains 
of two large works, supposed to be ancient for- 
tifications, 4 ms. from Seneca r. ; one is of 3 
acres on a hill, with a ditch and earth wall, with 
gate ways. There is also a well. Gypsum is 
found on Otisco cr. Pop. 2,518. 

Campbell, co. of Va. bndd. by Stanton and 
Roanoke rs. s. separating it from Halifax and 
Pittsylvania cos., by Bedford w., James r., n., 
separating it from Amherst, by Buckingham 
N. e., and by Prince Edward and Charlotte e. 
Campbell is a rude advance to a sq. of 24 ms. 
each side, with an area of 576 sq. ms., extend- 
ing in lat. from 37° to 37° 26', and in long, from 
1° 46' to 2° 22' w. from W. C. Surface much 
broken, but soil productive in grain, fruits, to- 
bacco, pasturage, &c. Cf. t. Lynchburg. Pop. 
1820, 16,570; 1830, 20,350, including the t. of 
Lynchburg. Both the bounding rivers of this 
CO. are navigable for boats far above its limits, 
affording an opening by water to Chesapeake 
bay and Albemarle sound. 

Campbell, co. Geo. bndd. e. and n. e. by De 
Kalb, s. by La Fayette and Coweta, s. w. by 
Carroll, and n. w. by Chattahooche r. Length 
30, mean breadth 10 ; area 300 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 33° 37' to 33° 56', and in long, 
from 7° 30' to 7° 53'. The southern, a paral. 
lelograrn from e. to w. and the northern stretch- 
ing a triangle up the Chattahooche. General 
slope s. wstrd. towards Coweta and Carroll cos. 
Pop. 3,323. 

Campbell, c. h. and p o., Campbell co. Va. 
11 ms. s. s. e. Lynchburg. 

Campbell, co. Tenn. bndd. by Claiborne n. 
e., Clinch r. separating it from Anderson s. e., 
by the northern part of Anderson s., Morgan 
s. w.. South Fork of Cumberland r. separating 
it from Fentress w., and Wayne co. Ky. n. w., 
and Whitley co. Ky. n. Length 48, mean 
breadth 16, and area 768 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 36° 14' to 36° 35' n. and in long, from 
6° 42' to 7° 35' w. of W. C. Cumberland mtn. 
divides this co. into two unequal sections, tra- 
versing it from N. E. to s. w. The smaller por- 
tion lying s. E. of the Cumberland chain is tra. 
versed by Powell's, and bndd. by Clinch r. with 
a slope to the sthwstd. The much larger sec- 
tion lies to the n. w. of Cumberland chain with 
a general wstrn. declivity, and drained by the 
higher branches of the Sth. Fork of Cumber- 
land r. The surface is broken and in part 
mountainous. Chief town, Jacksboro.' Pop, 
5,1!0. 

Campbell, co. of Ky. bndd. by Ohio r. which 
separates it from Hamilton co. O. on the n., and 
Clermont co. 0. on the e., s. by Pendleton, and 
w. by Boone cos. Ky. Length 20, mean width 
12, and area 240 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
38° 49' to 39° 07', and in long, from 7° 12' to 7° 
32' w. from W. C. Similar to other cos. of Ky. 
near 0. r. the features of Campbell are hilly, 
but soil fertile ; placed directly opposite Cin- 
cmnati, and traversed in its greatest length by 
Licking r., it is well situated for trade and com- 
merce. Though bordering on Ohio along two 
sides, the body of the co. is in the valley of 
Licking, and slopes with the course of that 



CAN 



Btream to the s. s. w. Cf. ts. Newport and Co- 
vington. Pop. 1820, 9,022 ; 1830, 9,883. 

Campbell's Mills, and p-o. in the wstrn. part 
of Abbeville dist. S. C. 8 ms. from Abbeville 
Court House, and by p-r. 108 ms. wstrd. Co- 
lumbia. 

Campbell's Station, and p-o. in the s. w. 
part of Knox co. Ten. on the road from Knox- 
ville to Nashville, 14 ms. wstrd. from the for- 
mer, and 184 ms. a little s. of e. from the latter 
place. 

Campbellsville, p-v. Giles co. Ten., by p-r. 
66 ms. a little w. of s. from Nashville. 

Campbellsville, p-v. in the n. e. part of 
Greene co. Ky. 12 ms. s. e. Greenburg, the st. 
jus. for the co. and by p-r. 78 ms. s. s. w. from 
Frankfort. Pop. 122. 

Campbellton, p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. 
Geo. situated on Chattahooche r. by p-r. 134 
ms. N. w. by w. from Milledgeville. 

Campbellton, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Jack- 
son CO. Flor.by p-r. 96 ms. wstrd. Tallahasse. 

Campbelltown, p-v. in the s. vv. part of Leba- 
non CO. Pa. 15 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

Camp Creek, and p-o. Livingston co. Ky. 
Campti, p-o. in the nthrn. part of Natchito- 
ches parish. La. by p-r. 7 ms. nrthd. from the 
village of Natchitoches. 

Campton, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 27,892 acres, 
50 ms. N. N. w. Concord, 75 n. w. Portsmouth, 
is uneven, with mtns. and rocks. It has Pemi- 
gewasset and its branches. Mad andBeebee rs., 
also W. Branch r. and Bog Branch. There is 
good soil in the vallies, white oak, pitch pine, 
iron ore, and many orchards. First settled 1765. 
Pop. 1,314. 

Camptown, p-v. Orange, Essex co. N. J. 
Canaan, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 10 ms. e. 
Norridgewock, 34 n. by e. Augusta, e. Kenne- 
bec r., bordering on Kennebec co. Pop. 
1,076. 

Canaan, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 40 ms. n. w. 
Concord, 16 e. Dartmouth college, on the high 
land between Conn, and Merrimack rs. It has 
several ponds and small streams. Heart pond, 
on high groimd, has formed a low bank of earth 
nearly round its circumference, by the motion 
of the ice in breaking up in the spring. The 
soil is pretty good, yielding grain, flax, &c. 
First settled 1766 or 7. Pop. 1,428. 
Canaan, p-t. Essex co. Vt. Pop. 373. 
Canaan, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 16 ms. n. n. 
w. Litchfield, 41 n. w. Hartford, s. Mass., e. 
Ousatonick r., 6 ms. by 9, with 50 sq. ms. is on 
granite mtns. with fine vallies. Lime stone is 
quarried, iron ore is mined, and there are sev- 
eral forges, &c. The soil and timber are vari- 
ous. Branches of Ousatonick r. give many 
mill seats. Pop. 2,301. 

Canaan, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 24 ms. s. e. 
Albany, 22 n. e Hudson, has Williamstown 
rntns. e. with hills and vallies s. w. Gypsum 
has done much for the soil, much of which is 
very good. It has generally pure water, some 
bog iron ; Whitney's pond and outlet, Klein kill, 
&c. and a bed of marl. Pop. 2,064. 

Canaan, p-v. andtsp. in liie northern part of 
Wayne co. O. The p-o. by p-r. 97 ms. n. n. e. 
from Cclumbus, and 358 ms. n. w. by w. from 
W. C. Pop. of tsp. 1830, 1,030. 



78 CAN 

Canada, cr., e., runs 30 ms. into the Mohawk> 
9 ms. below Little Falls. 

Canada, cr., w., the largest branch of Mohawk 
r. 60 ms. long, rises near the head waters of 
Black r. and enters at the German Flats, 6 ms. 
above Little Falls. The numerous rapids and 
cascades make this a beautiful stream, with its 
lofty banks of dark limestone rock, full of ma- 
rine petrifactions. It is an important point in 
the tour of travellers through the state. Two 
unfortunate visiters have been drowned here 
within 4 or 5 years. There is a public house 
near, and pains have been taken to make the dif- 
ficult passes accessible. Utica is the proper 
j/lace to proceed from, to pay a visit to this in- 
teresting vicinity. 

Canada, cr., Oneida co. N, Y. 10 or 12 ms. 
long. N. branch. Wood cr. 

Canadaway, cr., N. Y. 15 ms. long, with 
many falls. Formerly there was a portage of 
6 ms. between this and the Cordaga waters, to 
Alleghany r. 

Canadian r. (See Arkansas r.) 
Ganajohaiiie, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. s. 
Mohawk r. at Bowman's cr. The N. Y. Cen- 
tral asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is on the 
cr. 6 ms. s. of the canal, and 7 n. Cherry Val- 
ley. The building is of brick, and there are two 
boarding houses for the male and female pupils, 
at $80 a year. 15 ms. s. w. Johnstown, 69 w. 
Albany. The ground is uneven, the crop chief- 
ly wheat, and there are mill seats on Canajo- 
harie and Platte kill crs. &c. The people are 
German. The Nose (a hill,) has a large cave. 
A rail road is projected to Catskill, 75 ms. Pop. 
4,348. 

Canal, Dovek, p-v. in the northern part of 
1 uscarawas co. 0. by p-r. 110 ms. n. e. by e. 
Columbus. 

Canal, Fulton, p-v. in the northwest part of 
Stark CO. O. by p-r. 117 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Canandaigua, lake, Ontario co. N. Y. 14 ms. 
N. and s. and about 1 m. wide, empties by an 
outlet N. into Seneca r. The land is handsomely 
varied on the shores, in some parts high, and 
near the head well cultivated. 

Canandaigua, cr. or outlet, Ontario co. N. Y. 
flows from the bottom of Canandaigua lake to 
Seneca r. which it enters in Wayne co. 50 ms. 
long, after receiving Mud and Flint crs. &c. 
It is navigable from Seneca r. to the block house 
in Clyde, 12 ms. 

Canadaigua, p-t. and cap. Ontario co. N. Y. 
108 ms. E. Niagara falls, 208 ms. w. Albany, 
88 E. Buffalo, on the great road to Buffalo, 6 
ms. by 12, contains 8 ms. of the n. part of Ca- 
nandaigua lake, and part of the outlet, and has 
fine hills and vallies, with good soil and much 
wealth. First settled 1790. The village or 
borough is large, and has a number of fine 
houses, stores, churches, county buildings, a 
bank, Slc. on a strait, broad street, 1 raiis long, 
on the ascent and summit of a high, gentle hill, 
gradually rising from the n. end of the lake. 
There is a flourishing female seminary, where 
some of the higher branches are taught, in 
which are about 100 pupils. There is also an 
academy with- a department for the instruction 
of school teachers, from Aug. 8th, 6 weeks. 
Pop. 5,162. 



CAN 



79 



CAN 



Canasauga, p-v. near Hiwassee r. in Amoi 
dist. of that part of the Cherokee territory ad- 
jacent to McMinn co. Ten. bjr p.r. 186 ms. n. e. 
by E. Nashville. 

Canaseraga, cr. N. Y. a branch of Chittenin- 
go cr. Another is a branch of Genesee r. which 
it enters 3 ms. n. Geneseo. 

Canaveral. {See Cannaveral.\ 

Candia, p-t. Rockingham cu. N. H. 16 ms. 
s. E. Concord, 4 ms. by 6, with 15,360 acres, has 
a hard but well cultivated soil, and a high situa- 
tion, in view of White Hills, and the lights on 
Plum Island on the coast. It is very healthy. 
First settled 1748. Pop. 1,360. 

Candice, t. Ontario co. N. Y. Pop. 1,386. 

Candor, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. Owe- 
go ; has streams of Owego, Pipe, and Mud crs. 
with mill sites. First settled 1796 ; has pretty 
good land. Pop. 2,653. 

Caneadea, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. 
w. Angelica, 6 ms. by J2, is supplied with a 
few mill seats. Genesee r. is in n. e. The 
soil is pretty good, and bog iron ore is found. 
Pop. 780. 

Cane Creek, p-o. Chatham co. N. C. by p-r. 
52 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Cane Creek, p-o. in the northwestern part of 
Lincoln co. Ten. 62 ms. s. Nashville, and 721 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Cane Hill, p-o. Washington co. Ark. by p-r. 
203 ms. N. w. Little Rock. 

Canestola, p-v. Lenox, Madison co. N. Y. 
on Erie canal, 25 ms. w. Utica, was a wilder- 
ness, 1819. 

Canesus. t. Livingston co. N. Y. Pop. 1,690. 

Canesus, lake, Livingston co. N. Y. 9 ms. by 
1 and 1^, 6 ms. e. Genesee r. into which it 
empties, in Avon, by an outlet of nine miles. 

Caney Spring, p-o. Bedford co. Ten. s. s. e. 
Nashville. 

Canfield, p-v. and tsp. in the southern part 
of Trumbull co. O. 18 ms. sthrd. from Warren, 
the CO. seat, and by p-r. 156 n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbus. Pop. tsp. 1,249. 

Canisteo, t. Steuben co. N. Y. 18 ms. s. w. 
Bath, 260 w. Albany; has Canisteo r. which is 
boatable, with rich flats for grass and grain. 
Pop. 620. 

Cannaveral, Cape of Flor. on the Atlantic, 
being the salient point of a long, narrow, and 
low sandy island between Indian r. and the 
ocean. On Tanner's U. S. it is placed at n. 
lat. 28° 18', and at long. 3= 23' w. W. C. 

Cannonsburg, borough and p-v. Washington 
CO. Pa. on the road from the borough of Wash- 
ington, the CO. seat to Pittsburg, 7 ms. a little 
e. of n. from the former, and 18 s. w. from the 
latter, by p-r. 219 ms. wstrd. from Harrisburg, 
and 236 N. w. from W. C. It is situated on 
Chartiers cr. and on a rather bold acclivity 
from the valley. Here is located Jefferson col- 
lege, which was incorporated in 1802. The 
faculty consists of a president and 5 professors 
— beside which there are 2 teachers. The 
halls for the accommodation of the literary so- 
cieties are commodious and tasteful. The 
college expenses amount to $25 pr. ann. which 
includes tuition ; the students board in private 
families. " An Atheneum is connected with 
ihe college, in which the choicest religious, 



literary and scientific publications are receiv. 
ed ;" and in the student's library are " multipli. 
plied copies of all the class books required in 
the course of study." A farm connected with 
the college, will, as soon as the necessary 
buildings are erected, enable 50 students to 
nearly support themselves by two hours daily 
labor. A lyceum contains a respectable cabi. 
net of minerals and collections in natural histp. 
ry, and Indian antiquities. The library of the 
college contains 1000, and the students', 2,400 
vols. Number of alumni, (1833) 404; under- 
graduates, 1832-3, 155; medical students, TOO. 
Commencement, last Thursday in Sept. The 
Medical school is located in Philadelphia. Pop. 
of the borough, 1830, 673. J at. 40° 17', and 
long. 3° 18' w. W. C. 

Cannon's Ferry and p-o. in the s. w. part of 
Sussex CO. Del. 23 ms. s. w. by w. George 
town, the st. jus. for the co. 

Cannon sville, p-v. Del. co. N. Y. 94 ras. 
s. w. Albany. 

Cannouche, r. of Geo. the western and larg- 
est confluent of Great Ogeechee ; rises in 
Emanual co. and flowing s. e. falls into Great 
Ogeechee in Bryan co. about 12 ms. s. w. from 
the city of Savannah. The valley of Cannou. 
che lies between those of Ogeechee and Alta- 
maha. Length 90, mean breadth 10, and area 
900 sq. ms. 

Canoe, or., and p-o. in the n. w. part of Hunt- 
ingdon CO. Pa. by p-r. 20 ms. wstrd. from the 
borough of Huntingdon. 

Canonicut, isl. Narraganset bay, R. I. 

Canterbury, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 8 
ms. N. Concord, e. Merrimack r. uneven, with 
grass, small mill streams, and 2 bridges over 
Merrimack r. Contains 26,345 acres. Shaker's 
village s. e. has good gardens, and some man. 
ufactures. Pop. 1,663. 

Canterbury, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 40 ms. 
E. Hartford, 12 n. Norwich, 4i ms. by 8, 36 sq. 
ms. is uneven, with rich gravelly loam, yielding 
rye, maize, oats, &c. Quinebaug r. enriches 
its banks by spring floods ; yields shad, and 
affords valuable mill sites. Bates's pond is 
stocked with fish. Pop. 1,881. 

Canterbury, p-v. on the head of Mother 
Kill creek, Kent co. Del. by p-r. 8 ms. a little 
w. of s. Dover. 

Canton, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 32 ms. from 
Augusta. Pop. 746. 

Canton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 14 ms. s. 
Boston, flat, 200 ft. above tide, with little arable 
land ; 2 ponds give rise to two branches of Ne- 
ponset r. Steep Brook cotton factory here, was 
incorporated 1815 ; cap. 1^50,000. Population, 
1,515. 

Canton, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 15 ms. n. w. 
Hartford, 4 ms. by 8 ; 19,000 acres. The soil 
is gravelly, chiefly yielding oak, grass, rye, 
corn, oats, and fine orchards, and is crossed by 
Farmlngton r. Pop. 1,437, including Collins- 
ville, which see. 

Canton, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. Pop. 
2,440. 

Canton, p-v. Bradford co. Pa, by p-r. 137 ms. 
nrthd. from Harrisburg. 

I Canton, p-v. and st. jus. Wilcox co. Ala. 
situated on the left bahk of Ala. r. by p-r. 113 



CAP 



80 



CAR 



ms. a little e. of s. Tuscaloosa, and by the 
common road, 120 ms. n. n. e. Mobile. 

Canton, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Trigg co. 
Ky. by p-r. 9 ms. sthrdly. from Cadiz, the st. 
jus. for the co. and 235 s. w. by w. from 
Frankfort. 

Canton, p-v. and st. jus. Stark co. Ohio, sit- 
uated on Nemishillen or. a branch of Tuscara- 
was r. by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 
about 60 ms. a little e. of s. Cleaveland. Pop. 
1,257. This is one of the finest towns of in- 
terior 0. There are three or four fine bridges 
over the Nemishillen in the vicinity ; and the 
adjacent country is v^'ell cultivated and populous. 

Cantonment Gibson, p-o. as laid down on 
Tanner's map of the U. S. is situated on the 
left bank of Ark. r. on the point below the 
mouth of Grand r. n. lat. 35° 47'. long. 18° 9' 
w. from W. C. In the p-o. list it is stated to be 
208 ms. from Little Rock, and 1,359 ms. s. w. 
by w. W. C. 

Cantonment Jessup, military station and p-o. 
in the n. w. part of Louisiana, and on Sabine r. 
N. lat. 31° 30', long. 16° 42' w. from W. C. and 
by p-r. 379 ms. n. w. from New Orleans and 
1,353 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Cantonment Leavensworth, on the Mis- 
souri r. Clay co. Mo. by p-r. 354 ms. above, 
and a little n. of w. St. Louis, 220 from Jef- 
ferson City, and 1,172 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Cantwell's Bridge, and p-o. on the Ap- 
poquinimink creek in the southwestern part of 
New Castle co. Del. by p-r. 24 ms. n. n. e. 
Dover. 

Cape Cod, a peninsula forming part of Barn- 
stable CO. Mass. s. side Massachusetts bay, is 
in shape like a man's arm bent inwards at the 
wrist and elbow. Length 60 ms. varying from 
1 to 20 ms. in width. A large proportion is 
sandy and barren, yet partly populated. The 
men are employed at sea, and the boys are put 
on board the fishing boats. More than half the 
pop. are sailors, or some part of whose lives 
have been spent at sea. Violent e. winds are 
gradually wearing it away. Long. 70° 14', w. 
lat. 42° 4'. 

Cape Elizabeth, t. Cumberland co. Me. 6 ms. 
s. w. Portland. Pop. 1830, 1,696. 

Cape Fear, a remarkable point of N. C. 
between Long bay and Onslow bay. The term 
is extended to the whole cape near the mouth of 
Cape Fear r. but correctly Cape Fear is the ex- 
treme southern point of , Smith's Isle, and on 
Tanner's U. S. map, is laid down at n. lat. 33° 
55'andlo02'w. W. C. 

Cape Fear, r. of N. C. rising between the 
Yadkin and Dan rivers, in Stoke, Rockingham, 
and Guilford cos. flows thence 200 ms. in a s. e. 
direction, receiving numerous smaller tributa- 
ries and is lost in the Atlantic ocean, by two 
mouths, one on each side of Smith's island. 
The basin of cape Fear r. is 200 by 40 ms. 
mean width, 800 sq. ms. between lat. 34° and 
36° 2', and in long, between 1° 30', and 2° 18', 
w. W. C. 

Cape GmARDEAU, co. of Mo. bndd. by Scott 
CO. s. E., Stoddard s., Wayne s. w., Madison w.. 
Perry N., and the Misp. r. separating it from 
Union and Alexander cos. of II. e. Length e. to 
w. 38 ms. mean breadth 30, and area 1,140 sq. 



ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 11', to 37° 36' 
N. and in long, from 12° 30', to 13° 10', west 
from W. C. Though bordered on the e. by the 
Misp. r. the greatest part of the surface of this 
CO. is drained to the southward by the sources 
of White water or eastern branch of St. Francis 
r. Cf t. Jackson. 

Cape Henry, opposite and bearing a little w. 
of s. from cape Charles, is the southeast point 
of the mouth of Chesapeake bay; on Tanner's 
U. S. cape Henry is laid down at lat. 36° 56', 
and in long. 1° 02' e. W. C. 

Cape May, co. N. J. bndd. by Gloucester co. 
N., Atlantic e. and s., Delaware bay and Cum- 
berland CO. w. It forms the south point of the 
state, terminating in cape May, the n. cape of 
Delaware bay, on which is a light house. The 
east coast is lined by sand beaches, dangerous 
to navigation. Within it is a stretch of marshy 
lands, with ponds, inlets and crs. It contains 4 
townships. Pop. 4,936, 

Cape Neddock, York co. Me. 95 ms. s. s. w. 
Augusta, a rocky, barren, head land, stretching 
into the Atlantic from a hard and almost unin. 
habited shore. A few huts shelter a small 
number of fishermen. It is called in derision 
the city of Cape Neddock. 

Capeville, p-v. Eastern shore, Va. North, 
ampton co. near cape Charles, 176 ms. from 
Richmond. 

Cape Vincent, p.v. Lyme, Jefferson co. N. 
Y. at the foot of lake Ontario, 21 ms. from 
Brownville, 8 from Kingston. It is on abroad 
gravelly point, between St. Lawrence r. and 
Chaumont bay, with Grenadier and Fox isles oflf 
the extremity. The St. Lawrence is here fer- 
ried by steam. 

Captain's Islands, Conn. In Long Island 
Sound off Horse Neck. On one of them is a 
light house. 

Captina, p-v. on Captina cr. s. w. part Bel- 
mont CO. Ohio, 20 ms. s. w. Wheeling. 

Carbondale, a very flourishing village on 
Lackawana cr. at the western base of Moosic 
mtn. on the n. e. margin of Luzerne co. Pa. 35 
ms. N. e. Wilkesbarre, and 130 due n. from Phil. 
The site of the village is 874 ft. above tide 
water. It has (1832) 150 houses and log huts, 
stores, inns, &c. and owes its existence to the 
Lackawana coal strata, which here is 26 ft. in 
depth. The coal bed is in an area surrounded 
by forests, and is opened in about 20 places. 
The coal is conveyed by stationary steam en- 
gines — first a distance of 4 ms. with an ascent 
of 855 ft. and thence over a level of 8,300 ft. to 
the head of 3 inclined planes, dovwi which in 
cars it proceeds to Honesdale, at the head of 
the canal. The whole length of the rail road 
and planes is 91,000 ft. or about 17| ms. Total 
ascent from Carbondale to Rix's Gap, the 
height of land-, '855 ft. and total descent thence 
to Honesdale 912| ft. 

Cardington, p-v. in s. part Marion co. O. by 
P-r. 42 ms. n. Columbus. 

Carleton, Isl. and p-v. Jefferson co. N. Y. 
in the St. Lawrence, has a good harbor, and 
much trade. 10 ms. s. e. Kingston, 30 n. 
Backet's harbor. 

Cari.inville, P-v. and st. jus. Macaupin .co. 
II. by p-r. 95 ms. from Vandalia. 



CAR 



81 



CAR 



Carlisle, t. Middlesex co. Massachusetts, 
20 ms. N. w. Boston. Pop. 566. 

Carlisle, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 40 ms. w. 
Albany, 8 w. Schoharie, 7 ms. by 8, produces 
grass and grain. Limestone, sulp. barytes, 
white pine, maple, beech, &c. Pop. 1,748. 

Carlisle, p-v. borough and st. jus. Cumber- 
land CO. Pa. about a mile from the right bank 
of Conedogwinet r., 18 ms. w. Harrisburg and 
by p.r. 103 ms. a little w. of n. from W. C, n. 
lat. 40° 12', and long. 0° 13' w. from W. C. 
Cumberland was made a co. separate from Lan. 
caster, Jan. 1749-30, and Carlisle made the st. 
jus. It is situated on an undulating plain, amid 
a very fertile and well cultivated country. The 
houses are generally of brick or limestone. 
The latter material is easily procured, as the 
town rests on a soil incumbent over a mass of 
blue limestone. The streets are at right angles, 
and the buildings generally commodious. In 
1783, a college was established at Carlisle, and 
named in honor of John Dickinson. This sem- 
inary, after a long period of languishment, was 
revived in 1820, by private and legislative dona- 
tion, and is now, 1830, in active operation. 
Pop. of the borough, 3.707. 

Carlisle, p-v. and st. jus. Nicholas co. Ky. 
56 ms. a little n. of e. Frankfort, and 38 ms. n. 
E. Lexington. 

Carlisle, p-o. in the s. part of Sullivan co. 
Ind. 12 ms. s. e. Merom, the co. st, and by p-r. 
115 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Carlo, p-v. Hopkins co. Ky. by pr. 172 ms. s. 
w. by w. Frankfort. 

Carlton, t. Orleans co. N. Y. Pop. 1,168. 
Carlton's store, and p o. King and Queen 
CO. Va. by p-r. 44 ms. e. Richmond. 

Carlyle, p-v. and st. jus. Clinton co. II. on 
Kaskaskias r. by p-r. 30 ms. below, and s. s. w. 
Vandalia, and 49 e. St. Louis. 

Carman's p-o. Harford co. Md. 32 ms. n. e. 
Baltimore. 

Carmel, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 15 ms. w. 
Bangor, 71 n. e. Augusta, has ponds and 
streams running e. to Penobscot. Pop. 237. 

Carmel, p-t. and st. jus. Putnam co. N. Y. 
11 ms. E, West Point, contains the county build- 
ings, is hilly, yields grass and contains Maho- 
pack pond, Croton cr. and other ponds emptying 
into Peekskill cr. with many mill seats. Pop. 
2,379. 

Carmel, p-o. in the Cherokee nation Geo, by 
p-r. 224 ms. from Milledgeville. 

Carmel Hill, and p-o. Chester dist, S, C. by 
p.r. 74 ms. n. Columbus. 

Carmi, st, jus. White co. H. situated on a 
branch of Little Wabash, 29 ms. a little w. of 
N. Shawneetown, on Ohio r., 16 a little s. of w. 
New Harmony, and by p-r. 94 ms. s. e. Vanda- 
lia, Lat. 38° 06', long. W. C. 11° 18' w. 

Carmichakls, p-o. Greene co. Pa. by p-r. 190 
ms. w. Harrisburg. 

Carnesville, p-v and st. jus. Franklin co. 
Geo. by p-r. 110 ms. almost due n. from Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Caroline, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 13 ms. s. 
E. Utica, 170 w. by s. Albany ; Owego, Six 
Mile cr., and a branch of Mud cr, supply mill 
seats. Pop. 2,633. 

Caroline, co. Md, bounded by Queen Ann 



N. and N. w., by Dorchester co. s., Rutland and 
Sussex cos. Del. e., and w. by Talbot co. and 
Tuckahoe r. Length from s. to n. 30, mean 
breadth 8, and area 240 sq. ms. Surface undu- 
lating. The main branch of Choptank r. rises 
in Kent co. Del., but flows s. s. w. into Caroline, 
over which it meanders to its junction with 
Tuckahoe. In lat. from 38° 40' to 39° 10' and 
long, from 1° 03' to 1° 18' e. Chief town, 
Denton, pop. 1820, 10,108; 1830, 9,070. 

Caroline,, co. Va. bndd. by Rappahannock 
r. which separates it n. from Straflford, and 
N. e. from King George, e. by Essex, s. e. by 
King and Queen, and King William, s. w. by N. 
Anna r. which separates it from Hanover, and 
N. w. by Spottsylvania. It lies very nearly in 
form of a parallelogram, 30 ms. from s. w. to 
N. e. with a breadth of 20 ms., area 600 sq. ms. 
Extending from lat. 37° 47' to 38° 16'n. and in 
long, from 0° 02^ to 0° 43' w. W. C. Surface 
very much broken by hills, with a soil of great 
variety ; staples, grain, flour, tobacco, &c. Cf. 
t.. Bowling Green. Pop. 1820, 18,008 ; 1830, 
17,760. 

Carolus, p-v. Vermillion co. II., by p-r. 697 
ms. wstrd. from W. C. and 136 ms. n. e. Van- 
dalia. 

Carondelet, canal of, extends from Bayou 
St. John about 2 ms. By this channel, vessels 
drawing 5 ft. water are navigated from lake 
Ponchartrain into the city of New Orleans. 

Carondelet, p-v. on the right bank of Mo. r. 
6 ms. below St. Louis. 

Carpenter's mills, and p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 
by p-r. 97 ms. northwardly from Harrisburg. 

Carritunk, p-v. Somerset co. Me. 

Carroll, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 336 ms, 
W.Albany. Pop. 1,015. 

Carroll, co. of Geo. bndd. n. e. by Campbell 
CO. ; E. and s. e. by Chattahoochee r. which 
separates it from Coweta co., s. by Troup co., 
w. by the state of Ala., and n. by the Cherokee 
nation. Length from s. to n. 40 ms. mean 
breadth about 20, and area 800 sq.ms. Extend, 
ing from lat. 33° 15' to 33° 52' n. and in long, 
from 7° 52' to 8° 30' from W. C. The extreme 
sources of both branches of the Talapoosa r, 
rise in the Cherokee country, but little distance 
above Carroll co. which they enter and traverse 
in a s. w. direction. It is a high, dry and bro- 
ken country. For down stream vessels, the 
Chattahoochee is navigable above Carroll. Cf. 
t. Carrolton. Pop. 3,419. 

Cakroll, CO. W. Tennessee, bndd. n. w. by 
Weakly ; n. by Henry ; e. by Humphries and 
Perry ; s. by Henderson ; s. w. by Madison, and 
w. by Gibson. Length from e. to w. 30, breadth 
24, and area 960 sq. ms. Extending from lat, 
35° 49' to 36° 08' and in long, from 11° 15' to 11° 
50' w. W. C. This co. occupies part of the ta- 
ble land between Ten. and Misp. rs. ; Sandy cr,, 
a small branch of the latter, rises in the eastern 
part of the co., and flows n. n. e. into Henry, 
whilst the central and western parts are drained 
by the head branches of Ohio r. flowing wstrd. 
towards the Misp. Cf. t. Huntingdon. Pop. 
9,397. 

Carroll, a new co. of Ohio, formed the pres. 
ent year, (1833) and taken from Starke, Colum- 
biana, Jefferson, Harrison, and Tuscarawas cos. 



CAR 



82 



CAS 



Carrolton, the st. jus. is 135 ms.N. e. by e. Co- 
lumbus. 

Carroll, p-v. in the southwestern part of 
Washington co. 0., by p-r. 96 ms. s. e. by e. 
Columbus. 

Carrolton, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Geo. 
situated near the centre of the co. on the s. 
Fork of Tallapoosa r., by p-r. 151 ms. n. w. by 
w. from Milledgeville, n. lat. 33° 35', long. 8° 
10' w. from W. C. 

Carrolton, p-v. in the n. w. part of I airfield 
CO. O., 20 ms. s. E. Columbus. 

Carrolton, p-v. and st. jus. of Carroll co. O. 
ll?5 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. 

Carrollton, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. XL, 
by p-r. lOG ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia, and 60 
ms. a little w. of n. St. Louis. 

Carrollville, p-v. Wayne co. Ten., by p-r. 
97 ms. s. w. Nashville. 

Carsonville, p-v. Ashe co. N. C, by p-r. 
238 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Carter, extreme eastern co. of Ten.bndd. n. 
E. by Washington CO. Va., e. by Ashe co. N. 
C, v/. by Washington co. Ten., and n. w. by 
Sullivan. Length, along the Iron mtn., which 
separates it from Ashe co. 45 ms., mean breadth 
12 ms., and area 540 sq. ms. The whole co. is 
a mountain valley, drained by and commensu- 
rate with the main branches of Watauga r. 
which flow from this co. nthrdly. into the mid- 
dle fork of Holston. The surface is mountain- 
ous and rocky, extending from n. lat. 36° 05' to 
36° 35' and in long, from 4° 40' to 5° 15' w. W. 
C. The elevation of this part of Ten. above 
the surface of the Atlantic, must be at least 
2000 ft. Cf. t. Elizabethtown. Pop. 1820, 4,835 ; 
1830,, 6,414. 

Carter's store and p-o. in the southwestern 
part of Prince Edward co. Va. 81 ms. s. w. by 
w. Richmond. 

Carter's store and p-o. in the s. e. part of 
Nicholas co. Ky. by p-r. 65 ms. e. Frankfort. 

Cartersville, p-v. on the right bank of 
James r. Cumberland co. Va., by p-r. 44 ms. 
wstrd. liichmond. 

Carteret co. of N. C, bndd. by Onslow co. 
or Whittock r. w., by .Tones and Craven n., by 
Pamlico sound n. e., and by the Atlantic s. e., 
s. and s. w. Length from s. s. w. to n. n. e. 60 
ms., mean breadth 10 ms. and area 600 sq. ms. 
Extendino-in lat. from Cape Lookout 36° 56' n. 
and in long, from 0° 15' w. to 1° e. W. C. It 
is a long and sandy, and in part marshy strip, 
with sandy isles or reefs in front. Cf t. Beau- 
fort. Pop. 1820, 5,609 ; 1830, 6,597. 

Carthage, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 46 ms. n. w. 
Augusta. Pop. 333. 

Carthage, p-v. Wilna, Jefferson co. N. Y. 
16 ms. e. Watertown, 160 from Albany ; con- 
tains extensive iron works, e. side Long falls, 
on Black r. 

Carthage, v. Brighton, Monroe co. N. Y. 
2i ms. N. Rochester, at Lower falls of Gen- 
nesee r. and 5 ms. s. lake Ontario. {See Brigh. 
ton.) Pop. 333. 

Carthage, p-v. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 17 ms. 
from Tuscaloosa. 

Carthage, p-v. in the southern part of Camp. 
Ibell CO. Kentucky, by p-r. 79 miles n. e. Frank- 
fort. 



Carthage, p.v. in Mill creek tsp. Hamilton 
CO. 0. 7 ms. from Cincinnati. 

Carthage, p-v. and st. jus. Moore co. N. C, 
55 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh, and 4^2 n. w. Fay- 
etteville. 

Carthage, p-v. and st. jus. Smith Co. Ten. 
situated on the right bank of Cumberland r. 
directly opposite the mouth of Cary Fork, 47 
ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Carver, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 28 ms. s. e. 
Boston, 8 E. Plymouth, is thinly populated, with 
642 acres tillage, 361 mowing and 1939 of 
pasturage ; soil not very good. Iron ore is 
found and wrought. Pop. 970. 

Casco Bay, Cumberland co. Me. between 
Capes Elizabeth s.w. and Small Point, 40 miles 
apart. It has fine anchorage, and islands, 
popularly reported as many as there are days 
in the year. Portland harbor is on the n. w. 
corner. 

Casdaga Lake, Chatauque co. N. Y. con- 
nected with Conewango lake by Casdaga r. * 
which is 40 ms. long. 

Casdaga, p-v. Chatauque co. N. Y. 340 ms. 
w. Albany. 

Casev, CO. Ky. bndd. by Estille s., by Adair 
s. w. and w., Mercer n., Lincoln, e., and Pu- 
laski s. E. ; length from s. to n. 32 ms. mean 
breath 14 and area 448 sq. ms. Extending 
m lat. from 37° 08', to 37° 35', and in long. 
Irom 7° 34' to 7° 58'. The slope of this co. is 
to the westrd. From the northern section rise 
the extreme sources of Salt r. and from the 
southern those of Green r. The surface is 
high and broken. Cf. t. Liberty. Pop. 4,342. 

Cashville, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by 
P-r. 1 10 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Cass co. Geo. a new co. the position and 
limits of which are uncertain. 

Cass co. Ind. bounded e. by Miami co., s. w. 
by Carroll co., on other sides boundaries un- 
certain. As laid down in Tanner's improved 
map of the U. S. it is in length 24 ms. from e. 
to w., mean breadth 18 ms., and area 432 sq. 
ms. Lat. 40° 45', long 9° 12' w. W. C. Slope 
very nearly due w. The main stream of Wa- 
bash receives Eel r. from the right at Logan, 
port, the St. jus. of this co., the village standing 
on the point between the two rivers. Pop. 
1830, 1,162. 

Cass co. Mich, bounded by Berrien w.. Van 
Buren n., St. .Toseph's e., Elkhart co. Ind. s. e. 
and St. Joseph, Ind. s. w. It is very nearly a 
square of 24 ms. each way, and area 576 sq. ms. 
N. lat. 42°, and long. 9° w. W. C. intersect 
very near the centre of this co. It is entirely 
drained by tributary streams of St. Joseph's r. 
of lake Mich, but from the great general sthrn. 
curve of that stream, the creeks of Cass co. 
flow like radii from the centra! part of the co. 
Chief town, Edwardsburg. Population 1830, 
919. 

Cassina, lake, one of the highest tributary 
reservoirs of the Mississippi r. It is one of a 
congeries of irregular lakes scattered over this 
elevated though flat, and marshy region. Its 
outlet is at n. lat. 47° 38', long. W. C. 18° w. 
The outlet of Cassina is discharged into Little 
Winnipec, and to the n. e. of both. Tanner has 
placed the following note on his map. "An 



CAS 



uninterrupted water communication between 
the Great Fork of Rainy lake r. and Little 
Winnipec Lake is said to exist at this place." 
li' the data on which the preceding note is 
founded are correct, an actual inland and unin- 
terrupted water navigation is admitted between 
the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's bay, 

Cassville, p-v. on the left bank of Misp. r. 
opposite the mouth of Upper loway r. and the 
western part of loway co., Huron, or western 
Mich. It is situated 27 ms. s. of Prairie du 
Chien, by p-r. 1,028 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 
56 ms. above and n. w. Galena in II. 

Castana, p-v. in the southern part of Seneca 
CO. Ohio, by p-r. 97 ms. northwardly from Co- 
lumbus. 

Castile, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 30 ms. s. e. 
Batavia, has pretty good land, is crossed by 
Genesee r. and contains Gardeau Reservation. 
Pop. 2,269. 

Castine, sea port, p-t. and cap. Hancock co. 
Me. 122 ms. e. n. e. Portland, 78 Augusta, on a 
promontory, near the head of Penobscot bay, 
with a good harbor for large vessels, open at all 
seasons. A narrow isthmus might easily be cut 
through, and made a powerful fortress, to com- 
mand the country to St. Croix. Long. 68° 46' 
w., lat. 44° 24'. Pop. 1,148. 

Castlemans, r. aN. e. branch of Youghaghany 
r. rises in AUeg-hany co. Md. and Somerset co. 
Pa. the higher branches uniting in the latter, 
flows N. w. 12 ms. and thence s. w. 25 ms. to its 
junction with Youghaghany, the eastern side of 
Laurel Hill. It is a real mtn. torrent, having a 
fall of upwards of 1000 ft. in a comparative 
course of 60 ms. The valley of this stream is 
intended as part of the route of the Chesapeake 
and Ohio canal. 

Castlemans, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 48 
ms. N. Frankfort. 

Castleton, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 10 ms. w. 
Rutland, 36 sq. ms., first settled 1769. It is 
crossed by Castleton r. which here receives 
the waters of lake Bombazine, 8 ms. long, 
chiefly in this t., containing an island. The land 
is good, with oak on the hills, and pine in the 
vallibS, and supplied with mill sites. The Ver- 
mont Academy of medicine is in Castleton, in- 
corporated 1818, degrees being received at 
Middlebury college. There are two buildings, 
one of which is 50 ft. by 30, 2 stories high, with 
a dissecting room, and rooms for lectures, the 
library, chemical laboratory, and anatomical 
museum. Five courses of lectures are deliver- 
ed annually, commencing on the first Tuesday 
in September. The buildings are large, and 
pleasantly situated. The Rutland co. Gram- 
mar school, was incorporated 1805. Ponulation 
1,783. 

Castleton, r. Rutland co. Vt. rises in Pitts- 
ford, runs s. and then w. and joins Poultney r. 
It is 20 ms. long. 

Castletown, p-t. Richmond co. N. Y. n. e. 
corner of Staten isl., s. N. Y. bay, is hilly, with 
arable land, high and agreeably varied, but 
lately subject to fever and ague. The v. is near 
the water, looking e. upon the quaratine ground 
and Long isl. and contains the Lazaretto, or 
quarantine hospital, a fever hospital, the Sailor's 
Snug harbor, and Marine hospital of New York 



83 CAT 

city. A steamboat runs to New York 5 or 6 
times daily ; distance 5J ms. The t. contains 
Clove hills, and others fortified by the British 
in the revolution. Pop. 2,204. 

Caswell, co. of N. C. bounded by Person e., 
Orange s., Rockingham w., and Pittsylvania co. 
of Va. N. It is a square of 20 ms. each side, 
extending from lat. 36° 15' to 36° 02', and in 
long, from 2° 11' to 2° 33' w; from W. C. The 
slope of this co. is to the n. e. and its waters 
flow in that direction into Dan r. which stream, 
already navigable, winds estrd. along the north- 
ern border of the co. The soil is productive 
and climate agreeable. Cf. t. Leesburg. Pop. 
1820, 13,253, 1830, 15,185. 

Caswell, c. h., p-o. and st. jus. Caswell co. 
N. C. on Lime cr. a branch of Dan r. 

Casville, p-v. Iowa co. Mich. 

Catahoola, or Ocatahoola, parish of La. 
bounded by the parish of Washitau n. w. and n., 
Tensas r. or the parish of Concordia e., Cata- 
hooche r. and lake s., and Little r, w. Length 
from s. w. to n. e. 75 ms., mean width 28, and 
area 2100 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 31° 29' 
to 32° 20' and in long, from 14° 24' to 15° 24' 
W. C. The face of this large parish diflers 
materially in different parts. The Washitau re- 
enters it from the n. winding over it in a south- 
ern direction, and receiving near its centre the 
Boeuf, from the n. e. Northv.'ard from the 
Ocatahoola r. and between the Washitau and 
Little rs. the country rises into hills, covered 
generally with pine timber, and watered by 
clear, perennial creeks, but soil sterile, except 
in confined spots near streams. The entire 
eastern part of the parish lies within the over- 
flow of the Misp. and except some few strips 
along the rivers, or on Sicily island, is liable to 
annual inundation. When the soil of the allu. 
vial part of Ocatahoola is sufficiently elevated 
for cultivation, it is very productive. Staples, 
cotton, live stock, and lumber. Cf. t. Harrison- 
burg. Pop. 1820, 2,287, in 1830, 2,581. 

Catahoola, r. and lake of La. The r. rises 
in Clairborne, Natchitoches, and Washitau par- 
ishes, flows in a general course s. s. e. about 80 
ms. to the extreme s. w. angle of the parish of 
Ocatahoola, where, at seasons of high water of 
the Washitau and Misp. rs., it expands into a 
lake of 18 ms. long, and from 2 to 5 wide. At 
the head of the lake the river turns abruptly to 
N. E. by E. continues in that direction through the 
lake, and again contracting; to a river of about 
80 yards wide, flows 15 ms. to where it joins 
the Washitau to form Black r. Ocatahoola lake 
is one of those depressions in the great plain of 
La. which operate to form reservoirs, filled and 
emptied annually. The bottom of the lake is 
below that of even the common inundated lands, 
and when the Washitau and Misp. are rising, 
receives a surcharge of water by the chamiel of 
Ocatahoola. The reverse takes place when the 
great streams are falling ; then the current flows 
rapidly from the lake, which is finally drained, 
and in autumn and early winter, becomes a 
vast meadow covered with herbage, with the 
river meandering over its surface. Similar fea- 
tures are presented by Black lake, Natchito- 
ches lake, Spanish lake, Bristineau, Bodcau, 
&c. 



CAT 



84 



CAY 



Cataraugus CO. N. Y. bndd. by Cataraugus 
cr. N., or Erie and Genesee cos., Alleghany co. 
E., Pennsylvania s., Chatauque co. w., about 34 
by 38 ms. 1,292 sq. ms., has Alleghany r. wind- 
ing through s. part, and streams of Genesee 
and lake Erie, above which it is 500 to 1,200 
feet with high hills. There are white pine 
tracts and marshes s., but the land is generally 
firm, with maple, beech, bass, nut, and oak. 
Grass and grain grow best n. This co. was 
purchased by the Holland company, 19 tsps., 
of. t. EllicotviUe. Pop. 1820, 4,090, 1830, 
16,726. 

Cataraugus Reservation, N. Y. 6 ms. by 
12, on Cataraugus cr. was reserved by the Sen- 
eca Indians, who here enjoy christian wor- 
ship, schools, «&,c. with good habits. 

Catawba, r. of N. and S. C. called Wateree 
in the lower part of its course, rises in the Blue 
Ridge by numerous branches, which flow gene- 
rally estwrd. over Burke co. unite at Morgan- 
town, and continuing estwrd. 25 ms. still over 
Burke, turns abruptly s. s. e. between Iredell 
and Lincoln. This higher valley of Catawba is 
about 65 ms. long, with a mean breadth of 20, 
and nearly commensurate with Burke co. 
Leaving the latter, the Catawba, in a general 
course of s. s. E. flows 50 ms. in N. C. and 100 
in S. C, finally unites with the Congaree to form 
the Santee. The Catawba is remarkable for 
the narrowness of its valley, which in a dis- 
tance of 215 ms. is in no place 60 ms. wide, 
and at a mean under 20. In length of course it 
exceeds the Congaree,' but in volume the latter 
is greatly the superior stream. 

Catawissa, p-v. Columbia co. Pa. situated on 
the left bank of the East Branch of Susquehan- 
nah r. and at the mouth of a- cr. of the same 
name. 

Catfish, p-o. on a cr. of the same name, Ma- 
rion dist. S. C. by p-r. 138 ms. estwrd. Colum- 
bus. 

Catherine, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. 
Auburn, 200 w. Albany, 12 ms. sq., gives rise to 
the inlet of Seneca lake, Newtown cr. &c. It 
has good land n. with oak and pine, and in other 
parts, beech, maple, bass, elm, &c. Lime- 
stone andiron ore are found, and a pigment like 
Spanish brown. Pop. 2,064. 

Cathey's cr. and p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by 
p-r. 267 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Catlettsburg, p-v. on the left bank of the 
Ohio r. at and below the mouth of Great Sandy 
r. Greenup co. Ky. It is the extreme n. e. vil- 
lage of the state, by p-r. 159 ms. a little n. of e. 
Frankfort. 

Catlin, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. w. E1- 
mira. Pop. 2,015. 

Cato, p-t Cayuga co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. Au- 
burn, 155 w. Albany, n. Erie canal and Seneca 
r., has a variety of soil, and swamps and ponds. 
Cross and Otter lakes, and Parker's pond. Pop. 
1,782. 

Catonsville, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 
44 ms. n. e. W.C. and 36 n. Annapolis. 

Catskill, p-t. and st. jus. Greene co. N. Y. 
36 ms. s. Albany, 5 s. w. Hudson, w. Hudson 
r. has gentle hills e. with pretty good soil. Cat- 
skill mtns. w. and a high plain and sand and 
elay n. It is watered by Catskill cr. and Keat- 



erskill cr. its branch ; with rich meadows, and 
mill sites ; it has 3 villages and 2 banks, capi- 
tal $250,000. The post v. is the st. jus. 1 mile 
w. Hudson r., with a pier, where the large 
steam boats touch ; a ferry, and the co. build- 
ings. A company has been incorporated to 
make a rail road from here to Schoharie. Pop. 
4,861. The Pine Orchard, on Catskill mtn. is 
a favorite resort of travellers in the warm 
months. A fine hotel has been erected there 
several years, on the brow of a rock, at a great 
elevation above Hudson r., with a view em. 
bracing about 70 ms. from n. to s. on the valley 
of Hudson r., and the hilly country e., including 
a number of peaks of the Green mtn. range in 
Mass. and Vt. Thunder storms are often seen 
below the spectator, and the air is generally 
cool. Two ponds in the rear of the house, unite 
their streams, and the water falls 175 ft. and 
soon after 85 ft. into an immense ravine between 
2 ridges of mtns. A limestone range begins a 
little w. of Catskill v. reaching 4 ms., w. of 
which is sand-stone, then graywacke slate, the 
peaks being pudding stone, conglomerate, &c. 
Stage coaches take visitors to this place from 
Cattskill ; the road, after the ascent commences, 
is steep and rough. 

Caughnawaga, p-v. Johnstovra, Montgomery 
CO. N. Y. 39 ms. w. Albany, n. Mohawk r. once 
the residence of the Mohawk Indians. {See 
Johnstown.) 

Cave Mills, p-o. Warren co. Ten. by p-r. 74 
ms. s. E. Nashville. 

Cavendish, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 10 ms. s. w, 
Windsor, 60 s. Montpelier. First settlement 
1769. It has a fertile soil, with Black r. and 20 
mile stream. Black r. at the falls, has its chan- 
nel worn dovm 100 ft. Button's village has an 
academy, and Proctorsville has another. Ser- 
pentine iron ore, and primitive limestone are 
found near it. Pop. 1,498. 

Cavesville, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 94 
ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Cavetown, p-v. Washington county, Mary- 
land. 

Cayuga, lake, N. Y. between Cayuga, Temp. 
kins and Seneca cos. from 1 to 4 ms. wide, 38 
long, n. and s., 35 ms. s. lake Ontario, receives 
Seneca r. near the outlet, which runs n. The 
shores rise gradually, 100 or 150 ft. but in some 
places are precipitous. It has Fall, 6 m. and 
Main Inlet crs. s. and other fine mill streams, 
and has several villages on its shores. 

Cayuga, co. N. Y. 170 ms. w. Albany, bndd. 
by lake Ontario, Oswego, Onondaga and Cort- 
land COS. E., Tompkins co. s., Seneca co. w. 
It is E. Seneca lake. 23^ by 55 ms. are its 
greatest dimensions, with about 545 sq. ms. It 
has a spur of Alleghany hills parallel with Cay- 
uga lake, good soil and very good farms, 
There is much lime rock, with petrifactions, 
&c. It is watered by Seneca r. Fall, Salmon, 
Owasco crs. &c. Owasco lake, and parts of 
Ontario, Cayuga, Skeneateles and Cross lakes. 
Erie canal crosses the co. Clay slate, lime- 
stone, gypsum, and hydraulic lime are found, 
and argilaceous oxide of iron is abundant. 19 
tsps. Cf. t. Auburn. Pop. 1820, 38,897, 1830, 
47,947. 

Cayusa, or E. Cayuga, p-v. Aurelius, Cayuga 



CEN 



85 



CHA 



CO. N. Y. 165 ms. w. Albany, at the bridge and 
w. side of Cayuga lake. 

Cayuga, p-v. Claiborne co. Misp. by p-r. 60 
ms. N. N. E. Natchez. 

Cayuta, v. Newfield, Tioga co. N. Y. 20 ms. 
N. w. Owego, on Cayuta cr. Pop. 642. 

Cazenovia, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. Il3ms. 
w. Albany, 11 w. Morrisville, 5 ms. by 12, 
has Canaseraga lake, of 4^ ms., and Chitte- 
ningo and Limestone crs. It is level, high land, 
rich loam for grass and grain. First settled, 
1793. The v. is at the s. end of the lake, and 
is flom-ishing. Pop. 4,344. 

Cecelios, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 297 ms. 
w. Albany. Pop. 378. 

Cecil, or Coecil, n. e. co. of Md. bndd. s. 
by Kent co., s. w. by Chesapeake bay, w. by the 
Susquehannah r., n. w. by Lancaster, n. e. by 
Chester co. Pa., and e. by New Castle co. Del. 
Length from s. to n. 22 ms. mean breadth 12, 
and area 264 sq. ms. Extending from n. lat. 
39° 22' to 39° 42', and in long, from 0° 50' to 
1° 18' E. W. C. The surface of Cecil is undu- 
lating, and soil of middling quality. It is in a 
peculiar manner favorably placed, commer- 
cially. To the Susquehannah r. and Chesa- 
peake bay may be added Elk r. and the Chesa- 
peake and Del. canal. Cf. t. Elkton. Pop. 
1820, 16,048, 1830, 15,432. 

Cecilton, p-v. Cecil co. Md. This place vv^as 
formerly called Savingston. 

Cedar cr. one of the w. branches of the n. 
Fork of Shenandoah r. and separating Shenan- 
doah and Frederick cos. 

Cedak cr. and p-o. in the nthrn. part of Shelby 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 97 ms. n. e. by e. Tuscaloosa. 

Cedar Creek, v. Monmouth co. N. J. near 
the sea, on a stream of the same name which 
rmis into Barnegat bay 6 ms. s. Toms r. 

Cedar Spring and p-o. in the estrn. part of 
Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 101 ms. n. n. w. Harris- 
burg. 

Cedar Spring, Spartanburg dist. S. C. 5 ms. 
s. E. Spartanburg, the st. jus. 90 ms. n. w. Co. 
lumbia. 

Cedarsville, p-v. in Perry co. O.by p-r. lOl 
ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Celina, p-v. Overton co. Ten. by p-r. 85 ms. 
N.N. E. Nashville. 

Centre co. Penn. bndd. n. and n. e. by Ly- 
coming, w. branch of Susquehannah, which 
separates it from Clearfield and Lycoming w. 
and N. w., by Huntingdon and Mifflin s. and by 
Union e. Length 8 ms., mean breadth 26, and 
area 1560 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 40° 43' 
to 41° 1 6', and in long, from 0° 12' to 1° 23' w. 
W. C. Bald Eagle and Perm's crs. rise in this 
CO. and with the Susquehannah afford some 
good soil, though the body of the co. is moun- 
tainous and rocky. Staples, grain, flour, live 
stock, lumber, iron, &c. Cf. t. Bellefonte. 
Pop. 1820, 13,786, in 1830, 18,295. 

Centre, p.v. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 77 
ms. N. N. w. Raleigh. 

Centre, p-v. Delaware co. 0. by p-r. 30 ms. 
N. Columbus. 

Centre, p-v. Farmington tsp. Trumbull co. 
O. by p-r. 167 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Centre Hae.bor, p-t. Strafford co.'N. H. 48 
-ms. K. Concord, 70 n. w. Portsmouth, 110 n. w. 

12 



Boston, n. e. corner Winnipiseogee lake ; 7,550 
acres ; contains part of Squam and Measly lakes, 
with part of Winnipiseogee lake ; has a varied 
surface and some good soil. Pop. 1830, 577. 

Centres Minot, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 42 
ms. from Augusta. 

Centre Moreland, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by 
P-r. 133 ms. Harrisburg. 

Centre Point, Montgomery co. Pa. by p-r. 
96 ms. Harrisburg. 

Centreton, p-v. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 139 
ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Centreville, p-o. Kent CO. R. I. 11 ms. from 
Providence. 

Centreville, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 16 ms. 
N. w. Angelica, 6 ms. square, has small streams 
of Genesee r. Bog iron ore abounds. The 
soil a light loam, with few stones, bearing ma- 
ple, bass, beech, &c. Pop. 1830, 1,195. 

Ce.\tre Ville, P-v. Crawford co. Pa. about 
100 ms. a little e. of n. Pittsburg. 

Centreville, p-v. in the s. part of Montgo- 
mery CO. 0. by p-r. 41 ms. n. n. e. Cincinnati. 

Centreville, p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. Ind. 
on a branch of White Water r. about 70 ms. n. 
w. Cincinnati 0. by p-r. 63 e. Indianopolis. 

Centreville, p-v. in the s. part of Wabash 
CO. II. 115 ms. s. E. by e. Vandalia. 

Centreville, p-v. in the n. part of Newcastle 
CO. Del. 10 ms. n. n. e. Wilmington. 

Centreville, Queen Ann co. Md. situated on 
Casica cr. 36 ms. s. e. by e. Baltimore, and 
31 ms. a little n. of e. Annapolis. It is the seat 
of an academy. 

Centreville, p-v. in the w. part of Fairfax 
CO. Va. 27 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 

Centreville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Laurens 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Centreville, p-v. Wilkes co. Geo. by p-r. 81 
ms. N. e. Milledgeville. 

Centreville, p-v. and st. jus. Bibb co. Ala. 
situated on the right bank of Cahaba r. 32 ms. 
s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Centreville, p.v. Livingston co. Ky. 20 ms. 
N. E. by E. from Smithland, at the mouth of 
Cumberland r. by p-r. 275 ms. s. w, by w. 
Frankfort. 

Centreville, p-v. Hickman co. Ten. by p-r. 

81 ms. s. w. Nashville. 

Centreville, p-v. Amite co. Misp. about 45 
ms. s. E. Natchez. 

Cerestown, p-v. on Oswego cr. a branch of 
Alleghany r. in the n. e. part of Mc Kean co. Pa. 
20 ms. s. E. Hamilton, 165 n. w. Harrisburg. 

Cerulean Springs, and p-o. Trigg co. Ky. 5 
ms. N. e. Cadiz, the st. jus. and by p-r. 221 ms. 
s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Chactaws, nation of Indians. (See Choctaws.) 

Chagrin, r. p-v. and tsp. in the n. e. angle of 
Cayahoga co. O. The p-v. is near the shore of 
lake Erie, 16 ms. E.Cleaveland. Pop. tsp. 1,275. 

Chalk Level, p-v. in the w. part Humphrey 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 70 ms. w. Nashville. 

Chalk Level, p.o. Pittsylvania co. Va. hy p-r. 
133 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Chambersburg, P-t. and st. jus. Franklin co. 
Pa. situated on both sides of Oonecocheague cr. 

82 ms. s. w. Harrisburg. It is a very thriving 
borough, situated in a fertile limestone region. 
Pop. 2,783. 



CHA 8 

Chambersburg, p-v. in the e. part of Fountain 
CO. Ind., by p-r. 66 ms. n. vv. by w. Indianopolis. 
Champaign, co. O. bndd. by Clarke s., Miami 
s. w., Slielby n. w., Logan n., Union n. e., and 
Madison s. e. Lengtla 29, breadtli 16, and area 
464 sq. ms. extending in lat. from 39° 58' to 40° 
15', and in long, from 6° 52', to 7° w. W. C. 
Though the extreme sources of Darby's cr. a 
branch of Sciota r. flows from the estrn. border, 
and some fountains of crs. flowing into the 
Great Miami, issue from the wstrd., the great 
body of this co. slopes sthrd. and is included in 
the valley of Mad r. Cf.t.Urbana. Pod. 1820, 
8,479, 1830, 12,131. 

Champion, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 12 ms. e. 
Watertown, at the Long Falls of Black r. con- 
tains 26,000 acres, with rich loam and sand ; 
first settled from Conn. Pop. 2,342. 

Chami'LAin, a lake lying between Vt. and 
N. Y. extends from Whitehall, N. Y. a little 
beyond the Canada line, 140 ms. nearly n. and 
S., generally narrow and deep, !2 ms. in the wi- 
dest part. That part of it from Whitehall to 
Mount Independence, opposite Fort Ticonde- 
roga, was formerly considered a part of Wood 
cr. The principal islands are N. and S. Hero, 
Lamotte, Valcour, and Schuyler's. It is navi- 
gated by many vessels of 80 and 90 tons, which 
are generally built to pass the canal ; an active 
trade is carried on from the numerous towns 
and villages on the shores. Large and elegant 
steamboats ply daily between Whitehall and St. 
John's, Lower Canada, which touch at the prin- 
cipal places ; and multitudes of travellers for 
pleasure every season pass this' route. The 
shores are varied and pleasant, generally cultiva- 
ted in farms near the water, and rising towards 
the mtns. which appear in various directions. 
The principal eminences of the Green mtns. 
are fine features in the landscape. The outlet 
of Lake George enters at Ticonderoga, and 
Chazy, Saranac, Sable and Bouquet rs. w.. Wood 
cr. s., and Otter, Onion, Lamoille aud Missisque 
rs. E. The largest bay is South bay, and Cum- 
berland the principal head land. Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point, N. Y. at two important bends 
of the lake, were formerly great fortresses, 
both used in the French wars, and abandoned at 
the close of the revolution. Large remains of 
the works are seen. The lake was discovered 
1608, abounds in salmon, trout, sturgeon pick- 
erel, &c. ; freezes deep for several months, and 
is usually travelled with land vehicles from 
Dec. 10th, to March 15th or 20th. Several new 
villages have recently grown up on the banks, 
particularly near iron mines, &c. 

Champlain, p-t. and port of entry, Clinton co. 
N. Y. 21 ms. N. Plattsburgh, 188 n. Albany, on 
Lake Champlain. Great Chazy r. aflbrds mill 
sites at the v. It contains Pointe-au-fer, and 
has level land on the lake, generally strong 
loam or clay, bearing apples, pears, plums. 
Rouse's Point has lately been taken from this 
town, and added to Canada. Pop. 2,456. 

Champlain Canal. (See Rail Roads and 
Canals.) 

Chanceford, p-v. York co. Pa. 35 ms. s. e. 
the borough of York, and 30 a little w. of s. from 
Lancaster. Pop. of the two tsps. of Chance- 
ford, Upper and Lower, 2,2 13. 



) CHA 

Chancellorsville, p-o. Spottsylvania co. Va. 
by p-r. 75 ms. Richmond. 

Chanulersville, t. Somerset co. Me. 39 ms. 
N. Augusta. Pop. 172. 

Chapel Hill, p.v. Orange co. N. C. 14 ms. s. 
Hillsborough, 24 w. Raleigh, and situated on a 
branch oi Cape Fear r. It is pleasantly located, 
and surrounded by an elevated and broken 
country. This is the seat of the University of 
North Carolina, incorporated 1788, and com. 
menced 1791. It has a president and 8 in. 
structors, and (1832-3) 69 undergraduates. 
There are in the college library 2,000, and in 
the students', 3,000 volumes. Commencement 
4th Tuesday in June. 

Ceapinville, p-v. Litchfield co. Con. 50 ms. 
w. Hartford. 

Chaplin, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 32 ms. e. 
Hartford, recently formed of a part of Mans- 
field, Tolland CO. It is divided by Natchaug r., 
a branch of Shetucket r., and is a hilly, grazing 
country. Pop. 807. 

Chapman's Mills, and p-o. Giles co. Va. by 
p-r. 225 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond. 

Chapmans, p-v. Union co. Pa., by p-r. 53 ms. 
N. N. w, Harrisburg. 

Chapola, r. of Flor. and Ala., rises in Henry 
CO. of the latter, enters Jackson, of the former 
by several crs. which uniting, passes under a 
natural bridge, about 15 ms. within Florida. 
Issuing thence, it flows about 30 ms. nearly 
parallel, and from 10 to 20 ms. distant from the 
Appalachicola r. and is finally merged in Horts 
lake, after an entire course of 45 ms., in a di- 
rection s. s. E. by s. " On its margin," says 
Williams, " is some of the best land in the 
country." The most extensive settlements are 
on its wstrn. border, extending from 1 to 5 ms. 
in width, and SO in length. The soil is a cho- 
colate colored sandy loam or red clay, supported 
by limestone. The timber, a mixture of oak, 
pine, hickory, and dogwood, filled up with cane. 
Corn, cotton, and sugar are the most important 
staples. 

Chardon, p-v. and st. jus. Geauga co. 0. by 
p-r. 28 ms. n. e. by e. Cleaveland, on Lake 
Erie, and 157 ms. n. e. Columbus. Population 
881. 

Chariton, r. of Mo. rises about lat. 40° be- 
tween the vallies of the Ravine des Moines and 
Grand r. and flowing thence by a general sthrn. 
course 130 ms. falls into Mo. r. between 
Howard and Chariton cos. 

Chariton, co. of Bio. bndd. e. by Randolph, 
s. e. by Howard, s. by Mo. r. separating it from 
Sabine co., w. by Grand r., n. boundaries un- 
certain. Length 32 ms. mean breauth 26, and 
area 832 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 
11' to 39° 40' and in long, from 15° 39' to 16° 
16' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to the 
sthrd. with the general courses of Grand and 
Chariton rs. Cf. t. Chariton. 

Chariton, p-v. and st. jus. Chariton co. Mo. 
by p-r. 79 ms. n. vv. from Jefferson co. and 213 
ms. n. w. by w. St. Louis. It is on the left 
bank of Mo. r. at the mouth of Chariton r. Long. 
15°48'w. W. C. 

Charlemont, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 14 ms. 
w. Greenfield, 107 n. n. w. Boston, is watered 
by Deerfield r., and contained 3 garrisons. 



CHA 



87 



CHA 



erected 1754, against the French and Indians. 
Pop. 1,065. 

Charles r. Mass., rises near R. I. and flows 
through Norfolk and Middlesex cos., between 
which it forms part of the boundary, and joins 
Mystic r. in Boston harbor. 

Charles, co. of Md. bndd. by Potomac r. s. 
s. w. and w.. Prince George's n., Swanson cr., 
Patuxent r., St. Mary's co., and Wernico r. e. 
Length 30 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 450 
sq. ms. Extending from lat. 38^ 15' to 38° 40', 
and in long, from 14' w. to 19' e. W. C. Sur- 
face broken, and soil of middling quality. Cf. 
t. Port Tobacco. Pop. 1820, 16,500, 1830, 
17,769. 

Charles City, co. of Va., bndd. by James r., 
which separates it from Prince George's s., 
Henrico n. w., Chickahominy r. which sep- 
arates it from New Kent, n., and again by the 
latter r. which separates it from James City, e. 
Length 26 ms. mean breadth 8 and area 208 sq. 
ms. Extending from lat. 37° 09' to 37° 28' 
and in long, from 5' e. to 22' w. from W. C. 
Surface rolling. Pop. 1820, 5,255; 1830, 5,. 
500. 

Charles city, c. h. and p-o. near the centre 
of the CO. 31 ms. s. e. by e. Richmond. 

Charleston, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 73 ms. 
N. E. Augusia. Pop. 859. 

Charleston, t. Orleans co. Vt. Pop. 564. 

Charleston, dist. of S. C. bndd. s, w. by 
Colleton dist., n. w. by Orangeburgh, n. and n. 
E. by Santae r. which separates it from Sumpter, 
Williamsburg and Georgetown, and s. e. by the 
Atlantic. The greatest length along the At- 
lantic coast 68 miles, and inland at nearly right 
angles to the coast, 55 ms. Mean breadth 
about 33, and area 2,244 sq. ms. The surface 
of this dist. is in great part an innundated plain 
nearly commensurate with the basin of Ashley 
and Cooper rs. The part towards the Atlantic 
presents a net work of interlocking streams and 
islands. The soil where of sufficient elevation 
for cultivation is highly productive. Staples — 
cotton and rice. As a commercial section, 
Charleston dist. is favorably situated, since 
beside the harbor of Charleston city, there are 
many inferior inlets. A canal has been con- 
structed to unite Cooper r. with the Santee 
opposite Black Oak island. Lensth 21 ms. em- 
bracing in lat. from 32° 32' to 38° 28', and in 
long, from 2° 20' to 3' 32' w. from W. C. 
Charleston is in itself a considerable physical 
section. From observations made from 1750 
to 1789 inclusive, and from 1791 to 1824 in- 
clusive, the mean annual temperature of Jie 
city of Charleston lat. 32° 44' is within an in- 
considerable fraction of 60° Fahrenheit. This 
is a temperature higher considerably than that 
on similar lat. in the valley of the Misp. Cf. t. 
Charleston. Pop. 1820, 80,212, 1830, 106,706. 

Charleston, city and s-p. Charleston dist. S. 
C. situated on the point between Ashley and 
Cooper rs. 6 ms. from the open Atlantic ocean, 
113 ms. s. s. E. Columbia, and by p-r. 539 ms. 
s. s. w. from W. C, n. lat 32° 44', long, as 
marked on Tanner's U. S. 3° w. from W. C. 
The bay formed by Ashley and Cooper rs. is 
about 2 ms. wide, and extending from city 
point a little s. of e. There are two entrances, i 



the deepest of which admits vessels of 16 ft. 
draught, but the channel coming close upon the 
s. w. end of Sullivan's Island, gives a safe 
means of defence, which was reduced to cer- 
tainty in the revolutionary war, when on June 
28th, 1776, a British fleet under Sir Peter Parker 
was repulsed and shattered by the cannon of 
Fort Moultrie, a mere stockade battery. On 
the w. the harbor of Charleston is united to 
Stono r. by Wappoo cr. and by the channel of 
Cooper r. and a canal of 2i) ms. it is connected 
with Santee r. 50 ms. a little w. of n. from the 
city. Ashley, Cooper and Wando rs. are all 
navigable for small vessels above the harbor. 
The whole adjacent country, being a plain, but 
little elevated above tide vv'ater, the city is liable 
to occasional inundation from ocean swells. It 
is nevertheless -a fine commercial mart, well 
built and prosperous. Every spot in the vicin- 
ity capable of improvement is decorated with 
plantations in a high state of cultivation. With- 
in the city exist all those institutions which 
mark a wealthy community. The most noted 
public edifices are the Exchange, City Hall, 6 
Banking Houses, a Guard House, an Arsenal, 
2 College buildings, academical and medical, a 
large fire proof building, erected for the greater 
security of public documents, at an expense of 
Ji&60,000, Court Flouse, numerous places of 
public worship, among which are some of the 
most ancient in the U. S., 2 markets, one of 
whicli is very extensive, St. Andrew's Hall, an 
Alms House, an Orphan Asylum, and many 
other charitable institutions, richly endowed 
among which are the St. Andrews, South Caro- 
lina, and the Fellowship societies. The Orphan 
Asylum, in which 150 children are protected, 
supported and educated, is an honor to the state. 
The public Library contains 15 to 20,000 
volumes. Charleston college, chartered in 
1785 has been recently re-organized (1824) and 
is now on a very respectable footing. The 
principal edifice is very commodious, and the 
buildings, which are within the city, are sur- 
rounded by spacious grounds, and enclosed by 
high brick walls. It has lately received a val. 
uable addition to its philosophical apparatus, and 
its property is valued at $60,000. It has three 
departments, scientific, classical and English, 
and in these are 177 students. These attend 
the lectures of the Professors of Chemistry, 
Natural History and Physiology, in the Medical 
College, which is now extensively patronised. 
There are 7 instructors in the Academical 
College, and its library contains about 3,000 
volumes. 

Charleston offers a delightful residence to 
the planters, who are widely scattered through 
the surrounding country, many of whom have 
fine residences in the city. It is one of the 
gayest cities of the U. S. and its society is ex- 
cellent. The progressive population of Charles, 
ton is as follows : in 1790, 16,359 ; 1800, 18,711 ; 
1810, white persons, 11,568, slaves and free 
blacks, 13,143, total 24,711; 1820, whites, 10,- 
653, slaves and free blacks, 14,127, total 24,780; 
1830, whites, 12,928, slaves and free blacks, 
17,361, total 30,289. 

Charleston, p-v. & st. jus. Jefferson co. Va. 10 
ms. s. w. by w. Harper's Ferry and 63 n. w, W.C . 



CHA 

Charleston, p-v. Cecil co. Md. 10 ms. s. w. 
by w. Elkton, and about 60 ms. n. e. Baltimore. 
Charleston, p-v. and st. jus. Kenhawa co. 
Va. situated on the right bank of the Great Ken- 
hawa r. and on the point above the mouth of Elk 
r. about 50 miles by land above the mouth of 
Great Kenhawa, and by p-r. 304 n. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Charleston, p-v. and st. jus. Clarke co. Ind. 
by p-r. 105 ms. s. s. e. from Indianopolis, 14 n. 
N. w. from Louisville in Ky. It is situated on 
the bank of Ohio r. 

Charleston, p-v. and tsp. in the sthrn. part 
of Portage co. 0. by p-r. 132 ms. n. e. Colum- 
bus, and 10 s. Ravenna, the co. st. Pop. 
475. 

Charlestown, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 51 ms. 
from Concord, 100 from Boston, iK from Wind- 
sor Vt., E. Conn, r., contains 21,400 acres. 
Little Sugar r. and 3 isls. are opposite this town 
in Conn. r. It has various soils, few mill sites, 
1500 acres of rich meadow in one place, and in 
another a ridge of waste land. There are two 
villages, the s. very pleasant. Here was a fort 
built, 1743, above 30 ms. in advance of other 
settlements, and stood a siege and repeated at- 
tacks, till about 1760. Pop. 1,773. 

Charlestown, p-t. and port of entry, Middle- 
sex CO. Mass. 1 m. n. of Boston, with which it 
is connected by a bridge 1,503 ft. long, and al- 
so by a branch of Craigie's bridge. Chelsea 
bridge crosses Mystic r. e. nearly 1 m. on the 
Salem road, and Maiden bridge, 2,420 ft., leads 
to Maiden. A bay of Charles r. is w.. Mystic r. 
E., and a narrow neck connects it with the 
main land n. The surface is irregular, with 
two fine eminences. Breed's and Bunker's hills. 
The v. is large and flourishing, one of the sub- 
urbs of Boston, with Bunker hill bank, and 
many other public buildings. It was burnt 1775, 
by British troops. Soon after the battle of Lex- 
ington, while a body of American militia were 
at Copp's hill, in Cambridge, detachments of 
them were sent to fortify Breed's hill, to prevent 
the British troops in Boston from occupying it 
and Charlestown. June 17, 1775, the latter 
landed and attacked the American redoubt three 
times, being repulsed twice with great loss. 
They finally succeeded, and the Americans re- 
treated ; but the resistance to regular troops 
was considered as encouraging as a victory, 
and greatly animated the people. General 
Warren lost his life, with many others. A 
granite obelisk, in commemoration of this 
memorable event, magnificent in design, has 
been commenced on the battle ground. The 
state prison of Mass. is in Charlestown, near 
the r., and has been recently rebuilt, on the Au- 
burn plan, with 300 cells, and reorganized, at 
an expense of $86,000. It had in 1831, 290 
convicts, in solitary cells at night and meal 
times. The navy yard of the U. S. in the s. e. 
part of the t. opposite Boston, is surrounded by 
a wall enclosing about 60 acres, a marine hos- 
pital, warehouse, arsenal, powder magazine, 
and superintendant's house, all brick, with two 
large wooden houses to shelter frigates and 
sloops of war on the stocks. The dry dock is 
the finest in the U. S. ^382,104 were paid for 
materials and labor before Nov, 1831, and it 



88 CHA 

was supposed that $118,000 more would be re- 
quired to complete it. Pop. 8,783. 

Charlestown, t. Washington co. R. I. 40 ms.. 
s. w. Providence, s. Charles r., n. Atlantic 
ocean, nearly 7 miles square, 43 sq. ms. inclu- 
ding 3 fresh, and 2 salt ponds, which open to the 
sea, part of the year. It has plenty of fish, good 
m.ill sites, with a rich level tract in the s. and 
rough land n. It bears maple, ash, nut, birch, 
white and yellow pine ; corn, rye, barley, oats, 
&c. There is a remnant of Narraganset Indians 
in this t. Pop. 1,284. 

Charlestown. p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 40 
ms. w. N. w. Albany, 10 s. Johnstown on Mo- 
hawk r. containing 100 sq. ms. is somewhat hil- 
ly, with rock's which afford quarries. The soil 
is generally clay or loam. Arieskill and Scho- 
harie crs. give mill sites. There was once an i 
Indian tovm at the mouth of Schoharie cr., 
partly settled before the revolutionary war by 
Dutch ; and since by New England emigrants. 
Charlestown, Voorhies, and Currie, are villages. 
Pop. 2,148. 

Charlestown, p.v. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 82 
ms. E. Harrisburg. 

Charlotte, t. Washington co. Me. Pop. 557. 
Charlotte, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 10 ms. s. 
Burlington, 10 n. Vergermes, 48 Montpelier, e. 
Lake Champlain. First settled 1776, is pleas- 
antly situated, and is watered by Piatt r. and 
Lewis cr. Pine and hemlock grow e. ; hard 
wood on a good soil w. ; favorable to fruit. There 
are some high hills. A ferry to Essex, N. Y. 
Pop. 1,702. 

Charlotte, or Port Genesee, p-v. and port 
of entry, Genesee, Monroe co. N. Y. at the 
mouth of Genesee r. 

Charlotte, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 886. 
Charlotte, co. of Va. bndd. n. w. by Camp- 
bell, N. by Prince Edward, e. by Lunenburg, s. 
E. by Mecklenburg, and s. and s. w. by Stanton 
or Roanoke r. which separates it from Halifax. 
Length 33, mean breadth 18, and area 600 sq. 
ms. Extending from lat 36° 41', to 37° 16' and 
in long, from 1° 33' to 2° 05' w. from W. C. 
The slope of Charlotte co. is to the sthrd. 
towards the Roanoke. It is in great part drain- 
ed by Little Roanoke and Cub crs. Soil gene- 
rally good and productive in grain, fruits, 
tobacco, &c. Cf. t. Marysville. Pop. 1820, 
13,290, in 1830, 15,252. 

Charlotte, p-v. and st. jus. Mecklenburg co. 
N. C. by p-r. 157 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Charlotte, p-v. and st. jus. Dickson co. 
Tenn. 36 ms. w. Nashville. 

Charlotte, r. bay, and harbor, west coast of 
Florida. The r. rises in the interior plains or 
swamps, and flowing westward enters the east- 
ern part of a deep and safe bay, sheltered on 
the side next the Gulf of Mexico, by a chain of 
islands or reefs. The adjacent country is low, 
sandy, marshy, and also sterile. The centre of 
the bay is about lat. 26° 45' and 5° 20' w. W. C. 
Charlotte Hall, p.v. near the northern ex. 
tremity of St. Mary's co. Md. 17 or 18 ms. a 
little s. of e. from Port Tobacco. 

Charlottesville, p-v. and st. jus. for Alber- 
marle co. Va. and also the seat of the central 
college or university of Virginia. Situated on 
the right bank of Rivanna r. and near the north- 



CHA 8 

western foot of South West mountain, by p-r. 
123 ms. s. w. from W. C. and 81 ms. n. w. by w. 
Richmond. Lat. 38° 03', long. 1° 35' w. W. C. 
The university of Virginia, was organized in 
1825, and in 1833, had 152 students, a library, 
containing 8000 vols, and a small observatory 
for the use of the students. This institution 
owes its origin to Thomas Jefferson, and was 
founded in 1819. It was erected by the state, 
at a cost of about $400,000, and it now pays an 
annuity of $15,000 for its support. The 
library is very valuable, and was purchased in 
Europe, from a catalogue prepared by Mr. 
Jefferson, There are no indigent students sup- 
ported by the University. Beside the academi- 
cal course, there is a law and medical school 
connected with the institution, which has 9 
instructers. Pop. 1830, not given in the tabular 
returns of the census ; supposed about 1000. 
The arable surface on which this town is loca- 
ted, is elevated from 500 to 700 ft. above the 
Atlantic tides, and the vicinity is regarded as 
salubrious. 

Charlton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 15 ms. 
s. w. Worcester, 60 s. w. Boston. A farming 
town, with hard, rough, but strong soil, desti- 
tute of large streams, but well watered. Pop. 
2,173. 

Charlton, p-t. Saragota co. N. Y. ms. 25 n. w. 
Albany, 8 s. w. Ballston Spa. agreeably varied, 
with a gentle descent s. to Mohawk r. Eel 
Place creek furnishes mill sites. Farming 
prevails. Pop. 2,023. 

Chartiers cr. or small r. of Washington and 
Alleghany cos. Pa. rises by numerous branches 
in the vicinity of the borough of Washington, 
and flowing thence a course a little e. of n. 
about 30 ms. falls into Ohio r. 4 ms. below Pitts- 
burg. At high water it is navigable for down 
stream vessels from its main fork 2 ms. below 
Cannonsburg ; and the country it drains is 
remarkable for fertility of soil, and for immense 
strata of bituminous coal. 

Chatauque, lake, Chatauque co. N. Y. 16 
ms. long, 1 to 4 wide, is on high land, with good 
grazing banks, producing grain in some parts. 
Mayville, the co. t. on its margin is n. w. 8 ms. 
from Portland, on Lake Erie. 

Chatauque, r. Chatauque co. N. Y. flows 
from Chatauque lake into Conewango cr., a 
branch of Alleghany r. 

Chatauque cr., Chatauque co. N. Y. runs 15 
ms. from the ridge, through a deep ravine, into 
Lake Erie. 

Chatauque co. N. Y. the s. w. co. of the 
state, 360 ms. w. Albany, 60 s. w. Buffalo, 
bounded by Lake Erie n., Cattaraugus co. e.. 
Pa. s. and w. ; contains 659,280 acres, and 22 
tsps. It is high land, with streams running into 
the lake, which in this co. flows through Cas- 
daga cr. into Conewango, and thence into the 
Alleghany r. (at Warren, Pa.) which empties 
into the Mississippi; thus a boat navigation is 
opened from within 6 or 8 ms. of Lake Erie to 
the Gulf of Mexico, and rafts go down every 
year. From 3 to 10 ms. from Lake Erie is a 
ridge 800 or 1200 ft. high, being a loam on 
clay, or mica slate, bearing nut, oak, maple, 
birch, &c. and makiag good farms. On Lake 
Erie is a rich alluvion, from 1 to 4 ms. wide. 



CMA 

The CO. is exposed to cold and damp winds, 
late springs, and cold winters ; but is healthful. 
Bog iron ore is found, and fruit trees flourish. 
Mayville, the co. t. is 164 ms. w. Albany. Pop. 
1820, 12,568, 1830, 34,057. 

Chatauque, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 60 ms. s. 
w. Buffalo, 357 w. Albany. Pop. 2,432. 

Chateaugay, r. rises in Franklin co. N. Y. 
flows into Canada and joins St. Lawrence r. a 
little w. Montreal. 

Chateaugay, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
E. N. e. Malone, 10 ms. wide, by 40 long, has a 
sandy loam, bearing beech, maple, bass, hem- 
lock, pine, &c. Chatauque r. on which are the 
High falls and many ponds s. abound in trout. 
Part of the iron dist. is in the s. part. Pop. 2,432, 

Chatham, bay, a general name for that part 
of the coast of Florida extending n. n. w. 60 
ms. from Cape Sable to Cape Romans, or to the 
mouth of Gallivans r. between lat. 25° and 26° 
N., and long. W. C. 4° 12' to 4° 45' w. The 
Florida coast opposite this sheet of water is 
generally low with shallows along shore. 

Chatham, t. Stafford co. N. H. on e. side of 
White mtns., w. Maine boundary, contains 
26,000 acres. It is mountainous and rocky, 
with ponds and streams. Carter's mtn. w. cuts 
off direct communication with Adams. Pop. 419. 

Chatham, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 20 ms.E, 
Barnstable, at s. e. point Cape Cod, is surround- 
ed by water, except n. w. where it touches Har- 
wick ; has a good harbor s., outside of which is 
a long beach, a moveable sandy soil, without 
trees, with some salt marshes. Long. 69° 50' 
w., lat. 41° 42' N. Pop. 2,130. 

Chatham, t. Middlesex co. Conn, opposite 
Middletown, 16 ms. s. Hartford, e. Conn, r,, 
about 6 ms. by 9, 56 sq. ms., is hilly, being 
crossed by the granite range, but has some very 
good farms. Extensive quarries of freestone 
are wrought on the shore of Conn. r. and sloops 
are loaded there, which supply the city of N. 
York with the best stone of the kind, and trans- 
port it also to many other places. A cobalt mine 
has been wrought on Rattlesnake hill, at differ- 
ent times, but it is not rich enough to bear the 
expense. At Middle Haddam v. is a good land, 
ing for river vessels. Opposite Chatham, Conn, 
r. turns e. through the narrows, where the ice 
often stops in the spring, and causes considera. 
ble freshets in the r. Pop. 3,646. 

Chatham, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. 
E. Hudson, 18 s. e. Albany, has different soils, 
with good farms, slaty hills, with tracts of allu- 
vion ; it is supplied with mill sites by Lebanon 
cr. Klein kill, &c. It has several villages, 
New Britain, New Concord, &c. Pop. 3,538. 

Chatham, p-t. and vil. Morris co. N. J. 13 ms, 
N. w. Elizabethtown, 7 s. e. Morristown, on Pas- 
saic r. Pop. 1,874. 

Chatham, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 16 ms. s. w. 
West Chester, and 40 ms. s. w. by w, Phila- 
delphia. 

Chatham, co. of N. C. bndd. s. by Moore, w, 
by Randolph, n. by Orange, e. by Wayne, and 
s. E. by Cumberland. It is an oblong of 33 ms, 
e. and w. and 26 n. and s., area 858 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 35° 30' to 35° 53' and in 
long, from 1° 55' to 2° 40' w. W. C. Haw and 
Deep rs. unite near its s. e. angle, to form Cape 



CHA 



90 



CHE 



Fear r. General slope, s. e. Cf. t. Pittsboro'. 
Pop. 1820, 12,661, in 1830, 15,405. 

Chatham, co. of Geo, bndd. by Ogeechee r. 
which separates it from Bryan s. w., by Effing- 
ham CO. N. w., by Savannah r. separating it from 
Beaufort dist. in S. C. n. e., and by the Atlantic 
s. e. Length from s. e. to n. w. 27 ms. breadth 
15 ms., and area 405 sq. ms. Extending from 
lat. 3l° ,50' to 32° 13' and in long. 3° 56' to 4° 
26' w. W. C. The very slight declivity of this 
CO. is s, E, towards the Atlantic, The surface 
is level, and but slightly elevated above the At- 
lantic tides. Staples, rice, cotton and sugar, 
Cf. t. Savannah, Pop, 14,230, 

Chatico, p-v, on a small creek cf Wicomico 
r., St, Mary's co, Md, by p-r. 53 ms. s. s. e. W. 
C. and 64 a little w. of s. from Annapolis. 

Chattahoochee, r. of Geo., Ala. andFlor. the 
western and main constituent of Appalachicola 
r. rises on the high tabic land of the Appalach- 
ian system, with sources issuing from Blue 
Ridge, and either interlocking with, or nearly 
approaching those of Savannah, Tennessee, 
Pieper, Hiwassee and Coosa, The higher Chat. 
tahoochee is formed by two branches, Chestatee 
and Chattahoochee proper. Both branches rise 
in Habersham, and unite on the western border 
of Hall CO. Geo. having flowed in a sthrn. di- 
rection about an equal distance, 45 ms. Thence 
known as Chattahoochee, the r. assumes a 
southwestern course of 140 ms. in Geo. to Mil- 
ler's Bend, where it becomes a boundary be- 
tween Geo. and Ala. Below Miller's Bend, 
with partial windings, the general course is 150 
ms. very nearly due s. to its union with Flint, to 
form Appalachicola r. About 20 ms. of the 
lower part of its course, Chattahoochee sepa- 
rates Flor. from Geo. It is very remarkable 
that in a comparative distance o{ 280 ms. from 
the junction of Chestatee and Chattahoochee, to 
the mouth of Flint, no tributary stream enters 
she main recipient above the size of a large 
rf^reek, and the valley at its widest part does 
■not exceed 50 ms., and the whole, fully estima- 
ted a4; a mean breadth of 35 ms. Entire length 
of this vale 325 ms. The higher part of the val- 
ley of Chattahoochee lies between those of 
Coosa to the n. w. and Oconee and Ocmulgee 
to the s. E. It thence, for about 130 ms. inter- 
venes between the vallies of Flint and Talla- 
poosa, and the lower section between those of 
Flint and Choctaw rs. (See Appalachicola r.) 

Chatoga, r. the extreme highest constituent 
of Savannah r. rises in the southern vallies of 
Blue Ridge, and in Macon co. N. C, Issuing 
thence by a course a little w. of s, and travers- 
ing lat. 35°, in a distance of 25 ms. separates 
Pickens dist. S. C. from Rabun co. Geo. to its 
union with Turoree r. and forms Tugaloo r. 
This small stream has its sources opposite to 
those of Tennessee proper, and Hiwassee. 

Chaumont, p-v. Lyme, JeflFersonco. N. Y. 10 
ms. from Brownville, at the head of Chaumont 
bay, caries on a valuable fishery of white fish 
and siscoes. 

Chautauque, (See Chatavque.) 

Chazy, p-t. Clinton co. N. Y. 175 ms. n. w. Al- 
bany, 12 N. Plattsburgh, s. and w. lake Cham- 
plain, is watered by Little Chazy r. It has 
good land in some parts. The village is 15 ms. 



N. Plattsburgh. The landing on lake Cham- 
plain is 1 m. s. Little Chazy r., 3 ms. e. of the 
village. Pop. 3,097. 

Chazy, r. Franklin and Clinton cos. N. Y. 
about 50 ms. long, and a good mill stream, en- 
ters lake Champlain, near Portau Fer. 

Chazy, (Little), r. Clinton co. N. Y, 1^ ma. 
s. Chazy r. 18 ms. long, is a good mill stream. 

Cheat, r. of Va. rising on the border between 
Randolph and Pocahontas cos. interlocks with 
Elk and Green Brier branches of Great Kenha- 
wa, and after uniting with the south branch of 
Potomac, flows thence by a general northern 
course 70 ms. over Randolph into Preston co., 
inflecting in the latter co. to n. n. w. 40 ms. to 
its junction with the Monongahela, at the south- 
western angle of Fayette co. Pa. The valley 
of Cheat lies between those of the Monongahela 
on the w., Potomac e., and Youghioughany n. e. 
Length about 100, mean breadth not exceeding 
l8, area 1600 sq. ms. 

Cheboigon, r. (pronounced according to 
French orthography, Sheboigon,) a stream of 
the nthrn. part of the peninsula of Michigan, 
rising interlocking sources with Sandy and Ot. 
tawas rs. at n. lat. 44° 35', and 7 w. long. W. C. 
Flowing thence n. n. w. by comparative courses 
70 ms. falls into the northwestern part of Lake 
Huron, and about 30 ms. s. e. Fort Michili- 
macinak. — Another small r. of the same name 
rises esthrd. from Lake Winnebago, and flow- 
ing N. E. by E. 40 ms. falls into lake Mich, 
about 55 ms. s. s. e. Fort Howard. 

Cheek's Cross Roads, and p-o. Hawkins co. 
Ten. by p-r. 212 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Cheeksville, p-o. e. part Marion co. Ten. by 
p-r. 124 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Chegoimegon, (pronounced Shegoimegon,) 
bay, point, and r. of Huron. Estrd. from the 
mouth of St. Louis r. the sthrn. shore of Lake 
Superior, projects gradually into the lake, form- 
ing along point or headland, called Detour (the 
Turn), the utmost salient angle of which is 
very near n. lat. 47, and 60 ms. n. e. by e. from 
the bottom of Fond du Lac, or the mouth of St. 
Louis r. On the estrn. side the shore of the De- 
tour extends a little w. of s. 30 ms. terminating 
in Chegoimegon Bay. This bay is again nearly 
landlocked on the estrn. side by Chegoimegon 
Point. The Chegoimegon Point, according to 
Tanner, is at n. lat. 46° 44', long w. of W. C. 
14° 10'. Into the bottom of the bay flows a 
small r. of the same name. 

Chelmsford, p-t. Middlesex co, Mass. 27 ms. 
N. Boston, s. Merrimack r. formerly contained 
the present town of Lowell. Pop. 1,387. 

Chelsea, p-t. and st. jus. Orange co. Vt. 20 
ms. s. e. Montpelier, 20 s. w. Newbury, 36 sq. 
ms., first settled 1783; it is watered by the 1st 
branch of While r., &c., has an uneven surface, 
but a warm and fertile soil. Pop. 1,958. 

Chelsea, t. Suffolk co. Mass. 3 ms. n. e. Bos. 
ton, to which Winnesemit ferry crosses, was in- 
corporated 1638. It is n. of Boston harbor, w. 
of Lynn bay; a strip of land 100 rods wide, 
stretches 3^ ms. to Reading. A granite hos- 
pital was built here in 1827, looking on Boston 
harbor. With Boston it forms Suffolk co. but 
has no vote nor expense in co. business. Pop. 
770. 



CHE 



91 



CHE 



Chelsea, p-v. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 260 ms. 
w. Albany. 

Chelsea Landing, p-v. Norwich, Conn. (See 
Norwich.) 

Chemung, r. or Tioga, in Steuben and Tioga 
COS. N. Y. a large w. branch of Alleghany r. 

Chemung, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 198 ms. s. s. 
w. Albany ; 9 e. Elmira, n. Pennsylvania, is 
crossed by Tioga or Chemung r. with Cayuta 
or. on E. side, and has other mill streams. It is 
hilly, with fine alluvion on Tioga cr., and is 
gravelly on the hills, bearing yellow pine and 
some hemlock, oak, beech and maple. The 
narrows of Chemung r. are wild and singular. 
Pop. 1,462. 

Chenango, r. N. Y. rises in Madison and 
Oneida cos. near the head waters of Oneida, 
Oriskany and Sadaquada crs., crosses Chemung 
CO. s. s. w., and Broome co., and joins Susque- 
hannah r. at Binghampton ; it is 90 ms. long, 
with many useful branches. 

Chenango, r. of Crawford and Mercer cos. 
Pa. {See Chenango.) 

Chenango, co. N. Y. bounded by Madison 
CO. N., Otsego and Deleware e., Broome co. s. 
and Broome and Cortland w. ; 35 and 28 ms. are 
its greatest dimensions ; 780 sq. ms. and it con- 
tains 19 townships, of which Norwich is the st. 
jus. It is watered by streams of Susquehannah 
r. as, Chenango, Unadilla, Otselic crs. &c. and 
is high, hilly, v/ith various soils, generally good 
for farms. Settled principally from New Eng- 
land. Pop. 1820, 31,2 15 ; 1830, 37,238. 

Chenango, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. 80 ms. n. w. 
Pittsburg. 

Chenango, p-t. Broome co. N. Y. 148 ms. w. 
s. w. Albany, 40 s. w. Norwich, on the Sus- 
quehannah and Chenango rs. At the junction 
of these two streams is Chenango point, or 
Binghampton, the st. jus. of the co. a very flour- 
ishing village. Pop. 3,730. 

Chenango Forks, p-v. Lisle, Broom co. N. 
Y. at the union of Chenango and Tioughnioga 
rivers. 

Che^eyville, p-v. on Bayou Boeuf, s. e. part 
of Rapide parish. La. by p-r. 32 ms. s. s. e. from 
Alexandria, st. jus. for the parish. 

Chenoweth's p-o. wstrn. part of Darke co. O. 
by p-r. 113 ms. n. of w. Columbus. 

Chepacket, p-v. Providence co. R. I. 16 ms. 
from Providence. A flourishing village on the 
river of its name. 

Cheraw, p-v. in the n. e. part of Chesterfield 
dist. S. C. on the right bank of Great Pedee r. 
by p-r. 88 ms. n. e. by e. Columbia. 

Cherokee, new co. Geo. lying on Etowah r. 
to the w. of Gwinnett, and n. w. of De Kalb cos. 
including the Old Sixes gold mines. Outlines 
uncertain. 

Cherokee Corner, p-v. Oglethorpe co. Geo. 
by p-r. 77 ms. a little e. of n. Milledgeville, and 
611 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Cherokees, or Chelokees, nation of Indians, 
inhabiting a part of northwestern Geo., north- 
eastern Ala., southeastern Ten., and the extreme 
western angle of N. C. 

" In 1809, by an enumeration made by the 
agent, the population of this people amounted to 
13,319, of which were Cherokees, one half of 
whom were mixed, 12,395 ; negro slaves, 583 ; 



whites resident, 341. The following document 
was published in the National Intelligencer of 
Aug. 14, 1830, and is literally copied, if we ex- 
cept a difl^erent arrangement of the items in the 
enumeration of the population. 

" A statistical table exhibiting the population 
of the Cherokee Nation, as enumerated in 1824, 
agreeably to a resolution of the legislative coun. 
cil ; also of property, &c. 

Males 6,883 

" under '8 years of age . 3054 
" from 18 to 59 . • 3027 

" over 59 ... 352 

Females ..... 

" under 15 years of age . 3010 
" from 15 to 40 • - 3M3 

" over 40 .... 782 
Add for those who have since removed 
into the nation from North Carolina, 
who were living in thai state on re- 
servations, ..... 
„ S Males, 610 
Negroes, p^^^lgg^ 667 



6,900 



500 
1,277 



- 38 


Black cattle 


- 23,531 


s 314 


Swine 


- 46,732 


- 36 


Sheep 


- 2,566 


- 13 


Goats 


- 432 


- 762 


Blacksmith shops 


63 


- 2486 


Stores 


9 


- 193 


Tan yards 


2 


- 2923 


Powder mill 


1 


- 7683 







Total population .... 15,560 
There are 147 white men married to Chero- 
kee women, and 68 Cherokee men married to 

white women. 

Schools 

Scliolars of both sexe 

Gristmills 

Saw mills 

Looms 

Spinning wheels 

Wagons 

Ploughs 

Horses 

Besides many other items not enumerated ; and 
there are several public roads and ferries, and 
turnpikes in the nation." — From a Speech of 
Mr. Everett, on the bill for removing the In- 
dians from the e. to the w. side of the Missis- 
sippi, H. of R. 19lh of May, 1830. 

A discrepancy appears above, on footing the 
sums attached to the ages of the male and fe- 
male population, and comparing the amount 
with the sums total of each, as stated collective- 
ly. The latter are presumed to be correct. 
By some still more recent document, it appears 
that the population of the Cherokee nation is on 
the increase. That part of this people who re- 
side in Geo., have been made subject to the 
laws of Geo. by a statute of that state. 

Cherry, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 113 ms.nthrd. 
Harrisburg. 

Cherry Creek, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y.320 
ms. w. Albany. Pop. 574. 

Cherryfield, t. Washington co. Me. 30 ms. 
w. Machias, e. Hancock co., is crossed byNar- 
raguagus r. Pop. 583. 

Cherry Ridge, p-o. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 
165 ms. N. e. Harrisburg. 

Cherry Tree, p-o. Venango co. Pa. by p-r. 
244 ms. N. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Cherry Valley, p-v. and tsp. in the e. part 
Ashtabula co. O. The p-o. is by p-r. 5 ms. from 
Jefferson the st. jus. for the co. and 192 n. e, 
Columbus. Pop. tsp. 219. 

Cherry Valley, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 53 
ms. w. Albany, 14 ms. n. e. Cooperstown, is 
high and hilly ; gives rise to Canajoharrie cr. of 
Mohawk r.. Cherry Valley cr. and of Unadilla 



CHE 



92 



CHE 



r. which runs into Susquehannah r. Mill sites 
are numerous. Rich alluvion abounds in the 
valleys, and the great number of wild cherry 
trees gave name to the town. Pop. 4,098. The 
village is situated in a valley, has an academy, 
and an important position on 3 turnpikes, 13 ms. 
s. w. Schoharie ; marble is quarried here. The 
village was destroyed by the French and In- 
dians, Nov. 1758. 

Chesapeake bay, a deep gulf opening from 
the Atlantic ocean, between Capes Henry and 
Charles, lat. 37° and long. 1° e. W. C, inter- 
secting in the mouth of the bay, near midway 
between the capes, which are about 15 ms. 
asunder. The mouth of this fine sheet of wa- 
ter extends wstrd. 20 ms. to the mouth of James 
r. Curving rapidly above the influx of James 
r. the Chesapeake extends almost directly n. 
over one degree of lat. with a mean breadth of 
20 ms. having received from the wstrd. James, 
York, Rappahannoc, and Potomac rs., and from 
the opposite side, Pocomoke, andNantikoke rs. 
Widened by the union of so many confluents, 
the Chesapeake is upwards of 40 ms. wide from 
the mouth of the Potomac to that of Pocomoke, 
and about 35 from the most sthrn. capes of the 
Potomac to the influx of the Nantikoke r. 
Above the entrance of the two latter streams, 
the main bay narrows to a mean width of about 
10 ms. and at some places under 5 ms., but with 
an elliptic curve to the wstrd. 115 ms. to its 
termination at the mouth of Susquehannah r., 
having received from the wstrd. above the Po- 
tomac, the Patuxent, Patapsco, Gunpowder and 
Bash rs., and from the estrd. Nantikoke, Chop- 
tank, St. Michaels, Chester, Sassafras, and 
Elk rs. The entire length of Chesapeake bay 
is 185 ms. ; and it may be doubted whether any 
other bay of the earth is, in proportion to ex- 
tent, so much diversified by confluent streams 
as is the Chesapeake. In strictness of geo- 
graphical language, it is, however, only a con- 
tinuation of Susquehannah r. of which primary 
stream all the other confluents of Chesapeake 
are branches. In the main bay the depth of 
water continues sufficient for the navigation of 
the largest ships of war to near the mouth of 
the Susquehannah ; and in Potomac that depth 
is preserved to Alexandria. In the other tri- 
butary rs. large vessels are arrested before 
reaching the head of tide water. If taken in its 
utmost extent, including the Susquehannah val- 
ley, the Chesapeake basin forms a great physi- 
cal limit ; to the s. w. with few exceptions, the 
rivers, bays and sounds are shallow, and com. 
paratively unnavigable ; but with the Chesa. 
peake commences deep harbors, which follow 
at no great distance from each other, to the ut- 
most limits of the Atlantic coast of the U. S. 
The entire surface drained into this immense 
reservoir amounts to near 70,000 sq. ms. 

Chesapeake peninsula. This article is intro- 
duced in order to give a general description of 
a natural section of the United States, the pe 
culiar features of which are lost or confused, in 
most of our geographieal works, amongst the 
political subdivisions which have been drawn 
upon its surface. This physical section is bndd. 
by the Atlantic ocean s. e., by Chesapeake bay 
IV., by Delaware bay n. e., and united to the 



main continent by an isthmus, now traversed by 
the Chesapeake and Delaware canal n. The 
latter work has in fact insulated the peninsula, 
and given it water boundaries on all sides. 
Thus restricted, the Delaware peninsula ex- 
tends from Cape Charles lat. 37° 08', to the 
Chesapeake and Delaware canal at lat 39° 32'. 
Greatest length very nearly in a direction n» 
and s. 182 ms. The general form is that of an 
elongated ellipse, which, in component material, 
features, and elevation, differs in nothing essen- 
tial from other Atlantic islands scattered along 
the coast of the United States. Chesapeake 
Bay is itself divided between Virginia and Ma- 
ryland ; the shores on both sides s. of the Po- 
tomac and Pocomoke rs. belonging to the for- 
mer, and to the nthwd. to the latter state. The 
sthrn. part of the peninsula is entirely in Vir- 
ginia and is a long narrow promontory 70 ms. 
by 8 to 10 ms. wide. Above Pocomoke bay 
the peninsula widens, and after an intermediate 
distance of 33 ms. is equally divided between 
the states of Maryland and Delaware. In the 
widest part, between Cape Henlopen, Sussex 
CO. Delaware, and the wstrn. part of Talbot, Md. 
the width is 70 ms. ; but narrowing towards both 
extremes, the mean breadth is about 27 ; area 
4900 sq. ms. The surface is generally level or 
very gently undulating. The ocean and Chesa- 
peake shores are strongly contrasted. Along 
the former, are narrow and low islands, with 
shallow sounds, and with no stream issuing 
from the land of any consequence. The oppo- 
site shore or Chesapeake is in an especial man- 
ner indented by innumerable bays, and com- 
pared with the confined width of the peninsula, 
rivers of great magnitude of volume. The- 
character of the Atlantic shore is extended 
along the Delaware bay, and entirely round the 
peninsula; much of the soil is liable to diurnal 
or occasional submersion from the tides. The 
general slope is s. wstrd. as demonstrated by 
the course of the rs. Pocomoke, Nantikoke, 
Choptank, Chester, Sassafras, and Elk. Poli. 
tically it contains all Sussex, Kent, and more 
than one half of New Castle cos. Del. ; all 
Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Talbot, Car- 
oline, Queen Ann, and Kent, and one third of 
Cecil COS. Md., with all Accomac, and North- 
ampton cos. Va. 

Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. {See art^ 
Rail Ronds ond Canals.) 

Chesapeake, p-v. in the s. part of Cecil co. 
Md. on Chesapeake bay, immediately below 
the mouth of Elk r. by p-r. 35 ms. n. e. by e. 
Baltimore. 

Cheshire co.N. H. the wstrn. co. of the state,. 
bndd. by Grafton co. n., Hillsborough e., Mass. 
s., and Vt. w., 26 by 54 ; 1,254 sq. ms., has 
Connecticut r. w. It contains 37 towns ; Suna- 
pee, Spaffbrd, Ashauelot and Sugar rivers ;, 
Grand Monadnock, above 3,000 feet, Craydon 
and Grantham mts. Bellows Falls, on Coimec- 
ticut r. are in this co. There is much good 
meadow land. Cf. ts. Keene and Charlestown.. 
Pop. 1820, 26,753, 1830, 27,016. 

Cheshire, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 ms. 
w. Boston, is crossed by a branch of the Hoo, 
sick r. There are glass manufactories here. 
Pop. 1,050. 



CHE 93 

Cheshire, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 13 ras. 
N. Wew Haven, 6 ms. by 7, 40 sq. ms., is wa- 
tered by Qainipiack r. and a branch. Here is 
the Episcopal Academy of Conn. It has a fund 
of ,$25,000, a brick edifice and small library. 
It is under the direction of a principal and pro- 
fessor of languages. The soil is uneven, with 
gravelly loam, bearing chesnut, oak, walnut, 
&c. The Farmington canal passes through. 
Pop. 1,780. 

Cheshire, p-v. and tsp. Galia co. 0. by p-r. 
106 ms. s. s. E. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 664. 

Chesnut Grove, p-o. in the s. part of Pittsyl- 
vania CO. Va. by p-r. 13 ms. southwardly from 
Competition, the st. jus. for the co., 180 s. w. 
by w. Richmond. 

Chesnut Hill, (now Shafer's) p-o. North- 
ampton CO. Pa. by p-r. 20 ms. n. Easton. 

Chesnut Hill, p-o. Phila. co. Pa. 8 ms. n. 
Phila. 

CjiESNUT Hill, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 
88 ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Chesnut Hill, p-v. Hall co. Geo. by p-r. 113 
ms. northward Milledgeville. 

Chesnut Level, p-o. in the e. part of Lancas- 
ter CO. Pa. by p r. 51 ms. s. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

Chesnut Ridge, p-o. Stokes co. N. C. by p-r. 
152 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Chesnut Ridge, local name given to that part 
of the western prominent chain of the Appa- 
lachian mountains, between Kiskiminitas and 
Youghioughany rs., and in Westmoreland and 
Fayette cos. Pa. 

Chester, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. on the 
Merrimack r. 23 ms. s. e. Concord, 17 Exeter, 
is crossed by a branch of Exeter r. and con- 
tains Massabesick ponds, fine meadows, and 
2 caverns. One of these is in Mine hill ; the 
entrance is about 5 ft. high, and 2^ wide, and 
it extends about 80 ft., is of a very irregular 
form, and its height and breadth varying from 
2 to 12 ft. The other is in Rattlesnake hill, in 
a ledge of granite, has two entrances, the lar- 
gest 11 ft. high and 4 broad, increasing gradu- 
ally till, 15 ft. from the entrance, its height is 8 
ft. and width from 6 to 12 ft. Hence, turning 
to the right, towards the other entrance, (which 
is about 7 ft. high, and 7 wide,) the interior width 
varies from 6 to 12 ft. and its height is 8 ft. ; 
whole length about 35 ft. Black lead is found 
in this town in considerable quantities, which is 
of good quality. The rocks are granite gneiss. 
Pop. 2.028. 

Chester, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 16 ms. s. w. 
Windsor, has a good soil with hills and vallies, 
and three streams here form Williams r. An 
academy. Pop. 2,320. 

Chester, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 20 ms. n. 
w. Springfield, 120 ms. w. Boston, n. w. West- 
field r., is crossed by two of its streams. Pop. 
1,407. 

Chester, p-v. Saybrook, Middlesex co. Conn, 
has great water power, and some manulacto- 
riesnear Conn. r. 

Chester, p-v. Goshen, Warren co. N. Y. 21 
ms. N. w. Caldwell. Pop. 1,284. 

Chester, p-t. Morris co. N. J. It is crossed 
by Black r. The vil. is 12 ms. w. Morristown. 
Pop. 1,338, 

Chester, t, Burlington co. N. J. lies s. e. 

13 



CHE 

Delaware r. and has Rankokus or. n. and Pen. 
saukin cr. s. Pop. 2,333. 

Chester, co. Pa. bndd. by Lancaster co. w., 
Berks n. w., Schuylkill r. which separates it 
from Montgomery n. e., Delaware co. e., New- 
castle CO. in the state of Delaware s. e., and Ce- 
cil CO. Md. s. Length from s. w. to n. e. 44 ms. ; 
mean breadth 18 and area 792 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 39° 42', to 40° 15', and in ' 
long, fi-om 0° 55' to 1° 40' e. W. C. Surface 
very diversified ; the eastern part rolling, rath- 
er than hilly, and in some places level ; but the 
central and western part hilly, and in many 
places even mountainous. The soil is greatly 
varied from rocky and sterile to highly fertile. 
The general slope is to the s. e. The largest 
stream originating in this co. is the Brandy- 
wine, which rising on the border between Lan- 
caster and Chester cos. crosses the latter from 
N. w. to s. E. The extreme northern part is 
drained into Schuylkill r. by French creek, and 
from the opposite extreme issue the fountains of 
Elk river flowing southwardly into Chesapeake 
Bay. Immense strata of fine marble exist in 
Chester. It is one of the best and most skil- 
fully cultivated cos. in the U. S. and its staples 
are numerous and valuable. The difference of 
level between the extreme n. and s. about 
equivalent to a degree of lat. This co. is now 
traversed by a fine rail road, uniting the Schuyl- 
kill and Susquehannah rs. Cf. t. West Chester. 
Pop. 1820, 44,455, 1833, 50,910. 

Chester, borough, p-t. and st. jus. Delaware 
CO. Pa. situated on the right bank of Delaware 
river, 15 ms. s. w. from Phila. and by p-r. 121 
ms. N. E. from W. C, lat. 39° 50', long. 1° 42' 
E. W. C. This borough has in great part re- 
covered from the ravages of a destructive fire, 
which a few years since destroyed a number 
of the best buildings. Pop. 1820, 657, 1830, 
847, showing an increase of 44 per cent, in ten 
years. 

Chester, r. of Del. and Md. rises in Kentco. 
of the former, from which it flows westrd. into 
the latter state, within which it separates Queen 
Ann from Kent co. The upper part of the 
course of this stream is very circuitous, and 
lower down spreading into a large bay, is navi- 
gated by small vessels to Chestertown 30 ras. 
above its mouth, into Chesapeake bay. The 
valley of Chester river lies between those of 
Sassafras and Choptank. 

Chester, dist. S. C. bndd. by Broad r. which 
separates it from Union on the w., York dist. 

N., Catawba, r. which separates it from Lancas. 

ter E., and by Fairfield dist. s. Length from e. 

to w. 3P, breadth n. and s. 20, and area 600 sq. 

ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 31' to 34° 50', 

and in long, from 3° 52' to 4° 32' w. W. C. 

Surface pleasantly broken by hill and dale. Cf. 

t. Chester. Pop. 1820, 14,389, 1830, 17,182. 
Chester, p-v. and st. jus. Chester dist. S. C. 

near the centre of the dist. 448 ms. s. w. W. C. 

56 a little w. of n. Columbia, and aboi^t 80 ms. 

wstrd. from Sneadsboro, in N. C. lat. 34° 42', 

and long. 4" 12' w. W. C. 

Chester, p-v. and st. jus. Meigs co. 0. 

by p-r. 343 ms. w. W. C. and 94 ms. s. e. Co.. 

lumbus. It is on Shade cr. in the n. e. part 6f 

the CO. Pop. 164. 



CHE 



94 



CHI 



Chester Cross Roads, and p-o. in the e. part 
of Geauga co. 0. by p-r. 11 ms. e. Chardon, the 
St. jus. and 157 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Chesterfield, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. on 
Connecticut r. opposite Brattleborough. Lat. 
42° 53'. From Keene 1 1 ms.. Concord 65, Bos- 
ton 90. First settled 1761, generally hilly and 
uneven, has much good upland, well adapted for 
grazing and production of Indian corn. Chief 
articles for the market are beef, pork, butter 
and cheese. Contains Cat's bane brook, fur- 
nishing many mill^seats, and Spafford's lake, a 
beautiful sheet of' wator, covering 526 acres; 
the lake enclosing an island of about 6 acres, 
forming a delightful retreat for the students of 
the academy in the summer. From its e. side, 
issues Partridge's brook, sufficient to carry saw 
mills, &c., a factory with 800 spindles and 40 
water looms. A Congregational society found. 
ed in Chesterfield, 1771, Baptist 1819, Univer- 
salist 1818. It has a flourishing academy. Pop. 
2,045. 

Chesterfield, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. on 
the E. Green mtn. ridge, 12 ms. w. Northam.p- 
ton, high and finely watered by a branch of 
Westfield river, produces good crops of grass 
and corn. The beryl is found here, and the 
emerald, weighing from an ounce to 6 lbs. a 
hexangular prism, sometimes 12 inches in di- 
ameter. The town contains a Congregational 
and Baptist society. Pop. I,4l6. 

Chesterfield, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. on Lake 
Champlain, opposite Burlington, has 9 ms. of 
lake shore ; extends about 10 ms. e. to vv. 
mountainous in some part ; level along the lake ; 
fertile ; soil, a sandy loam, mingled with clay. 
Its lumber trade is considerable. Contains sev- 
eral small ponds discharging mill streams. 
Principal r. Sandy or Sable, here exhibiting Ad- 
gate's Falls, a curiosity worthy the attention of 
travellers. Fall, 80 feet into a narrow channel 
walled on each side by perpendicular rock 100 
feet high. This channel, a mile in length, evi. 
dently worn by the water. A cavern, in the 
town, furnishes a natural self-sloring perennial 
ice house. Chesterfield abounds in iron ore. 
Contains a Congregational and Methodist soci- 
ety. Pop. 1,671. 

Chesterfield, t. Burlington co. N. J. be. 
tween Crosswick's and Black crs. Pop. 2,386. 

Chesterfield, p-o. (See Massena.) 

Chesterfield, co. of Va. bndd. by Powhatan 
N. w., James r. separating it from Henrico n., 
by a bend of James, separating it from Charles 
City CO. E., Appomattox r. separating it from 
Prince George s. e., Dinwiddle s., and Amelia 
s. w. Extreme length from the junction of 
James and Appomattox rs. to the western angle 
38 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 456 sq. ms. 
Lat. 37° 10', to 37° 31', and long. 0° 22' to ]° 5' 
w. W. C. Surface rather broken. Cf. t. Man- 
chester. Pop. 1820, 18,003, 1830, 18,637. 

Chesterfield, c. h., and p-o. Chesterfield co. 
Va. by p-r. 14 ms. s. s. w. Richmond, lat. 37° 
19', long. 0° 43' w. W. C. 

Chesterfield, dist. of S. C. bndd. n. e. and 
K. by Great Pedee r. separating it from Marlbo- 
rough dist., s. e. and s. by Darlington dist., s. w. 
by Lynche's cr., separating it from Kershaw, n. 
w. by Lynche's cr., separating it from Lancas. 



ter, and n. by Anson co. N. C. Length 30» 
mean breadth 25, and area 750 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 34° 22' to 34° 48', and long, 
from 2° 53' to 3° 40', w. W. C. The slope of 
this dist. is s. s. e. ; central parts drained by 
Black or., flowing into Gieat Pedee. Cf. t., 
Chesterfield. Pop. 1820, 6,645, 1830, 8,472. 

Chesterfield, p-v. and st. jus. Chesterfield 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 426 ms. s. s. w. W. C, 102 
N. E. Columbia, lat. 34° 51', long. 3° 07' w. 
W. C. 

Chester Springs, and p-o. Chester co. Pa. 
by p-r. 76 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

Chestertown, s-p., p-v. and st. jus. Kent co. 
Md. situated on the right bank of Chester r. by 
p-r. 82 ms. northeastward from W. C. and about 
30, a little s. of e. from Baltimore. Lat. 39° 
13', long. 0° 58' E. W. C. Pop. about 800. 

Chesterville, p-o. Kennebec co. Me. 28 
ms. from Augusta. 

Chesterville, (now Millington,) p-v. in the 
N. E. part of Kent CO. Md. 18 ms. n. e. Chester- 
town, the St. jus. and by p-r. about 40 ms. e. 
Baltimore. 

Cheney's Shops, p-o. Delaware co. Pa. 17 ms. 
Phila. 

Chetimaches, lake of La. between the Teche, 
and Atchafalaya rs. is from 1 to 6 ms. in breadth- 
It is shallow, and on all sides environed by a 
low, annually inundated, and uninhabitable 
country. It is supplied by numerous interme- 
diate outlets from Atchafalaya, and discharges 
its water into that stream near and above its 
junction with the Teche. 

Cheviot, p-o. in the s. part of Hamilton co. O. 
by P-r. 5 ms. w. Cincinnati. 

Chicago, small, but from its relative position 
with lake Michigan, and the northern sources 
of Illinois r. a very important stream of Cook 
CO. The Chicago heads with the Plain, one of 
the nthrn. branches of Illinois. Both rs. origi. 
nate in a flat prairie country, flow nearly paral- 
lei to each other, and to the course of the adja- 
cent shore of lake Michigan, for a comparative 
distance of 30 ms. Thence diverging, the Plain 
r. to the s. w., Chicago bending at a nearly right 
angle, falls into its recipient at the village of 
Chicago. The mouth is obstructed by a bar, 
on which there is only 3 feet water, though in- 
side adequate depth is found for ships of almost 
any tomiage. The portage between Chicago 
and Plain r. is only about 9 ms. and at seasons 
of high M'ater small vessels are navigated over 
the intermediate flats. This is one of those 
positions on which the hand of nature has tra- 
ced a canal, and left to man the more humble 
duty of completing the work. 

Chicago, p-v. and port, on lake Michigan, at 
the mouth of Chicago r.. Cook co. II., 300 ms. 
N. N. E. Vandalia, n. lat. 42° 09', and long. 10° 
42' w. W. C. The position of this place is 
bleak. Behind are extensive prairies ; before, 
the lake, without a harbor for 300 ms. The 
land, one m. wide, on the margin of the lake, is 
a barren sand, thence a rich loam on limestone 
strata. Dr. Morse. 

Chichester, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. Lat. 
42° 15', e. Concord 8 ms., generally level, soil 
good, richly repaying the tiller. Suncook r. 
(furnishing mill seats,) and its branches water 



CHI i 

it. Congregational churcii organized 1791. 
Pop. 1,084. 

Chickahomi-N'y, r. of Va. rises between the 
vallies of Paniunkey and James rs. about 20 ms. 
N. w. Richmond ; flowing thence s. e. by e., the 
cos. of Henrico, and Charles City on the right, 
and New Hanover, New Kent, and James City 
COS. on the left, falls into James r. after a com- 
parative course of 60 ms. 

Chickapee, r. Mass. formed by Ware, Swift 
and Quaboag, empties into the Cona. 4 ms. n. 
Springfield. 

Chickapee, p.v. Mass. part of Springfield, 
contains a cotton factory, having a capital of 
$400,000, produces daily 11,000 yards of cloth ; 
employing 700 females who earn from 12 to 
$21 per month. Another very large factory 
for the same purpose is erecting, which, it is 
said, will far exceed the former in extent. 
There is also an extensive manufactory here, 
chiefly of swords for government. 

Chickasaw, a nation of Indians inhabiting the 
country comprising the northwestern angle of 
Ala. and the northern part of Misp. states. 
They reside to the northward of the Choctaws, 
and between Ten. and Misp. rs. The number 
of this tribe as given by Rev. Jedediah Morse, 
in his Report on Indian Aflfairs, 1822, was then 
3,625. Mr. M. states in his appendix, page 201, 
" There are 4 males to 1 female. This ine- 
quality is attributed to the practice of polygamy, 
which is general in this tribe." If the curious 
fact is truly stated, the reference is at variance 
with either the causes or eflect usually connect. 
ed with the history of polygamy. 

" The nation resides in 8 towns, and like 
their neighbours, are considerably advanced in 
civilization." 

Chicot, s. e. co. of Ark. bndd. by Union w., 
Arkansas, co. n., by the r. Mississippi e., and 
by the parish of Carrol, La. s. Extending in 
lat. 33° to 33° 40', and in long, from 14° 5' to 
14° 57' w.W. C. It approaches the form of a sq. 
of 50 ms. each side, area 2,050 sq. ms. The 
boundaries indeed to the n. and w. are vague. 
The slope is southwardly, and in that direction 
it is bounded by Mississippi, and traversed by 
Barthelemy and Boeuf rivers. The surface is 
generally a plain, and most part an alluvial flat. 
The soil differs extremely in character, much 
of it liable to annual submersion ; parts rising 
nearly above inundation and exuberantly fertile, 
whilst in other places the land is sterile. Chief 
town, Villemont. Pop. 1,165. 

Chifuncte, pronounced Chifunti, r. of the 
states of Misp. and La. rises in Pike co. of the 
former, from which it issues a mere creek ; 
enters La. within which it traverses Washing- 
ton and St. Tammany parishes, falling into the 
northern side of Lake Pontchartrain, after a 
comparative course of 55 ms. s. s. e. There is 
7 or 8 ft. depth of water on the bar of this river, 
and a safe and deep harbor within its mouth, at 
Madisonville. 

Childsburg, p-v. La Fayette co. Ky. 32 ms. 
s. E. Frankfort. 

Chilhowee, p-v. in the e. part of Monroe co. 
Ten. about 180 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Chili, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. on Genesee or 
Henrietta r. 10 ms. s. w. Rochester, watered 



5 CHI 

by Black creek, a fine mill stream. Population 
2,010. 

CniLisauAKE, p.v. on Chilisquake cr. North, 
umberland co. Pa 10 ms. above Sunberry, the 
St. jus. and by p-r. 62 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Chillicothe, flourishing p-t. and st. jus. Rosa 
CO. 0. on the right bank of Scioto r. at the 
salient point of the bend above the mouth of 
Paint creek, by p-r. 404 ms. a little n. of w. W. 
C. 45 ms. nearly due s. Columbus, 96 ms. a little 
N. of E. Cincinnati, and 56 ms. s. w. by w. 
Zanesville, n. lat. 39° 20', long. 6° w. W. C. 
The Grand canal is cut through it. The site 
of this town is a plain, but the adjacent country 
rising into hills of from 200 to 300 ft. elevation 
above the river bottoms, the place seems to 
occupy the centre of a series of varied and de- 
lightful landscapes. This village was laid out 
on the site of an old Indian town, in 1796, and 
the rapid advance of population will be shown 
below. It contained, 5 years since, 2 printing 
offices, 3 banks, and between 3U and 40 mer. 
cantile stores, with numerous and flourishing 
manufactories, oil, fulling, flour and saw mills. 
Fop. 1810, 1,369, 1820,2,426, 1830,2,847. 

Chiljiark, p-t. Dukes co. Mass. is the s. w. 
end of Martha's Vineyard. The n. w. point is 
called Gay's head. The s. point Squibnocket. 
Congregational, Methodist and Baptist society. 
Pop. 671. 

Chilo, p-v. in the extreme sthrn. part of Cler. 
mont CO. 0. on Ohio r. by p.r. 127 ms. s. w. 
Colutnbus. Pop. 12o. 

China, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 20 ms. n. Au- 
gusta, w. Palermo, Waldo co. Pop. 2,233. 

Chin'a, p.t. Genesee co. N. Y. 32 ms. s. w. 
Batavia, watered by head streams of the Ton- 
newanta, Cataraugus and Seneca crs. Mode- 
rately uneven. Heavily timbered with beech, 
maple, elm, ash, linden, hemlock, &c. sure in. 
dications, on all table lands, that the soil and 
climate are better adapted to grass than grain. 
Has 4 saw mills, 3 grist mills, 9 schools 5 
months in 12. Pop. 2,387. 

China Grove, p-o. Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 
130 ms. w. Raleigh. 

China Grove, p-o. Williamsburg, dist. S, C. 
by p.r. Il2 ms. s. Columbus. 

China Grove, and p-o. Pike co. Ala. by p-r. 
159 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

China Grove, p-o. in the n. part Pike co. Misp. 
by p.r. 75 ms. s. of e. Natchez. 

China Hill, p-o. w. part of Mecklenburg co. 
N. C. 12 ms. w. Charlotte the st. jus. 

Chinquipin Grove. {See Locust creek, Lou- 
isa CO. Vd.) 

Chinquipin Ridge, p-o. Lancaster dist. S. C. 
by p.r. 81 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. 

Chipola r. (See Chapola r.) 

Chippewa, p-v. and tsp. in the n. w. part of 
Wayne co. O. 18 ms. n. e. Wooster, the st. jus. 
and by p.r. 104 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 1,498. 

Chippewan. {See Chippewayan mtns.) 

Chippeway, r. of the N. W. territory, one of the 
left branches of the Misp. r. rises interlocking 
sources with some small streams which fall into 
the s. wstrn. part of lake Superior, and with the 
St. Croix to the n. w. and Ouisconsin to the s. e. 
The sotirces of this stream are drawn from a 
flat table land chequered wkh lakes, one of 



CHI 

which, Flambeau lake, is as laid down by Tan- 
ner, upwards of 40 ms. in length, with a breadth 
of from one to ten miles. It flows into lake 
Pepin, lat 44^°, long. 15° 10' w. W. C. after a 
s. w. course of 135 ms. 

Chippeway, CO. of Mich. This co. occu- 
pies and IS commensurate with a very remark- 
able physical section. If we extend our view 
as far west as to the n. wstrn. angle of Green 
bay, we discover the base of a peninsular tract, 
stretching from w. to e. between lake Superior 
to the N. and Green bay and lake Mich. s. Dis- 
tance on the base, from Green bay to lake Mich. 
50 ms. The breadth, at a mean of 50 ms. is 
maintained from Great Noquct bay of Green 
bay, and the Trains r. of lake Superior, estrds., 
to the Falls of St. Mary's r. on the nrlhrn. and 
Point Ignatius on the sthrn. side. Advancing 
eastwardly of the two latter places, the shores 
of this peninsula gradually approach, and Anally 
meet in a rather sharp point, called " The 
Promontory of the True Detour," and separated 
by a narrow strait from Drummond's island of 
lake Huron. Politically, this peninsula is now 
the CO. of Chippeway ; and bndd n. by lake 
Superior, in a direct distance of 100 ms., the 
straits of St. Mary 80 ms., lake Huron 40 ms., 
lake Michigan 80 ms., and Green bay 30 ms. 
On the w. the limit is vague and undefined. 
The area about 6,500 sq. ms. The mean range 
of the sthrn. side of Chippeway co. is nearly 
commensurate with the 46th deg. of n. lat. The 
surface is mostly flat and marshy, and soil ster- 
ile. To both these general characteristics there 
do exist some favorable exceptions. The shores 
on all the water boundaries are very much in- 
dented, with bays, and give extensive com. 
mercial advantages to the country. Chief 
town, Sault de St. Marie. Population 1830, 
626. 

Chippewatan, or Chippewan, mtns. of N. A. 
This immense system extends continuous chains 
from the isthmus of Darien to the Arctic ocean, 
through 60 degrees of lat. with a considerable 
difference of long, between the extremes. 
Whether this system is connected or separate 
from the Andes of South America, is a yet un- 
solved problem in physical geography. In North 
America it forms the principal spine, from which 
rivers flow in opposite directions towards the 
two great oceans which bound the opposite 
sides of the continent. These Cordilera, for 
they deserve the title, raiige upwards of five 
thpusand miles. In southern Mexico the sys. 
tem is known by the general terra Anahuac, 
and further north as the mountains of New Mex- 
ico. In the U. S. it is designated the Rocky 
mountains, while in British America, it is called 
by its native name, Chippewan or Chippewayan. 
In Guatemala, or Central America, and in Mex- 
co, rise from it enormous volcanic summits, 
elevated far above the region of perpetual snow. 
Popocatapetl, Citlaltepetl or peak D'Orizaba, 
Pica Frailes, and CofTre de Perote, all rise 
above 13,500 feet, and the former to 17,700 feet 
above the ocean tides, and is the highest mtn. 
the elevation of which has been determined. 
In the U. S. and northwardly, the general eleva. 
tion of the system remains undetermined, but 
must be considerable, as is shown by the rapid 



96 CHO 

current and great length of course of the rivers, 
which flow from its flanks. 

Chittenden, co. Vi. bndd. n. by Franklin co., 
E. by Washington, s. by Addison, w. by lake 
Champlain. Length 30 ms., breadth 22, area 
about 500 sq. ms. Onion r. traverses the mid. 
die part, falling into lake Champlain at Bur- 
lington, Lamoille r. crosses the n. w. corner, 
and Laplott, the s. part. Lake shore generally 
level, other parts uneven. Soil varies from 
light and sandy to rich loam and deep alluvion. 
Cf. t. Burlington. Pop. 1820,16,055; 1830, 
21,765. 

Chittenden, t. Rutland co. Vt. 30 ms. n. w. 
Windsor, lat. 43° 44', watered by Philadelphia 
r., Tweed r., and East cr. In great part moun- 
tainous, and incapable of cultivation. Contains 
a mdneral spring. Pop. 610. 

Chittekingo, cr. N. Y., a fine mill stream, 
falls into Oneida lake. 

Chitteningo, p-v. Madison co. N. Y. on the 
above cr. at the head of a canal Ih ms. long, 
completing the navigation from its quarries of 
gypsum and water lime to the Erie canal. 
Contains an oil mill, and one for grinding gyp- 
sum, and the water cement or water lime. 

Choconut, p.o. and on the Choconut cr. in the 
N. w. part Susquehannah CO. Pa. by p-r. 175 ms. 
from Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 780. 

Choctaw, r. of Ala. and Florida, rises in 
Pike CO. of the former, flows thence over Henry 
and Dale cos. into Florida, over which it passes, 
leaving Walton co. to the right, and Jackson and 
Washington to the left. It expands into a bay 
of the same name, after a comparative course 
of 130 ms. in a direction of nearly s. s. w. The 
valley of Choctaw r. lies between that of the 
Conecuh and Chattahoochee rs. Much of the 
soil of the valley of this stream is described by 
Williams in his Florida, as of excellent quality, 
though much of it is sterile, covered with a 
pine forest. 

Choctaw Bay, or the estuary of Choctaw 
river, extending between Jackson and Walton 
cos. Florida. In the Report of the board of 
internal improvement, this bay is called St. Rosa, 
from which, however, it is distinct, (See St. 
Rosa Island and Sound.) Under the name of 
St. Rosa the engineers state, " the entrance of 
this sound and bay lies about 85 ms. w. of Cape 
St. Blass, and 68 from the mouth of St. Joseph's 
bay. On the whole (intermediate) distance the 
sea shore is very bold, and the depth generally 
4 fathoms close to the land. The- pass enters 
between the eastern point of St Rosa island 
and the njain ; it is called Eastern Pass, it 
comes in from the s. and affords a depth of 8 ft. 
on the bar. The channel is narrow, and the 
width on the bar, for 8 feet depth, is about 150 
yards. On account of breakers, this pass is 
not considered safe when southerly winds blow 
fresh, but the winds being from the land, the 
channel is easy of entrance." 

The bay, according to Williams, is difficult 
to navigate, from shoals, but admits a depth of 
7 feet water, which is continued to Big Spring 
60 ms. above the bar, and 30 above the mouth 
of Choctaw r. 

Choctamt Bluff, and p-o. Green co. Ala. by 
p.r. 69 ms. s. s. w. Tuscaloosa. 



CHO 



97 



CHR 



Choctaw, or Flat Head, a nation of Indians, 
formerly more numerous than at present, and 
also spread over a much wider surface than they 
now occupy. They amount to about 25,000 
persons, and reside between the white settle- 
ments of the state of Misp. and the Chickasaws, 
and between the Misp. and Tombigbee rs. Their 
country, as restricted by cessions to the U. S. 
extends from lat. 31° 50' to 34°. Length from 
s. E. to N. w. 230 ms. with a mean breadth of 
80, area 18,400 sq. ras. It is drained by the 
Big Black and Yazoo rs. flowing s. w. into the 
Misp. by the sources of the Pearl, and by those 
of Tombigbee. Many scattered settlements of 
Choctaws, have been formed, within the last 
35 years, to the westward of the Misp. r. This 
nation has made some advances in civilization, 
though not so much improved as the Chicka- 
saws and Cherokees. 

Choctaw Academy, and p-o. Scott co. Ky. 
by p-r. 31 ms. e. Frankfort. 

Choctaw Agency, and p-o. Yazoo co. Misp. 
by p-r. 56 ms. northward Jackson, and 154 n. n. 
E. Natchez. 

Choice's Store, and p-o. Gwinnett co. Geo. 
by p-r. 99 ms.N. w. Milledgeville. 

Chota, p-v. in the w. part of Blount co. Ten- 
nessee by p-r. 197 miles south of east Nash- 
ville. 

Choptank, r. of Del. and Md. is formed by 
two branches, Choptank proper and Tuckahoe. 
The former rises in Kent co. Del. from' which 
it flows s. s. w. into Caroline co. Md. and con- 
tinuing the same course traverses Caroline to 
its junction with Tuckahoe on the e. border of 
Talbot ; Tuckahoe rises in the northeast part 
of Queen Ann co. Md. and flowing to the 
sthrd. separates Queen Ann and Talbot from 
Caroline, and joins the Choptank after each has 
flowed about 30 ms. Then assuming a s. s. w. 
course, gradually swells into a ba}% and above 
Cambridge bends to the n. w. by w. opens into 
the main Choptank bay between Cook's Point 
and Tilghman's island. It is navigable for 
sloops to the Forks, 40 ms. above the mouth. 

Chowan, r. of N. C. formed by the united 
streams of Meherin, Nottaway, and Black 
Water rs. The Meherin rises in Charlotte co. 
Va. 1° 30' w. from W. C. lat. 37°, between the 
vallies of Roanoke and Appomattox, and flowing 
thence s. e. by e. by comparative courses 80 ms. 
passes into N. C. between Northampton and 
Gates COS. and 20 ms. farther unites with the 
Nottaway, above Winton, between Gates and 
Hertford cos. The Nottaway derives its remote 
sources from Prince Edward co. Va. between 
those of Meherin and Appomattox. In a general 
eastern course of 70 ms. the Nottaway sepa- 
rates Lunenburg Brunswick and Greenville cos. 
from Nottaway, Dinwiddle and Sussex, and 
flows into the central parts of the latter. Thence 
inclining s. e. 40 ms. it receives Black Water r. 
almost on the bounding line between Va. and N. 
C. {See Black Water river Va.) Below the 
junction of the Nottaway and Black Water, the 
name of the former and course of the latter are 
preserved, and about 10 ms. within N C and in 
Gates CO. meet the Meherin to form Chowan 
river. A tide water river, or more correctly 
a bay, the Chowan, gradually widens, but still 



retaining a moderate breadth, 25 ms. to the 
influx of Bemer's creek, there bends to near a 
sthrn. course and more rapidly widens for 25 
ms. to its junction with Roanoke, at the head of 
Albemarle sound. Lat 36°, passes up Albe. 
marie sound, and intersects the eastern point 
of Bertie co. N. C. between the mouths of 
Chowan and Roanoke, 0° 20' long. e. of W. C. 
Including all its confluents or constituents the 
Chowan drains an area of 3,500 sq. ms. which, 
as a physical section, comprises the northeast, 
em purt of the basin of Roanoke. As a com. 
mercial channel the Chowan, Nottaway, and 
Black Water, extend almost directly from the 
mouth of Roanoke to that of James river. 
There is at all seasons suflScient depth of 
water to admit sloops of war to Murfreesboro' 
on Meherin, about 10 ms. above the entrance 
of Nottaway river. There is now a struggle 
between contending interests, whether to ex- 
tend a rail road from the basin of Roanoke to 
Chesapeake bay, or a canal and lock navigation 
by the channels of Chowan, Nottaway and 
Black Water rs. 

Chowan, co. N. C. bndd. n. by Gates co., e. 
by Perquimans, s. e. and s. by Albemarle sound, 
and s. w. and w. by Chowan river, which sepa. 
rates it from Bertie and Hertford cos., mean 
width 8, and area, 200 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 36° to 36° 20' and in long, from 0° 18' 
to 0° 36' e. W. C. The slope is slight, but what 
little declivity there exists in the co. is to the s. 
w. towards Chowan r. Soil productive. Cf. t. 
Edenton. Pop. 1820, 6,464, 1830, 6,697. 

Christian, co. Ky. bndd. by Trigg w., Hop- 
kins, N. w., Muhlenburg n. e., Todd e.. and 
Montgomery co. of Ten. s. _ Length from n. to 
s. 34 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 612 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 37', to 37° 07', 
and in long, from 10° 04' to 10° 23' w. W. C, 
Though not very elevated, this county is a table 
land, from which Little r, flows w. into Cum. 
berland r.. Pond r. n. into Green r. and the 
western fork of Red r. branch of Cumberland 
s. into Red r. Cf. t. Hopkinsville. Pop. 12,864. 

Christiana, tide water c.r., principally of 
New Castle co. Delaware, but deriving its re- 
mote sources from Cecil co. Md. and Chester 
CO. Pa. It is formed by the junction of Chris- 
tiana proper with the United streams of White 
Clay, and Red Clay crs. The two latter rise 
in Chester co. Pa., the latter in Cecil co. Md. 
The general course of Christiana proper and 
the tmited stream below the influx of Red and 
White Clay crs. is from s. w. to n. e., compara. 
tive length 30 ms. to its junction with the Bran, 
dywine r. at Wilmington. The tide ascends 
Christiana, and enables vessels of 6 f*. draught 
to be navigated to Christiana bridge, 10 ms. 
above Wilmington. 

Christiana, usually called Christiana Bridge, 
p-v. New < astle co. Del. situated on Chris- 
tiana cr., 10 ms. above and s. w. Wilmington, 
by p-r. 47 ms. a little n. of w. Dover. 

Christiana, p-v. in the n. e. part of Butler 
CO. O. by p-r. 88 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Christiansburg, p-v. and st. jus. Montgome. 
ry CO. Va. by p-r. 282 ms. s. w. W. C. and 206 
s. of w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 08', long. 3° 24 
w. W. C. 



GIN 



98 



CIN 



CiiRisTiANSBURG, p-v, Shelby co. Ky. 14 ms. 
w. Frankfort. 

Christiansville, p-v. in the northern part of 
Mecklenburg co. Va. by p-r. 128 ms. s. w. 
Richmond. 

Christmasville, p-v. Carroll co. Ten. by p-r. 
105 ms. w. Nashville. 

CHUCKATacK, p-v. Nansemond co. Va. about 
30 ms. s. w. Norfolk. 

Chucky Bend, of Nolechucky r. and p-o. is 
about 45 ms. n. of e. Knoxville, and in the 
eastern part of .Jefferson co. Ten. by p-r. 215 
ms. li. Nashville. The Nolechucky r. and 
French Broad unite about 5 ms. below the bend. 

Church Hill, p-v. Queen Ann co. Md. on a 
small s. E. branch of Chester r., 10 ms. n. n. e. 
Centreville, and about 50 ms. s. e. by e. from 
Baltimore. 

Church Hill, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 96 ms. w. Columbia. 

Church Hill, p-v. Montgomery co. Ala. by 
p-r. 12 1 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Churchtown, p-v. on a small branch of Co- 
nestoga cr., in the n. e. angle of Lancaster co. 
Pa. 25 ms. n. e. Lancaster, and 55 northwest 
by west Philadelphia. 

Churchville, p-v. in the n. w. part of Mid- 
dlesex CO. Va. 7 ms. from Urbanna, the st. jus. 
by p-r. 76 ms. n. e. by e. Richmond. 

Cicero, t. Onondaga co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
1,808. 

Cincinnati, city of Ohio, and st. jus. for 
Hamilton co. situated on the right bank of Ohio 
river, by p-r. 497 ms. (differing only 13' of lat. 
from) due w. from W. C. 112 ms. s. w. by w. 
Columbus, and 79 a little e. of n. Frankfort, Ky. 
Lat. 39° 06', long. 7° 32' w. W. C. according 
to Tanner's map of the U. S. but 7° 24' 45" ac- 
cording to Flint. The position of Cincinnati is 
admirable. It stands on two plains or boitoms 
of the river Ohio, the higher elevated about 60 
feet above the lower, with a rather steep inter- 
mediate bank. To an eye in the vicinity, placed 
on elevated ground, the city seems to occupy 
the centre and base of an immense basin, the 
view being in every direction terminated by 
swelling hills. The streets, laid out at right 
angles to each other, present an endless, though 
rather monotonous variety of landscape. Four- 
teen of the streets are 66 feet wide, and 396 
apart ; seven extending each way and crossing 
the other seven. Thus the intermediate squares 
comprise 156,816 sq. feet. The public build- 
ings already erected occupy one square and a 
fraction of another ; and that part of the city 
built upon, approaches the form of a parallelo- 
gram. The public buildings are, the Cincinnati 
college, Catholic athenaeum, medical college, 
the mechanics institute, a theatre, two museums, 
hospital, and lunatic asylum. United States 
branch bank, court house, prison, 4 market 
houses, a bazaar, and the Woodward high 
school in the progress of erection. Of churches 
there are 24, of which several are fine build- 
ings, banks 3, the United States branch bank, 
capital $1,200,000 ; Commercial bank, capital 
^500,000, and savings bank; there are 3 insu. 
ranee companies, belonging to the city, with 
two branches of companies at Hartford, Conn. 
A water company supplies the city with water 



from Ohio river. It is elevated by steam pow- 
er to the height of 158 feet above low water 
mark in the river, and flowing into reservoirs, 
is thence distributed over the city, at an annual 
expense of $8 per family at an average. The 
public prints are 16, comprising, one Quarterly 
Medical .Journal, one Monthly Magazine, one 
Monthly Agricultural Journal, two semi month- 
ly, two semi weekly, six weekly, and three dai- 
ly gazettes. Thirty-two mails arrive weekly. 
There are two fire companies, 34 charitable 
and 25 religious societies. The progressive 
pop. of this city is perhaps unequalled on a re- 
gion where rapid advance is every where re- 
markable. It was laid out in January, 1789, 
but until after the treaty of Greenville, 1795, 
progressed but slowly. In 1810, the total pop. 
ulation was 2,540, in 1820, 9,642, and in 1826, 
16,230. By a very accurate enumeration in 
1831, 28,0 14, with a floating population, not in- 
cluded, of 1,508, making the total at this time 
(1832) more than 30,000. By the census tables 
for 1830, the population of Cincinnati was com- 
posed of white males, 12,485; white females, 
11,256 ; free colored males, 528, and females, 
562 ; total 24,831. This city, second only in pop- 
ulation to New Orleans, amongst the western 
cities of the United States, has already become 
the seat of immense and increasing manufac- 
tures, of almost every species known in our 
country. Of steamboats 111 have been built 
here. The iron manufactures include nearly 
every article of that metal demanded by a civ- 
ilized and active population. Cabinet, hatting, 
shoe and boot making, saddlery, &c. The im- 
parts of the city are supposed to exceed 
$5,000,000, and by a recent estimate, the ex- 
ports of 1832 exceed $4,000,000. There was 
transported to the city during the year by the 
Miami canal 97,578 bis. flour, 40,455 bbls. 
whiskey, 19,758 bbls. pork, 30,960 kegs, and 
1,156 bbls. lard, 1,877,240 lbs. bacon, 53,539 
lbs. butter and 99 bbls. linseed oil, not including 
ginseng, feathers, beeswax, tallow, beans, pot 
and pearl ashes, cheese, &c. &c., and it was 
also estimated that at least as great an amount 
of produce was brought to the city by wagons, 
and the river, during the same period. Among 
the articles exported it was estimated that 
$1,000,000 consisted of steam engines, steam 
boat hulls, sugar mills, hats, cabinet-ware, can. 
dies, soap, type, printing presses, beer, porter, 
coopers' ware, cordage, books, and articles not 
mentioned, which are mostly sent down the 
Ohio. About 40 manufacturing establishments 
are propelled by steam. Revenue of the city 
1831, was $35,231, and expenditure was 
$33,858. Business is the chief object of this 
young city, but education has not been neglect- 
ed. The Lane Seminary, now a flourishing in- 
stitution, is located about 2 ms. from the city, 
at Walnut Hills. The president is professor of 
theology, beside which professorship, there are 
4 others, 1 of church history and polity, 1 of 
biblical literature, 1 of languages and i of 
chemistry. A building for the purposes of the 
institution, 100 ft. long and 40 deep, was com- 
menced in 1832, and is now completed ; cost 
estimated at $8,000. There are 2 departments 
in this institution, theological and literary ; ex- 



CLA 



99 



CLA 



penses at the former per ann., including board, 
(tuition gratis) $60 — at the latter, including 
tuition, $80. A farm is connected with the 
seminary. The Medical college of Ohio, loca- 
ted here, has 6 professorships and 110 students, 
and another has recently been commenced, 
called the reformed medical college. There 
are 27 public teachers of free schools, who 
give instruction to 2,700 children annually. 
The private schools are numerous, and many 
of them very respectable. Mr. Flint states that 
450 substantial buildings have been added to 
the city yearly, for the three last years. 

CiNciNNATUs, p-t. Cortland co. N. Y. 139 ms. 
w. Albany ; 12 s. e. Homer ; soil productive, 
moderately uneven, indifferently supplied with 
mill streams. Has 1 distillery, 3 asheries, &c. 
Pop. 1,308. 

CiRCLEViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Pickaway co. 
Ohio, by p.r. 26 ms. s. from Columbus, and 394 
ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 19 n. and above 
Chillicothe, and 20 ms. s. w. by w. from Lan- 
caster. Lat. 39"^ 36', and long. 5° 58' w. from 
W. C. This place is situated on the left bank 
of Sciota r. where that stream is crossed by 
the Ohio and Erie canal, and on the largest 
aqueduct on the line of this work. It contains 
the ordinary co. buildings, a printing office, 10 
or twelve stores, numerous mechanics shops, 
and in 1830, a population of 1,136, which now, 
1832, it is probable exceeds 1,200. This town 
derives its name from several remarkable re- 
mains of ancient works, in the ordinary circular 
form of such antiquities, scattered over the 
valley of Ohio. They were here very exten. 
sive, and before the white settlements were 
made, were well preserved. 

CiTV Island, N. Y. (-See Pelham.) 

City Point, port and p-v. on the right shore 
of James r. on the point formed at the junction 
of James and Appomattox rs. in the n. w. part 
of Prince George's co. Va. 12 ms. below Peters- 
burg, by p-r. 34 ms. s. e. Richmond. 

Civil Order, p-v. in the n. w. part of Bedford 
CO. Ten. by p.r. 48 ms. s. Nashville. 

Claiborne, co. Misp. bndd. w. by Misp. r. 
separating it from Concordia parish in La., n. 
w. and N. by Big Black r. separating it from 
Warren co. Misp., n. e. by Hinds, s. e. by 
Copiah, and s. by Jeflerson. It approaches the 
form of a right angled triangle, hypotenuse 
along the Misp. and Big Black rs. 38 ms., base 
on Jefferson 30, area 380 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 31° 53' to 32° 11', and in long from 
13° 50' to 14° 20' from W. C. Along the Misp. 
and Big Black rs. the bottoms are level, ex- 
tremely fertile, but subject to annual submersion. 
Rising from this alluvial border, the country is 
elevated into hills, which towards the rs. are 
fertile, but receding eastward the pine forest 
and sterile soil commence. Bayou Pierre 
(Stony Creek), a fine stream bordered with ex- 
cellent land, flows to the s. s. w. and drains the 
central part of the co. ; staple, cotton. Cf. t. 
Gibsonport. Pop. 1820, 5,963, 1830, 9,787. 

Claiborne, parish of La. as laid down by 
Tanner, is bndd. e. by the parish of Washitau, 
s. by Natchitoches, s. w. and w. by Red r. and n. 
by Lafayette co. of Ark. Length from s. to n. 
65 ms. ; mean breadth 55, and area 3,575 sq. 



ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 05' to 33°, and 
in long, from 15° 51' to 16° 57' w. from W. C. 
The northeast part is drained eastward by the 
sources of Bayou Terrebonne flowino- into 
Washitau r. but the great body of the parish 
declines southward, and is drained in that di- 
rection by the sources of Dugdomini, Saline, 
Black Lake, Dacheet and Bodcau rs. ; the 
western part also contains the lakes Bistineau, 
and Bodcau. Some of the soil along the streams 
is of good second rate quality, and wooded 
with oak, hickory, and elm, but the body of the 
parish, or at least nine tenths of its surface, is 
composed of barren hills clothed with pine 
timber. The border on Red r. is partially 
liable to annual submersion. The writer of this 
article was the first person who surveyed or 
indeed explored this section of La. It was 
then (1812) an uninhabited, in great part, and 
pathless wilderness. It contained then 3 white 
families, and a small Indian village, on Red r. 
By the p-o. list, 1831, there were offices at Al- 
len's settlement and Russellville. Pop. 1,764. 

Claiborne, co. of Ten. bndd. by Clinch r. 
separating it from Hawkins, e.. Granger s. and 
by Campbell w. ; on the n. w. is Knox co. of 
Ky. and Lee, the extreme s. w. co. of Va. n. e. 
It lies nearly in the form of a triangle ; base 50 
ms. along Va. and Ky. and contains 450 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. 36° 13' to 13° 35', and in 
long. 5° 52' to 6° 48' w. W. C. Surface moun- 
tainous. The northwestern angle is occupied 
by Cumberland mtn. whilst Powell's mtn. trav- 
erses it in its greatest length from n. e. to s. w. 
Between these two chains flows Powell's r. s. 
w. whilst the co. has again a river border of 70 
ms. along Clinch. Cft. Tazewell. Pop. 1820, 
5,508, 1830, 8,470. 

Claiborne, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Ala. 
on the left bank of Alabama river, by p.r. 949 
ms. s. w. W. C. 157 s. from Tuscaloosa, 80 n. 
N. E. Mobile. Lat. 31° 33', long. 10° 40' w. 
W. C. Claiborne stands at the lower falls and 
head of schooner navigation in Ala. 

Clapps, p-o. Guilford co. N. C. by p.r. 73 ms. 
N. of w. Raleigh. 

Claremont, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. o.n Conn. 
r. opposite Windsor Vt. Area 25,800 square 
acres. Its surface, a rich gravelly loam, finely 
undulating, and furnishing the best meadows. 
Produce in 1820 : butter 30,000 lbs.,, cheese 
55,000, flax 7,500, pearlashes 3 tons. Watered 
by Conn, and Sugar rs. Religious societies : 
Congregationalist, Episcopalian, Baptist, Meth- 
odist, 1 each. Lat. 43° 23'. Pop. 2,526. 

Claremont, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by p-r. 
1 63 ms. N. w. by w. Columbia. 

Clarence, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 18 ms. e. Buf- 
falo. N. boundary, Tonnewanta cr. Soil, a 
loam, which good husbandry may make very 
productive. Its rocks, horizontal limestone. 
Schools 21, 6 months in 12. Distilleries 6. 
Asheries 13. Pop. 3,360. 

Clarendon, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 55 ms. s. 
Montpelier. Otter cr. Mill and Cold rs. fur- 
nish numerous mill seats. Alluvial flats, from ^ 
to 1 mile wide, on Otter cr. very productive, ex- 
tend through the town. Here is one of the fan- 
ciful stalactic eaves. Marble or limestone, 
plenty, and wrought. Religious societies, 2 



CLA 



100 



CLA 



Baptist, 1 Congregationalist. Mill lor sawing 
marble, 3 distilleries, &c. Lat. 43° 31'. Pop. 
1,585. 

Clarendon, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. 
E. Batavia, about 6 ms. square, watered by 
Sandy cr. Soil good. It has 8 schools, 7 
months in 12. Distillery 1. Pop. 2,025. 

Clarendon, t. Orleans co. N. Y. Pop. 
2,025. 

Claridon, p-v. and tsp. in the sthrn. part of 
Geauga co. O. by p-r. 327 ms. n. w. W. C. and 
155 N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1820, 588, 1 830, 637. 

Clarion, r. of Pa. usually called Toby's cr. 
rises by numerous branches in MacKean and 
Jefferson cos. interlocking sources with crs. 
•flowing nthrd. into Alleghany r. and opposite to 
those of the Sinnamahoning branch of Susque. 
hannali. The different branches unite near the 
centre of Jefferson, and the main stream, assu- 
ming a s. w. course over that co. and thence 
separating Armstrong from Venango, falls into 
Alleghany r. at Foxburg, after an entire course 
of 80 ms. 

Clarion, p-v. in the n. part Armstrong co. 
Pa. by p-r. about 70 ms. n. e. Pittsburg. 

Clark, co. of Geo. bndd. by Walton w. 
Jackson n. w. Madison n. e. Oglethorpe e. 
Greene s. and is separated from Morgan s. w. 
by Appalache, branch of Oconee r. Length 
23, mean breadth 18, and area 414 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 33° 32' to 34° 2', and in 
long, from 6° 17' to 6° 40' w. W. C. The con- 
stituents of Oconee r. unite in Clark, and flow- 
ing generally to the s. s. e. give that declivity 
to the CO. The Appalache, which bounds it on 
the s. w. flows also to the s. s. e. Cf. ts. Wat. 
kinsville and Athens. Pop. 10,176. 

Clarke, co. of Ala. occupying the lower part 
of the peninsula between the Tombigbee and 
Ala. rs. bndd. n. by Marengo, n. e. by Wilcox, 
by Ala. r. separating it on the s. e. from Mon- 
roe, and s. from Baldwin ; by Tombigbee r. 
separating it from Mobile s. w. and from Wash- 
ington w. and N. w. Length from the junction 
of Ala. and Tombigbee rs. and nearly along 
long. 11° w. W. C to the s. boundary of Ma- 
rengo, 60 ms. Mean breadth 20, and area 1200 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 3l° 10' to 32°, 
and in long, from 10° 30' to 11° 18' w. W. C. 
Surface hilly, and soil, except near the streams, 
sterile, and wooded with pine. Much of the 
river bottoms liable to occasional inundation. 
■Cf. t. ClarkesviUe. Pop. 1820, 5,839, 1830, 
7,595. 

Clarke, co. of Ky. bndd. s. and s. w. by Ky. 
r. separating it from Madison co., w. by Lafay- 
ette, N. by Bourbon, n. e. and e. by Montgome- 
ry, and s. E. by Red r. separating it from Estill. 
Length 20, mean breadth 15, and area 300 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat, from 37° 52' to 38° 10', 
and in long, from 6° 50' to 7° 18' w. W. C. 
This small co. is nevertheless a table land. 
From the nthrn. side issue the extreme sources 
of the w. fork of Licking, whilst short creeks 
flow southwardly into Ky. r. The soil is highly 
fertile Cf. t., Winchester. Pop. 1820, 11,449, 
1830, 13,051. 

Clarke, co. O. bndd. s. by Green, s. w. by 
Montgomery, n. w. by Miami, n. by Champaign, 
and E. by Madison. Length 30 ms. mean 



breadth, l8, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 39° 45' to 40° 03', and in long, from 
6° 31' to 7° 5'. From the southern part flows 
little Miami, whilst the central sections are 
traversed by Mad r. giving a s. w. slope to the 
bodyoftheco. Cf. t. Springfield. Pop. 13,074. 
Clarke co. Ind. bndd. by Floyd s. w. Wash, 
ington w., Scott n., Jefferson n. e., O. r. separa- 
ting it from Oldham co. Ky. e. and s. e. and 
from Jefferson co. Ky. s. It approaches the 
form of a triangle 28 ms. each side ; area 336 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 18' to 38° 
37', and in long, from 8° 25' to 8° 54' w. W. C. 
The slope of this co. is almost directly s. to- 
wards O. r. Silver cr. rises in Clark, and flow- 
ing s. falls into 0. r. at the lower end of the 
rapids at Louisville. The surface is broken and 
hilly, soil fertile. Cf. t., Charleston. Pop. 
1820,8,079, 1830, 10,686. 

Clarke, co. of II. bndd. s. by Crawford, w. 
by Shelby, n. by Edgar, by Wabash r. separat- 
ing it from Vigo co. Ind. e. and from Sullivan 
CO. Ind. s. E. Breadth 24, mean length 45, and 
area 1080 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 
10' to 39° 30', and in long, from 10° 34' to 11° 
30' w. W. C. Little Wabash rises in the w. 
part of Clarke, which is traversed also by the 
w. and E. branches of Embarras r. all those 
streams flowing to the sthrd. The eastern 
part slopes south estrd. obliquely towards the 
Washitau. Cf. t. Clark Court House. Pop. 
3,940. 

Clarke, extreme nrthestm. co. of Mo. bndd. 
as laid down on Tanner's improved map of the 
U. S. by Lewis co. Mo. s., unappropriated part 
of Mo. w., Indians country n. of Mo. r. Des 
Moines n. e. and by the Mo. r. separating it 
from Hancock co. II. e. Length from e. to w. 
50 ms., mean breadth 20 and area 1000 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 40° 15' to 40° 34' n. It 
is traversed by w. long. 15° W. C. General 
slope to the s. e. and in that direction several 
small rs. are discharged into the Misp. river. 
The wstrn. part is traversed by Salt r. branch 
of Misp. 

Clarke co. of Ark. extending along both 
sides of Washitau r. above the influx of Little 
Missouri. The boundaries or extent not very 
well defined, but combining Tanner's map with 
Flint's description, it has Hempstead co. s., 
Pope w., Hotsprings n., Pulaski n. e. and Union 
E. Lat. 34°, and long. 16° w. W. C. intersect 
near its centre. The slope is to the s. e. down 
which pour the confluents of Washitau and 
Little Missouri. The surface is hilly, and in 
part mountainous. Considerable bodies of 
good land skirt the streams, though the soil is 
generally sterile. The road from St. Louis, by 
Little Rock to Lower Texas passes through it, 
and on which two villages, Biscoeville and 
Crittenden are laid down by Tanner. Pop. 
1830, 1,369. 

Clark, c. h. and p-o. Clark co. Ark. by p-r. 
87 ms. s. w. Little Rock. 

Clark, c. h. and p-o. Clark co. II. by p-r. 
134 ms. N. E. Vandalia. 

Clark's p-o. and tsp. Coshocton co. O. by 
p-r. the p-o. is 88 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 
In 1830 the tsp. contained 246 inhabitants. 

Clark's River. (See Oregon.) 



CLA 



101 



CLA 



Clarkesburg, t. Berkshire co. Mass. Has 
Williamstown on the w. Pop. 1830, 315. 

Clarksburg, small p-v. Montgomery eo. Md. 
on the road from W. C. to Frederick, 28 ms. 
N. w. from the former, and 15 ms. s. e. from 
the latter city. It is a small village of one 
street along the main road. Pop. about 50. 

Clarksburg, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co, Va. 
by p-r. 260 n. w. by w. Richmond, and 45 ms. 
above, and s. s. w. from Morgantown. It is 
situated on the right bank of Monongahela r. 

Clarksburg, p-v. and st. jus. Lewis co. Ky. 
by p-r. 96 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. Pop. 1830, 
62. . 

Clarksburg, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Ross 
CO. 0. by p-r. 44 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. Pop. 
1830, 56. 

Clark's Ferry and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 
44 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Clarksfield, p-v. and tsp. Huron co. O. The 
p-v. is by p-r. 121 ms. a little e. of n. Columbus, 
and 385 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 
1830, 338. 

Clark's Mills, and p-o. in the s. part of 
Moore co. N. C. by p-r. 108 ms. s. w. from 
Raleigh. 

Clarkson, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. on Lake 
Ontario, l8 ms. w. s. w. Rochester. Area 
about 80 sq. ms. Soil excellent. Contains ma- 
ny salt springs. AVaterel by 3 creeks, one a 
fine mill stream. The village is 1^ ms. n. of 
Erie canal. Pop. 1830, 3,251. 

Clarkston, p-o. King and Queen co. Va. by 
p-r. 50 ms. n. e. Richmond. 

Clark's Store and p-o. in the s. part of Mar- 
tin CO. N. C. by p-r. 106 ms. e. Raleigh. 

Clark's Store and p-o. in the s. w. part of 
Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 13 ms. from Cincinnati. 

Clarkstown, p-t. cap. Rockland co. N. Y. on 
the w. bank of the Hudson, ]32 ms. s. Albany, 
28 N. N. Y. Here are the Nyak hills, furnish- 
ing the red s.ind stone, of which the capitol at 
Albany is principally built. Church, 1 Dutch 
Reformed. In 1808, distilleries 3. Schools 
kept 11 months in 12. Pop. 1830, 2,298. 

Clarkstown, p-v. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 158 
ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Clarksville, N. Y. (See Middlefield.) 

Clarksville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Greene 
CO. Pa, situated on the point between and above 
the junction of the two main branches of Ten 
Mile creek, 10 ms. s. w. from Brownsville, 
about an equal distance n. e. Waynesburg. 

Clarksville, p-o. on the road from Rockville 
to Bahimore, Ann Arundel co. Md. 20 ms. s. w. 
by w. Baltimore. 

Clarksville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. Va. by 
p-r. 99 ms. s. vv. Richmond. 

Clarksville, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 1 i 1 ms. N. N. w. Columbia. 

Clarksville, p-v. and st. jus. Habersham co. 
Geo. by p-r. 144 ms. a little w. ofN. from Mil- 
ledgeville, on one of the highest branches of 
Chattahoochee r. Lat. 34° 35', and long. 6° 
40' w. W. C. 

Clarksville, p-v. and st. jus. Clark co. Ala. 
by P-r. 146 ms. a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa, and 
84 ms. a little e. of n. from the city of Mobile. 

Clarksville, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 46 ms. n. w. by w. Nashville, 

14 



situated on the point above the junction, and be- 
tween Cumberland and Red rs. 

Clarksville, p-v. in Clarke tsp. western part 
of Clinton co. O. The p-v. is by p-r. 76 ms. s. 
w. Columbus. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,886. ' 

Clarksville, p-v. on the right bank of Misp. 
r. in the E. part of Pike co. Mo. about 75 ms. 
by the land route above St. Louis, and by p-r. 
126 N. E. Jefferson. 

Claverack, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 5 ms. e. 
Hudson. Claverack creek, its w. boundary, is 
a fine mill stream. Has along the creeks, rich 
alluvial flats. Contains good limestone, some 
slate, some lead, and a mineral spring. Schools 
13, 1 1 months in 12. Pop. 3,000. 

Clay, t. Onondaga co. N. Y. Pop. 2,095. 

Clay, co. of Ky. bndd. by Knox s.. Laurel 
w., Estill N., and Perry e. Length from n. to s. 
40, mean breadth 22, and area 880 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 36° 57' to 37° 33', and in 
long, from 6° 18' to 6° 52' w. W. C. Though 
some of the sources of Rockcastle cr. a branch 
of Cumberland r. rise along the wstrn. border 
of Clay, the body of the co. is drained by, and 
nearly commensurate with the valley of the 
s. e. Fork of Kentucky r., and slopes north- 
wardly. The soil is generally thin. Cf. t. 
Manchester. Pop. 3,548. 

Clay-, co. of Ind. bndd. s. w. by Sullivan, w. 
and N. w. by Vigo, n. by Parke, n. e. by Put- 
nam, E. and s. E. by Owen, and s. by Greene. 
Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 12, 
and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
39° 12' to 39° 38', and in long, from 9° 58' to 
10° 18' w. V/. C. Slopes to the sthrd. and is 
drained by Eel. r. a branch of the w. fork of 
White r. Crs. flowing wstrd. into the Wabash 
r. rise along the wstrn. border of Clay, but the 
body of the co. is in the valley of Eel r. Cf. t. 
Bowling Green. Pop. 1,616. 

Clay, co. of II. bndd. s. e. by Edwards, s. by 
Wayne, s. w. by Marion, n. w. by Fayette, n, 
and N. e. by Crawford, and e. by Lawrence. 
Length 32 ms., breadth 21, and area 672 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 38° 37' to 38° 54' and 
in long, from 1 1° 9' to 11° 44' w. W. C. The 
main stream of Little Wabash enters the nrthrn. 
border from Fayette, and inflecting to s. e. re- 
ceives numerous crs. from, and traverses Clay, 
issuing from it in the s. e. angle. Cf. t. Mays- 
ville. Pop. 755. 

Clay, co. of Mo. bndd. on the w. by the w, 
boundary of the state, and n. and n. e. by coun- 
try not yet laid out into cos. ; e. it has Ray co., 
and s. the Mo. r. separating it from Jackson co. 
Breadth from e. to w. 22, mean length from s. 
to N. 30, and area 660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 39° 04' to 39° 34', and in long, fi-om 17° 
06' to 17° 28' w. W. C. Cf t. Liberty. Pop, 
5,338. The Kansas r. enters the Mo. directly 
opposite the s. w. angle of this co. at a distance 
by the p-r. of 1,170 ms. w. W. C. 

Claysville, p-v. on the U. S. turnpike road, 
Washington co. Pa. by p-r. 222 ms. av. Harris. 
burg, and 10 ms. s. w. by w. borough of Wash- 
ington. 

Claysville, p-v. Guernsey co. 0. by p-r. 92 
ms. E. Columbus. 

Claysville, p.v. Washington co. Ind. by p-r. 
92 ms. s. Indianopolis. 



CLE 



102 



CLI 



Claysville, p-v. in the e. part Harrison co. 
Ky. by p-r. 50 ms. n. of e. Frankfort. 

Clayton, or Claytonsville, p-v. and st. jus. 
Rabun co. Geo. by p-r. 611 ms. s. w, a little w. 
W. C. and 174 ms. n. Milledgeville. It is situ- 
ated at the southern base of Blue Ridge, be- 
tween the Chatuga and Turoree branches of 
Tugaloo r., and is the most nthrn. co. t. of 
Geo. 

Claytonville, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. 286 
ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Clay Village, p-v. Shelby co. Ky. 16 ms. w. 
Frankfort. 

Clear Creek, p-o. Hardiman co. Ten. by p-r. 
168 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville, 

Clear cr. and p-o. Richland co. O, The p-o. 
by p-r. 96 ms. e. of n. Columbus. 

Clear Creek, p-o. in the n. part of Sanga- 
mon CO. II. by p-r. 96 ms. w. of n. Vandalia. 

Clearfield, co. of Pa. bndd. s. by Cambria, 
s. w. by Ind., w. and n. w. by Jefferson, n. by 
Mac Kean, n. e. by Lycoming, e. by the w. 
branch of Susquehannah r. separating it from 
Centre, and s. e. by Mushannon cr. separating it 
from the s. wstrn. part of Centre. Length from 
s. to N. 45, mean breadth 32, and area 1,425 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 45' to 41° 24', 
and in long, from 1° 3' to 1° 53' w. W.C. Clear- 
field is an elevated, and in great part a moun- 
tainous region. Lying wstrd. from the main 
chain of the Appalachian system, it is on the 
floetz or level formation. From the wstrn. 
border issue the extreme fountains of the Ma- 
honing and Red Bank crs. flowing to the w. into 
Alleghany r., but the far greater part of the area 
is drained by the main streams and numerous 
branches of Sinnamahoning, and w. branch of 
Susquehannah, The dividing ridge of the wa- 
ters traversing the n. w. part of Clearfield, is 
elevated about 1,200 ft. above the Atlantic 
tides. From this ridge the extreme wstrn. 
sources of the Susquehannah flow s. e. down 
the mountain vallies, giving an uncommonly di- 
versified surface to Clearfield. The soil is 
generally rocky and sterile. Cf. t. Clearfield. 
Pop. 1820, 2,342, 1830, 4,803. 

Clearfield, p-v. and st. jus. Clearfield co. 
Pa. by p-r. 201 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 129 n. w. by 
w. Harrisburg, and about 100 ms, n. e. by e. 
Pittsburgh. It is situated between Clearfield 
cr. and the w. branch of the Susquehannah r. 

Clearfield Ridge and p-o. Clearfield co. Pa. 
by p-r. 4 ms. s. e. Clearfield v. 125 n. \v, by w. 
Harrisburg. 

Clear Spring, p-v. in the w. part of Wash- 
ington CO. Md, by p-r. 82 ms. n, w. W. C. 

Cleaveland, p-t. and st. jus. Cuyahoga co. 0. 
about 130 ms. n. w. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 366 
ms. a little w. of n. w. W. C., 140 n. n. e. Co- 
lumbus, and 104 by the land route, s. w. by w. 
from the borough of Erie in Erie co. Pa. lat. 
41° 32', long. 4° 42' w. W. C. The site of 
Cleaveland is an elevated point below the en- 
trance of Cuyahoga r. into lake Erie, which ad- 
mits vessels of 7 ft. draught. It is a flourish- 
ing, and already an important town ; and situa- 
ted as the village is at the termination of the 
Ohio canal, it possesses great and peculiar ad- 
vantages for enterprise. From an official state- 
ment it appears, that the following were among 



the arrivals at Cleaveland during 1832, viz : 
wheat, 288,722 bus. ; flour, 54,404 bbls. ; pork, 
13,801 bbls.; whiskey, 2,150 bbls.; pot and 
pearl ashes, 261,026 lbs. ; butter, 549,22,;! lbs. ; 
cheese, 85,711 lbs.; tobacco, 969 hhds. ; lard, 
354,101 lbs. ; lumber, 656,949 ft. ; mineral coal, 
12,900 bus. Of the property cleared by way of 
the canal, during the same period, was salt, 
29,939 bbls, ; fish, 7,661 bbls. ; merchandise, 
5,26^,535 lbs. ; gypsum, 190,800 lbs. ; lumber, 
113,954 ft. ; shingles, 780 M. ; millstones 24 
pairs. The whole quantity of freight upon 
which toll is charged by weight, that arrived by 
way of the canal, in 1832, amounted to 43,694,- 
694 lbs. In 1831, 36,640,916 lbs. The total 
number of pounds cleared by way of the canal, 
in 1832, was 18,724,522 ; in l!i31, 16,266,861. 
The amount of tolls received in 1832, was 
^31,710 50 ; in 1831, it was f 26,154 64. By 
the census of 1830, the village contained a pop. 
of 1,076, and now (1833) no doubt the inhabit- 
ants exceed 1,200. The town in 1830 had a 
pop. of 1,585. In the village are the usual co. 
buildings, upwards of 40 stores, 9 or 10 groce. 
ries, a number of taverns, 200 dwelling houses, 
and 4 or 5 churches. The future and securely 
permanent prosperity of this place is evident 
from its position. 

Clf.monsville, p-v. Davidson co. N. C. by 
p-r. 125 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Clemontville, p-o. Mac Kean co. Pa. by p-r. 
201 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Clermont, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. on e. bank 
of the Hudson, 45 ms. s. Albany. Area 14,000 
acres, divided into about 120 farms, and leased 
to practical farmers. The country seat of the 
late Chancellor Livingston, is one of the most 
extensive and elegant in the state. There are 
7 schools 8 months in the year. Pop. 1,203. 

Cleves, p-v. in the s. w. part of Hamilton co. 
0. 16 ms. wstrd. from Cincinnati. 

Clifton, p-v. Russell co. Va. by p-r. 330 ms. 
a little s. of w. Richmond. 

Clifton Park, t. Saratoga co. Pop. 2,294. 
(See HalfMoon.) 

Clifty, p-v. in the s. part of White co. Ten. 
by p-r. 102 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Clinch, r. of Va. and Ten. the great north- 
estrn. constituent of Ten. r., rises in Tazewell 
CO. Va. and flows thence by a general course of 
s. w. over Russell and Scott cos. 90 ms. En- 
tering Ten., Clinch separates Claiborne co. from 
Hawkins, Granger and Anderson ; Campbell 
from Anderson, and thence traversing the latter, 
enters Roan, and unites with the Ten. at Kings- 
ton, after an entire comparative course of 180 
ms. In the s. part of Campbell co. Clinch re- 
ceives from the n. e. Powell's r. The latter 
rising in Russell co Va. issues thence in a di- 
rection almost parallel to the Clinch ; traverses 
Lee CO. of Va., enters Ten. crossing Claiborne 
and Campbell cos., joins the Clinch at Grants- 
boro after a comparative course of 90 ms. A 
short distance above its junction with Ten. r. the 
Clinch receives from the n. w. Emery's r. It 
may be remarked that the course of the higher 
branches of Emery's r. is directly the reverse of 
that of Clinch and Powell's r. Uniting the val- 
lies of Emery's and Clinch r. the whole valley 
is about 220 ms. long ; but the width is con. 



CLI 



103 



CLO 



tracted comparatively, and fully estimated at 20 
ins. Area 4,400 sq. ms. 

In all their respective courses, Clinch and 
Holston pursue a parallel direction, in few pla- 
ces 20 ms. asunder, each receiving short crs. 
from an intervening mountain chain. On the 
opposite or right side, Clinch in succession in- 
terlocks sources with those of Great Sandy, Ky. 
and Cumberland rs. The relative elevation of 
the vallies of Clinch and Holston differ but little 
from each other, and each stream above their 
junction, must have, from their remote fountains, 
a fall of 1000 or 1200 ft. 

Clinch Dale, p-o. Hawkins co. Ten. by p-r. 
280 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Clln'gan's p-o. Chester co. Fa. 22 ms. from 
Philadelphia. 

Clinton, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 24 ms. n. 
Augusta. Pop. 2,130. 

Clintox, CO. N. Y. on lake Champ4ain, bndd. 
N. by Lower Canada, lat. 45°, e. by lake 
Champlain, s. by Essex co. and w. by Franklin 
CO. Greatest length n. and s. 4O5, breadth 31. 
West part mountainous, well timbered, supplied 
with mill streams, iron ore, exceeded in richness 
by none in the world. The lake shore 8 ms. 
in width, moderately uneven, or quite level, 
very amply repays the labors of the husband- 
man. Rs. Saranac, Sable, &c. Plattsburg is 
the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 12,070, 1830, 19,344. 

Clinton, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. Abounds 
in slate equal to any in the U. S. The quarries 
employ 300 hands. Watered by Wappingers 
creek, 90 ms. s. Albany. Pop. 2,130. 

Clinton, p-v. in the t. of Kirkland, Oneida co. 
N. Y. on the Oriskany creek, 9 ms. w. s. w. 
Utica. The proposed Chenango canal runs 
through this place. An Universalist seminary 
is building here. Hamilton college, located 
here, is delightfully situated. The college 
buildings, 3 in number, 4 stories high, stand in 
a line on the summit of a hill commanding an 
extensive prospect of rich and picturesque 
scenery. A law professorship has been recently 
founded in this college by a bequest of ^20,000. 
The faculty consists of a president, 4 profes- 
sors. There are (1832-3) 6 instructors, and 
77 undergraduates. Total, alumni, 180, of 
whom 160 are living. Founded 1812. The 
libraries contain 3,000 vols. Commencement 
4th Wednesday in August. 

Clinton, p-v. Hunterdon co. N, J. on the s. 
branch of Raritan r. 30 ms. w. n. w. New Bruns- 
wick, formerly Hunt's Mills. 

Clinton, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa. 23 ms. from 
Pittsburg, and by p-r. 224 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Sampson co. N. C. 
situated on a branch of Black r. 72 ms. s. 5. e. 
Raleigh, and 18 nearly due e. Fayetteville. 
Lat. 35°, w. long. 1° 18'. 

Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co. Geo. by 
p-r. 665 ms. s. w. W. C. and 23 vv. Milledge- 
ville. Lat. 33° 01', and long. 6° 40' w. W. C. 

Clinton, p-v. Greene co. Ala. by p-r. 25 ms. 
s. Tuscaloosa. 

Clinton, p-v. Hinds co. Misp. about 80 ms. 
N. E. Natchez. 

Clinton, p-v. parish of East Feliciana, La. 
about 50 ms. n. e. St. Francisville, and by p-r. 
158 ms. N. w. New Orleans. 



Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Hickman co. Ky. by 
p-r. 847 ms. s. w. by w. i w. W. C. and 308 ms. 
s. w. by w. Frankfort. Pop. 82. 

Clinton, p-v. and st. jus. Anderson co. Ten. 
by p-r. 534 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 195 
almost due e. Nashville. It is situated on the 
right side of Clinch r. Lat. 36° 06', long 7° 8', 
w. W. C. 

Clinton, co. of O.bndd. s. e. by Highland, s. 
w, by Browne, w. by Warren, n. by Green, and 
N. E. by Fayette. Length 22, mean breadth 18, 
and area 396 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
39° 13' to 39° 33', and in long, from 6° 31' to 6° 
57' w. W. C. This co. is a real table land, 
from which crs. flow literally in every direction. 
On its surface are the sources of Paint creek 
branch of Sciota, and of East Fork, Todd's 
Fork, and other branches of Little Miami. The 
soil is generally productive. Cf. t. Wilmington. 
Pop. 1820, 8,085, 1830, 11,436. 

Clinton, p-v. in the n. w. part of Stark co. O. 
by p-r. 121 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Clinton, co. of Ind. bndd. by Boone s.. Tip. 
pecanoe w., Carroll n. w., the Miarnis n. e.^ 
and Hamilton co. s. e. Length from e. to w. 
24 ms. breadth 15, and area 360 sq. ms. Ex 
tending in lat. from 40° 14' to 40° 28', and in 
long, from 9° 12' to 9° 40' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is nearly due w. and drained by 
the eastern branches of Wild Cat r. towards the 
more considerable stream of the Wabash. Cf. 
t. Frankfort. Pop. 1,423. The st. jus. of this 
CO. is about 45 ms. n. n. w. Indianopolis. 

Clinton, p-v. Vermillion co. Ind. by p-r. 87 
ms. w. Indianopolis. 

Clinton, co.. of 11. bndd. by Washington s., 
St. Clair s. w., Madison n. w.. Bond n.. Fay. 
ette N. E., and Marion e. Length from e. to w. 
30 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 450 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 38° 25' to 38° 45' n., and 
in long, from 12° 10' to 12° 42' w. W. C. This 
CO. is traversed from its nthm. border in a di. 
rection of s. s. w. by Kaskaskias r. and by Shoal 
cr. and other of its branches. The cf. t. Car- 
lyle, stands on the Kaskaskias, and on the road 
from Vincennes to St. Louis. Pop. 2,330. 

Clinton, new co. Mich, bounded e. by Shia- 
wassee, Ingham s. e., Eaton s. w., Ionia w., and 
Gratiot n. It is a square of 24 ms. each way, 
area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 43°, and long. 7° 42' w. 
W. C. intersect in this co. 100 ms. a little w. of 
N. w. Detroit. Slope westward, and traversed 
by different branches of Grand r. Pop. uncer- 
tain. 

Clintonville, p-v. Green Briar co. Va. by 
p-r. 231 ms. a little n. of w. Richmond. 

Clintonville, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky. by p.r. 52 
ms. estrd. Frankfort. 

Clio, p-v. in the s. part of Adams co. II. by 
p-r. 178 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia. 

Clockville, p-v. Madison co. N. Y. 

Cloutiersville, p-v. in the s. e. part of the 
parish of Natchitoches, La. about 25 ms. s. e. 
from the v. of Natchitoches. 

Clover Bottom, p-o. Iredell co. N. C. by p-r. 
156 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Clover Creek, p-o. Madison co. Ten. by p-r. 
159 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Clover Dale, p-o. Botetourt co. Va. by p-r, 
160ms.w. Richmond. 



COD 



104 



COL 



Clover Garden, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by 
p-r. 48 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Clover Hill, p-o. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 162 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Cloverport, p-v. on O. r. n. w. angle of 
Breckenridge co. Ky. 11 ms. n. w. by w. Har- 
densburg, the st.jus. 

Clyde, r. Vt. empdes into Memphremagog 
lake in Derby. 

Clyde, p-v. Wayne co. N. Y. on Erie canal, 
4 ms. N. Waterloo. 

Clymer, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. s. w. corner, 
having Pa. boundary on the w. and s. 2 schools, 
3 months in 12. Pop. 567. 

Coal r., a r. of vi^estern Va. rises in Fayette 
CO. by two branches, called relatively Great and 
Little Coal rs. The former rises in the west- 
ern spurs of the Appalachian ridges, flows n. w. 
out of Logan into Kenhawa co., receives Lit- 
tle Coal r. from the s. w. and finally falls into 
the right side of Great Kenhawa, after a com. 
parative course of 70 ms. The valley of Coal 
r. lies between those of Great Kenhawa and 
Guyandot r. 

Coal River Marshes, p-o. Logan co. Va. by 
p-r. 277 ms. n. of w. Richmond. 

Coalsmouth, p-v. Kenhawa co. Va. situated 
on Kenhawa r. at the mouth of Coal r. by p-r. 
12 ms. below and wstrd. from Charleston, the 
St. jus. for the co. 

Coatesville, small p-v. on the w. bank of 
Brandywine cr., Chester co. Pa. 39 ms. w. 
Phil. 

Coat's Tavern and p-o. York dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 97 ms. nthrd. Columbia. 

CoBBS, p-o. McMinnco. Ton. by p-r. 181 ms. 
s. E. by E. Nashville. 

CoBLESKiLL or CoBELSKiLL, p-t. Schoharie co. 
N. Y. 38 ms. w. Albany ; is watered by the 
Cobuskill, a tolerable mill stream, having a fine 
alluvion margin. Population of German origin. 
Pop. 2,988. 

Coburn's Store and p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. 
C. by p-r. 167 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

CocHECo, or Dover r. N. H. a branch of the 
Piscataqua. 

CocHECTON, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y., on Dela- 
ware r. 134 ms. s. w. Albany. Pop. 438. 

CocHRANSviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Ches- 
ter CO. Pa. 45 ms. w. Phil. 

CocHRANSviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Ab- 
beville dist. S. C. by p-r. 102 ms. w. Columbus. 

CocHRANTON, p-v. in the n. part of Marion co. 
O. by p-r. 56 ms. n. Columbus. 

CocKE, CO. of E. Ten. bndd. s. e. by the main 
chain of the Alleghany mtns., here called the 
Smoky mtns. separating it from Haywood and 
Buncombe cos. of N. C, s. w. by Sevier, w. and 
N. w. by Jefferson, and n. e. by Greene. Length 
from s. to N. 22, mean breadth 17, and area 374 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 40' to 36° 05', 
and in long, from 5° 45' to 6° 13' w. W. C. The 
surface is broken and hilly, being part of amtn. 
valley, sloping to the n. w. and drained in that 
direction by French Broad and Big Pigeon r. 
Cf. t. Newport. Pop. 1820, 4,892, 1830, 6,017. 

CoDORUs, large cr., or rather small r. having 
its remote source in the n. e. part of Frederick 
CO. Md., flows nthrdly. over York co. Pa. and 
falls into Susquehannah r. at the village of New 



Holland after a comparative course of 30 ms- 
CoDORus, tsp. and p-o. s. w. part of York co. 
Pa. by p-r. 38 ms. s. Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 
2,429. 

Coeymans, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. on the Hud- 
son 11 ms. s. Albany, has plenty of limestone, 
some shell marie, 2 Dutch churches, 1 Metho- 
dist. There is a sloop-landing at the mouth of 
Coeyman's cr. Pop. 2,723. 

Coffee Creek, p-o. Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 
270 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Coffee Run, p-o. Huntingdon, Pa. 10 ms. s. 
e. from the borough of Huntingdon, and by p-r. 
82 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

CoFFEEviLLE, p-v. on the left bank of the 
Tombigbee r. Clarke co. Ala. 16 ms. n. w. 
Clarksville, the co. town, and by p-r. 120 ms. a 
little w.of s. Tuscaloosa. 

CoFFYviLLE, p-v. Clarke co. Ky. 35 ms. s. e. 
by E. Frankfort. 

CoHASSET, p-t. Norfolk CO. Mass. 20 ms. s. e. 
Boston. Cohasset rocks, 3 ms. from its shore, 
have been fatal to many vessels. Pop. 1830, 
1,233. 

CoHOCTON, P-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 35 ms. s. 
w. Canandaigua. Pop. 2,544. 

CoKALAHisKiT, r. a branch of Clark's r., rises 
in the Chippewan mtns. opposite to the sources 
of Dearborne branch of Missouri, and flowing 
thence to the n. w. falls into Clark's r. after a 
comparative course of 150 ms. The mouth of 
this r. is according to Tanner at lat. 46° 44' and 
long. 36° w. W. C. 

Colchester, t. Chittenden co. Vt. ; w. bound- 
ary is lake Champlain, s. Onion r. separating it 
from Burlington ; timbered by beech, maple, 
ash, oak, chesnut, walnut, white and pitch pine. 
Has much pine plain, good mill streams, 1 dis- 
tillery, 3 churches, and 4 school houses. Pop, 
1,489. 

Colchester, p-t. New London co. Conn. 23 ms. 
s. E. Hartford, 15 w. JNorwich, borders on 4 cos. 
6 ms. by 9, 50 sq. ms. is uneven ; primitive 
good grazing land, watered by Salmon r. &c. 
and has factories. Bacon academy, founded 
1801, has a fund of ^30,000. Population 1830, 
2,068. 

Colchester, p-t. Del. co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. 
Delhi, 91 s. w. Albany, is crossed by e. branch 
of Del. r. and Beaver cr. Much lumber is raft- 
ed for Phil. Pop. 1,424. 

CoLDENHAM, p-v. Montgomery, Orange co N. 
Y. 13 ms. from Goshen. 

Colder, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. Population 
464. 

Cold Spring, v. Cattaraugus co. N Y. 14 ms. 
s. w. Ellicottville. 

Cold Spring, landing, Putnam co. N. Y. 
opposite West Point. Has the great Iron 
foundary of the U. S. 

Cold Spring, p-v. Wilkinson co. Misp. by 
p-r. about 30 ms. s. Natchez. 

Cold Spring, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten. about 
150 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Cold Stream Mills, p-o. Hampshire co. Va. 
by p-r. 104 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Cold Water, p-o. St. Joseph's co, Mich, 
about 150 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. 

Cole, co. of II. bndd. by Jasper s. e. Effing- 
ham, s. w., Shelby w., Macon n. west Vermil- 



COL 

lion northeast, and Edgar and Clark e. Length 
from s. to N. 50 ms. ; mean breadth 24, and 
area 1,200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 39° 10' to 
39° 53' and in long. 11° 02' to 1 1° 30' w. W. C. 
This CO. contains a table land from which flow 
the Kaskaskias to s. s. w. and the Embarras to 
s. Both these rs. have their sources in the 
country westward from, and yet attached to 
Vermillion co. The Kaskaskias enters and 
traverses the n. w. angle of Cole, retiring from 
it to the s. w. The Embarras traverses the co. 
in its greatest length by a general southern 
course. The extreme source of Little Wabash 
is also in the s. w. angle of this co. Cf. t. 
Charlestown. Not included in the census of 
1839. 

Cole, co. of Mo. bndd. w. and n. w. by Coo- 
per, N. by the Missouri r. separating it from 
Boone, n. e. by the river Missouri separating it 
from Callaway co., e. by the Osage separating 
it from Gasconnade co., and s. e. and s. by 
Osage r. separating it from a country not yet 
appropriated to co. division. As laid down by 
Tanner, Cole co. is in form of a triangle, longest 
side 50 ms. along Cooper, and from the Osage 
to Missouri r. ; mean breadth 17, and area 850 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 09' to 38° 
51', and in long, from 15° to 15° 31' w. W. C. 
The general slope of this co. is to the estrd., 
though the two bounding rs. converge, the Blis- 
souri to the s. e., and the Osage to the n. e. 
Moreau cr. flowing from the wstrd. and enter- 
ing Missouri one or two ms. above the influx 
of Osage, divides Cole into two not very une- 
qual sections. Cf. t. Jefferson, the cap. also of 
the state. Pop. 3,023. 

Colebrook, p-t. Coos CO. N. H. 40 ms. n. 
Lancaster, 25,000 acres, has rich meadows on 
Con. r., Mohawk r., and Beaver brook. In- 
corporated, 1790. Pop. 532. 

Colebrook, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 31 ms. 
N. w. Hartford, 18 n. e. Litchfield, on high 
ground, 5 ms. by 6, 30 sq. ms. with granite 
hills, has a hard soil, pretty good for grazing, 
with many mill seats on the main branch of 
Farmington nnd Sandy rs. Pop. 1,332, 

Colebrook, tsp. and p-o. Ashtabula co. O. by 
p-r. 191 ms. N. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 92. 

Colebrookdale, p-o. Berks co. Pa. 11 ms e. 
from Reading and 63 ms. in a similar direction 
from Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 1820, 1,046, 1830, 
1,229. 

Coleman's Cross Roads, and p-o. Edgefield 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 50 ms. wstrd. Columbia. 

Colerain, P-t. Franklin co. Mass. 105 ms. n. 
w. Boston, s. N. H., has two forks of Deerfield 
r., and was settled about 1736, by a colony from 
Ireland. Pop. 1,877. 

Colerain, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 
The p-o. is by p-r. 52 ms. from Harrisburg. 
Pop. tsp. 1820, 1,088, 1830, 1,194. 

Colerain, p-v. Bertie co. N. C. situated on 
the wstrn. side of Chowan r., 60 ms. s. s. w. 
Norfolk, Va., by p-r. 174 miles n. e. by e. Ra- 
leigh. 

Colerain Forge, and p-o. on Spruce cr. in 
the nrthrn. part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 15 ms. n. 
borough of Huntingdon, and by p-r. 106 ms. n. 
w. by w. Harrisburg. 

CoLEsviLLE, p-t. Broome co. N. Y. 15 ms. e. 



105 COL 

Chenango Point, 125 s. w. Albany, has good 
grazing, though hilly lands ; crossed by Sus. 
quehannah r. Pop. 2,387. 

CoLEsvxLLE, p-o. Montgomery co. Md. 15 ms. 
N. W. C. 

CoLESviLLE, p-v. in the s. wstrn. angle of 
Chesterfield co. Va. 31 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

College Corners, and p-o. Prebble co. O. 
situated in the n. w. part of the co. about 60 ms. 
a little w. of n. Cincinnati. 

College Hill, p-o. at Columbia college, dist. 
of Columbia, 2 ms. n. from the general p-o. 
W. C. 

Colleton, dist. S. C. bndd. s. w. by Cambahee 
r. which separates it from Beaufort, n. v/. by 
Barnwell and Orangeburgh, n. and e. by Charles- 
ton, and s. e. by Atlantic ocean. Length from 
s. E. to N. w. 37 ms., mean breadth 37, and area 
2,100 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 28' 
to 33° 18' N., and in long, from 3° 10' to 4° 8' 
w. W. C. Colleton is situated almost entirely 
within the Atlantic tide plain, and is in great 
part a dead level. Besides the Cambahee, 
which bounds it on the s. v/,, this district is 
traversed by the Edisto, and gives source and 
course to the Ashepoo r. The latter uniting 
with Cambahee, contributes to form St. Helena 
sound. The Edisto, before reaching the ocean, 
divides into two branches, encompassing an isl- 
and which bears the name of Edisto island. 
This island, chequered by points and traversed 
by numerous crs. is mostly subject to daily sub- 
mersion:3 by ocean tides, where the land of 
either the island or parts more inland, have 
been made arable ; the soil is productive. Chief 
staples, rice and cotton. Cf. t. Watersboro. 
Pop. 1820, 26,373, 1830, 27,256. 

Collie's Mill, and p-o. in the w. part of Cald- 
well CO. Ky. 12 ms. w. Eddyville. 

Colllns, t. Erie co. N. Y. 32 ms. s. Buffalo, 
is uneven, with a moist loam, favorable to the 
dairy, bearing much maple, beech, linden, &c. 
and watered by Cattaraugus cr. and two crs. of 
lake Erie. Pop. 2,120. 

Collins' cross roads, and p-o. in the s. part of 
Colleton dist. S. C. by p-r. 137 ms. a little e. of 
s. Columbia. 

Collins' Settlement, and p-o. in the w. part 
of Lewis CO. Va. by p-r. 286 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

CoLLissviLLE, p-v. a manufacturing village 
lying on both sides of Farmington r. at the s. 
part of Canton, Conn, containing about 800 in- 
habitants, of whom about 300 men are employed 
in the edge tool manufactory of Collins & Co. 
established here in 1826. The principle arti- 
cle of manufacture at present is axes, of which 
about 200,000, of superior quality, are manu- 
factured per annum. The village consists of 
about 20 buildings, of stone and wood, devoted 
to the business of the manufactory ; very neat 
and comfortable dwellings, (separate tene- 
ments,) for about 150 families ; a place of wor- 
ship, lyceum, and library, for the workmen, and 
schools for the children ; of the latter, none 
are employed in the manufactory. This village 
is entitled to particular notice, from the fact 
that it has been built up entirely by the enter- 
prise of the firm we have mentioned, to whom 
it exclusively belongs. 

CoLLiNsviLLE, p.o. in the w. part of Hunting- 



COL 



106 



COL 



don CO. Pa. bj^ p-r. 126 ms. n. of w. llarrisburg. 

CoLLiNsviLLE, p.o. ill the w. part of Madison 
CO. II. by p-r. 67 ms. Vandalia, w. 

Colon, p.v. Callaway co. Ky. about 260 ms. 
by p-r. s. \v. by w. Frankfort. 

CoLossE, p-v. Mexico, Oswego co. N. Y, 

Colts Neck, p-v. Monmouth co. N. .1. on a 
branch of Shrewsbury r. 5 ms. n. e. Freehold. 

Columbia, r. (See Oregon.) 

Columbia, p-v. Washington co. Me. 18 ms. w. 
Machias, 1 28 from Augusta,crossed by Pleasant 
r. Pop. 663. 

Columbia, p-t. Coos co. N. H. e. Conn, r., 30 
ms. N. Lancaster, with Stratford mtns. s. from 
which flow mill streams, and several ponds, 
near one of which great quantities of shells are 
found, which make lime. Few evergreens 
grow here. Pop. 442. 

Columbia, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 22 ms. e. 
Hartford, 4 ms. by 5, 20 sq. ms. is hilly, with a 
hard prime soil, favorable to grazing, and bear- 
ing oak, chesnut, &c. Pop. 962. 

Columbia, co. N. Y. is bndd. by Rensselaer 
CO. N., Mass. E., Duchess co. s., Hudson r. and 
Green and Ulster cos. (opposite) w. It is 18 
ms. by 30, contahis 594 sq. ms. and is one of 
the richest cos. in the state. It is irregular, but 
not mountainous, with Schistic hills e ; slate 
abounds, and some limestone. In the s. part the 
soil is warm gravel. Abram's and Lebanon or 
Claverack ers. flow hence into Hudson r. The 
manufactures are important. Livingston's ma- 
nor, or lordship, is in this co. It consisted of 
several grants made in 1684, '85 and '86 to Ro- 
bert Livingston, by the British government, and 
extended 10^ ms. on Hudson r., and e. about 
20^. It is owned by his heirs, (except a part 
forming Germantown,) and includes Clermont, 
Livingston, Taghkanick and Ancram. At An- 
cram are celebrated iron works. Pop. 18x10, 
38,330, 1830, 39,952. 

Columbia, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 10 ms. s. 
Herkimer. Pop. 2,181. 

Columbia, v. Warren co. N. J. on the Dela- 
ware below the Water gap, has glass manufac- 
tories, &c. N. w. Belvidere. 

Columbia, dist. of, a territory of 100 sq. ms. 
ceded in 1790 by Va. and Md. to the U. S. and 
became in 1800, the seat of government of the 
U. S. It is laid out in a square of 10 ms. each 
way, the sides lying in a direction of s. e. and 
N. w. or s. w. and n. e. Extending in lat. from 
38° 46^ to 38° 58' nearly. The capital stands, 
as determined by astronomical observation un- 
der an act of Congress, 76° 55' 30" w. from the 
royal observatory at Greenwich. Of the 100 
sq. ms. included in the dist., 36 were taken 
from Va. and included in the co. of Alexandria, 
and lie s. of the Potomac. A strip 8 ms. long 
by about 1-J wide, lying e. fr^mthe east branch, 
and N. from the main bed of the Potomac, is in- 
cluded in Washington co., which contains the 
cities of Washington and Georgetown. The 
surface of the dist. is gently undulating, afford- 
ing fine seats for the cities, within its limits, 
but the soil in its natural state is sterile, with 
but little exception. In a commercial view, the 
situation of the dist. is favorable. Ships of any 
draft are navigated to Alexandria, and those of 
large size to the navy yard on the east branch 



The Chesapeake and Delaware canal, when 
completed, will give incalculable advantages to 
Washington. The existing roads from it in 
every direction are far from being in a state 
suited to their importance. The civil govern, 
ment of the District of Columbia is under the 
immediate authority of the general government, 
and the municipal power is exercised by a 
mayor and corporation. In 1820, the population 
of the dist. was 33,0.39, viz. whites, in W. C, 
9,607; Georgetown, 4,940 ; Alexandria, 5,615, 
and in the two cos. independent of the cities, 
there were in Washington co. 1,512; Alexan. 
dria, 941. Total whites, 22,615. Coloredpop. 
free, 4,048 ; slaves, 6,370. In 1830, the popu- 
lation was as follows : 
Washington city, 

Males. Females.' 
Whiles, 6,581 6,798 13,379 

Colo'd. free, 1,342 1,787 3,129 
Slaves, 1,010 1,309 2,319.18,827 

Washington co. without the city, 
Males. Females. 
Whites, 1,015 712 1,727 

Colo'd. free, 163 104 267 
Slaves, 606 394 1,000 . 2,994 

Alexandria city. 

Males. Females. 
Whites, 2,712 2,969 5,681 

Colo'd. free, 565 816 1,381 
Slaves, 462 739 1,201 . 8,263 

Alexandria co. without the city. 
Males. Females. 
Whites, 401 401 802 

Colo'd. free, 76 101 177 

Slaves, 179 l85 364. 1,345 

Georgetown, 

Mali^s. Females. 
White, 3,052 3,006 6,058 

Colo'd. free, 500 709 1,209 
Slaves, 521 653 1,174 , 8,441 

Total population of the Dist. 1830^ " 39,868 
For more particular statistical and other de- 
tails, (see articles Washington city, Alexandria 
and Georgetown.) 

Columbia, co. of Pa. bndd. by Northumber- 
land w., Lycoming n. w., Luzerne n. e., Sus- 
quehannah s. e., and Northumberland s. and s. 
w. Length from s. to n. 35, and mean breadth 
20, and area 700 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 40° 56' to 41° 16', and in long, from 0° 
14' to 0° 50' w. W. C. The east branch of Sus- 
quehannah r. enters the eastern border of Co- 
lumbia, and flows over it in a southwestern di- 
rection, leaving about one third of the co. to 
the s. E. The northern section is nearly com. 
mensurate with the valley of Fishing cr., which, 
rising in Bald mtn., flows southwardly, and falls 
into Susquehannah at Bloomsburg, The face 
of the CO. is broken by numerous lateral ridges 
of mtns. extending in a direction n. e. and s. w. 
The river soil is highly productive in grain and 
pasturage. Cf. t. Danville. Pop. 1820, 17,621, 
1830, 20,049. 

Columbia, p-v. and tsp. Lancaster co. Pa. 
situated on the left bank of Susquehannah r. 10 
ms. w. from Lancaster, and 30 s. e. Harris, 
burg. At this place a fine wooden bridge, rest- 
ing on stone piers, crosses the Susquehannah 



COL 



107 



COL 



and connects the v. of Columbia with Wright- 
ville. Pop. 2,047. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Fluvanna co. Va. 
situated on the right bank of Fluvanna r. and 
near the centre of the co. lat. 37° 46', and in 
long. 1° 28' vv. W. C. and 52 ms. n. w. by vv. 
Richmond. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Tyrell co. N. C. 
situated on a small cr. which enters the s. side 
of Albemarle sound, lat. 35° 53', and Ions. 0° 
45' E. W. C. by p-r. 187 ms. e. Raleigh, and 332 
ms. E. of s. W. C. 

Columbia, p-t. and st. jus. Richland dist. and 
of the government of S. C. by p-r. 500 ms. a lit- 
tle s. of s. w. W. C. The real bearing between 
the two places, calculated on Mercator's princi- 
ples, is 33° 20' deviation from the meridians, 
and the distance 406 ms. Columbia, is 110 ms. 
N. w. Charleston, and almost exactly on the in- 
tersection of lat. 84° and long. 4° w. W. C. and 
directly opposite the union of Saluda and Broad 
rs. This town is laid out on a regular plan, 
v/ith streets at right angles to each other, and 
100 feet wide. It contains South Carolina col- 
lege, a state house 1 70 by 60 ft., 5 or 6 churches, 
with other public buildings. The college edifices 
are spacious and splendid, 3 stories high, but 
unusually narrow for the length, being 210 by 
25 ft. Upwards of ^200,000 have been expend- 
ed by the state on this institution, which also re- 
ceives an annual grant of ,$15,000. The col- 
lege possesses a respectable library and philo- 
sophical apparatus. Pop. 1832, 3,500. 

ColumbIa, CO. of Geo. bndd. by Richmond s. 
E., Warren s. w., Wilkes n. w., Lincoln n., and 
Savannah r. separating it from Edgefield dist. 
S. C. N. E. Length 30, mean breadth about 20, 
and area 600 sq. ms. Surface waving, and soil 
productive. It extends in lat. from 33° 20', to 
33° 42', and in long, from 5° 1' to 5° 40' w. W. 
C. Cf. t. Applington. Pop. 1820, 12,695, 1830, 
12,606. 

Columbia, co. of Flor. bndd. by Hamilton n., 
Duval E., Alachua s., and Suwannee r. separating 
it from Madison w. J at. 30°, and long. W. C. 
G° w. intersect in this co. but the exact out- 
lines being undetermined the approximate area 
cannot be given. From the nrthestrn. section 
rise the extreme sthwstrn. tributaries of St. 
Mary's r. slope to n. e. The body of the co. 
however, lies in the basin of Suwannee, and de- 
clines to the s. w. and drained by numerous 
branches of that stream. Central part about 
100 ms. a little s. of e. Tallahassee. Pop. un- 
certain. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. Ala. by 
p-r. 872 ms. s. w. W. C. and 260 s. e. Tuscaloo- 
sa. It is situated on one of the higher branches 
of Choctawhatchie r. Lat. 31° 22', long. 8° 32' 
w. W. C. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus., Marion co. Misp. 
by p-r. 1097 ms. s. w. W. C, 110 ms. s. e. by e. 
Natchez, and 100 ms. n. New Orleans. It is 
situated on the left or eastern bank of Pearl r. 
at latitude 3l° 17', and longitude 12° 50' w. 
W.C. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Maury co. Ten. by 
p-r. 733 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 42 ms. s. s. 
w. Nashville. It is situated on the left bank of 
Puckr. at lat. 35° 36', long, W. C. 10° 01' w 



Columbia, c. li. Columbia co. Geo. (See 
Applington.) 

Columbia, p-v. Monroe co. II. by p-r? 90 ms. 
s. w. Vandalia. 

Columbia, p-v. and st. jus. Boone co. Mo. by 
p-r. 992 ms. wstrd. W. C. 57 n. Jefferson, and 
by the common road 130 ms. n. w. by w. St. 
Louis. 

Columbia Ckoss Roads and p-o. in the n. 
part Bradford co. Pa. by p-r. 148 ms. e. of n. 
Harrisburg. 

Columbiana, p-v. Shelby co. Ala. by p-r. 60 
ms. estrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Columbiana, co. 0. bndd. s. by Jefferson, s. 
w. by Harrison, w. by Stark, n. w. by Portage, 
N. by Trumbull, e. by Beaver co. Pa. and s. e. 
by the 0. r. separating it from Brooke co. Va. 
The length from s. to n. a little exceeds the 
breadth, but the whole co. approaches to near a 
square of 30 ms. each side, or 900 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 4'J° 32' to 41° n., and in 
long, from 3° 30' to 4° 5' w. W. C. The cen- 
tral part of Columbiana is a table land, from 
which issue wstrd. Sandy creek, branch of Tus- 
carawas r. ; from the nthrn. the sources of Ma- 
honing, branch of Big lieaver r. ; and from the 
E. and s. E. sections the sources of Little Bea- 
ver. Cf. t. New Lisbon. Pop. 1820, 22,033, 
Ui30, 35,592. 

Columbiana, p-v. n, w. part of Columbia co. 
0. 160 ms. N. E. by E. Columbus. Pop. v. 172. 
Columbian Grove, and p-o. Lunenburg co. 
Va. by p-r. 102 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Columbiaville, v. of Hudson and Kinderhook, 
Columbia co. N. Y. on Kinderhook cr., is a 
large manufacturing v., near Hudson r. access- 
ible in boats, and on the Albany and N. Y. 
roads. It has 11 cotton factories, of above 
2000 spindles each, and employs above 2000 
persons. 350 calico printers are employed at 
Messrs. Marshalls' factory, where 4000 pieces 
of 30 yards are made weekly. This is con- 
nected with cotton spinning, and weaving; and 
the capital invested amounts to $450,000. 

Columbus, Chenango co. N. Y., 82 ms. s. of 
w. Albany. It has 2 post-offices, at i olumbus, 
and Columbus Corners. Pop. 1,661. 

Columbus, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 92 ms. 
N. E. Harrisburg. 

Columbus, one of the two most southern cos. 
of N. C. bndd. n. w. by Lumber r. separating it 
from Robeson, n. and n. e. by Bladen, e. and s. 
E. by Alacamaw r. separating it from Bruns- 
wick, and s. w. by Horry dist. S. C. Length 
35 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 525 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 33° 58' to 34° 30', and 
in long, from 1° 40' to 2° 11' w. W. C. Sur- 
face flat, and in part marshy. Cf. t. Whites- 
ville. Pop. 1820, 3,912, 1830, 4,141. 

Columbus, p-v. and st. jus. Muscogee co. 
Geo. on the left bank of the Chattahooche r. 123 
ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 36', 
long. 8°. 10' w. W.C. 

Columbus, p-v. Lowndes co. Misp. on the left 
bank Tombigbee r. at the point where the road 
to New Orleans separates from that to Natchez, 
236 ms. N. E. by e. from the latter, and 276 n. 
N. E. from the former. 

Columbus, p-v. McMinn co. Ten. by p-r. 153 
ms, a. E. by e. Nashville. 



CON 



108 



CON 



Columbus, p-v. and st. jus. Hickman co. Ky. 
situated on the left bank of the Misp. r. above 
the upper end of Wolf Island, about 23 ms. be- 
low tlie mouth of 0. and by p-r. 277 ms. s. w. 
by w. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 48', long. 12° 12' w. 
W. C. 

Columbus, p-t. and st. jus. for Franklin co. 
and St. of the state government of O. Lat. 39° 
57', long. 6° w. and distant 330 (by p-r. 396) 
ms. from W. C. Flint gives its relative position 
551 ms. from N. Y., 477 from Phil., 755 from 
Boston, 429 from Baltimore, 991 from New Or- 
leans, 377 from Nashville, and 112 irom Cin. 
cinnati. It is 216 ms. almost exactly due s. 
from Detroit. It is seated on the eastern or left 
bank of Sciota r. immediately below the influx 
ofWhetstone r. the site being a gentle acclivity 
from the stream. In the spring of 1812, the 
ground on which this now flourishing tov/n 
stands was a wilderness. By the census of 
1830, the pop. was then 2,435. It contains a 
state house on a public square, of brick, 75 by 
50 ft. with a cupola 105 ft. high, a building for 
public offices 100 by 25 ft. ; the necessary coun- 
ly buildings, penitentiary numerous and re- 
spectable private schools, and a classical acade- 
my, four printing offices, market-house, and an 
asylum for the deaf and dumb. A canal of 11 
ms. connects this place with the Ohio and Erie 
canal. There are three or four places of pub- 
lic worship, and from 340 to 350 dwelling 
houses. The relative position of this town, be- 
ing very near the physical centre of the state, 
almost ensures its permanence as the seat of 
state government, and having a navigable ca- 
nal to unite it with the O. r. and lake Erie, 
gives stability to commercial prosperity. 

Columbus, p-v. and st. jus. Bartholomew co. 
Ind. by p-r. 598 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. and 
41 ms. s. s. E. Indianopolis. It is situated on 
Driftwood Fork of White r., 84 ms. a little n. of 
w. Cincinnati, O. at n. lat. 39° 14', long. 8° 53' 

AV. W. C. 

Colvin's Tavern, and p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 
by p-r. 87 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Coman's Well and p-o. Sussex co. Va. by 
p-r. 68 ms. s. s. e. Richmond. 

CoMBAiiEE, r. of S. C. rising between S. Edis- 
to and Savannah rs. and flowing thence s. e. 50 
ms. receiving from the n. a stream of alriiost 
equal length, the Salkehatchie. The united 
waters continue to flow s. e. 30 ms, and fall into 
the head of St. Helena sound. The Combahee 
in the 50 lower ms. of its course separates CoUe- 
ton and Beaufort dists. 

Comfort, p-v. Jones co. N. C. by p-r. 152 ms. 
s. e. Raleigh. 

CoMiTE, small r, rising near the line between 
La. and Misp. enters the former state, and tra- 
versing the parish of East Feliciana, falls into 
Amite r. 12 ms. estrd. Baton Rouge. 

Commerce, p-v. e. part of Wilson co. Ten. 43 
ms. E. Nashville. 

CoMMUNiPA, v. Bergen co. N. J. w. side N. 
Y. bay, opposite s. end Manhatten Island, 2 
ms. s. w. Jersey City, on low lands ; sends 
oysters &c.to N. Y. market. 

Concord, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 55 ms. Au- 
gusta, w. side Kennebec r. Pop. 391. 

Concord, p-t. Merrimack co. N, II. cap. of 



the state, 45 ms. w. n. w. Portsmouth, 62 ms. w- 
N. w. Boston, 505 Washington. Long. 71° 30' 
w., lat. 43° 12', on both sides of Merrimack r. 
on which are rich meadows ; 40,918 acres, of 
which 1800 are vs-ater. It has 5 ponds, is 
crossed by Contoocook r. and has Sewalls, 
Turkey and Garvins falls on Merrimack r. 
with locks for navigation on the last. The river 
boating company have stores on the bank, and 
boat navigation extends through Middlesex 
canal to Boston. Pine grows on the low grounds. 
The upland is very good. First settled 1724, 
and suffered some from the Indians 1746. The 
village of Concord is handsomely built, on 2 
principal streets w. Merrimack r. It contains a 
state house, and state prison, both of Granite ; 
a court house, 3 congregational churches, (one 
of which is Unitarian), 1 Baptist,l Methodist, and 
1 Quaker. There are also 7 printing offices 
here, in which 5 newspapers are printed, and 
one stereotype foundry. There is also a sa- 
vings bank here, beside other banking capital 
amounting to $200,000. Pop. 3,727. 

Concord, p-t. Essex co. Vt., n. Conn. r. 38 
ms. E. by N. Montpelier. First settled 1788 ; 
has an academy, incorporated 1823, is partly 
watered by Moose r., uneven, with good graz- 
ing, and some tillage, 9 school districts. Pop. 
1,031. 

Concord, r. Middlesex co. Mass. runs n. and 
joins Merimack r. at Chelmsford, after serving 
as the only feeder to the Middlesex canal. 

Concord, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 18 ms. n. 
Boston, crossed by Concord r. ; incorporated 
1635; has some good meadows, light soil on 
the plains, and gravelly loam on the hills. In 
the imttle of Concord, 19th April, 1775, the mi- 
lilia drove back the British light infantry, under 
Col. Smith and Maj. Pitcairne, who had come 
from Boston to destroy military stores deposited 
here. The action was at the bridge, and with 
that at Lexington, on the same day, caused the 
first bloodshed in the revolutionary war. The 
provincial congress met here 1774. Pop. 2,017. 

Concord, t. Erie co. N. Y. 32 ms. s. s. e. 
Buffalo, N. Cattaraugus cr. whose branches v/a- 
ter it, with some of Cazenovia cr. &c., has a 
moist loam, good for grazing and bearing beech, 
maple, bass, &c. Pop. 1,924. 

Concord, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 ms. n. 
w. Ballstown Spa, is crossed by Sacandaga cr. 
and Kayderosseras mtn. Pop. 758. 

Concord, meeting house, and p.o. Del. co. 
Pa. 10 ms. n. Wilmington. 

Concord, small p-v. Franklin co. Pa. situated 
on the head of Tuscarora cr. near the extreme 
nthrn. angle of the co. about 45 ms. nearly due 
w. Harrisburg. 

Concord, small p-v. on the head of Broad cr. 
branch of Nantikoke r. Sussex co. Del. 40. ms. 
s. Dover. 

Concord, p-v. Campbell co. Va. 118 ms. vv. 
Richmond. 

CoiNCORD, p-v and st. jus. Cabarras co. N. C. 
situated on a branch of Rocky r. by p-r. 140 ms. 
s. of w. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 26' long. 3° 32' w. 
W.C. 

Concord, p-v. Decatur co. Geo, by p-r. 186 
ms. s. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Concord, p-v. and tsp. in the n. e. part of Ge- 



CON 



109 



CON 



auCTa CO. 0. by p-r. 163 ms. n. k. Columbus. — 
Pop. 1830, 979. 

CoNCOKD, p-v. in the s. part White co. II. 10 
ms. from Carmi, the st. jus. for the co. 

Concordia, parish of La. bndd. by Misp. r. e. 
and s., by Red r. s. w., and by Owachitta and 
Tensaw rs. w. Length 120, breadth unequal, 
but average about 10 ; area about 1200 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 31° to about 32°, and 
long, from 14° to 14° 50' vv. W. C. It is a long 
level peninsula, falling by a very gentle slope 
from the Misp. towards Owachitta and Tensaw 
rs. It is much traversed by interlocking lakes 
and water courses, with an exuberantly fertile 
soil, but at least nine tenths liable to annual 
submersion. In its natural state a very dense 
forest covered the whole land surface. The 
arable part, as every where else in Louisiana, 
where annual iloods prevail, is composed of 
narrow strips along the streams. Staple, cot- 
ton. Cf. t. Concordia. Pop. 1820, 2,626, 1830, 
4,662. 

Concordia, lake of La. in the parish of Con- 
cordia, evidently once a bend of the Misp. r. 
It is about 5 ms. long, curving to the wstrd. 
with a breadth of between 4 and ^ a m. con. 
nected with the Misp. by an outlet which leaves 
that stream directly opposite Natchez. 

Concordia, p-v. and st. jus. parish of Con- 
cordia, La. situated on the right banli of the 
Misp., opposite Natchez. 

Concordia, p-v. in the w. part of Dark co. 0., 
109 ms. n. of w. Columbus. 

CoNECocHEAGUE, r. of Pa. and Md. rises in 
the former by two branches, the wstrn. in the 
nthrn. part of Franklin co. interlocking sources 
with those of Tuscarora cr. ; the estrn, rises in 
Adams co. but flowing wstrd. enters Cumber- 
land, interlocking sources with those of the 
Monocacy, Conewago, and Conedogwinet, pass- 
ing Chambersburg, the e. branch turns to the 
s. s. w. and imiting below Greencastle with the 
wstrn., enters Washington in Md. and falls into 
the Potomac at Williamsport. The valley of 
Conecocheague is about 40 ms. in length, by a 
mean breadth of 15 ; area 600 sq. ms. ; but it is 
important from the almost uniform fertility of 
soil. From Chambersburg to its mouth, this 
river, serving nearly as a line of separation, 
leaves the limestone e. and slate w. {See Kit- 
iatinny valley.) 

Conecuh, r. of Ala. and Flor. rising by nume- 
rous branches in Pike, Butler, Conecuh, and 
Covington cos. of the former, flow generally to 
the s. w., unite in Conecuh co., where, turning 
to the sthrd. enters Florida, about two miles 
within which it receives an inferior branch, the 
Escambia, but loses its name in that of an un- 
important confluent ; the extreme remote sources 
of the Conecuh rise above lat. 32°, and if we in- 
clude Escambia, the valley reaches to 30° 25', 
with a length of 140 ms. and mean breadth of 25 ; 
area 3,500 sq. ms. The Conecuh is navigable at 
high water as high as Montezuma in Covington 
CO. In general the soil of the valley is sterile 
and wooded by pine timber. 

Conecuh, co. of Ala. bndd. by Baldwin co. 
w., Monroe n. w., Butler n., Covington e., and 
Escambia co. in Flor. s. Length 53 from s. to 
N., mean breadth 27; area 1531 sq. ms., in 

15 



lat. from 31° to 31° 46' n. and long, from 9° 51' 
to 10° 30' w. W. C. This CO. is drained by va- 
rious branches of Conecuh r. which join the 
main body of that stream near Fort Crawford. 
The soil is of middling quality. Cf. t. Sparta. 
Staple, principally cotton. Pop. 1820, 5,713, 
1830, 7,444. 

Conedogwinet, r. of Pa. rising in the n. e, 
part of Franklin, and s. w. of Cumberland co. 
leaving the former and entering the latter, 
gradually curves from n. to n. e. and finally 
nearly e., passes within little more than a mile 
from Carlisle, finally falls into Susquehannah, 
about 2 ms. above llarrisburg, after a compar- 
ative course of 80 ms. The vallies of Cone- 
dogwinet and Conecocheague united, occupy 
the greater part of the important mountain val- 
ley between the Kittatinny and Blue Ridge, and 
between the Susquehannah and Potomac rs. 
The Conedogwinet, like the Conecocheague, 
very nearly separates the limestone and slate 
formations. The two streams seem to oflfer a 
tempting means of constructing a canal to unite 
the two fine rivers into which they are respec- 
tively discharged. 

CoNEMAUGH, r. of Pa. rises by numerous 
branches in the valley between the Alleghany 
mtn. and Laurel Hill, and in Somerset and Cam- 
bria cos. opposite the sources of the w. branch 
of Susquehannah, Juniata, and a branch of 
Potomac, and in the same valley interlocking 
sources with those of the Youghioghany to the 
s., and those of the w. branch of Susquehannah 
to the N. After a general course to the n. w., 
the different branches unite at the lower slope 
of the valley, and the united waters pierce the 
Laurel Hill, turn to a n. w. by w. course, tra- 
verse the valley between Laurel Hill and Ches- 
nut Ridge, and piercing the latter chain, leave 
the mountains and enter on the great wstrn. 
hilly region. Continuing to n. w. by w. and re. 
ceiving from the n. Cherry r. from Ind. co. and 
from the s. Loyalhanna, from Westmoreland co. 
fall into the Alleghany r. at Freeport, after a 
comparative course of 150 ms. very nearly of 
similar length with the Youghioghany ; the 
Conemaugh valley is more extensive. That of 
Youghioghany embracing about 4000, and that 
of Conemaugh 6000 sq. ms. Independent of 
the mountain ridges, the elevation of the higher 
part of the Conemaugh valley is about 1,300 ft., 
but the fall of its plain so rapid, that from the 
summit of the Alleghany to Johnstown, where 
the two main rivers unite in Cambria co., in a 
direct distance of 50 ms., the descent is 1,137 
ft. The Conemaugh r. has gained an impor- 
tance much beyond its comparative size, as its 
immediate valley from .Tohnstown to the mouth, 
has become the route of the traverse section of 
the Pa. canal. 

Conemaugh, late .Tohnstown, p.v. atthe forks 
of Conemaugh r., Cambria co. Pa., by p.r. 138 
ms. w. llarrisburg. 

CoNEQUENEssiNG, r. of Pa. composed of the 
Conequenessing and Slippery Rock crs. The 
inclined plain extending from the Alleghany r. 
above Pittsburg to the summit level between 
the vallies of Ohio and lake Erie, has its slope 
of declination to the s., giving source to the nu- 
merous branches of Shenango and Coneque. 



CON 



110 



CON 



nessing rs. or the e. confluents of Big Beaver r. 
These streams rise generally within about 10 or 
12 ms. from the Alleghany r. and flow directly 
from it to the s. w. The valley of the Cone- 
quenessing is nearly commensurate with the 
quadrangular space between Alleghany, Ohio, 
Big Beaver rs. comprising two thirds of Butler, 
with part of Alleghany and Mercer cos. embra- 
cing a square of about 30 ms. each way, or 900 
eq. ms. 

CoNESTOGOE, r. of Pa. in Lancaster, Berks, 
and Dauphin cos. This fine stream has its re- 
mote sources only in Lebanon and Berks ; the 
greatest part of its valley is in Lancaster. The 
comparative length of Conestogoe is about 30 
ms., and the breadth of its sources about an 
equal distance, stretching from the Welsh mtn. 
to the Conewago Hills. The area of the valley 
is 450 sq. ms. This small natural section in- 
cludes the city of Lancaster, the nrthrn. and 
central parts of Lancaster co. and is one of the 
best cultivated and most productive tracts of 
the U. S. A canal extends along the Conesto. 
goe valley, from the city of Lancaster to its 
discharge into Susquehannah r. 10 ms. s. s. w. 
from that city. 

Conestogoe, p-o. and tsp. of Lancaster co. 
Pa. Pop. 2,152. 

CoNEsus, t. Livingston co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,690. 

Conewago, r. rises by its w. and main branch 
in Adams co. Pa. and by its estrn. confluent in 
Frederick co. Md. The two branches unite in 
Adams co. near Abbotstown, and assuming a 
N. e. course fall into the Susquehannah, oppo- 
site Bainbridge in Lancaster co. after a compar- 
ative course of 40 ms. The valley of the Cone- 
wago and that of Manocacy united, fill the space 
between the Blue Ridge and the s. e. range of 
Appalachian system, and between the Susque- 
hannah and Potomac rs. 

Conewago, small creek of Pa. rising in Leba. 
non CO. and flowing thence s. s. w. separating 
Lancaster from Lebanon and Dauphin cos. and 
falling into the Susquehannah, opposite York 
Haven, after a course of 15 ms. 

Conewango, r. N. Y. rises between Chatau- 
que and Cattaraugus cos. runs w. to the outlet 
of Chatauque lake, then s. to Alleghany r. at 
Warren, Pa. Length 40 ms. and is navigated 
in boats and rafts parts of the year, which may 
go within 7 ms. of lake Erie. 

Conewango, t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 
1830, 1,712. 

Conewango, p-v. n. part of Warren co. Pa., on 
Conewango cr., by p-r. 222 ms. n. w. Harris- 
burg. 

CoNEwiNGo, cr. and p-o. n. w. angle of Cecil 
CO. Md. 40 ms. n. e. Baltimore. The lower 
falls in Susquehannah, sometimes, though erro- 
neously, called Conewingo falls. The true 
Conewingo falls are 6 ms. above the lower falls 
or head of tide water. 

Coney Isl. Kings co. N. Y. on the s. side 
Long Isl. 3 ms. below the Narrows. 

Congaree, r. of S. C. formed by the united 
streams of Broad and Saluda rs. which com- 
mingle at Columbia, almost at the point where 
lat 34° and 4° Icn. w. W .C. intersect. The gene- 
ral and comparative course of the Congaree is 



s. E. with a sweep to the s., and thence e. 35 
ms. ; but by the meanders the length would 
probably exceed 50 ms. ; in a swampy tract be- 
tween Orangeburgh, Richland and Sumpter dis- 
tricts, the Congaree unites with the Wateree 
from the n. to form the Santee. (See Santee ) 

CoNHocTON, cr. Steuben co. N. Y. enters 
Chemung r. at Painted Post. 

CoNHOCTON, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 16 ms, 
N. w. Bath, gives rise to Conhocton r., bears 
beech, maple, elm, bass, ash, hemlock and 
grass. Pop. 2,711. 

CoNKLiN, t. Broome co. N. Y. Pop. 908. 

Conneaut, lake & cr. of Crawford co. Pa. The 
lake is about 4 ms. long, and 1 to 2 wide, dis- 
charging the cr. southeastward in French cr. 
which it enters about 8 ms. s. from Meadville. 

Conneaut, small r. of Pa. and 0. rises in 
Crawford co. of the former, near a lake of the 
same name, and flowing thence 20 ms. n. n. e. 
enters Erie co. in which it inflects to the w. 15 
ms., entering Ashtabula co. Ohio, and again 
turning abruptly to n. e. 10 ms. falls into lake 
Erie in the n. e. angle of the state of O. at the 
p-v. of Conneaut. 

Conneaut, p-v. in the extreme n. e. angle of 
Ashtabula co. O. at the mouth of Conneaut cr. 
by p-r. 203 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 30 ms. s. w. 
by w. Erie, in Erie co. Pa. 

Conneautville, p-v. on Conneaut cr. in the 
N. w. part of Crawford co. Pa. 20 ms. n. w, 
Meadville. 

Connecticut r. the principal and most im. 
portant stream of New England, rises in the 
highlands, dividing the United States from 
Lower Canada, the head waters of which, form, 
ing Lake Connecticut, are 16 hundred feet 
above the level of L. I. Sound. Within the first 
25 ms. of its course, which is s. w., it falls 
about 600 ft. ; afterwards pursuing a more 
southerly course to the head of Fifteen Mile 
falls, it has a farther descent of 350 ft. in 20 ms. 
Between the latter, and the foot of Enfield falls, 
where it meets tide water, are several other 
descents and rapids, among which the principal 
are White r. falls at Hanover, and Bellows falls 
near Walpole, in N. H. ; Miller's and Monta- 
gue's and Hadley falls in Mass. ; and Enfield 
falls in Conn. The descent in these, exclusive 
of smaller rapids which intervene, is 236 ft. 
The general course of the river is southerly, 
dividing the states of Vt. and N. H. ; afterwards 
crossing the western part of Mass., and dividing 
Conn, almost equally from n. to s. as far as 
Middletown, whence it curves to the s. e. to 
Saybrook, between which place and Lyme it 
empties into Long Island Sound. The length of 
the Conn, including its windings, is 400 ms., 
and the valley, not following the course of the 
stream, is over 300 ms. long. The tributaries 
of the Connecticut are numerous ; among them 
are the Pasumsic, a large stream emptying into 
the Conn, at the foot of Fifteen Mile falls ; 
White r. at Hanover ; Deerfield and Agawam, 
at the two places from which they derive their 
names, and Farmington or Windsor r. at Wind- 
sor, Conn. These are the principal tributaries 
on the w. side. On the e. the most important 
are Miller's r. which flows into the Conn, at 
Montague ; and at Springfield it receives the 



CON 



111 



CON 



Chickapee, its largest tributary. The valley of 
the Conn, presents to the eye every variety of 
scenery ; magnificent mountains, and hills, val- 
leys and meadow^s, unsurpassed in beauty or 
fertility ; upon its banks are some of the most 
beautiful tow^ns and villages in New England. 
Nearly two hundred small lakes, from one to 
three miles in length, are scattered over the 
higher surfaces, and are generally found at the 
sources of tributaries of the river. The Mas- 
comy in Lebanon, N. H. and the Sunapee, are 
the largest in the valley ; the former being 7, 
and the latter 12 ms. in length. Among the 
high lands which bound the valley, are the 
Green mountains in Vt. with peaks and ridges 
4,000 ft. high ; and on the e. are the White 
mountains, and Monadnok, in N. H. Mount 
Washington, of the former, is the highest land 
between the Atlantic and the Rocky mountains, 
and is 6,250 ft. above the level of the ocean. 
Ascutney mountain in Vt. lies wholly within the 
valley, and is 3,000 ft. high. The banks of the 
Connecticut are annually overflowed in the 
spring, and not unfrequently at other seasons ; 
the extensive meadows lying upon its banks re- 
ceive at such times a rich, valuable and abund- 
ant addition to their soil. Numerous bridges 
are thrown across the river, the lowest of 
which is at Hartford, At the n. boundary of 
Vt. the Conn, is 150 ft. wide ; 60 ms. below, 
390 ft. ; and in Mass. and Conn, it varies from 
450 to 1,050 ft. in width. Salmon, which for- 
merly were abundant in the Conn, have entirely 
disappeared ; the principal fishery is shad, 
which is very valuable. Large quantities of 
other fine fish also abound in it. The Connect- 
icut is navigable to Hartford, 50 ms. from its 
mouth, for vessels of 8 ft. draft, and to Middle- 
town, for those drawing 10 ft, of water. Large 
steam boats ply daily between the former place 
and the city of N. York, touching at the inter- 
mediate places on the r. Above Hartford 
numerous flat bottom boats of 15 to 30 tons 
burthen ascend 220 ms, above Hartford, to 
Wells r. by aid of locks and canals around the 
falls. These are principally towed by small 
steam boats, six in number, placed on the diff'er- 
ent sections between Springfield, Mass., and 
Wells river. Two steam boats, for passengers, 
also ply daily between Hartford and Springfield. 
The improvements recently made, and others 
contemplated in the navigation of the river, have 
already given a fresh impulse to business, as is 
evident from the great increase of merchandise 
and produce transported upon its waters, and 
the increasing intercourse between the towns 
and villages in its vicinity, 

Connecticut, one of the United States ; bndd. 
N. by Massachusetts, e. by Rhode Island, s. by 
Long Island Sound, and w. by New York. It 
lies between 41° and 42° lat. and between long. 
3° 30' and 5° 15' e. W. C, It is 90 ms. long, 
70 broad and contains 4764 sq. ms. This state 
was first settled in 1635, by emigrants from 
Massachusetts, who located themselves in 
Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield. A Char- 
ter was granted to them by Charles the 2d, in 
1662. New Haven, which was settled by emi- 
grants from England 1638, and for many years 
formed a separate colony, was united with Con= 



necticut under this charter in 1665. The people 
were greatly harrassed by the arbitrary and op- 
pressive conduct of James 2d. In 1687, Sir 
Edmund Andross, having been appointed gover- 
nor of New England, came to Hartford, and by 
royal authority demanded a surrender of the 
charter. The assembly being then in session, 
were reluctant to make this surrender, and 
while the subject was unde? consideration, the 
charter was secretly conveyed away, and con^ 
cealed in the cavity of an old oak tree on the 
estate of Mr. Wyllys, one of the magistrates 
of the colony. This charter formed the basis 
of the government until 1818, when the present 
constitution was adopted. The powers of the 
government are now divided into three distinct 
departments, viz. the legislative, executive, and 
judicial. The- legislative power is vested in a 
senate- and house of representatives. The se-. 
nate must consist of not less than 18, nor more 
than 24 members, who are chosen annually in, 
as many districts, by a plurality of votes. "The 
present number is 21. The house of represen- 
tatives consists of 209 members, who are cho- 
sen annually in each town by a majority of votes,, 
178 towns, (the more ancient ones,) sending two- 
members, 53 towns only one. The executive- 
power is vested in a governor, who must be 30 
years of age,, and is chosen annually by a ma- 
jority of the votes of the people* The lieuten-. 
ant governor is also chosen annually by the 
people. He is president of the senate, and al- 
so performs the duties of governor, in case of 
his death, resignation, refusal to serve, impeach- 
ment, or absence. The- legislature has one sta-. 
ted session annually, on the first Wednesday in- 
May, alternately at Hartford and New Haven. 
The judicial power is vested in a supreme court 
of errors, a superior court, and such inferior 
courts as the legislature may from time to time 
establish. All the judges are appointed by the 
legislature ; those of the supreme and superior 
courts, hold their offices during good behavior 
until 70 years of age, subject to impeachment, 
or removal by the governor, on the address of 
two thirds of each branch of the legislature. 
The supreme court of errors is composed' sji' 
five judges, and is held in each county annually. 
The superior court is held twice every year in 
each county, by one of the judges of the supreme 
court. In each county also, there is a county 
court, composed of a chief judge and two asso- 
ciate judges, who with justices of the peace are- 
appointed annually. Every white male citizen 
of the United States,, 21 years of age, who has 
gained a settlement in the state, resided in the 
town six months, and haviag a freehold estate 
of the yearly value of seven dollars ; or hav- 
ing performed military duty ; or paid state tax, 
may be an elector. The surface of the state 
is uneven and greatly diversified by hills and 
valleys. There are three ranges of mountains, 
in the state ; one running within 8 or 10 miles 
of Connecticut river, on the east side, as far 
south as Chatham, where it crosses the river 
and terminates at East Haven ; the Mount Tom 
range, which comes from Massachusetts, runs, 
through the whole state on the west side of the 
Connecticut, and terminates at New Haven in a 
perpendicular bluff called East Rock ; and the 



CON 



112 



CON 



Green mountain range, which is still further 
west, comes from Vermont, passes through the 
whole state, and terminates in a similar bluff, at 
New Haven, called West Rock. The land is 
generally good, and the meadows on Connecti- 
cut river are uncommonly fine ; but a large part 
of the state is better adapted to grazing than 
tillage. The principal productions are, Indian 
corn, rye, wheat in some parts, oats, barley, 
flax, grass, potatoes. Butter and cheese are 
made in large quantities. Sheep are extensive- 
ly raised, and beef and pork are abundant. The 
farms are generally small, varying from 50 to 
300 or 400 acres. The winters are severe, but 
the country is healthy. The principal rivers 
are the Connecticut, the Housatonic, and the 
Thames. The principal harbors. New London, 
New Haven and Bridgeport. Iron ore of ex- 
cellent quality is found in great abundance in 
Salisbury, and other places in the northwestern 
part of the state. A copper mine was opened 
and wrought at Simsbury previous to the revo. 
lutionary war, but was subsequently abandoned, 
and for many years occupied as a state prison ; 
after the removal of the prison, a company 
commenced working it again, who have suc- 
ceeded in obtaining copper ore of great purity. 
Superior white marble is found at Washington 
and New Milford, and beautiful variegated 
marble of the verd antique species, at New Ha- 
ven and Milford. There are extensive quarries 
of excellent free stone, at Chatham and other 
adjacent towns on the river. 

The state is divided into eight counties, Hart- 
ford. New Haven, New London, Fairfield, 
Windham, Litchfield, Middlesex, and Tolland. 
There are five incorporated cities, Hartford, 
New Haven, New London, Norwich, and Mid- 
dletown ; and eight boroughs, Danbury, Guil- 
ford, Bridgeport, Newtown, Stonington, Stam- 
ford, Waterbury, and Killingworth. The pop- 
ulation of Connecticut in 1810 was 261,942, and 
in 1820, 275,248. In 1830 it was as follows. 



Counties. 


Counties. 




Hartford, 51,141 


Windham, 


27,077 


New Haven, " 43,848 


Litchfield, 


42,855 


New London, 42,295 


Middlesex, 


24,845 


Fairfield, 46,950 


Tolland, 


18,700 


Of which were whites, 








Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years, 


19,033 


18,270 


5 to 15 


35,679 


33,518 


15 to 30 


42,675 


42,518 


30 to 50 


28,203 


31,151 


50 to 70 


13,346 


15,952 


70 to 90 


4,025 


4,988 


90 and above. 


86 


159 



Total, 143,047 146,556 

Of free colored persons there were as fol- 
lows : — under 10, 1,019 males, 1,051 females — 
between 10 and 24, 1,121 males, 1,233 females 
between 24 and 36, 771 males, 819 females — 
between 36 and 55, 624 males, 667 females — 
between 55 and 100, 313 males, 417 females — 
100 years and upwards, 2 males, 10 females. — 
Total, 8,047. Blacks not emancipated on ac- 
count of advanced age or infirmities, 8 males 
and 17 females. Total 25. 
Recapitulation, 



Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 
289,603 8,047 25 297,675. 

Of the foregoing were whites, deaf and 
dumb, under 14, 43 ; between 14 and 25, 152 ; 
25 and upwards, 99 ; total, 294. Blind, 188 ; 
aliens, 1,481. Of the blacks there are deaf and 
dumb, 6 ; blind, 7. 

The foreign trade of Connecticut is princi- 
pally with the West Indies, but it is less exten- 
sive than the coasting trade. The exports are 
beef, pork, horses, mules, cattle, butter, cheese, 
fish, and various articles of manufactures. New 
London, Stonington, and some other towns, 
have recently engaged with much success in the 
whaling business. Conneciicut is extensively 
engaged in manufactures, consisting principally 
of cotton and woollen goods, iron, glass, paper, 
tin ware, buttons, clocks, leather, shoes, fire 
arms, and various other articles. The follow- 
ing is an abstract of the rateable estate and polls 
in Conn, as returned in 1831. 

42,852 Houses, $21,948,740 

2,622,676 Acres of land, 50,782,455 

1,572 Mills, 843,511 

1,826 Stores, 1,467,748 

283 Distilleries, 64,052 

1,521 Manufactories, 1,637,149 

183 Fisheries, 498,625 

34,250 Horses, asses, mules, &c. 1,290,694 

237,989 Neat Cattle, 3,347,667 

271,625 Sheep, 333,657 

Silver plate and plated 

ware, 10,614 

5,196 Riding carriages and 

wagons, 238,798 

22,893 Clocks and watches, 174,843 

Insurance stock, 53,642 

Turnpike stock, 157,362 

Money on interest, 2,087,976 

State bank stock, 3,143,736 

U. S. bank stock, 17,880 

25 Quarries, and shares of, 38,350 

1 Ferry, 200 



87,737,699 



Assessments. 

On professions, 147,683 

34,456 polls, $20 each, 689,320 

837,003 

There are 19 state banks in Connecticut, 
with a capital, as officially returned, March, 
1832, of |4,944,100 ; in addition to which is a 
branch of the U. S. bank, capital $300,000. 
There are also 5 banks for savings, and 11 in. 
surance companies. Several new banks not yet 
in operation were chartered at the last session 
of the Legislature, (1833.) 

The principal literary and benevolent institu- 
tions are Yale College in New Haven, the 
Wesleyan University in Middletown, and Wash- 
ington College, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 
and Retreat for the Insane, in Hartford. A 
general state hospital has also been recently 
founded in New Haven. Numerous academies 
and high schools for both sexes, are established 
in various parts of the state. 

The state prison at Wethersfield deserves to 
be mentioned as an institution highly creditable 
to the state. In its construction and general 
arrangements, it is similar to the New York 



CON 



113 



COO 



state prison at Auburn. The number of con- 
victs in March, 1832, was 192, of whom 18 
were females. They are kept at hard labor in 
work shops by day, and confined in solitary cells 
by night. A prominent feature in the system 
of discipline, is the prevention of all intercourse 
or communication between the prisoners. The 
prison produces a handsome revenue to the 
state ; the avails of it for the year ending on 
the 31st March, 1832, after deducting all ex- 
penses, amounted to ^8,713 53. There is a 
chaplain connected with the institution ; a Sun. 
day school has been organized, and all proper 
means are faithfully used for the reformation 
of the convicts. In no part of the world has 
more ample provision been made for the in- 
struction of all classes of the people in the 
elements of useful knowledge than in Connect- 
icut. Her institutions of learning, and provi- 
sion for the general instruction of the people, 
have placed Connecticut on a proud eminence 
among her sister states. By the estimate of the 
commissioners, April 1, 1831, the aggregate 
amount of the school fund of the state amounted 
to ^1,902,957 87 ; and the whole proceeds for 
the year ending 31st March, 1832 was ^84,173- 
83. This fund is derived from the sale of 
western lands, and the proceeds are appropriat- 
ed to the support of common schools. Her 
citizens have always been distinguished for 
their intelligence, industry, economy, and cor- 
rect moral habits. A spirit of enterprise has 
led thousands of them to emigrate to distant 
parts of the country where they have assisted 
in the settlement of other states and territories. 
Perfect religious toleration is enjoyed in Con- 
necticut. No person is compelled to support or 
be connected with any church or religious as- 
sociation ; and although while thus connected, 
he may be compelled to pay his proportion of 
the expenses, he may at any time dissolve his 
connection by leaving a written notice of the 
same with the clerk of such society. There 
are various religious sects in the state ; Con- 
gregationalists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Meth- 
odists, Unitarians, Friends, Universalists, Shak- 
ers, Catholics, some Free Will Baptists, and a 
few Christ-ians. The Congregationalists are 
much the most numerous. 

Connecticut Farms, v. Essex co. N. J. 4 ms. 
N. w. Elizabethtown. 

CoNNELLsviLLE, p-v. and tsp. Fayette co. Pa. 
The village is situated on the right bank of 
Youghioghany r. 12 ms. n. n. e. Union Town. 

CoNNERSviLLE, p-v. Boone CO. Ky. by p-r. 86 
ms. N. Frankfort. 

CoNNERSvii.LE, p-v. and St. jus. Fayette co, 
Ind. by p-r. 527 ms. w. from W. C. 68 ms. a 
little s. of E. Indianopolis, and 60 ms. n. w. 
Cincinnati, O. It is situated on White Water 
river at latitude 39° 38', and longitude 8° 10' w. 
W. C. 

CoNOTTON, p-v. in the n. part of Harrison co. 
O. by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Conquest, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 19 ms. n. 
w. Auburn. Pop. 1,507. 

Conrad's Ferry, over the Potomac, just 
above the mouth of Goose cr. and p-o. in the 
w. part of Montgomery co. Md, 4 ms. s. k, by 
E. Leesburg, Va. and 37 ms. from W. C. 



Conrad's store, and p-o. Rockingham co. Va, 
by p-r. 141 ms. n. w, Richmond. 

Constable, t, Franklin co. N. Y, 7 ms. n, 
Malone, 6 ms, by 9, has a sandy loam, with 
beech, maple, bass, elm, hemlock, and groves of 
pine. Bog iron ore is dug, Salmon and Trout 
rs, supply mill seats. Pop, 693, 

CoNSTANTiA, p-t, Oswego CO. N, Y. 28 ms. 
w. from Rome, n. Oneida lake, 7 ms. by 17, is 
low and level, with good land, and some bog 
iron ore. It includes the site of Fort Brewer- 
ton, at the outlet of Oneida lake. The v. on 
the N. side of the lake has iron works. Poo. 
1,193. 

CoNToocooK, r. Hillsborough co. N. H. enters 
Merrimack r. at Concord. 

CoNWAV, P-t. Stafford co. N. H. 76 m,s. n. n. 
E. Concord, crossed by Saco r. w. Me., 6 ms. 
square, is Watered also by Swift and Pequaco- 
kett rs. A sulphur spring here is visited by 
invalids ; magnesia and fullers' earth are found. 
The banks of Saco r. are level and rich ; the 
uplands rocky. The timber is oak, maple, 
beech, and white pine. Saco r. is subject to 
sudden floods. Fop. 1,601. 

Conway, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 6 ms. w. 
Greenfield, lOO w. Boston, s. w. Deerneld r. 
7 ms. w. Conn. r. formerly part of Deerfield, 
Pop, 1,563. 

Conway, co. Ark, as laid down by Tanner is 
bndd. by Pulaski s. e.. Hot Springs co. s. w.. 
Pope w., Izard n. and Independence n. e. Great- 
est length diagonally from s. w. to n. e. 100 ms, 
mean breadth 24, and area, 2,400 sq, ms, Lat, 
34° 40' to 35° 40' n., long, W, C, 15° 52' to 16° 
12' w. The extreme nthrn, part slopes estrd. 
and is in that direction drained by Red River 
br, of White River, To the sthrd, of Red river 
Cadron and Point Remou creeks flow sthrdly, 
into Arkansas r., the latter stream traverses 
Conway by a s. e. by e. course, while the sthrn. 
part of the co. is composed of a congeries of 
hills and mtns. from which issue sthrdly. the 
higher nrthestrn. sources of Washitau r., as 
laid down by Tanner. Cf. ts. Cadron, Lewis- 
burg, and Marion ; but on p-o, list cf, t, Har- 
risonburgh. Pop, 1830, 982. 

Conway, p-o. Ark. by p-r. 190 ms. s w. from 
Little Rock. 

Conway's borough, p-v, and st, jus. Horry, 
dist. S. C. on the right bank of Waccamau r. by 
p-r. 153, but by direct road, about 100 ms. n. e, 
from Charleston, and about an equal distance a 
little w, of s. Fayetteville in N. C. lat. 33° 49' 
and long. 2° 05' w. W. C. 

Conyngham, p-v. situated at the foot of Buck 
mtn. Nescopeck valley, and in the southern part 
of Luzerne co. Pa. 12 ms. a little s. of e from 
Burwick and 20 ms. n. w. by w. from Mauch 
Chunk, on the Lehigh. It is a most romantic 
situation, surrounded by mts. and stretching in 
one street across the valley, presents to the 
traveller a well built village, containing a pop. 
1830, of about 300. 

Cooche's Bridge, and p-o. in the n. w. part 
of New Castle co. Del. 62 ms. w. of n. Dover. 

Cook, northeastern co. II. as laid down on 
Tanner's improved map of the U. S. is bndd. 

by the northwestern angle of Ind. s. e., 

CO. II, s., Lasalle s. w. and w., co. II, n., 



coo 



114 



COO 



and lake Michigan n. e. Length from s. to n. 
60 ms. mean breadth 32, and area 1920 sq. ms. 
N. lat. 42°, and long. W. C. 11° w. intersect in 
this CO. Though bndd. on the n. e. by lake 
Michigan, the slope of more than nine tenths of 
Cook CO. is to the southwestward. Plane r. 
rising near its nthrn. border flows sthrd. about 
30 ms. at a mean distance of about 8 ms. until 
it reaches a point 12 ms. s. w. from Chicago 
on lake Michigan, from whence inflecting to s. 
Av. 40 ms. it joins Pickinink r. forming Illinois r. 
near the border between Lasalle and Cook cos. 
The latter contains, therefore, the natural water 
communication most direct between the Cana- 
dian lakes and the basin ot Misp. r. The in- 
termediate country is an almost unbroken plain, 
and at times of high water canoes can be navi- 
gated over it, and almost inviting man to com- 
plete the work commenced by Nature. Cf. t. 
Chicago. Pop. uncertain. 

Cook's Law office and p-o. Elbert co. Geo. 
by p-r. 65 ms.N. n. e. Milledgeville. 

Cook's, late Broom's p-o. in the s. part of 
Fairfield co. S. C. 20 ms. n. from Columbia. 

Cook's settlement and p-o. in the w. part of St. 
Genevieve co. Mo. about 60 ms.s. St. Louis. 

CooKSTOWN, p-v. on the right bank of the 
Monongahela r. n. w. part of Fayette co. Pa. 
28 ms. a little e. of s. Pittsburg. 

CooKSViLLE, p-v. N. part of Ann Arundel co. 
Md. by p-r. 51, but by actual distance 32 ms. n. 

w.'c. 

CooKViLLE, P-O. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 92 
ms. N. E. by E. Nashville. 

Coolbaugh's p-o. Pike co. Pa. about 21 ms. s. 
Milford, the st. jus. 

Cool spring, p-o. Washmgton co. N. C. by 
p-r. 182 ms. e. Raleigh. 

Cool spring, p-o. in the e. part of Chester- 
field dist. S. C. by p-r. 89 ms, n. e. Columbus. 

Cool spring, p-o. Wilkinson co. Geo. by p-r. 
44 ms. s. Milledgeville. 

Cool spring, p-o. Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 130 
ms. w. Nashville. 

Coolville, p-v. on Hocking r., s. e. part of 
Athens co. O. by p-r. 24 ms. below Athens, the 
CO. seat. 

Cooper, t. Washington co. Me. 164 ms. Au- 
gusta, has a stream on, e, border emptying into 
Coolescook bay. Pop. 396. 

Cooper, r. of S. C. in reality the drain of a 
swampy tract semicircle, by Santee r. the vari- 
ous drains uniting about 29 ms. n. from Charles, 
ton, form Cooper r. which, flowing s. joins 
Wards r. from the n. and at Charleston, Ashley 
from the s., all contributing to form the fine har- 
bor of that city. Santee canal unites Cooper 
and Santee rs. extending from n. n. w. to s. s. e. 
21 ms. from the Santee at Blackoak, isl. to the 
w. branch of Cooper. 

Cooper's p-o. Franklin co. Va. 159 ms. s. w. 
by w. Richmond. 

CooPERSTowN, p-v. and st. jus. Otsego co. N. 
Y. 12 ms. w. Cherry Valley, 66 w. Albany, 21 
s. Erie Canal, s, end Otsego Lake. There is a 
deep valley at the outlet of Otsego lake, be- 
tween high hills. Timber, chiefly pine and 
hemlock. The v. has 3 churches ; 1 Episcopal, 
1 Presbyterian and 1 Methodist, a court-house, 
county bank with $100,000 capital ; a card fac. 



tory here, is chiefly worked by dogs. Pop. 
1,115. 

Cooperstown, P-V. in the n. w, part of Venan- 
go CO. Pa. by p-r. 70 ms. n. Pittsburg. 

Cooperstown, p-o. in Nancoochy valley, w. 
part of Habersham co. Geo. by p-r. l2 ms. w. 
Clarksville, the co. st. 

Coos, CO. N. H. the largest in the State, 
bndd. by Lower Canada n.. Me. e,, Stafford co. 
s., Grafton co. and Vt. w., with !,600 sq. ms. in- 
cludes the White mtns. the highest in the U. S. 
and gives rise to the 3 Ammonoosucks, branch- 
es of Conn, r., and Saco, which enters the At- 
lantic. A great part of the co. cannot be im- 
proved by cultivation, and is unoccupied. On 
Conn. r. are some fine meadows. It contains 
25 towns and 47 school dists. Cf. t. Lancaster. 
Pop. 1820, 5,151, 1830,8,390. 

Coosa, r. of Ten. Geo. and Ala. the n. w. and 
main branch of Ala. r. The extreme higher 
sources of Coosa is in Ten. at lat. 35° 05', there 
known by the name of Connessauga. It flows 
first w. but curving s. s. w. 70 ms. receives from 
the N. E. the Etowah r. The two branches 
have interlocking sources with the Hiwassa 
branch of Ten. with those of Ten. Proper, and 
the Chattahooche. Having their fountains amid 
the elevated Appalachian vallies, the higher 
confluents of Coosa are rapid perennial streams. 
Below the junction of Connessauga and Eto- 
wah, the united waters flow 8 ms. wstrd. enter- 
ing Ala. near Fort Armstrong, inflect to s, s. w. 
receiving but few accessions above the size of 
a large cr. join the Talapoosa at lat. 32° 28', 
long. 9° 22' w. W. C. to form Ala., having an 
entire comparative course of about 240 ms.^- 
The valley of the Coosa is about 200 ms. long, 
and mean breadth 45 ; area 9,000 sq. ms. 

CoosAUDA, p-v. on the right bank of Ala. r. 
Autauga co. Ala. 6 ms. below the junction of 
Coosa and Talapoosa rs. and by p-r. 96 ms. 3. 
E. by E. Tuscaloosa. 

CoosAw, r. S. C. is a broad and deep inlet, 
unitirg Coosawhatchie or Broad r. to Comba- 
hee r. on St. Helena Sound. In fact Coosa is 
the nthn. mouth of Coosawhatchie. In the lan- 
guages of many sthn. tribes of Indians, Hatchie 
or Hatchy signifies river, and has become a 
suffix to several rivers of the sthn. states. 

Coosawhatchie, r. of S. C. rises in Barnwell 
dist. but entering Beaufort, flows s. e. 30 ms. to 
where a branch flows from the main stream to 
the w. This outlet, a mouth by the name of 
Cyprus cr. inflects to the s. e., falls into the At- 
lantic between the mouth of Savannah r. and 
Calibogue sound, after a course of 80 ms. The 
main Coosawhatchie again divides into two chan- 
nels below the efflux of Cyprus cr., but after a 
separation of 12 ms. reunites, forming TuUy- 
finny isl. Below the latter island a third sepa- 
ration of the waters of Coosawhatchie takes 
place. The principal stream widens into Broad 
r. and finally opens to the Atlantic by Port Royal 
Entrance. The nthrn. branch flows s. e. by e. 
and is known as Coosaw r. (See Coosaw r. 
and Beaufort dist.) 

Coosawhatchie, p-v. on the right bank of 
Coosawhatchie r. Beaufort dist. S. C. 75 ms. s.w. 
by w. Charleston. 
I CooTSTowN, or more accurately from the 



COR 



115 



COR 



German geography, Kutztown, a fine well built 
p.v. Berks CO. Pa. 17 ms. n. n. e. Reading, and 
about an equal distance s. w. by w. Allentown. 

CoPAKE, t. Columbia co. N. Y. w. Mass. 
line ; has 2 ponds or lakes emptying into Cla- 
verack cr. and has Penobscot co. on 3 sides, 
RocleflTand Janson's Kills. Pop. 1,676. 

CoPELAND, p.v. Telfair co. Geo. by p-r. 77 ms. 
s. Miliedgeville, 

Copenhagen, v. Lewis co. N. Y. on Deer cr. 
6 ms. N. Denmark. 

Copiah, co. of Misp. bndd. by Franklin, s. w., 
Jefferson w., Clairbome n. w., Hinds, n., Simp- 
son E., and Lawrence s. e. It is nearly in form 
of a square of 28 ms. each side, or area of 784 
sq. ms. lying between lat. 31° 36' and 32° 4', 
and long. 13° 21' and 13° 50'. The water cour- 
ses flow from this co. estrd. into Pearl r. ; n. 
wstrd. they form the Bayou Pierre, whilst the 
s. w. section gives source to the Homochitto. 
The central part is therefore a table land, and 
the whole surface, with partial exceptions, is 
composed of sterile soil, covered in a natural 
state with pine forests, slightly intermingled 
with other timber. Cf. t. Gallatin. Population 
7,001. 

CopopA, p-v. in the central part of Lorraine co. 
C, by p-r. 128 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

CoppERHONK, p-o. Sussex CO. Va., 59 s. s. e. 
Richmond. 

CoQUiLLE, usually called Petites Coquilles, 
Fort and p-o. on the s. point, where the Rego- 
lets flow from Lake Pontchartrain, 25 ms. n. e. 
by E. New Orleans. 

CoRBEAU, r. de, in English, Crow r., one of 
the principal higher tributaries of the Missis- 
sippi, rises at n. lat. 47° 20', at about 40 ms. a 
iittle w. of s. from the Turtle lake, the extreme 
head of the Misp. and within 4 or 5 m3. s. e. of 
the portag-e between Leech and Rice lakes. 
Flowing thence 75 ms. sthrd. and about midway 
between the Misp. and the Otter Tail branch of 
Red r., inflects to the s. s. e. 30 ms., joins its 
recipient nearly on lat. 46°. The structure is 
distinctly shown by the courses of the 3 streams, 
which in that region containing the Corbeau, all 
flow sthrd. But nearly w. from the mouth of 
the Corbeau, Otter Tail r. abruptly bends, and 
receiving Swan r. from Traverse lake, assumes 
a nrthrn. course, under the name of Red r. 
Consequently Red r. and Misp. r., on n. lat. 47°, 
though on the same plateau, flow in direct con- 
trary courses. Advancing from the Falls of St. 
Anthony, the channels of Misp. and Corbeau 
present the most direct route from the Misp. 
basin into that of Assiniboin. 

Core a Fabre, p-v. Union co. Ark. position 
uncertain. 

Core Creek, p-o, w. part of Craven co. N. C. 
by p-r. 104 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Core Sound and Core Island, Cartaret co. 
N. C. The isl. is a long, narrow, and low reef, 
extending 20 ms. from Cape Look Out, its sa- 
lient point s. w., to Cedar Inlet. The sound 
stretches between the island and mainland, from 
the N. E. part of Onslow bay to Pamlico sound, 
and is 40 ms. long, with a mean breadth of 1 or 
2 ms. It is shallow, admitting only small coast, 
ing vessels. 

Corinth, p-t, Penobscot co. Me. 18 ms. n, w. 



Bangor, 81 Augusta, is situated near the head 
waters of manv streams flowing into Penobscot 
r. Pop. 1830," 712. 

Corinth, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 21 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 12 w. Haverhill, N. H., 4 1 w. Wind, 
sor, 6 ms. sq. First settled, 1777, is very 
rough, with good dark loam, and hard wood 
trees, except the hemlock, spruce and furs, on 
the streams. Wait's brook and others supply 
mills. Pop. 1,953. 

Corinth, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 18 ms. n. 
Balston Spa, s. w. Hudson r., at the Great Falls 
30 ft. cataract, and one and a half ms. above, has 
a smooth and sandy land above the falls, with 
white pine and beech ; broken, stony and loamy 
belov/. Palmer's town mtn. is s. and Kayada- 
rossoras mtn. w. At Hadley, or Jessup's land- 
ing, is a village, and rafts go from the sands 
bank \h ms. below. About 100 yards above 
Great Falls is a chasm, 12 ft. wide, 20 long, 
and very deep, through which the entire river 
passes at low water. Limestone abounds ; and 
oxides of iron used for paints. Pop. 1,412. 

Cork, p-v. in the n. part Ashtabula co. O. by 
p-r. 187 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Corlears Hook, city of New York, the n. e. 
point of the city, at the turn in the Sound. 

Corn Creek, p-o. Gallatin co. Ky., by p-r. 
59 ms. N. Frankfort. 

CoRNELiusviLLE, p-0. BoouG CO. Ky., by p-r. 
88 ms. N. Frankfort. 

CoRNERSBURG, p-v. Trumbull CO. 0. about 150 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Cornish, p-t. York co. Me., 50 ms. N. York, 
83 Augusta, s. Ossipee r. where it joins the 
Saco. Pop. 1,235. 

Cornish, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H., 17 ms. n. 
Charlestown, 50 Concord, 108 Boston, e. Conn, 
r. 23,160 acres, is fertile, except near the r. A 
few mill seats are on Blow-me-down and Bri- 
ant brooks. Settled 1765 from Sutton, Mass., 
seceded from N. H. 1778, with 15 other towns. 
Pop. 1,685. 

Cornishes', p-o. Lauderdale co. Ala., by p-r. 
119 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 

Cornville, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 11 ms. e. 
N.E. Norridgewock, 38 Augusta, is crossed by 
a small tributary of Kennebec r. Pop. 1,104. 

Cornwall, t. Addison co. Vt., on Otter cr., 
3 ms. s. w. Middlebury, 75 ms. n. Bennington, 
36 ms. s. Burlington. Settled 1774, deserted 
'77, and resettled from Conn. 1784, is generally 
level, and crossed by Lemonfair r., has no good 
mill seats, but a large swamp, 7 school dists. 
Pop. 1,264. 

Cornwall, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 10 ms. n. 
Litchfield, 38 w. Hartford, and 48 n. w. New 
Haven, e. Housatonic r., 9 by 5, 46 sq. ms., has 
mtns. and mountainous hills, of granite and lime- 
stone, with black lead, porcelainclay. Some 
of the largest vallies have rich calc loam. It 
yields oak, chesnut, maple, &c., grain, grass, 
beef, &c. There are two ponds 1 mile long, 
with pickerel and trout, with many mill sites. 
The American Board of Foreign Missions form- 
ed their school here 1816, and educated many 
young men from heathen countries. Pop. 1,714. 
Cornwall, t. Orange co. N. Y. 52 ms. n. N. 
York, 108 s. Albany, w. Hudson r. is mountain- 
ous, but has good pasturage, and some level 



COS 



116 



COT 



lands north, where Murderers cr. supplies 
mills. The village landing sends wood and 
stone to N. York. West Point in this town is 
a tract of land owned by the United States, 
bordering on the North r. where is the military 
academy, and the professors' quarters ; the bar- 
racks and parade ground are on a level 182 f. 
above Hudson r., above which on a mtn. are the 
remains of Fort Putnam, and in front, those of 
Fort Clinton, built in the revolution, when this 
was an important military post. Sir Henry 
Clinton forced his passage here in 1777, to co- 
operate with Gen. Burgoyne, but after burning 
Kingston, &c. returned to N. Y. Gen. Arnold's 
treasonable design was to betray West Point to 
the British There is a large hotel, and a mon- 
ument to Kosciusko, erected by the cadets. 
(See West Point.) Pop. 3,485. 

CoROWAUGH, cr. swamp and p-o. s. w. part of 
the Isle of Wight co. Va. 35 ms. s. w. Norfolk. 

CoRRiNNA, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 53 ms. n. e. 
Augusta. Pop. 1,079. 

Cortland, co. N. Y. bndd. by Onondaga co. 
N., Madison and Chenango cos. e., Broome and 
Tioga cos. s., Tompkins and Cayuga cos. w., 
an oblong 19 ms. by 25, 475 square ras. has 9 
towns, many brooks. Tioughnioga cr. nearly 
through it. Osselie creek in the s. e. ; it gives 
rise to branches of Owego cr. and Cayuga lake ; 
mill sites abound. The soils chiefly yellowish 
loam, on v/arm gravel, uneven but excellent for 
grain and grass, bears maple, elm, bass, but- 
ternut, pine, &c. There are some salt and 
sulph. hyd. and chalybeate springs, and iron 
ore. The n. w. corner touches the s. end of 
Skeneateles lake. Cortland village is the st. 
jus. Pop. 1820, 16,507, 1830, 23,753. 

Cortland, t. Westchester co. N. Y. 40 ms. k. 
N. York, 104 s. Albany, e. Hudson r. has 2 
post vs. Cortland t. Peekskill, Peekskill cr. 
and Croton r., afford many mill sites, and it in- 
cludes the s. peaks of the Highlands, Verplank's 
pomt, where was Fort Lafayette, and Teller's 
point. Pop. 3,840. 

CoRTLANDViLLE, p-t. and Cap. Cortland co. N. 
Y. 140 ms. w. Albany, on Tioughnioga at the 
bend, and contains Cortland villaee and Port 
Watson. Pop. 3,673. 

CoRYDox, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Ind. 
by p-r. 614 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 124 ms. 
s. Indianopolis, and 20 ms. a little s. of w. Lou- 
isville, in Ky. n. lat, 38° 15', long. 9° 08' w. W. 
C. Pop. 459. 

Coshocton, or Coshecton, p-v. Bethel Sulli- 
van CO. N. Y. 16 ms. w. Monticello, 60 rns. w. 
Newburgh, on Delaware r. 

Coshocton, co. of O. bndd. southeast by 
Guernsey, s. by Muskingum, s. w. by Licking, 
w. and N. w. by Knox, n. by Holmes, and n. e. 
and e. by Tuscarawas. Greatest length 30, 
mean width 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 40° 10' to 40° 27' n. and in long, 
from 4° 40' to 5° 12' w. W. C. The union of 
Tuscarawas r. with White Woman's cr. to 
form the Muskingum r. is made a little s. e. 
from the centre of this co. Killbuck cr. rising 
in Medina and Lorrain cos. flows to the south, 
ward over Wayne and Holmes into Coshocton, 
and uniting with White Woman's from the west- 
ward, the combined waters inflect to the s. e. to 



their junction with Tuscarawas r. at the v. of 
Coshocton. From the course of the three pre- 
ceding streams, Coshocton co. is formed out of 
as many deep river vallies. That of White 
Woman's inclines to the east ; Tuscarawas in 
an opposite direction, and that of Killbuck south, 
wardly. Below the v. of Coshocton the chan- 
nel of Muskingum r. is nearly south to the in- 
flux of Will's cr. on the southern border of the 
CO. The Ohio and Erie canal reaches the bank 
of Muskingum a little below the mouth of Will's 
cr. and following Muskingum and Tuscarawas 
rs. traverses Coshocton between 25 and 30 ms. 
The northern and about one third part of what 
surface was included in Coshocton in 1820, has 
been since united to a part of Wayne, to form 
Holmes co. Cf. t Coshocton. Pop. 11,161. 

Coshocton, p-v. and st. jus. Coshocton co. O. 
by p-r. 336 ms. n. w. by w. W. C,, 84 ms. n. e. 
by E. Columbus, and 26 ras. n. Zanesville. It is 
situated on the left or east bank of Muskingum 
r. just below the junction of Tuscarawas river 
and White Woman's cr. Lat. 40° 15', long. 4° 
54' w. W. C. Pop. 333. 

CossiTAT, p-v. Hempstead co. Ark. by p-r. 
1,234 s. w. by w. i w. W. C. and 166 miles s. 
w. by w. Little Rock. 

CoTACo, formerly a county of AI. now Mor- 
gan CO. 

CoTE Isle, p-v. Rapide parish. La. 

CoTOCTiN, a ridge of the Appalachian mtns. 
This ridge branches from the south mountain 
on the southern border of Pa. and between 
Adams and Franklin counties ; stretching thence 
nearly due s. through Frederick co. in Md, 
reaches the Potomac r. between the mouths of 
Monocacy r. and Cotoctin cr. The same ridge 
or rather chain rises southward of the Potomac 
and traverses Loudon co. Va. passing about 2^ 
ms. westward of Leesburg. In Md. the Cotoc- 
tin has gained importance and celebrity from 
the controversy between the Baltimore and 
Ohio rail road company, and that of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio canal. Where the ridge ter- 
minates on the Potomac, it is known as the Up. 
per Point of rocks and Lower Point of rocks. 

CoTocTiN, in the p-o. list Cotocton, p-v. in the 
v/. part of P'rederick co. Md. by p-r. 46 ms. n. 
w.W. C. 

CoauiLLE, usually called Petite Coquilles 
(Little Shells), fort and p-o. at the outlet of the 
Rigolets from lake Pontchartrain, in the n. w. 
part of Orleans parish. La. by ship channel 31 
ms. N. E. by E. New Orleans. 

CoTTOfJ Gin Port, p-v. at the union of Tom- 
bigbee and Notachucky rs. and on the left bank 
of the former in Lowndes co. Misp. by p-r. 188 
ms. N. E. Jackson. That part of Monroe con- 
taining Cotton Gin Port, has been recently erect, 
ed into Lowndes co. 

Cotton Grove, p-v. Madison co. Ten. 163^ 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Cotton Port, p v. on the right bank of Tenn. 
river, in the s. e. part of Limestone co. Ala. 15^ 
ms. s. s. w. Huntsville. 

Cottonville, p v. in the s. part of Lawrence 
CO. Misp. about 80 ms. e. Natchez, and by p-r. 
1,119 s. w.W. C. 

Cotrellville, p-v. on the right bank of St. 
Clair r. s. e. part of St. Clair co. Mich, accord- 



GOV 



117 



GOV 



ing to Tanner. By the land route round the w. 
side of lake St. Glair 52 ms. n. e. Detroit, and 
by p-r. 578 ms. n. w. W. G. Pop. 230. 

Councill's Store and p-o. by p-r. 231 ms. a 
little N. of w. i\ aleigh. 

GouNTSviLLE, p-v. on Preston creek, n. angle 
of Lexington dist. S. G. 31 ms. n. n. w. Golum- 
bia. 

GouNTY Line, p-o. Rowan co. N. G. by p-r. 
138 ms. w. Raleigh. 

County Line, p-o. in the w. part Campbell co. 
Geo. by p-r. 725 ms. s. w. W. C. and 139 n. vv. 
Milledgeville. 

CouRTABLEAU, r. of La. formed by two con- 
fluents, the Crocodile, from the pine wood be- 
tween Opelousas and Rapides, and the Boeuf, 
from the intermediate space between the Croco- 
dile and the overflowed region of Red and 
Atchafalaya rs. The two branches unite about 
10 ms. N. from St. Landre, and assuming as. e. 
course flow 35 ms. falling into Atchafalaya at 
the lower fragment of the Great Raft. This 
fine though small stream forms a link in the 
chain of water intercommunication between 
Opelousas and the Misp. r. 

CouRTLAND CO. N. Y. See Cortland. 

CouRTLAND, p-v. northern part of Laurence 
CO. Ala. about 50 ms. a little s. of w. Huntsville, 
and by p-r. 104 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. 

CouRTwRiGHT, p-v. in the w. part Fairfield co. 
O. by p-r. 18 ms. s. e. Columbus, and 382 n. w. 
by w. W. C. 

Gove Creek, p-o. in the w. part of Ashe co. 
N. C. by p-r. 432 ms. s. w. W. C. and 238 a little 
N, of w. Raleigh. 

Coventry, t. Grafton co. N. H. 9 ms. e. Hav- 
erhill, 70 N. by w. Concord, 100 n. w. Portsmouth, 
mountainous, with some useless soil, watered by 
streams of Oliverian brook and Wild Amonoo- 
suc r., has Owl's Head mtn. w. Pop. 440. 

Coventry, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 49 ms. n. Mont. 
pelier. First settled 1800, has s. bay of Mem- 
phremagog lake, with good soil, and the lower 
parts of Barton and Black rivers, which are 
deep, with good mill seats. Pop. 1830, 728. 

Coventry, t. Kent co. R. I. 15 ms. s. w. 
Providence, e. Conn., 6 ms. by 6, 36 sq. ms. 
rugged, primitive, good for grass, with s. branch 
of Pawtucket, Flat r. and other excellent mill 
streams. It is much devoted to manufacturinir. 
Pop. 3,851. 

Coventry, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 18 ms, e. 
Hartford, w. Willimantic r. 6| ms. by 7, 45 sq. 
ms., uneven, with gravelly loam, primitive, 
bearing oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. grass^ grain, 
&c. crossed by Skunamug r. which forms Hop 
r. and unites with Willimantic r. at s. e. corner ; 
Wangumbog lake is 1 mile by 2. First settled 
1711. Pop. 2,119. 

Coventry, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. 
w. Norwich, midway between Susquehannah 
and Chenango rs. The land is broken, but much 
that is good, with small streams. Pop. 1,576. 

Coventry Gore, Orleans co. Vt. Pop. 6. 

Covert, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. Ovid, 
E. Seneca lake, 5 ms. by 12, has mill seats on 
Halsey's cr. &c. The land on the lake is ex- 
cellent for wheat. Pop. 1,791. 

CovEsviLLE, p-v. in the w. part of Albemarle 
CO. Va. 22 ms. w. Charlottesville, and by p-r. 

16 



145 ms. s. w. W. C. and 103 n. w by w. Rich. 
mond. 

Covington, p-t. Genesee co N". Y. 12 ms. s. 
E. Batavia, has soil of ordinary quality, pretty 
well watered by Allan's cr. and branches. Pop 
2,716, 

Covington, p-v. on Tioga cr. Tioga co. Pa. 
65 ms. s. w. by w. Tioga Point. 

Covington, p-v. and st. jus. Alleghany co. Va. 
situated on Jackson r. 260 ms. s. s. w, W, C. 
and 173 ms. w, Richmond. Lat. 37° 48' long. 
33 3' w. W. C. 

Covington, p-v. in the s. part Richmond co. 
N. C. 14 ms. sthrd. Rockingham, the co. st. and 
by p-r. 413 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 127 s, w. 
Raleigh. 

Covington, p-v. and st. jus. Newton co. Geo. 
on Yellow r. a branch of Ocmulgee, by p.r. 67 
ms. n. w. Milledgeville. Lat. 33° 32' long. 6° 
58' w. W. C. 

Covington, co. Ala. bndd. w. by Conecuh, n. 
w. and N. by Butler, e. by Dale, and s. by Wal- 
ton CO. in Fior. Length s. to n. 52, mean breadth 
32, area 1,664 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 3lo 
to 31° 42', long. 9° 15' to 9° 52' w. W. C. Sur. 
face generally sterile. The n. w. angle of this 
CO. is traversed by the two main branches of 
Conecuh and Pigeon rs. ; the central section 
gives source to Yellow Water r. which flows 
sthrd. towards Pensacola bay; Pea r. the w. 
branch of Choctaw r, rises in the Creek coun. 
try, traverses Pike and Dale, enters and again 
curves out of the eastern border of Covington.^ 
Cf. t. Montezuma. Pop. 1,522. 

Covington, co. Misp. bndd. s. by Marion, w, 
by Lawrence, n. by the Choctaw ter. and e. by 
Jones. Length from e. to w. 30, mean breadth 
24, and area 960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 31° 26' to 31° 48', long, from 12° 28' to 
12° 58' w. W. C. It is traversed by various 
branches of Leaf r. which flowing s. e. towards 
their confluent Pascagoula, afford some good 
land, but in general the face of the co. is open, 
sterile, piney woods. Cf. t. Williamsburg. Pop. 
1820, 2,230, 1830, 2,551. 

Covington, p-v. and st. jus. parish of St. Tam- 
many, La. situated on Ghifuncte r. 36 ms. a 
little w. of N. New Orleans. 

Covington, p-v. on the bank of Ohio r. on 
the point below the mouth of Licking r. which 
separates it from Newport, and opposite Cincin- 
nati, Campbell co. Ky. The great road up the 
Ohio r. passes through Covington over a bridge 
into Newport. Pop. 715. 

Covington, p.v. and st. jus. Tipton co. Ten. 
situated on a small branch of Big Hatchie r. 40 
ms. N. N. E. Memphis, and by p-r. 225 ms. s. w. 
by w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 34', long. 12° 41' w. 
W, C, 

Covington, p-v, and st. jus. Fountain co. Ind. 
by p-r. 654 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 81 ms. n. 
w. by w. Indianopolis. It is situated on the left 
side of the Wabash r. n. lat. 40° 10', long. 10° 
24'w.W. C. 

Covington, p-v. near the n. border of Wash- 
ington CO. II. by p.r. 812 ms. w. W. C. and 40 
s. w. Vandalia. It is situated on the Kaskaski- 
as r. on the great road from Shawneetown on O, 
r. to St. Louis, 47 ms. s. of e. from the latter. 
Lat 38° 28', long. 12° 28' w. W, C. 



CRA 



118 



CRA 



Cowan's Store and p-o. Cabarras co. N. C. 
151 ms. w, Raleigh. 

CowANSviLLE, p-0. 136 ms. w. Raleigh, 
CowANsviLLE, p-0. Rhea co. Ten, by p-r. 170 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

CowDERSPOET, p-v, and st. jus. Potter co. Pa, 
situated on Alleghany r. by p-r. 186 ms. n. w. 
Harrisburg. Lat. 41° 56', long. 1° 4' w. W. C. 
Coweta, co. Geo. bndd. w. and n. w. by the 
Chattahooche, which separates it from Carroll, 
N. by Campbell, e. by Fayette, and s. by Merri- 
wether and Troup. Length from s. w. to n. e. 
38 ms. mean breadth 14, and area 532 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 33° 15' to 33° 37', in 
long, from 7° 40' to 8° 18' w. W, C. It lies in 
form of a triangle, extending its hypothenuse 
along Chattahooche, and its base e. and w. 
Chattahooche to Flint r. Cf, t. Newman, Pop, 
5,003, 

Coweta, p.v, Coweta co. Geo, by p-r, 135 ms. 
N. w, Milledgeville. 

Cowpasture, r. Va. rising in the mountain 
valley between the Kittatinny and Warm Spring 
mtn. interlocking sources with the s, branch of 
Potomac, but flowing in an opposite direction s. 
s. w. falling into, or joining Jackson's r. to form 
James r. after a comparative course of 50 ms. 
Cowpen's Furnace, p-o. between Pacolet and 
Broad rs. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. 124 
ms. N. N. w. Columbia. 

CowPER Hill, p-o. Robeson co, N, C, by p-r, 
92 ms. s, s, w, Raleigh. 

CoxsACKiE, p-t. Greene co. N. Y, 25 ms. s. 
Albany, 10 n. Catskill, w. Hudson r., e. Catskill 
creek. Cox's cr. is n. Mill sites abound : 
there are hills, pine plains, some sand and clay. 
The inhabitants are of Dutch extraction, and 
hold the land in fee. It has a valley 1 m. w. 
Hudson r. and 3 landings. Pop. 3,373. 

Cox's Cross Roads, in the s. w. part of Cos- 
hocton CO, O. by p-r, 357 ms, n. w, by w, W, C. 
and 70 n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Cox's Store and p-o. Sampson co. N. C, by 
p-r. 95 ms. s. s. e. Raleigh. 

Coylesville, p-o. in the \v. part of Butler co. 
Pa. by p-r, lO ms. w. the borough of Butler, and 
226 N. w. W, C. 

Crab Orchard, p-v. Lincoln co. Ky, by p-r, 
62 ms. E. of s. Hartford. 

Crab Run, p-v. in the s. w, part Pendleton 
CO. Va. by p-r. 196 ms. s w. by w. W. C. and 
154 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Crafton, p-v. Pittsylvania co, Va, by p-r, 236 
ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 156 ms. s. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Craftsbury, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 25 ms. n. 
Montpelier, 25 s. Canada, half way between 
Lake Champlain and Conn. r. First settled 
1789 ; gives rise to Black r. which has many 
mill sites ; has Wild Branch and 5 T^out ponds. 
The village is near the centre, on high ground. 
The trade is with Montreal. There are 5 
school dists. Pop. 982. 

Craig's Creek, p-o. Botetourt co. Va. 8 ms. 
w. Fincastle, the co. st. 

Craig's cr. or more correctly, Craig's r. is 
the extreme s, w. confluent of James r. rises in 
Giles and Montgomery co. Va. interlocking 
sources with a branch of Great Kenhawa, and 
with the extreme higher sources of Roanoke ; 



and flowing thence to the n. e. over Botetourt co. 
falls into James r. after a comparative course 
of 40 ms. 

Craig's Meadow, p-o. Northampton co. Pa, 
by p-r, 127 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Crampton's Gap and p-o. Washington co. Md, 
by p-r. 60 ms. n. w. W. C, 

Cranbury Isles, Hancock co. Me, between 
Frenchman's Bay and Mount Desert Sound, in 
the ocean. Pop. 258. 

Cranberry, p-t. Middlesex co. N. J. 9 ms. u. 
Princeton, N, Millstone r. 

Cranberry, p-v. and tsp, w. part of Butler co. 
Pa. about 30 ms. n. Pittsburgh, and by p-r. 244 
ms. N. w. W. C. and 213 ms. n. of w. Harris- 
burg. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 765, 1830, 1,032. 

Cranberry Plain, p-o, Grayson co, Va. by 
p-r. 251 ms. s. w, by w, Richmond. Cranberry 
creek is a small branch of Great Kenhawa, 
rising in the Iron mtn. and flowing sthrd, over 
the w. angle of Grayson co. into Ashe co. N. C. 

Cranesville, p-o. in Williams co. 0. by p-r. 
524 ms. n. w. by w. W, C. and 188 ms. n. w. 
Columbus. 

Craney Island, a small island in Elizabeth 
r. Va. only of adequate size for a fort, which 
commands the entrance to the harbor of Nor- 
folk. 

Cranston, t. Providence co. R. I., 5 ms. s. 
Providence, w. Providence r., n. Pawtucket r,, 
7 ms. by 4^^, 19,448 acres ; level e. but poor 
soil, and uneven w, A mine here has furnish- 
ed ore for many cannon of the navy. Vegeta- 
bles are furnished for the Providence market. 
Pop. 2,653. 

Craven, co. N. C. bndd. by Cartaret s. e., 
Jones s. w., LemoirN. w., Pitt n., Beaufort, n. e., 
and Pamlico Sound e. Length from s. e. to n.w. 
65 ras., mean breadth 17, and area, 1,100 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 34° 48' to 35° 23', long, 
about 35' on each side of the meridian of W . C, 
Neuse r. enters this co. on its n. w. border, and 
after flowing to the s. e. 35 ms., opens a wide 
bay, which curving to e. and n. e. expands into 
Pamlico Sound. The surface is level, and in 
great part marshy, but with much good soil. Cf. 
t. Newbern. Pop. 1820, 13,394, 183 ), 13,734. 
Crawford, t. Washington co. Me., has a large 
pond emptying into Pvlachias r. Pop. 182. 
Crawford, t. Orange co. N. Y. Pop. 2,019, 
Crawford, co. Pa. bndd. n. by Erie, e. by 
Warren, s. e. by Venango, s. by Mercer, s. w, 
by Trumbull, and w. by Ashtabula cos. of Ohio, 
Length 48, mean width 22 ; area 1,016 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat, from 41° 29' to 41° 51', long, 
from 2° 42' to 3° 36' w. W. C. From the s. w. 
angle rises Shenango branch of Big Beaver ; 
from the n. w, angle rises the sources of Con- 
neaut, flowing into Lake Erie ; the e. part 
gives source to and is drained by Oil cr., whilst 
the central section is traversed by the main vol- 
ume, and several minor branches of French cr. 
The declivity ot the whole co. is sthrd. Cf. t, 
Meadville. Pop. 1820, 9,397, in 1830, 16,067. 

Crawford, co. Geo. bndd. by Upson n. w., 
Monroe, n., Bibb, e., Houston s. e., and Flint r., 
which separates it from Marion and Talbot 
s. w. Length 30, mean breadth 12, and area 
360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 30' to 
.32° 50', long, from 6° 53' to 7° 24' w. W. C. 



CRA 119 

Though limited on one side by Flint r., the cen- 
tral part of this co. is a middle ground, from 
which the waters flow s. estrd. by the Chocunno 
and Chupee ers. into Ocmulgee r., and by va- 
rious branches s. w. into Flint r. Cf. t. Knox- 
ville. Pop. 5,313. 

Crawford, one of the wstrn. cos. of Ark., 
bndd. N. by Ark. r. separating it from Washing- 
ton, E. by Pope, s. e. by Hot Springs co., s. w. 
by Miller, and w. by the wstrn. ter. of the U. S. 
N. lat. 35° and long 17° w.W. C. intersect near 
its centre. It approaches very near to a square 
of 50 ms. each side ; area 2,500 sq. ms. These 
bounds and geographical limits are taken from 
Tanner's improved map of the U. S. on which it 
appears that the extreme sources of Ouachitta r. 
are in this co., interlocking sources with those 
of Poteau and Petite Jean branches of Ark. r., 
and those of Little r. of the North, a branch of 
Red r. The central part of this co. is about 
120 ms. a little n. of w. Little Rock. Pop. 2,440. 

C'rawford, CO, of Mo. as laid down on Tan- 
ner's improved map of the U. S. is bndd. by Gas- 
conade CO. n., Franklin n. e., Washington e., 
and by a part of Mo. not yet formed into cos. on 
the other sides, area of course uncertain. The 
yet settled part is about 100 ms. s. w. by w. St. 
Louis. The slope nthrd. and in that direction 
discharging on the wstrn. side tributaries of 
Gasconade r., and on the estrn. side the extreme 
sources of the main branch of Maramec r. Cf 
t. as stated in p-o. list. Little Piney. Pop. 1830, 
1,721. 

Crawford, co. Mich, on both sides of the 
Ouisconsin r. and bndd. w. by theMisp. r. The 
outlines of this co. except on the Misp. are un- 
certain. Prairie du Chien, the st. jus. stands at 
the point above the entrance of the Ouisconsin 
r. into the Misp., and derives its name from a 
Prairie or natural meadow, so calked. As laid 
down by Tanner, the junction of the two rs. is at 
lat. 43°, and 14° 12' w. W. C. Tlie village of 
Prairie du Chien is stated in the p-o. list of 1831, 
as being 1,060 ms. from W. C. 

Crawford, co. of O., bndd. by Marion s., 
Hardin s. w., Hancock n. w., Seneca n., Huron 
N. E., and Richland e. Length from e. to w. 
32, mean breadth 20, and area 640 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 40° 43' to 41° 02', and in 
long, from 5° 48' to 6° 24' w. W. C. This co. 
is nearly commensurate with the higher part of 
the valley of Sandusky r., and is drained n. by 
the various constituents of that stream. The 
surface is level, and is a rather elevated table 
land. Cf. t. Bucyrus. Pop. 4,791. 

Crawford, co. of Ind., bndd. by Perry s. w., 
Dubois N. w.. Orange n., Washington n. e., Har- 
rison E., and 0. r. separating it from Meade co. 
Ky. s. Length 24, mean breadth 14, and area 
336 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 07' to 
38° 25', and in long, from 9° 18' to 9° 43' w. 
W. C. The slope is to the s. and towards O. r. 
The surface very broken. Cf. t. Fredonia. 
Pop. 3,238. 

Crawford, co. II., bndd. s. e. by Lawrence, 
s. w. by Clay, w. by Lafayette, n. by Clark, n. e. 
by the Wabash r. separating it from the nthrn. 
part of Sullivan co. Ind., e. by Wabash r. separat- 
ing it from the sthni. part of Sullivan co. Ind., and 
the Wabash t. separating it from the n. w. angle 



CRI 

of Knox CO. Ind. Greatest length from e. to w. 50 
ms., mean breadth 20, and area 1,000 sq.ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 38° 50' to 39° 10', and in long 
from 10° 34' to 11° 30' w. W. C. This co. is tra- 
versed in a s. e. direction, and subdivided into 
two not very unequal sections by Embarras r. 
Some of the higher sources of the Little Wabash 
rise in its s. w. angle. The general slope is a 
little e. of s. Cf. t. Palestine. Pop. 3,117. 

Crawford, c. h. and p-o. by p-r. 136 ms. n, w. 
Little Rock, and 1,204 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 
Exact situation uncertain. 

Crawford's p-o. in the e. part of Estill co. 
Ky., 34 ms. e. Irvine, the st. jus. for the co., 
and by p-r. 531 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 71 
ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort. 

Crawford's Mills and p-o. Del. co. O. by p-r. 
29 ms. N. Columbus, and 425 ms. n. w. by w. 
V/. C. 

Crawfordsville, p-v. and st. jus. Montgome- 
ry CO. Ind. by p-r. 617 ms. n. of w. W. C. and 44 
ms. N. w. by w. Indianopolis. It is on Sugar cr. 
and on the road from Indianopolis to Covington, 
in Fountain co. Lat. 40° 03', long. 9° 53' w, 
W.C. 

Crawfordsville, p-v. and st. jus. Taliaferro 
CO. Geo. situated between Little r. and Great 
Ogeeche r. 44 ms. n. n. e. Milledgeville, and 
65 a little n. of w. Augusta. Lat. 33° 34', long. 
5° 58' w. W. C. 

Craytonville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C. 81 
ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Creagers or Creagerstown, p-v. near the 
left bank of Monocacy r. Frederick co. Md. 12 
ms. a little e, of n. Frederick city. 

Creek Agency and p-o. Creek ter. Ala. 181 
ms. from Tuscaloosa. 

Creek Indians, or Muscogees, stated by Dr. 
Jedediah Morse in 1820, at 20,000, overrated 
perhaps, reside principally in Geo. and Ala. 
but with some scattering bands in Flor. and La. 
This once comparatively considerable Indian 
nation has been known under the name of 
tribes, as Appalaches, Alabamas, Abacas, 
Covvittas, Coosa, Ocmulgees, Oconees, &c. 

Creek Path and p-o. in the Cherokee ter. 
Ala. by p-r. 135 ms. n. e. Tuscaloosa, and 723 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Creelsburgh, p-v. Russel co. Ky. byp-r. 162 
ms. s. Hartford. 

Cresapstown or Cresapsburg, p-v. Alleghany 
CO. Md. near the left bank of Potomac, 6 ms. 
s. w. by v/. Cumberland. 

Crichton's Store and p-o. in the s. part 
Brunswick co. Va. 18 ms. s. Lawrenceville, st. 
jus. for the co. and by p-r. 209 ms. s. s. w. W. 
C. and 87 from Richmond, in a nearly similar 
direction. 

Cripple Creek, p-o. Greenville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 1 18 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Crittenden, v. on the road from Little Rock 
to Hempstead co. on Red. r. Clark co. Ark. 82 
ms. s. w. Little Rock. 

Crittenden, co. Ark. bndd. e. by the Misp. 
r., w. and s. w. by St. Francis r., n. by New 
Madrid co. Mo. Length from s. to n. 105 ms. 
mean breadth about 20 ms. ; area 21,000 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 35' to 36°, 
long, from 12° 40' to 13° 45' w. W. C. It is 
composed of an immense plain, in most part 



CRO 



120 



GUI 



liable to annual submersion ; but where the 
soil is of sufficient elevation to admit cultivation, 
it is highly productive. Staple, cotton. Cf. t. 
Greenock. 

Crooked r. Me. flows into Sebago pond. 

Crooked cr. a wstrn, br. of II. r. It is amongst 
the numerous misnomers in our Geography, to 
give the title of cr. to a stream of upwards of 
50 ms. comparative course, and which drains a 
large share of Adams and Hancock cos. and 
nearly all Mc. Donough and Schuyler cos. and 
embraces a valley of at least 1,300 sq. ms. 
This stream, watering some of the finest land 
in II., rises close upon the actual margin of the 
Misp. r. on the sthrn. border of Warren co. 
Flowing thence a little s. of s. e. over Hancock, 
Mc Donough, and Schuyler, it falls into Illinois 
r. almost on n. lat. 40°. The valley of Crooked 
r. lies between those of the Misp. and Spoon r. 
br. of Illinois r. 

Crooked cr. and p-o. n. part of Livingston 
CO. Ky. by p-r. 235 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Crooked cr. and p-o. in the n. e. part of Tioga 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 9 ms. n. Wellsborough, the co. 
St., 262 miles n. W. C. and 156 w. of N.Harris- 
burg. 

Crooked Lake, N. Y. Steuben and Ontario 
cos. 18 ms. by li, has two branches divided 
by Bluff Head. An outlet gives mill sites, and 
runs 6 ms. into Seneca lake. 

Crookett, p-v. Gibson co. Ten. by p-r. 149 
ms. s. of w. Nashville, and 854 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Crommelin, p-v. Montgomery co. Md. by 
p-r. 18 ms. from W. C. and 55 from Annapolis. 

Cross Anchor, p-o. in the extreme s. part of 
Spartanburg dist. S. C. by p-r. 82 ms. n. w. 
Columbia. 

Cross Canal, p-o. Camden co. N. C. by p-r. 
151 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Cross Creek, v. and p-o. w. part of Wash- 
ington CO. Pa. 17 ms. n. w. Washington, the 

CO. St. 

Cross Keys, p-o. Rockingham co. Va. by p-r. 
123 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Cross Keys, p-o. in the w. part of Union 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 63 ms. n. w. Columbus. 

Cross Lake, N. Y. Cato, Cayuga co. 

Cross Plains, p-v. Robertson co. Ten.31 ms. 
n. w. Nashville. 

Cross Plains, p-v. Ripley co. Ind. by p-r. 88 
ms. s. E. Indianopolis, and 560 w. W. C. 

Cross Roads, p-o. Jones co.N. C. by p-r. 163 
ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

Cross Roads, p-o. Hardiman co. Ten. by p-r. 
222 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Cross Roads, p-o. Bibb co. Ala. 42 ms. s. e. 
Tuscaloosa. 

Cross Roads, p-o. Chester co. Pa. (See 
New London Cross Roads.) 

Cross Roads, p-o. in the w. part of Newton 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 10 ms. w. Covington, the co. st. 
70 N. w. Milledgeville, and 672 s. w. W. C. 

Crosswick's cr. N. J. rises in Monmou'th co. 
and nmning through Burlington, falls into the 
Del. at Bordentown ; is navigable several ms. 
for sloops. 

Crosswicks, p-v. Chesterfield, Burlington co. 
N. J. 8 ms. s. E. Trenton, 2 e. Bordentown, on 
Croswick cr. 



Croton cr. Duchess and West Chester coa, 
N. Y. runs s. and s. w. 40 ms. into Hudson r. at 
Tappan bay, with good mill sites. It has been 
proposed to take the water to N. Y. city by 
aqueduct. 

Croton, v. Cortland, West Chester co. N. Y. 
at the mouth of Croton cr. where is a fall of 60 
or 70 feet. 

Crowder's cr. and p-o. in the e. part of York 
dist. S. C. The cr. falls into Catawba r. where 
the road from Charlotte in N. C. passes to 
Yorkville in S. 0. by p-r. 101 miles n. Colum- 
bia. 

Crowell's Cross Roads and p-o. Halifax co. 
Geo. by p-r. 229 ms. s. W. C. and 99. n. e. Ra- 
leigh. 

Crownpoint, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 15 ms. n. 
Ticonderoga, 18 s. Elizabethtown, I84s. Mont- 
real, w. Lake Champlain. Level e. mountain, 
ous w. Contains the site of the old fortress of 
Crown Point, which was first occupied as a 
military position by the French, 1731. Sur- 
rendered to the British, 1759, and to the Ameri- 
cans, 1755 ; evacuated and taken by Gen. Bur- 
goyne, 1777; retaken by Americans the same 
year. It has been long abandoned, but the 
earth shows the form of the fortress, which was 
a spar work, with 5 bastions, the walls of the 
barracks, &c. on a low level cape, nmning n. 
opposite Chimney Point, where the lake is 1 m. 
wide. Oct. 13th, 1776, the American flotilla, 
under Gen. Arnold, was destroyed off Crown 
Point by the British. Pop. 1830, 2,441. 

Crow's Ferry and p-o. parish of Natchitoches 
La. This ferry is over the Sabine r. by the 
common road, 33 ms. s. w. by w. Natchitoches or 
Red r., and by p-r. 405 n. w. by w. New Orleans, 
and 1,379 s. w. by w. W. C. By the p-o. list of 
1831, Crow's ferry was the extreme s. w. p-o. in 
the U. S. , 

Crow's Nest, mtn. Cornwall, Orange co. N. 
Y. 1,330 ft. elevation. 

Crowsville, p-v. s. part of Spartanburgh dist. 
S. C. 72 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Croydon, t. Sullivan co. N. H. 44 ms. n. w. 
Concord, 100 ms. Boston, 26,000 acres, is 
crossed by n. branch Sugar r. and Croydon mtn. ; 
though moist and rocky, it yields grass and 
some grain. Pop. 1,056. 

Crystal Spring, p-o. Lawrence co. Ark. by 
p-r. 176 ms. n. w. e. Little Rock. 

Cuba, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 18 ms. s. w. 
Angelica, n. Pa., 6 ms. by 18. It has Oil cr. 
and some branches of Genesee r., is cold and 
wet, bears red oak, ash, maple, beech, some 
evergreen. Pop. 1,059. 

Cuba, p-v. in the w. part of Clinton co. O. by 
p-r. 6 ms. w. Wilmington the co. st. 450 w. W. 
C. and 73 s. w. Columbus. 

CucKoviLLE, p-v. Louisa CO. Va. by p-r. 95 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

CuivRE, (Copper) r. of Mo. rising in Audrain 
CO. interlocking sources with those of the sthrn. 
branch of Salt r. but deriving tributary fountains 
also from Pike and Ralls cos. ; the different 
branches uniting in Lincoln, in which latter co. 
it enters the Misp. a comparative course of 60 
ms. to the s. e. by e. The course of Cuivre r. 
is nearly parallel to, and about 25 ms. nthrd. of 
low Missouri r. The Cuivre valley comprises 



CUM 



121 



CUM 



a part of Pike, Ralls, Audrain, Montgomery, 
Lincoln, and St. Charles cos. 

CuLBERTsoNs, p-o. Mercer co. Pa. by p-r. 293 
ms. N. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Chlbreath's, p-o. Columbia co. Geo. by p-r. 
86 ms. N. E. by e. Milledgeville. 

CuLLEN, p-v. Weakley co. Ten. by p-r. 108 
ms. w. Nashville. 

Culloden's, p-o. Monroe co. Geo. by p-r. 68 
ms. w. Milledgeville. 

Culpepper, co. Va. bndd. by Rappahannoc r. 
which separates it from Fauquier n. e., by Ra. 
pid Ann r, which separates it from Spottsylva- 
nia and Orange s., by Madison s. w,, and by the 
Blue Ridge which separates it from Page co. n. 
w. Length from the junction of Rapid Ann 
and Rappahannoc rs. to its northern angle on the 
Blue Ridge 42 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 
672 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 15' to 
38° 51', long, from 0° 35' to 1° 20' w. W. C. 
Besides the boundary streams, Culpepper is 
watered by Thornton r. which, rising in the 
spars of Blue Ridge, winds s. e. over the cen- 
tral parts of the coimty, and falls into Rappahan- 
noc. The surface is finely diversified with hill 
and dale, with large bodies of excellent land ; 
staples, grain, tobacco, &c. Cf. t. Fairfax. 
Pop. in 1820, 20,942, 1030, 24,027. 

Culpepper, c. h. (See Fairfax, Culpepper co.) 

Cumberland, mtn. chain of the Appalachian 
system, and continuation over Va., Ky., Ten., 
and part of Ala. of the Laurel chain of Pa. The 
Cumberland chain, though not so delineated in 
our defective maps, is continuous from Steuben 
CO. N, Y. into Jackson, Morgan, and Blount 
cos. Ala, along an inflected line of 800 ms. 
About the extreme e. angle of Ky. and s. w. 
Great Sandy, this chain is distinctly known as 
Cumberland mtn. and ranging s. w. separates Va. 
from Ky. as far as Cumberland gap, on the 
northern boundary of Ten. Continuing s. w. 
but with an inflection to the n. w., this chain 
stretches over Ten. as dividing ridge between 
the confluents of Cumberland and Ten. rs. En- 
tering Ala. and crossing Ten. r. at its great 
bend, gradually disappears amongst the sources 
of Black Warrior r. The Cumberland chain is 
in no part very elevated, varying from 800 to 
]000 feet above the tide level ; but though hum- 
ble as to relative height, it maintains otherwise 
all the distinctive characteristics of other Appa- 
lachian chains. Extending in long, regular, 
' and often lateral ridges, passable only at long 
intervals where gaps occur, or where traversed 
by rivers. The ridges are wooded to their sum- 
mits. 

Cumberland, r. Ky. and Ten. rises in the for- 
mer, from the n. w. slope of Cumberland mtn. 
interlocking sources with Kentucky r. to the n. 
and Powell r. s. ; flowing thence westward by 
comparative course 120 nis. in Russell co. 
Here it inflects to s. w. leaving Ky. and enter- 
ing Ten. and preserving the latter course to 
Carthage in Smith co. having flowed in a s. w. 
direction 65 ms. Below Carthage, Cumberland 
inflects to a western course, which it pursues 
100 ms. to its great bend in Stewart co. and 
thence turning to n. w. flows 75 ms. to its final 
junction with the Ohib, after an entire compar- 
ative course of 360 ms. The above measure- 



ments are made by extending from extreme to 
extreme of the respective courses, but as the 
stream is in its particular bends very tortuous, 
we may, without excess, allow for its compara- 
tive length 200 ms. in Upper Ky., 1 90 in Ten. and 
50 in Lower Ky. or an entire comparative course 
of 440 ms. At high water it is navigable for 
boats, to near its source, and for at least one 
one half its length, at all seasons. Without re- 
ference to the inflections of the river itself, the 
valley it drains is 350 ms. long with a mean 
breadth not exceeding 50 ms., area about 17,500 
sq. ms., holding the third rank in regard to su- 
perficies of the confluents of Ohio r. The rela- 
tive difference of level between the source and 
mouth of Cumberland, has never been deter- 
mined but must exceed 1000 ft. The far great- 
er part of this valley lies between lat. 36° and 
37° and between long. 6° and 12° w. W. C. 

Cumberland co. Me. bndd. by Oxford co. n., 
Lincoln co. e., the Atlantic s., York and Oxford 
COS. w. It is one of the smallest cos. in the 
state, containing (1820) 52,000 acres under 
tillage, 17,000 pasturage, 17,000 upland mow- 
ing, 950 meadow mowing, 1,000 working horses, 
and 2,600 working oxen. It contains Sebago 
Pond and several others, some of which it has 
been proposed to connect by navigable channels. 
Cf t. Portland. Population 1820, 49,445, 1830, 
60,113. 

Cumberland, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. on the 
sea coast, 54 ms. from Augusta. Pop. 1830, 
1,558. 

Cumberland, t. Providence co. R. I. 8 ms. n. 
E. Providence, n. e. Pawtucket r. 28 square ms. 
contains much hilly and rocky grass land, but 
the rest is generally good. Has Abbott's mill 
and Peter's rivers. Cotton has been manufac- 
tured here for some time ; and 700 boats have 
been made here yearly, generally of oak. Pop. 
1830, 3,675. 

Cumberland co. N. J. bounded by Salem and 
Gloucester cos. n., Cape May co. e., Delaware 
Bay s., Delaware Bay and Salem co. w. Chief 
town, Bridgetown. It is crossed by Maurice 
river and Cohansey creek branches. Pop. 1820, 
12,668 ; 1830, 14,093. 

Cumberland, co. Pa. bndd. n. w. and n. by 
the Kittatinny, or as there locally named N. 
mtn. which separates it from Perry's, Susque- 
hannah river separating it from Dauphin e., 
York CO. s. e., Adams s, Franklin s. w. Length 
34, mean breadth 16, and area 544 square ms. 
lying between lat. 39° 58', and 40° 18',. and 
long. 0° 08' e., and 0° 40' w. W. C. This co. 
is in great part commensurate with the valley 
of the Conedogwinet, which rising in Franklin 
enters the s. w. border of Cumberland and by a 
very winding channel flows n. e. by e. into 
Susquehannah r. The southern part including 
the ridges and valleys of s. mountain is watered 
by Yellow Breeches creek, which also flows n. 
E. by e. into Susquehannah r. The s. side of 
Cumberland rests mostly on limestone, whilst 
the substratum along the Kittatinny is clay 
slate. The surface moderately hilly, and soil 
generally very productive in grain, pasturage 
and fruits. Iron ore abounds in S. mtn. Cf. t. 
Carlisle. Population 1820, 23,606, 1830, 
29,228. 



CUR 



122 



CYN 



Cumberland, p. v. and st. jus. Alleghany co 
Md. situated on the left bank of the Potomac r. 
and on both sides of Wills' cr. 136 ms. n. w. by 
w. W. C. and 140 a little n. of w, Baltimore. 
Lat. 39° 38', long. 1° 46' w. W. C. The United 
States western road has its eastern termination 
at this village, which is elevated 537 ft. above 
the level of the Atlantic. It is neat and well 
built, mostly in one street along the main road. 
The eastern and much the finest section of this 
beautiful village was on the 15th April, 1833, 
nearly reduced to ashes. By a report of a re- 
spectable committee, the loss estimated at 
$262,000. 

Cumberland, co. Va. bndd. by Appomattox r. 
which separates it from Amelia s. and Prince 
Kdward s. w., by Buckingham w. and n. w., by 
James river which separates it from Goochland 
n. e., and by Powhatan e. Length 33, mean 
breadth 10, area 320 square miles. Between 
lat. 37° 12' and 37° 39', long. 1° 13', and 1° 40' 
w. W. C. The slope of this co. is n. e. and the 
central parts drained of Wills' river, a branch 
of James r. The surface is moderately hilly, 
and soil productive. Cf. t. Carterville. Pop. 
1820, 11,023,1830, 11,690. 

Cumberland, c. h. (see Springfield, Cum. 
berland co. Va.) 

Cumberland Ford, and p-o. Knox co. Ky. 
where the road from Frankfort through Lancas- 
ter, Mount Vernon, and Barboursville, into Ten. 
by Cumberland Gap, passes Cumberland r. 16 
ms. up that stream above Barboursville, and 138 
s. s. E.Frankfort. 

Cumberland Gap, and p-o. Claiborne co. Ten. 
The gap is in Cumberland mtn. 15 ms. s. Cum- 
berland Ford. 

Cumberland, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 91 
ms. e. Columbus, and 330 n. of w. W. C. 

CuMMiNGTON, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 20 
ms. N. w. Northampton, 110 w. Boston ; has an 
academy, and several factories on the n. branch 
of Westfield r. Pop. 1,251. 

Cunningham's Island, in lake Erie, forms a 
part of Huron co. O. It lies about 8 ms. a lit- 
tle w. of n. from the mouth of Sandusky bay. It 
is small, not perhaps exceeding a sq. m. but suf- 
ficiently elevated for cultivation. 

Cunningham's Store, and p-o. in the n. w. 
part of Person co. N. C by p-r. 75 ms. n. w. Ra- 
leigh, and 257 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Curran, p-v. in the n. part of Gallatin co. II. 
by p-r. 118 ms. s. e. Vandalia, and 792 ms. w. 
W. C. 

Currant, r. of Mo. and Ark the wstrn. and 
indeed the main branch of Black r., rises in 
Misp, interlocking sources with Black, Merri- 
mack, and Gasconade rs , forms by its course an 
elliptic curve, first s. e. then s., and finally s. w. 
to its junction with Black r. in Lawrence co. 
Ark. (See Black river of Mo. and Ark.) 

Currituck, co. N. ! . bndd. by the Atlantic e.. 
Princess Ann, and Norfolk, cos. Va. n., Cam- 
den CO. N. C. w., and Albemarle Sound s. 
Length 40, mean breadth 15, area 600 sq. ms. 
Lying between lat. 36°, 36° 30', long. 0° 45', and 
1° 25' E. W. C. It is composed of a plain coun- 
try, in part marshy, and divided into two sec- 
tions by Currituck sound. Cf. t. Currituck. Pop. 
1820, 8,098, 1830, 7,655. 



Currituck, p-v. and st jus. Currituck co. N- 
C. situated on the w. side of Currituck sound, 
35 ms. s. s. e. Norfolk in Va. and by p-r. 234 ms. 
n. e. by E. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 24', long. 1° 2' 

e. w. <:. 

Currituck Sound, Isle and Inlet, Currituck co. 
N. C. The sound is a narrow sheet of water 
extending from Albemarle sound n. about 50 
ms. and terminating by North r. bay and Rocky 
r. bay, in Princess Ann co. Va. It is shallow, 
with a breadth varying from one to ten miles, 
Currituck sound is open to the Atlantic by two 
inlets, S. inlet, and < nrrituck inlet, enclosing 
between them a long, low, and sandy reef of 20 
miles in length, called Currituck island. Ac- 
cording to Tanner's United States, Currituck 
inlet, is at lat. 36° 26', 30 ma. n. Albemarle 
sound. 

CuRwiNsviLLE, p.v. Clearfield co. Pa. on the 
left bank of Susquehannah, 7 ms. above and s, 
w. the borough of Clearfield. 

Gushing, t. Lincoln co. Me. 33 ms. e. Wis- 
casset, n. w. St. George's river, and indented 
with coves from the sea. Pop. 1,681. 

Cutler, t. Washington co. Me. e. Machias 
bay on the sea coast. Pop. 454. 

Cuyahoga, r. of 0. This stream though com- 
paratively small is very remarkable in itself, and 
has gained great importance from having be- 
come in part the route of the Ohio and Erie ca- 
nal. The extreme source of the Cuyahoga is 
near the eastern border of Geauga co. interlock- 
ing sources with those of Grand r. and within 20 
ms. from lake Erie at the mouth of the latter. 
Flovi'ing thence s. s. w. nearly parallel, though 
rather inclining from the opposite shore of lake 
Erie, by comparative courses 45 ms., traversing 
Geauga and Portage cos. to near the e. border 
of Medina. Inflecting at more than a right an- 
gle upon its former course, the Cuyahoga bends 
to a little w. of n., is intersected by the Ohio ca- 
nal near Northampton in Portage co., continues 
over the latter and Cuyahoga co. to its influx 
into lake Erie at Cleaveland, after an entire com- 
parative course of 85 ms. The higher part of 
the course of Cuyahoga river is on a real table 
land. The summit level of the Ohio and Erie 
canal, between the vallies of Tuscarawas and 
Cuyahoga is 973 ft: above tide water in the At- 
lantic, and 408 ft. above lake Erie. The eleva- 
tion of the canal in the acqueduct 18 ms. above 
the mouth of Cuyahoga, is 704 above the ocean 
tides, and 139 above the level of lake Erie. 

Cuyahoga, co. of Ohio, bndd. by Geauga co. 
N. e., Portage s. e., Medina s. w., Lorain w., and 
lake Erie n. Length from east to west 32 ms., 
mean breadth 17, and area 544 square ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 41° 18' to 41° 45', and in 
long, from 4° 26' to 5° w. W. C. The surface 
of this CO is a rather rapidly inclining plain, the 
farms having a fall of at least 400 ft. from the 
southern and higher, to the lower border on 
lake Erie. Cf, t., Cleaveland. Pop. 1820, 
6,328, 1830, 15,813. 

Cuyahoga Falls, and p-o. Portage co. 0. by 
p-r. 122 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 334 ms. n. w. 
W, C. . 

Cynthiana, p-v. and st. jus. Harrison co. Ky. 
by p-r. about 70 ms. a little e of s. Cincinnati, 
513 a little s. of w. W. C. and 38 n. e. by e. 



DAL 



123 



DAN 



from Frankfort. It is situated on the eastern or 
right bank of the south fork of Licking river, at 
lat. 37° 23', long. 7" 17' w. W. C. Pop. 183i), 
975. The adjacent country is fertile and well 
cultivated. 
Cynthiana, p-v. in Shelby co. Ohio, by p-r. 92 



ms. N. w. by w. Columbus, and 489 ms. from 
W. C. in a similar direction nearly. 

Cynthiana, p-v. in the n. e. part of Posey co. 
Indiana, by p-r. 157 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, and 
718 s. ofw. W. C. 



Dabney's Mills and p-o. in the e. part of Lou- 
isa CO. Va. by p-r. 84 ms. w. of s. W. C. and 52 
w. of N. Richmond. 

Dacheet, r. of Ark. and La. rises in Hemp- 
stead, and flowing sthrd. over La Fayette co. of 
the former, enters the parish of Claiborne in the 
latter, is rather continued than lost in Lake Bis- 
teneuu. The writer of this article made a sur- 
vey of Lake Bisteneau and Dacheet r. as far as 
the northern boundary of La. and found ample 
memorial to demonstrate, that the existence of 
the lake is recent. The cypress timber, once 
growing in the valley, is dead ; but that timber 
resisting decay, the stumps remain standing in 
the water. The lake was, no doubt, formed by 
gradual accretion of soil, brought down by Red 
r. and deposited at the ancient mouth of Da. 
cheet, 30 ms. below the existing head of the 
lake. 

Dacresville, p-v. Pickens dist. S, C. by p-r. 
133 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Daggett's M ills, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p.r. 
155 ms. N. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Dagsboro, p-v. Sussex co. Del. on Pepper cr. 
a confluent of Rehoboth bay, 18 ms. a little w. 
of s. Lewistown. 

Dale, co. of Ala. bndd. by Covington w.. 
Pike N., Henry e., and by Jackson co. of Flor. 
s. E., and Walton co. Flor. s. w. Length from 
s. to N. 50 ms., mean breadth 32, and area, 
1,600 sq. ms. Lying between lat. 31° and 31° 
43', long. 8° 46' and 9° 16' w. W. C. Dale co. 
occupies great part of the valley of Choctawhat- 
chie r. Cf. t. Richmond. Pop. 1830, 2,031. 

Dale, p-v. Berks co. Pa. 20 ms. n. w. Read- 
ing. 

Daletown, p-v. Wilcox co. Ala. by p-r. 92 
ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Daley's p-o. in the w. part of Montgomery 
CO. Ten. 6 ms. w. Clarksville, and by p-r. 52 n. 
w. by w. Nashville. 

Dallas, co. Ala. bndd. by Marengo w.. Per- 
ry N. w. and N., Autauga n. e., Montgomery e., 
and Wilcox s. and s. w. Length 38, mean 
breadth 28, and area 1,064 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 32° 03' to 32° 33', long, from 9° 57' 
to 10° 40' w. W. C. Ala. r. enters the eastern 
border of Dallas, and winding over it by a very 
circuitous channel, and receiving the Cahaba 
near the centre, leaves the co. on the s. w. 
flowing thence into Wilcox. The r. lands are 
highly fertile. Chief staple, cotton, Cf. t. Ca- 
hawba. Pop. 1820, 6,003, 1830, 14,017. 

Dallas, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 116 ms. 
N. E. Harrisburg. 

Dalmatia, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. 42 
ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Dalton, p-t. Coos CO. N. H. next s. of Lancas- 
ter, E. Conn, r, at the head of 15 m. falls. It 
-has John's river, &c., hills w. and s., and good 



soil on the uplands ; 16,455 acres. Population 
532. 

Dalton, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 12 ms. n. 
N. E. Lenox, 120 w. Boston, near the head of e. 
branches of Housatonic r., is nearly level, with 
good soil, and manufactures cotton, paper, &c. 
Pop. 1830, 827. 

Dalton, p-v. in the e. part of Wayne co. O. 
15 ms. e. Wooster, the co. St., and by p-r. 336 
ms. N. w, by w. W. C. and 99 ms. ^. e. Colum- 
bus. 

Damariscotta, r. Me. passes through Lincoln 
CO. and empties between Brothbay and Bristol. 

Damaeiscotta Mills, p-v. Lincoln co. Me. 
34 ms. from Augusta. 

Damascus, p-v. on the right bank of Del. r. 
Wayne co. Pa. 15 ms. n. e. Bethany. Pop. of 
the tsp. 613. 

Damascus, p-v. in the extreme n. part of 
Montgomery co. Md., and on one of the roads 
from the city of Baltimore to Fredericktown. 

Damascus, p-v, in the n. part of Henry co. 0. 
situated on the left bank of Maumee r. by p-r. 
485 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 161 n. n. w. Co. 
lumbus. 

Damascovit.le, p-v. in the n. w. part of Colum- 
biana co. C. 15 ms. n. w. New Lisbon the co, 
St., and by p-r. 158 n. e. by e. Columbus, and 
■297 N. w. W. C. 

Dan, r, Va. and N. C. drains th-e far greater 
part of Granville, Person, Caswell, Rocking, 
ham and Stokes cos. of the latter state, and of 
Patrick, Henry, Pittsylvania, and Halifax cos, 
of the former state. The extreme western 
sources of Dan r. are in Patrick co. Va. and in 
the s. e. spurs of the Blue Ridge. The general 
course almost due e. along the intermediate 
borders of N. C. and Va. to where the 4 cos. of 
Pittsylvania, Halifax, Person and Caswell meet. 
Here entering and flowing in Va. n. e. by e. falls 
into the Roanoke at Clarksville, having a mean 
breadth of about 33 ms. This r. drains 3,960 
sq. ms. 

Dana, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 75 ms. w^^ 
Boston, is crossed by a branch of Swift r. Pop. 
623. 

Danboro, P-v. Bucks co. Pa. 30 ms. n. Phila. 

Danburgh, p-v. Wilkes co, Geo, 68 ms. n. e. 
Milledgeville. 

Danbury, t. Grafton co. N. H. 93 ms. from 
Boston, 30 from Concord ; 19,000 acres, dia. 
mond-shaped ; is generally hilly, and watered 
by Smith's r. First settled, 1771. Pop. 786. 

Danbury, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 55 ms. s, w, 
Hartford, 35 n. w. N. Haven, 65 n. e. N. York ; 
6 ms. by 8^ ; 53 sq. ms, ; is fertile, with granite 
rocks, gravelly loam, undulated, with some 
marble quarries. There are manufactories on 
Still r. a branch of Housatonic. It bears oak, 
walnut, &c. Hats are made to a great amount. 



DAN 



124 



DAR 



The British burnt the town, 1777, with some 
military stores, and Gen, Wooster fell in oppo- 
sing them. Pop. 4,331. 

Danby, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 18 ros. s. Rut- 
land, 34 N. Bennington ; 39 sq. ms. First set- 
tled, 1768 ; has Otter cr. e. and several small 
branches, and is uneven, with some mountains. 
It has large dairies. There are several cav- 
erns, and lead ore is found. Pop. 1,362. 

Danby, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 7 ms. s. Ith- 
aca, U from Candor, 22 Owego, has pretty good 
land, watered by Mud cr., and a branch of Cay- 
uga inlet. Pop. 2,481. 

Dancer's Store and p-o. Northampton co. N. 
C. by p-r. 100 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh, and 200 
s. W. C. 

Dandridge, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
Ten. situated on the right bank of French Broad 
r. on the road from Knoxville to Greenville, 32 
ms. E. from the former, and 39 s. w. by w. from 
the latter place. Lat. 38° 58', and long. 6° 14' 
w. W. C. 

Dandridge, p-v. Morgan co. Ala. by p-r. 110 
ms. N. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Damelsville, p-v. Spottsylvania co. Va. by 
p-r. 78 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Damelsville, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. 
Geo. 81 ms. n. Milledgeville. Lat. 34° 10', 
and long. 6° 15' w. W. C. 

Dansby, p-o. Oglethorpe co. Geo. 81 ms. n. 
Milledgeville. 

Dansville, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 46 ms. s. 
Rochester, 11 n. Arkport ; the village is on the 
highest navigable point of the Chemung, a 
branch of Susquehannah r. A rail road from 
this place to Rochester. {See rail roads and 
canals, nrticle Dansville and Rochester.) Pop. 
1830, 1,728. 

Danube, p-t. Herkimer co. N, Y. 10 ms. s. e. 
Herkimer, 68 n. w. Albany, s. Mohawk r., e. 
German Flats, 5^ ms. by nearly 10, has a stiff 
loam, on hard grit, with many springs, few 
streams, and waving surface. Nowadaga cr. 
enters Hudson r. at the site of Hendrick's cas- 
tle ; a friendly Mohawk chief was killed at 
Lake George, 17S5. The Indians had a church 
here. Pop. 1,723. 

Danvers, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 16 ms. n. e. 
Boston. The village streets form a continua- 
tion of those of Salem, 7 ms. by 8. The first 
victim of the persecution of witchcraft was a 
daughter of a clergyman of Salem, living in this 
town, then a part of it. The soil is good, well 
cultivated ; granite mill stones are made, and 
different manufactures. There are several crs. 
from Bass r., two navigable to the two villages. 
Pop. 4,228. 

Danville, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 32 ms. 
from Augusta, s. w. Androscoggin r. Pop. 1,128. 

Danville, p-t. and st. jus. Caledonia co. Vt. 
25 ms. N. e. Montpelier, 25 n. w. Newbury, 160 
N. by w. Boston. First settled, 1784, from Es- 
sex CO. Mass. ; broken w., hills and vallies e., 
with fine farms; Merritt's r. &c. supplies mills. 
The village is pleasant in the centre. Pop. 2,631. 

Danville, (now Wilmington,) p-t. Steuben 
CO. N. Y. 24 ms. n. w. Bath. Pop. 1,728. 

Danville, p-v. on the right bank of Susque- 
hannah r. Columbia co. Pa. 25 ms. above North- 
umberland. 



Danville, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. on the 
right bank of Dan r. and near the s. border of 
the CO. In the natural state, the falls of Dan r. 
at Danville, were the head of boat navigation, 
but by a not very expensive canal improvement, 
the higher part of Dan valley might be opened 
to an intercommunication by water with the 
Roanoke. 

Danville, p-v. Warren co. Ten. 55 ms. s. w. 
Nashville. 

Danville, flourishing p-v. on the s. e. border 
of Mercer co. Ky. 41 ms. s. s. e. Frankfort, and 
35 a little w. of s. Lexington. Pop, 1820, 1,000, 
in 1830, 849. Danville is a very quiet and re- 
tired village, and the town and surrounding 
country are remarkably healthy ; it is 10 miles 
distant from the Harrodsburg springs, a favorite 
watering place in that region. Centre college 
is located in the immediate vicinity of Danville ; 
it was founded in 1822, and has now 6 profes- 
sors, of whom the president is one. The ex- 
penses of the institution, exclusive of books and 
clothing, vary from ^80 to ^100 per annum. 
A farm is connected with it, and manual labor 
is performed by some of the students. The 
number of these (1832-3) is 66, and the libraries 
contain about 2500 vols. Connected with the 
college is a grammar and primary school, and 
also an institution for the deaf and dumb, all 
under the direction of the board of trustees of 
the college. In Danville is also a highly re- 
spectable female school. 

Danville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Knox co, 
O. by p-r. 362 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 59 
ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1830, 234. 

Danville, p-v. and st. jus. Hendricks co. Ind. 
by p-r. 593 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 20 ms. w. 
Indianopolis. It is situated on the head of 
White Lick cr. at lat. 39° 47', long, 9° 30' w. 
W. C. 

Danville, p-v. and st. jus. VermiKion co. II. 
by p-r. 683 ms. n. of w. W. C and 150 n. n. e. 
Vandalia. It is situated on Vermillion r. about 
4 ms. from the e. boundary of II. Lat, 40° 8', 
long. 9°42'w.W. C. 

Darby cr. or small r. of O. rises in Cham- 
paign and Union cos. flows s. s. e. over Franli- 
lin, and falls into the w. side of Sciota r, in 
Pickaway co. nearly opposite Circleville, having 
a comparative course of 60 ms. 

Darby, p-v. 7 ms. s. w. Phil., Del. co. Pa. 
The old town of Darby is divided into Lower 
Darby and Upper Darby. In 1830, the former 
contained 1,085, and the latter 1,325 inhabitants. 
The village of Darby is a fine and pleasant 
town. 

Darby, p-v. and tsp. on Darby cr. s. part of 
Union co. 0. by p-r, 22 ms, n. w. Columbus, and 
418 N. w. by w. W. C. Pop. tsp. 417. 

Darby's p-o. Columbia co. Geo. 12 ms. from 
Applington, the co, st. and by p-r. 590 s. w, W, 
C, and 81 n. e. by e. Milledgeville. 

Darbyville, p-v. in Darby tsp. Pickaway co. 
O. by p-r. 39 ms. s, Columbus, and 407 n. of v/. 
W. C. Pop. tsp. 827. 

Dardanelles, two mountain peaks, so called, 
Pope CO. Ark. They are situated on the right 
side, 'and near Ark. r. 82 ms. above Little Rock. 
Dardanelles mtn. and p-o. are on the right side 
of Arkansas r. in Pope co. Ark. As laid down 



DAR 



]25 



DAV 



by Tanner, the mtn, stands 30 ms. air line above 
the mouth of Petite Jean r. and by the land 
road about 80 ms. above and to the n. w. by v/. 
Little Rock. 

Dardenne, small r. of St. Charles co. Mo. 
rising along the boundary between the latter and 
Montgomery co. and flowing n. e. falls into the 
Misp. r. about 5 ms. n. n. w. from the village of 
St. Charles. 

Dardenne, p-v. in the w. part of St. Charles 
CO. Mo. by p-r. 34 ms. n. w. St. Louis, 100 n. of 
E. Jefferson, and 897 w. W. C. 

Dardenne Bridge and p-o. in the n. e. part 
of St. Charles co. Mo. about 30 ms. n. w. by w. 
St. Louis, and by p-r. 886 ms. w. W. C. 

Darien, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 42 s. w. New 
Haven, n. Long Island Sound, formerly s. e. part 
of Stamford, and has a good undulating soil. 
Pop. 1,20L 

Darien, important p-t. and sea-port Mcintosh 
CO. Geo. on the n. side and principal channel of 
the Altaraaha, 1^2 ms. above the bar, and 190 by 
water below Milledgeville. The pop. of Dari- 
en has rapidly increased ; in 1810, the inhabit- 
ants were about 200, in 1820, 2,000. It has a 
bank, custom house, and many splendid private 
buildings. A steam boat navigation extends 
above to Milledgeville, whilst the bar admits 
vessels of 12 ft. draught from the ocean. It is 
56 ms. s. s. w. Savannah, and by p-r. l85 s. e. 
Milledgeville. Lat. 31° 23', long. 4° 37' w. 
W. C. 

Darxe, CO. 0. bndd. n. by Mercer, n. e. by 
Shelby, s. e. by Miami and Montgomery, s. w. 
by Wayne co. Ind. and w. by Randolph co. Ind. 
Extending in lat. from 39° 52' to 40° 27', and 
in long. 7° 26' to 7° 48' w. W. C. Breadth 21 
ms. from e. to w. mean length 36, and area 756 
sq. ms. Darke co. is nearly commensurate 
with the region drained by and giving source 
to the higher branches of the w. Fork of Great 
Miami, with a general s. e. slope. Surface 
pleasantly diversified by hill and dale, soil in 
part productive. Cf. t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 
3,717, 1830, 6,204. 

Darkesville, p-v. on Sulphur Springs cr. a 
branch of Opequau, Berkley co. Va. 25 ms. a 
little N. of w. Harper's Ferry. 

Darling's p-o. in the n. e. part of Knox co. 
O. by p-r. 65 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 362 n. w. 
by w. W. C. 

Darltngsville, p-o. Pike co. Pa. by p-r. 12 
ms. N. Milford, the co. st. and 169 n. e. Har- 
risburg. 

Darlington, formerly Griersburg, p-v. in the 
N. w. part of Beaver co. Pa. about 10 ms. n. w. 
from the borough of Beaver, 37 ms. in a simi- 
lar direction from Beaver, the co. st. and 263 
in a similar direction from W. C. 

Darlington, p-v. Harford co. Md. 

Darlington, dist. S. C. bndd. by Kershaw 
w., Chesterfield n. w. and n.. Great Pedee r. 
which separates it from Marlborough n. e., Ma- 
rion s. E., and Lynch's cr. v/hich separates it 
from Sumpter s. w. Length 35 ms. mean 
breadth 30, and area 1,050 sq. ms. Extending 
from lat. 33° 58' to 34° 32', long, from 2° 40' to 
3° 20' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to the 
s. E. ; the surface rather waving than hilly. Cf. 
t. Darlington. Pop. 1820, 10,949, 1830, 13,728. 

17 



Darlington, p-v. and st. jus. Darlington dist. 
S. C. on Black cr., 40 ms. a little n. of e. Cam- 
den, and by p-r. 93 n. e. by e. Columbia. Lat. 
34° 19', long. 2° 58' w. W. C. 

Darnestown, p-v. in the w. part of Mont- 
gomery CO. Md. by p-r. 25 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Darrtown, p-v. in Milford tsp. western part 
of Butler co. O. 8 ms. from Hamilton, the co, 
St. and by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. from Colum- 
bus, and 496 ms. w. from W. C. 

Dartmouth, p-t. and sea port, Bristol co. 
Mass. 62 ms. s. Boston, 27 s. Taunton, n. Buz. 
zard's bay, e. R. I., has several crs. running s. 
one of which, Aponiganset r., is navigable near- 
ly to its centre. It was destroyed by Indians 
1675. Pop. 3,866. 

Dartmouth, p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 153 
ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Darvills, p-o. Dinwiddle co. Va. 32 ms. s. 
Richmond. 

Dauphin, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa. by p-r. 8 ms. 
from Harrisburg. 

Dauphin, co. Pa. bndd. by Mahantango cr., 
which divides it from Northumberland n., by 
Schuylkill n. e., Lebanon e., Conewago creek, 
which separates it from Lancaster south, and 
by the Susquehannah r., which separates it from 
York south, and from Cumberland and Perry 
west. Length 38 ms., mean breadth 16, area 
608 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 40° 08' to 40° 
40', long, from the meridian of W. C. to 30' e. 
The surface of Dauphin is peculiarly diversifi- 
ed. The lower, southern, and smaller section 
enclosed by the Susquehannah r., Conewago cr., 
Kittatinny mtn. and the western boundary of 
Lebanon, and comprising about 170 sq. ms., is 
hilly, but highly fertile, and the southern part 
resting on a substratum of limestone. This^ 
lower section of Dauphin is traversed by the 
Swatara creek, and through its valley by the 
Union canal. The higher northern and moun- 
tainous part of Dauphin, beyond and including 
Kittatinny mountain, is formed by a congeries 
of mountain ridges, lying parallel to each other 
from N. E. to s. w., with narrow intervening val- 
lies, discharging their streams s. w. into Sus- 
quehannah. The soil of Dauphin is productive 
in fruit, grain, and pasturage, and its mountain 
vallies abound in excellent timber. Besides 
the Union canal already mentioned, the trans- 
versed section of the Pa. canal follows the left 
bank of Susquehannah, in Dauphin, from the 
Conewago, to opposite the mouth of Juniata r. 
(See Pa. canal.) Cf. t. Harrisburg. Pop. 1820, 
21,663, in 1830, 26,241. 

Davenport, p-t. Delaware co. N, Y. II ms. n. 
Delhi, is hilly ; yields grass and lumber, and 
has Charlotte river of the Susquehannah. The 
lands are leased. Pop. 1,778. 

Davidson, co. N. C. bndd. by Stokes n., n. e, 
by Guilford, e. by Randolph, s. by Montgomery, 
and w. by Yadkin r. which separates it from 
Rowan. Length from s. to n. 40 ms. mean 
breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Lying be- 
tween lat. 35° 30' and 36° 04 , long. 3° 05', and 
3° 34' w. W. C. The slope of this co, is south, 
wardly, and is drained by different small crs. 
flowing into the Yadkin. Cf. t. Lexington. — 
Pop. 13,389. 
j Davidson, co. Ten. bndd s. by Williamson, 



DAY 



12G 



DEC 



w. by Dickson, n. by Robertson, n, e. by Sumner, 
E. by Wilson, and s. e. by Rutherford. Length 
30, mean breadth 22, area 660 square ms. Ex- 
tending from lat. 35° 56' to 36° 22', long, from 
9° 40' to 10° 10' w. W. C. Cumberland r. 
winds by a very tortuous channel over this co. 
from E. to w. dividing it into two nearly equal 
parts ; surface moderately hilly, with a very 
fertile soil, abounding in limestone. Staples, 
grain, and cotton. Cf. t. Nashville. Pop. 1820, 
20,154, 1830, 28,122. 

Davidsonsville, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence 
CO. Ark. situated on the point above the junc- 
tion of White and Eleven Points r. by p-r. 169 
ms. but by direct road 124 miles n. n. e. Little 
Rock. Lat. 36° 10', long. 14° 03' w. W. C. 

Davidsonville, p-0. Ann Arundel co. Md. by 
p-r. 11 ms. from Annapolis and 30 ms. estrd.W. C. 

Davies, CO. Ky. bndd. by Hancock co. n. e., 
Ohio s. E., Green r. dividing it from Muhlen- 
burg s., Hopkins s. w., and Henderson w., by a 
small part of Henderson n. w., and by Ohio 
river separating it from Spencer co. Ind. n. — 
Extending in lat. from 37° 29' to 37° 53', long. 
from 9° 55' to 10° 36' w. W. C. It is nearly a 
square of 22 ms. each way ; 484 sq. ms, surface 
rather flat, and soil productive. Cf. t. Owens- 
burg. Pop. 1820, 3,876, 1830, 5,209. 

Daviess, co. Ind. bounded n. by Greene co., e. 
by Martin, East fork of White r. separating it 
from Dubois s. e., and Pike s. w., and by the w. 
or Main White r. separating it from Knox co. 
w. Length from s. to n. 30 ms. mean breadth 
18, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 45', long. 
10° 12' W. C. This CO. occupies the peninsula 
between the two branches of White r. but the 
slope is s. w. by w. towards the western or main 
fork. Chief t. Washington. Pop. 1830, 4,543. 

Davis' Mills, and p-o. Bedford co. Va. by p-r. 
138 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Davis' Mills, and po. Barnwell dist. S. C. 

Davis' Mills and p-o. Bedford co. Ten. by 
p-r. 45 ms. s. e. Nashville. 

Davis' Cross Roads, p-o. Franklin co. N. C. by 
p-r. 31 ms. N. e. Raleigh. 

Davis' Tavern, and p-o, Sussex co. Va. about 
50 ms. s. E. Richmond. 

Davis' Store, and p-o. Bedford co. Va. by p-r. 
152 ms. w. Richmond. 

Davis' Store, and p-o. Martin co. N. C. by 
p-r. 81 ms. E. Raleigh. 

Davisboro', p-v. in the southern part of Wash- 
ington CO. Geo. by p-r. 39 ms. s. e. Milledge- 
ville, and 657 s. w. W. C. 

Davisville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. 

Daw's Gore, Grafton co. N. H. Pop. 38. 

Dawson's p-o. Alleghany co. Md. by p-r. 16 
ms. w. Cumberland, and 148 miles >. w. W. C. 

Dawson's p-o. Nelson co. Va. by p-r. 107 ms. 
N. of w. Richmond, and 149 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Dawsonville, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Mont- 
gomery CO. Md. by p-r. 27 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Day, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. Pop. 758. 

Dayton, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery co. O., 
by p-r. 462 ms. n. w. by w. ^ w. W. C, 66 ms. a lit. 
tie s. of w. Columbus, and 52 ms. N.of e. Cincin- 
nati. Pop. 2,950. It is situated on a fine site along 
the left bank of Great Miami r., directly below 
the influx of Mad r., and near where the Miami 
canal connects with Miami r. The water of 



Mad r. is conveyed across the point to the Mi- 
ami, affording numerous and excellent mill 
seats. Lat. 39°43', long.7° ll'w.W. C. The 
pop. Dayton tsp. in 1830, was 6,828. The town 
contained 370 houses and mercantile stores, 4 
churches, the county buildings, and market 
house. This place is in a remarkable manner 
prosperous, arising from an active and intelli- 
gent population, rendering available great na- 
tural advantages of water power. This pow^r 
is in one way employed to give motion to saw 
mills, grist mills, cloth factories, and many 
other applications of machinery ; and on the 
other, Miami canal has opened a water inter- 
communication with the Ohio r. at Cinninnati ; 
distance between the two places by the canal 
67 ms. 

Dead, r. Me., west branch of Kennebec r., 
rises on the borders of Lower Canada, and Ox- 
ford CO. 

Deadfall, p-o. Abbeville dist. S. C, 112 ms. 
w. Columbia. 

Deal, v. N. J., 7 ms. s. Shrewsbury, and on 
the Atlantic coast ; has a gently varied surface, 
with much thin sandy soil, and a white sand 
beach, on which vessels are frequently wrecked 
in E. storms. The marl, dug here near swamps 
and creeks, is excellent manure. It often con- 
tains shark's teeth, bits of bones, &c., 30 loads 
to an acre, after being exposed one winter, con- 
verts a sand waste into a garden. The only 
table land in the U. S. tillable to the beach of 
the ocean, (with one exception s. in this state,) 
is in Deal. 

Deardorn, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 22 ms. n. 
Augusta, contains parts of two large ponds, one 
with several islands. Pop. 616. 

Dearborne, CO. Ind., bndd. by Switzerland co. 
s., Ripley w., and Franklin n., again on the n. e. 
it is bndd. by Hamilton co. 0., and on the s. e. 
by the Ohio r. separating it from Boone co. Ky. 
Length 27, mean breadth 15, and area 405 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 54' to 39° 18', 
and in long, from 7° 48' to 8° 08' w. W. C. 
The slope of this co. is rather e. of s. e. towards 
the Miami and Ohio rs. Surface generally hilly. 
Cf. t. Lawrencebur;,'. Pop. 1820, 11,468, 1830, 
13,974. 

Deavertown, p-v. York tsp. in the n. part of 
Morgan co. O., by p-r. 352 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, 
and 75 ms. s. of e. Columbus. Pop. 116. 

Decatur, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 12 ms. s.e. 
Cooperstown, 5 ms. by 6, on high land, is good 
for grazing, watered by the heads of Oaks' and 
Parker's crs., rapid streams. It is very healthy. 
Pop. 1,110. 

Decatur, s. w. co. of Geo., bndd. by Early 
and Baker n., Ocklockonne r. which separates 
it from Thomas co. e., by Gadsden co. Flor. s., 
and by Chatahooche r. which separates it from 
Jackson, in Flor. and Henry in Ala. w. Length 
from E. to w. 60 ms., mean breadth 28, area 
1,680 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 42' to 
31° 06', long, from 7° 11' to 8° 12' av. W. C. 
Flint r. enters from Baker and flowing s. w. joins 
Chatahooche at the s. w. angle of Decatur. It 
has advantages of three navigable rs., the two 
bounding streams, and the Flint. The surface 
is moderately hilly, with a soil generally of se- 
cond rate. Cf. t. Bainbridge. Pop. 3,854. 



DEE 



127 



DEF 



Decatur, p-v. and st. jus. De Kalb co. Geo., 
by p-r. 680 ms. s. w. W. C, and 117 ms. n. w. 
Milledgeville. It is situated on the high ground 
between the waters of Ocmulgee and Chata- 
hooche rs. Lat. 33° 40', long. 7° 24' w. W. C. 

Decatur, c. h. {See Bainbridge, Decatur co. 
Geo.) 

Decatur, p-v. on the left bank Ten. r. and in 
the N. E. part of Morgan co. Al., about 20 ms. 
s. w. Hunt£ville. 

Decatur, p-v. on the wstrn. border of Adams 
CO. Ohio, by p-r. 469 ms. w. W. C, and 1 10 w. 
of s. Columbus. 

Decatur, co. Ind., bndd. s. e. by Ripley, s. by 
Jennings, s. w. by Bartholomew, n. w. by Shel- 
by, N. by Rush, and n. e. by Franklin. Length 
diagonally from s. w. to n. e. 30 ms., mean 
breadth 10, and area 300 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 39° 07' to 39° 27', and in long, from 8° 
18' to 8° 49' w. W. C. A slip along the e. bor- 
der gives source to Loughery's cr. flowing s. e. 
over Ripley and Switzerland cos. into the O., and 
to Salt cr., entering White Water branch of 
Great Miami ; but the body of the co. declines 
to the s. w. and is dramed in that direction by 
SandjClifty, and Flat Rock crs. flowing into the e. 
Fork of Whiter. Cf.t. Greensburg. Pop. 5,887. 

Decatur, p-v. and st. jus. Macon co. II., by p-r. 
771 ms. N. w. by w. W. C., 70 e. of n. Vandalia, 
and about 150 ms. n. of w. Indianopolis in Ind. 
It is situated on Sangamon r. at lat. 39° 55', long, 
11°50' w. W. C. 

Deckerstown, p-v., Wantage, Sussex co. 
N. J., on Deep Clove cr 

Dedham, p-t. and cap. Norfolk co. Mass., 10 
ms. s. w. Boston, s. Charles r., w. Neponset r., 
has different soils, some high and arable ; pine, 
and swamps capable of draining. It has a large 
village on Charles r. on the turnpike road from 
Boston to Providence. Mother Brook, a mill 
stream, runs from Charles r. into Neponset r. 
First settled from England, Silk is reeled and 
throwsted here on a limited scale, one of the 
first experiments of throwsting in the U. S. Pop. 
3,117. 

Deep cr. and p-o. Norfolk co. Va. The creek 
is a branch of Elizabeth r. and village is situa- 
ted at the N. extremity of the Dismal Swamp 
canal. The village has been indeed created by 
the canal, and is now a flourishing depot, about 
10 ms. s. s. w. Norfolk. 

Deep r. one of the main northwestern branch, 
es of Cape Fear r. N. C. rising by several 
branches in Guildford and Randolph cos. which 
flowing s. E. unite in the latter. Leaving the n. 
e. angle of Randolph, and curving along the 
northern side of Moore, turns to n. e. by e., en- 
ters Chatham, and joins Haw r. to form Cape 
Fear r. The valley of Deep. r. lies between 
those of Yadkin and Haw rs. 

Deep River, p-o. s. w. part of Guilford co. 
N. C. about 90 ms. n. of w. Raleigh. 

Deep Spring, and p-o. Monroe co. Ten. by 
p-r. s. E. by E. Nashville. 

Deerfield, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 17 
ms. s. E. Concord, 35 n. w. Portsmouth ; 28,254 
acres ; has Shingle, Moulton's and part of 
Pleasant Ponds, emptying into Suncook and 
Lamprey rs. It is uneven and hard, bearing 
maple, beech, birch, red oak, pine, &e. ; has 



Tuckaway, Saddleback, and other mtns. First 
settled, 1756. Pop. 2,090. 

Deerfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 4 ms. s. 
Greenfield, 17 n. Northampton, 92 w. Boston, 
w. Conn, r., has rich soil, with fine meadows on 
Deerfield r. The village is a little elevated 

above them on a level. First settled, 1670. 

About 80 men were killed at Bloody Brook, 3 
ms. s. returning with loads of wheat from this 
place, and long after an exposed frontier settle, 
ment. It was burnt by French and Indians, ex. 
ceptone house, 1704. Many of the inhabitants 
were at different periods killed or carried cap- 
tive to Canada. The bell taken from the church, 
1704, still hangs in that of St. Regis, above 
Montreal. There is an academy. Pop. 2,003. 
Dr.ERFiELD, t. Oneida co. N. Y. 96 ms. w. n. 
w. Albany, N. Mohawk r. opposite Utica, s. w. 
Canada creek, e. Nine Mile cr. The uplands 
are good for grain and grass. The vallies have 
rich sand, loam, and pebbles. Pop. 4,182. 

Deerfield, p-t. Cumberland co. N. J. near 
the source of the Cohansey cr. Contains sev. 
eral villages, of which the largest is Bridgeton. 
Pop. 2,417. 

Deerfield, p-v. Warren co. Pa. 100 ms. n. n. 
E. Pittsburg. 

Deerfield, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 181 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Deerfield, p-v. and tsp. in the s. e. angle of 
Portage co. O. The p-o. is situated by p.r. 
307 ms. N. w. W. C. and 15 s. e. Ravenna, the 
CO. St. and 142 n. e. Columbus. Pop. 694. 

Deerfieldville, p-v. Union tsp. Warren co. 
0. by p-r. 4 ms. n. Lebanon the co. st. 472 w. 
W. C. and 87 s. w. by w. Columbus. This 
place is not the same as Deerfield tsp. in the 
same co. Pop. 66. 

Deering, p-t. Hillsboro co. N. H. 23 ms. w. 
by s. Concord, 23 from Hopkinton, 66 from 
Boston ; 20,057 acres, is uneven and favorable 
for agriculture, with 3 ponds, sources of n. 
branch of Piscataquog r. First settled, 1765. 
Pop. 1,228. 

Deer Isle, p-t. and island, Hancock co. Me. 
95 miles fromAugusta. Is protected from the 
sea by numerous small islands, 9 ms. s. e, 
Castine, in Penobscot bay. 

Deer Park, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 30 ms, w, 
Newburgh, 14 w. n. w. Goshen, 110 w. by s. 
Albany, e. Del. r. and Pa. 6 ms. by 12, w. 
Shawangunk creek ; Navisink creek follows 
Shawangunk mtns. through e. part, half is un- 
cultivated mtns., quarter stony pasture, quarter 
pretty good for grain. Shawangunk mt.is. are 
rich and arable w. Pop. 1,167. 

Deersville, p-v. Stock tsp. Harrison co. O. 
by p-r. 290 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 131 n. e 
by E. Columbus. 

Defiance, usually called Fort Defiance, on 
the point between and above the junction of 
Maumee and Au Glaize rs. and in the s. e. angle 
of Williams co. 0. The p-v. is situated in a 
tsp. of the same, and is also the st. jus, for the 
CO. distant 511 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 175 
N. w. Columbus. This was a very important 
military station during the Indian wars, and is 
situated in a very fertile, but, as yet, a thinly 
settled countrv. Pop. 52. Lat. 41° 18', long, 
7° 22' w, W. C. 



DEL 



128 



DEL 



De Kalb, CO. of Geo. bndd. s. by Henry and 
Fayette, w. by Campbell, n. w. by Chatahooche 
r. N. E. by Gwinnet co. and s. e. by Newton. 
Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 32, 
and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 
41' to 34° 06', and in long, from 7° 6' to 7° 32' w. 
W. C. De Kalb is a table land, from which 
issues one of the extreme branches of Ocmul- 
gee r. flowing s. e. v/hilst from the n. part of the 
CO. rise brief streams, falling into Chatahooche 
r. Cf. t. Decatur. Pop. 10,047. 

Deevalb, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 15 ms. 
s. Ogdensburgh, 10 ms. sq. is crossed by Os- 
wegatchie, 20 ms. above its mouth in St. Law- 
rence, to which there is a boat navigation from 
the village and falls, between rich meadows. 
It affords oak, maple, beech, &:.c. marble, iron 
ore, ashes, &c. Settled from Conn. Pop. 
1,061. 

Delaware, r. N. Y., N. J. and Pa. rises in 
Schoharie co. N. Y. and in the western spurs 
of Catskill mtns. by two large branches, the 
Oquago and Popachton. The Oquago is the 
most remote and real source of Del. r,, flows s. 
w. 50 ms, reaching within 10 ms. of the Sus- 
quehannah, turns to s. e. and flowing in that di- 
rection 5 ms. to the n. e. angle of Pa. and 5 ms. 
still lower, receiving the Popachton from n. e., 
continues the latter course 70 ms. to the wes- 
tern base of Kittatinny mtns., having for 60 ms. 
formed the boundary between Pa, and N. Y. 
Inflected to the s. w. by the Kittatinny, and al- 
most washing the base of that chain 35 ms. to 
the entrance of Broad Head's cr. from the w., 
and from Pike and Northampton cos. it takes a 
southern course, and pierces the Kittatinny, by 
the known Del. Water gap. Continuing south- 
wardly 21 ms. it receives its first great conflu- 
ents from the right, the Lehigh, at Easton ; 2 
ms. lower it pierces the Blue Ridge, and 5 ms. 
still lower the S. mtn., having traversed a great 
part of the Appalachian system obliquely. Be- 
low the S. mtn. this now fine navigable r. as- 
sumes a course s. s. e. from which, 35 ms. it 
falls over the primitive ledge, and meets the 
tide at Trenton ; 5 ms. below, opposite Borden- 
town, it again turns to s. w. Following nearly 
the range of the primitive rock, the Del. now 
widening, passes Phil., and 5 ms. below that 
city, receives its greatest tributary, the Schuyl- 
kill, from N. w., and thence 35 ms. farther when 
it opens into a wide bay extending s. e. 35 ms. 
The comparative length of Del. r. from its 
source to tide water is 185 ms., and 132 ms. 
from the rapids and head of tide at Trenton, to 
the Atlantic, having an entire comparative 
course of 317 ms. It has been already remark- 
ed, that from the n. e. angle of Pa. to the bend 
at the w. base of Kittatinny mtn., the Del. forms 
the line of separation between N. Y. and Pa., 
from N. J. and thence to the mouth of the bay, 
it divides N. J. from Del. The navigation of 
Del. bay is tortuous and something difficult, but 
admits the entrance of vessels of the first class 
to near Phil. Above that city the depth gradu- 
ally decreases, but small sea vessels are navi- 
gated to Trenton. Though above tide water, 
this river is much impeded by shoals, and at low 
water by rapids ; no falls, properly so called, 
exist in its bed, it is therefore navigable forj 



down stream rafts and boats from near its 
source. As a commercial basin, that of Del. is 
in a rapid and extensive state of improvement. 
Within Cape Henlopen a breakwater or artifi. 
cial harbor is in progress, which, whencomple. 
ted, will secure safety to vessels entering in all 
weather. The bay of Del. is connected with 
that of Chesapeake by the Chesapeake and Del. 
canal, extending 14 ms. with a depth of 8 ft., 60 
wide at the surface, and 36 at bottom, and the 
r. with Hudson r. by the Del. and Hudson, and 
the Morris canals. An active business on this 
stream has originated in the extensive mining 
dists. in its vicinity ; and these have chiefly en- 
couraged the construction of the canals to Hud- 
son r. {See article ' Rail Roads and Canals.') 
Aside from the immense business arising from 
the coal mines, the Del. is one of the principal 
channels of internal trade in the U. S. The ba- 
sin of Del. r. lies between lat. 38° 45' and 42° 
30', and long. 0° 42' to 2° 35' e. W. C. It is 
abotit 250 ms. in length from s. to n. with a 
mean breadth of 45, area 11,250 sq. ms. The 
surface greatly diversified, and with considera- 
ble difference of relative height. The higher 
fountains of Oquago and Papachton rs. must be 
at an elevation of at least 2500 feet, but the fall 
is rapid, and the general and comparative height 
of the cultivated sections is as follows : — Port 
Carbon, on the head of Schuylkill, 620 feet ; 
Mauch Chunk village on Lehigh 534 ; Easton 
on Del. at the mouth of Lehigh 170 ; Del. at the 
mouth of Lackawana 455. These points are 
greatly depressed when compared with ihe ad- 
jacent arable country, we may therefore regard 
the basin of the Del. as an inclined plain, rising 
from the alluvial deposites almost on a level 
with the tides, to 1,200 or 1,800 ft. The dif- 
ference of climate above and below the Kitta- 
tinny chain is very marked, arising fi'om this 
great change of aerial pressure. In their gene- 
ral inflections the conformity of the Del. and 
Susquehannah rs. is too great not to have aris. 
en from some common causes. So greatly stri- 
king is this unity of course, that where the Del. 
flows s. between the Water gap and S. mtn. a 
corresponding southern stretch of the Susque- 
hannah reaches from the mouth of the W. 
Branch, to that of Juniata. Both rs. receive 
their great tributaries from the n. w. and re- 
ceive only comparative creeks from the oppo- 
site direction ; and both rivers open to their 
great recipient by wide and deep bays. 

Delaware, co. N. Y. bounded by Otsego co. 
N., Schoharie and Greene cos. e., Ulster and 
Sullivan s.. Pa. s. w. and Broome and Chenango 
cos. w., 60 ms. w. Hudson r., 70 w. s. w. Alba- 
ny. Greatest extent 35 and 54 ms., 1,425 sq. 
ms. ; 24 towns, is hilly and mountainous, with 
rich valleys, well watered, chiefly by n. e. sour- 
ces of Del. r., to which timber is sent in rafts. 
e. branch of Susquehannah is n. e. ; deserted in 
revolutionary war. Cf. t. Delhi. Pop. 1820, 
26,587, 1830, 32,933. 

Delaware, co. Pa. bounded by Chester co. 
w. and N. w., by Montgomery n. e., by Phil. co. 
E., by Del. r. separating it from Gloucester co. 
N. J. s. E., and by New Castle co. s. Length 
20, mean breadth 11, area 220 sq. ms. Extend, 
ing in lat. from 39° 47' to 40° 05', long, from 1° 



DEL 



129 



DEL 



28' to 1°48'e. W. C. The slope of this co. is 
to the s. E., down which flow Darby, Ridley, 
and Chester creeks, with sufficient descent to 
give innumerable sites for water propelled ma- 
chinery ; and so greatly have the facilities of 
nature been improved, that as early as 1822, 
there were, from good authority, 144 machines 
of various descriptions in actual operation. At 
present, 1830, it is probable that the saw and 
grist mills, with other manufactories, do not fall 
much short of one to each sq. m. The surface 
is gently rolling, and soil productive. To enu. 
merate its staples, would be to give a list of 
most articles found in Phil, vegetable market, 
of which the climate admits the culture, and of 
an indefinite invoice of the product of mills and 
looms. Chief t. Chester. Pop. 1820, 14,810, 
1830, 17,361. 

Delaware, p-v. Pike co. Pa. 144 ms. n. Har- 
risburg. 

Delaware, state of the U. S. bndd. by Wor- 
cester and Somerset cos. Md. s., by Dorchester, 
Caroline, Queen Ann, Kent, and Cecil cos. of 
Md. w., by Chester and Del. cos. of Pa. n., by 
Del. bay n. e., and by the Atlantic Ocean s. e. 
Outlines : along the Atlantic from Cape Henlo- 
pen to Fenwick's isl. 20 ms. ; w. along Md. 36 
ms.; N. along Md. to the w. cusp of the semi- 
circle round Nev/ Castle 87 ms. ; along the 
semicircle to Del. r. 26 ms. ; and thence down 
Del. bay to Cape Henlopen 90 ms. having an 
entire outline of 259 ms. Length 100, mean 
breadth 2l, area 2,100 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 38° 27' to 39° 50', long, from 1° 17' 
to 2° E. W. C. Natural features. — Del. com- 
prises a comparatively long and narrow inclin- 
ed plain, with its declivity e. towards Del. bay. 
Down this slope flow Indian r., Broad Kill, Ce- 
dar, Mispohan, Mother Kill, Jones Dnck, Apo- 
quinimink and Brandywine, with some lesser 
streams. This plain includes the whole n. e. 
and s. E. sections of the state. The s. E. angle 
slopes to the n. w. and is drained by the sources 
of Nantikoke and Choptank rs. The n. part of 
Del. is waving rather than hilly, but these hum- 
ble elevations gradually depress, and the s. part 
spreads into an almost general level. The soil, 
in some places very productive, is, however, 
generally thin, and in many places marshy. The 
climate at the two extremes differs much more 
in temperature than might be expected from so 
little extent of lat. and small difference in rela. 
tive height. The staples of the n. part, grain, 
flour, &c. ; near the Atlantic cotton can be 
profitably cultivated. Political geography. — 
Delaware is divided into three cos. New Cas- 
tle N., Sussex s., and Ken*-, lying between them. 
The population of the stale in 1790 was 59,. 
094, in 1800, 64,273. The progressive pop. 
since, has been as follows : 

1310. 1820. 
New Castle, 24,429 27,899 

Kent, 20.795 20,793 

Sussex, 27,750 24,057 



20 to 30, 


5,508 


30 to 40, 


:!,206 


40 to 50, 


2,1.36 


50 to CO, 


1,280 


60 to 70, 


609 


70 to 80, 


202 


80 to GO, 


43 


00 to lOU, 


9 


100 and upwards, 






Total, 



28,845 



23,756 
Of the above are deaf and dumb, under 14 
j-ears, 6 ; 14 to 25, 15 ; 25 and over, 14 ; blind, 
18 ; foreigners not naturalized, 313. 
Colored population as follows : 



1830. 
29,710 
19,911 

27,118 



72,974 72,749 76,739 
Of which were wbite persons. 

Males. Females. 

Under 5 years of age, 4,744 4,647 

From 5 to 10, 4,099 4,011 

" 10 to 15, 3,919 3,654 

" 15 to 311, 3,184 3,381 



Slaves. 


Free 


colored 


Males. 


Feins. 


Wales. 


Feins. 


Uitder 10 years of age, 580 


5.8 


2,627 


2,524 


From 10 to 21, 853 


617 


2,259 


2,359 


" 24 to 36, 245 


230 


1,303 


1,446 


" Sfi to 55, 83 


80 


1,180 


1,102 


" 55 to 100, 42 


49 


503 


526 


" 100 and upwards, 3 


2 


1-) 


10 



Total, 1,806 1,480 7,882 7,973 

Slaves and coloured persons included in the 

foregoing who are deaf and dumb, under l4 

years, 5 ; 14 to 25, 4 ; 25 and over 11. 

Recapitulation, 

Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

57,601 15,855 3,292 76,748 

Constitution of government, judiciary. — The 

existing constitution of this state was so greatly 

changed by amendments in convention Dec. 

183], as to render it, in fact, anew instrument ; 

as it is brief we insert it entire. 

1. The representatives are to be chosen for 

two years ; the property qualification abolished. 

2. The senators are to be chosen for four years. 

3. The legislature is to meet biennially ; the 
first Tuesday of .lanuary, 1833, is to be the 
commencement of biennial sessions. 4. The 
state treasurer is to be elected by the legislature 
biennially. In case of his death, resignation, 
&c. the governor is to fill the ofliice until the 
next session of the legislature. He is to settle 
annually with the legislature, or a committee 
thereof, which is to be appointed every biemiial 
session. 5. No acts of incorporation are here- 
after to be passed without the concurrence of 
two-thirds of each branch of the legislature, 
except for the renewal of existing corporations 
— all acts are to contain a power of revocation 
by the legislature. No act; hereafter passed 
shall be for a longer period than 20 years, with- 
out a re-enactment by the legislature, except- 
incorporations for public improvement. 6. The 
governor is to be chosen for four years, and to 
be ever after ineligible. New provisions are 
made for contested elections of governor ; and 
to fill vacancies. He is to set forth in writing, 
fully, the ground of all reprieves, pardons, and 
remissions, to be entered in the register of his 
official acts, and laid before the legislature at 
its next session. 7. All elections are to be on 
the second Tuesday of November. Every free 
white male citizen, who has resided one year in 
the state, the last month in the coimty, and, if 
he be of the age of 22 years, is entitltdto vote. 
All free white male citizens, between the ages 
of 21 and 22 years, having resided as aforesaid, 
may vote without payment of tax. No person 
in the military, naval, or marine service of the 
United States, can gain such residence as will 
entitle him to vote in consequence of being sta. 



DEL 



130 



DEL 



tioned in any military or naval station in the 
state : no idiot, insane person, pauper, or person 
convicted of a felony can vote ; and the legisla- 
ture is authorized to impose the forfeiture of 
the right of suffrage as a punishment for crime. 
8. The judicial power of the state is to be exer- 
cised by four common IziW judges, and a chan- 
cellor. Of the four law judges, one is chief 
justice, and three associates. The chief justice 
and chancellor may be appointed in any part of 
the state — of the associates, one must reside 
in each county. [The court of civil jurisdiction 
is styled the supreme court ; and is composed 
of the chief justice and two associates — no as- 
sociate judge sits in his own county —the chief 
justice presides in every county. Two judges 
constitute a quorum.] 

The court of general sessions of the peace 
and gaol delivery, is composed of tne same 
judges and in the same manner as the superior 
court. The court of oyer and terminer is com- 
posed of the four law judges. Three to consti- 
tute a quorum. The chancellor exercises the 
powers of the court of chancery. The orphans' 
court is composed of the chancellor and the as- 
sociate judge residing in the county. Either 
may hold the court, in the absence of ihe other. 
When they concur in opinion there shall be no 
appeal, except in the matter of real estate. — 
When their opinions are opposed, or when a 
decision is made by one sitting alone, and in all 
matters involving a right to real estate, there is 
an appeal to the supreme court of the county, 
whose decision shall be final. The court of 
errors and appeals, upon a writ of error to the 
superior court, is composed of the chancellor, 
who presides, and two of the associate judges, 
to wit, the one who, on account of his residence, 
did not sit in the case below ; and one who did 
sit. Upon appeal from the court of chancery, 
the chief justice and three associates compose 
the court of errors and appeals ; three of them 
constitute a quorum. If the superior court 
deem that a question of law ought to be heard 
before all the judges, they may, upon the appli- 
cation of either party, direct it to be heard in 
the court of errors and appeals, which shall 
then be composed of the chancellor (who pre- 
sides) and all the judges. When the chancellor 
is interested in a chancery case, the chief jus- 
tice, sitting alone in the superior court, shall 
have jurisdiction, with an appeal to the three 
associate judges sitting as a court of errors and 
appeals. When there is an exception to the 
chancellor or any judge, so that a quorum can- 
not be constituted in court, in consequence of 
said exception, the governor shall have power 
to appoint a judge for that special cause, whose 
commission shall expire with the determination 
of the cause. The judges are to receive sala- 
ries, which shall not be less than the following 
sums, to wit — the chief justice $1,200, — chan- 
cellor $1,100,— the associates, each $1,000.— 
They are to receive no other fees or perquisites 
for business done by them. The general as- 
sembly may establish inferior courts, or give 
to one or more justices of the peace, jurisdic- 
tion in cases of assaults and batteries, unlicen- 
sed public houses, retailing liquors contrary to 
law, disturbing camp meetings or other meet- 



ings of public worship, nuisances, horse-racing, 
cock-fighting, and shooting matches, larcenies 
committed by negroes or mulattoes, knowingly 
receiving, buying, or concealing stolen goods by 
negroes or mulattoes, &c. This jurisdiction 
may be granted either with or without the inter- 
vention of a grand or petit jury, and either with 
or without appeal, as the legislature shall deem 
proper. The clerk of the supreme court is to 
be styled the prothonotary. The office of clerk 
of the supreme court is abolished. 

9. But one person is to be voted for as sheriff 
and one person as coroner, in each county. — 
The term of office in each case is two years. 
In New Castle and Kent counties, at the expi- 
ration of the term of office of the present sher- 
iffs and coroner, respectively, in 1833, the gov- 
ernor is authorized to fill up the offices for any 
year, in consequence of there being no election 
in that year, under the bieimial system. 

10. Elections for conventions to revise the 
constitution, are hereafter to be held on the third 
Tuesday of May in any year. The majority of 
all the citizens of the state having right to vote, 
is to be ascertained by reference to the highest 
number of votes given at any one of the three 
general elections next preceding, unless the 
number of votes given on the occasion, shall 
exceed the number given in any of the three 
preceding elections, in which case the majority 
shall be ascertained by reference to the election 
of itself. 

11. No offices are vacated except the chan- 
cellor and judges of the existing courts, and the 
clerks, whose offices will be abolished on the 
third Tuesday of January next ; on which day 
the new judicial system goes into effect. The 
offices of registers for wills and justices of the 
peace are not affected. 

The above sketch of the amendments adopt- 
ed by the convention, does not enter into details, 
but merely presents a general view of the 
changes which have been made. 

History. — Delaware was first colonized by the 
Swedes and Fins, under the auspices of Gusta. 
vus Adolphus, and was called New Sweden, 
The Swedes were then too poor, and not suffi- 
ciently commercial, to form colonies ; therefore 
New Sweden fell under the power of the 
Dutch, in 1655. In 1664 the Delaware colony 
was conquered with all New Netherlands, by 
the English, and granted by Charles II. to 
James, duke of York, who in 1682 conveyed it 
to William Penn. Delaware thus under the 
same proprietary remained nominally a part of 
Pennsylvania, until 1775, though really a distinct 
colony from 1704, when a colonial assembly for 
the three lower counties met at New Castle. 
Delaware was amongst the first states in which 
a constitution of government was formed, in 
1776. In 1792, a convention met, and on June 
12th of that year, the existing government was 
adopted. 

Delaware, co. of O. bndd. s. by Franklin, w. 
by Union, n. by Marion, n. e. by Knox, and s. e, 
by Licking. Greatest length 28, mean breadth 
25, and area 760 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 40° 08' to 40° 32', and in long, from 6° 45' 
to 7° 18' w. W. C. The e. border of this co. 
extends from s. to n. along the summit between 



DEN 



131 



DER 



the vallies of Muskingum and Hocking on the 
E., and the Sciota on the w. The extreme 
sources of White Woman's Fork of Musking- 
um, and of the Hocking rise along the e. bor. 
der of Del. and flow estrd. The body of the 
CO. has a slope almost due s., and is traversed in 
that direction by the two main constituent 
streams of Sciota, the Whetstone and Sciota 
Proper ; Allum and Walnut crs. also tributary 
waters of Sciota, rise in its eastern section. Cf. 
t. Delaware. Pop. 1820, 7,639, 1830, 11,504. 

Delaware, p-v. st. jus. and tsp. Del. co. 0. 
The St. jus. is by p-r. 419 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 
and 23 above, and n. w. Columbus. It stands 
on the right bank of Whetstone r. Lat. 40° 
13', long. 6° 7' w. W. C. Pop. of the village, 
527, and of the tsp. including the village, 936. 

Delaware, co. of Ind. bndd. by Randolph e., 
Henrys., Madison w., and Grant n. w. Length 
22, breadth 20, and area 440 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 40° 05' to 40° 24', and in long. 
from 8° 12' to 8° 24' w. W. C. The Mississi- 
nawa and White rs. rising in Randolph, traverse 
Del. in which they diverge, the former to the 
N. w. and the latter to the w. General slope to 
thewstrd. Cf. t. Munsey. Pop. 2,374. 

Delaware City, p.t. New Castle co. Del. 
situated on Del. r. at the termination on that 
stream of the Chesapeake and Del. canal, 32 
ms. nearly due n. from Dover. Pop. about 100 ; 
it contains several handsome brick houses. 

Delhi, p-t. and st. jus. Delaware co. N. Y. 
70 ms. s. w. Albany, 54 w. Catskill, 63 Kings, 
ton, 156 sq. ms., is crossed by Del. r. and Little 
Del. which joins it near the v. There are hills, 
mtns., vallies, and on the river fine meadows. 
Pop. 2,114. 

Delightful Grove, p-o. Spartanburg dist. S. 
C. by p-r. Ill ms. n. w. Columbia, and 484 s. 
w. W. C. 

Dells, p-o. AUachua co. Flor. 

Delphi, p-o. Marion co. Tenn. by p-r. 129 ms. 
s. e. Nashville. 

Delphi, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Ind. by 
p-r. 661 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 88 n. w. 
Indianopolis. It is situated on Wabash r. just 
below the mouth of Deer cr. Lat. 40° 37', long. 
9° 40' w. W. C. 

Demopolis, p.v. Marengo co. Ala. at the left 
bank of Tombigbee r. immediately below the 
moutli of Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa r., C5 
ms. s. s. v/. Tuscaloosa. 

Denmark, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on Saco r. 30 
ms. s. w, Paris, 85 Augusta. Pop. 954. 

Denmark, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y. 150 miles n. 
w. Albany, w. Black river, 22,000 acres; has a 
rich soil in the vallies. Deer cr. has a fall oi 
175 ft. almost perpendicular, with high limestone 
banks, and other falls from 10 to 60 ft. Copen- 
hagen is the only village. Pop. 2,270. 

Denmark, p-v. Madison co. Ten. by p-r. 16 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Denmark, p-v. and tsp. Ashtabula co. 0. by 
p-r. about 190 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 340 n. w. 
W. C. Pop. 169. 

Dennings, p.o. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 60 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Dennis, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 97 ms. s. e. 
Boston, 8 from Barnstable, n. Atlantic, e. Bass 
r., has several ponds, a poor soil, except N.,and 



many works for making salt from sea water, by 
evaporation. Scargo hills is the highest land 
in the co. Pop. 2,317. 

Dennis, p-t. Cape May co. N. J. has a small 
harbor. Pop. 1,508. 

Dennis, p-o. Amelia co. Va. 54 ms. s. w. 
Richmond.. 

Dennisville, p-t. Washington co. Me. 17 ms. 
N. w. Eastport, 172 n. n. e. Augusta, on Denny's 
river. It is crossed by several streams. Cole- 
scook bay lies s. of it. Pop. 856. 

Dennyville, p-v. Wilkes co. N. C. by p-r. 172 
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Denton, p-v. and st. jus. Caroline co. Md. on 
the left bank of Choptank r. 18 ms. n. e. Easton, 
and by p-r. G5 ms. a little s. by e. Annapolis. 
Lat. 33° 53', long. 1° 14' due e. W. C. 

Dentonsville, p-o. Hanover co. Va. 42 ms. n. 
Richmond. 

Denville, v. Morris co. N. J. 8 ms. n. of Mor- 
ristown, on Rockaway cr. 

Depeyster, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 209 
ms. N. by w. Albany. Pop. 8 13. 

Depeau, t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
668. 

Deposit, p-v. Tompkins, Delaware co. N. Y. 
40 ms. s. w. Delhi, 105 w. Catskill, on Dela- 
ware r. 

Deptford, t. Gloucester co. N. J. 20 ms. s. 
Burlington, between Bigtimber and Mantua crs. 
on Delaware r. Pop. 3,599. 

Deptford, t. Gloucester go. N. J. on the 
Delaware, between Mantua cr. which parts it 
from Greenwich on the s. w. and Gloucester on 
the N. E. Pop. 3,599. Woodberry, the st. jus. 
is in this tsp. 

Derbane, corrupted from Terre Bonne, the 
name of several small streams of La. ; one, a r. 
of about 80 ms. comparative course, rises in 
Lafayette co. Ark. and parish of Claiborne La. 
flows s. e. and falls into Ouachitau river a short 
distance above the village of Monroe, in the 
parish of Ouachitau. Another of the same 
name, giving name to a parish, rises w. from 
the river La Fourche, and flowing a few ms. s. 
falls into the Gulph of Mexico, between Tim- 
ballier and Petite Caillon bays. There are 3 
or 4 more, but of too little consequence to de- 
serve particular notice. 

Derby, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 52 ms. n. e. Mont- 
pelier, e. Mempbremagog lake, 7i ms. on 
Canada line, 23,040 acres. First settled 1745, 
from Conn. &c. White and Norway pine 
grows near the lake, with red oak, and rock 
maple, &c. elsewhere, the soil being generally 
rich. It has Salem pond, and Clyde r. with mill 
seats. Pop. 1,469. 

Derby, p-t. New Haven county. Conn. 8 ms. 
w. New Haven, at the confluence of Naugau- 
tuck and Housatonic rs. 12 ms. from Long 
Island Sound, navigable for vessels of 80 tons, 
4^ ms. by 5^, has a varied surface, with some 
meadows, mill sites, advantages for trade, and 
shad fisheries. Humphreysville is one of the 
oldest woollen manufactories in the country ; 
incorporated 1810, with f500,000 capita]. 
There are other manufactures. An agricultural 
seminary was opened here, 1824, for practical 
education, with philosophical aparatus, &c. Pop. 
2,253. 



DET 



132 



DIA 



Derky, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 28 ms. s. 
E. Concord. Pop. 2,176. 

Dehry, p-v. and tsp. Columbia co. Pa. Tlie 
p-o. is 7 i:is. N. Danville, the co. st. and by p-r. 
77 ms, E. of N. Harrisburg, and 187 ms. from 
W. C. in a nearly similar direction. Pop. of the 
tsp. 1820, 1,662, in 1830, 1,689. 

De Ruyter, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 21 ms. 
w. s. w. Morrisville, 123 w. Albany, is hilly, 
well watered by sources of Tioughnioga creek 
and yields grass and some grain, 17 miles s. 
Erie canal. Pop. 1,447. 

Des Moines, r. of the northwstrn. territory, 
and state of Mo. rises in the former near !at. 
43° 40', long. 18° vv. W. C, interlocking sour, 
ces with those of Little Sioux branch of Mo. r., 
Blue Earth or the southern branch of St. Peter's 
r., and those of Upper loway r., and flowing 
thence s. e. 300 ms. falls into the Misp. r. op- 
posite Hancock co. II. Beside numerous small- 
er confluents, this stream receives at about 150 
ms. below its source, the North fork from the 
left, and 50 ms. lower, a much more considera- 
ble addition by the Raccoon fork from the 
right. The latter has a comparative length of 
about 150 ms. The valley of Des Moines is 
300 ms. in length, but is comparatively narrow, 
being rather liberally estimated at a mean 
breadth of 50 ms., area 15,00O sq. ms. About 
20 ms. comparative course of the lower part of 
this r. it forms the extreme northestrn. boundary 
of Mo. It is the longest, and probably the 
most abundant tributary of Misp. proper from 
the right. 

Detourdes Anglais, (English Bend.) This 
remarkable and abrupt bend in the Misp. r. com- 
mences in descending 15 ms. following the 
stream below New Orleans, but not quite 8 ms. 
direct distance. Commencing 3 ms. above the 
city, in reality is the head of an immense curve 
of 25 ms. which sweeping its concave side first 
to the N. and thence e. n. e. and finally round to 
the N. \v. Of this great curve the English Bend 
forms the lower extremity. The English Bend 
adds greatly to the difficulty of navigating sea 
and sail vessels to New Orleans, as taking the 
whole periphery it includes more than two thirds 
of an entire circle, and of consequence the same 
wind will very seldom enable a vessel to be 
navigated through the pass. Except the dis- 
tance the Detour (bend) opposes no additional 
difficulty to the passage of steam boats. 

Detour True. This strait on Tanner's im- 
proved U. S. map extends to the e. of the 
" Promontory of the True Detour," and unites 
lake Huron to Manitou bay, and separates the 
continental part of Chippeway co. Mich, from 
Drummond's Island. It is the outlet into lake 
Huron of St. Mary's strait, and is discharged 
into lake Huron 40 ms. n. e. by e. Fort Mac- 
inac. 

Detroit, or " the Strait," r. uniting lakes St. 
Clair and Erie, and forming part of the limit 
between Upper Canada and Michigan. At its 
outlet from lake St. Clair, Detroit r.is upwards 
of a m. wide and divided into two channels by 
Peach Islands ; the course a little s. of w. 8 
ms. to the lower extreme of the city of Detroit, 
where it makes a regular curve to the s. s. w. 
and continues the latter course 4 ms. to the in-| 



thix of the r. Rouge, from the n. w. One m. 
below the mouth of the Rouge the r. is again 
divided into two channels, by Grand Turkey 
Island. The Detroit now rapidly widens to 
from 3 to 4 ms. and assuming a southern course 
of 17 ms. finally opens into the extreme n. w. 
angle of lake Erie. This is indeed a most 
beautiful, gentle and navigable stream of 29 ms. 
in length. Though encumbered with islands, 
and the channel rather intricate, vessels of con. 
siderable burthen can be navigated through into 
lake St, Clair. The shores though not elevated 
are bold, and being cultivated give a charming 
appearance in summer to the landscape along 
both shores. On the right are the city of De- 
troit and Brownstown, and on the Canada shore 
Sandwich and Amherstburg. From Michigan 
enter at the influx of both into Erie, the Huron^ 
and one mile above Grand Turkey Island the 
Rivierie Rouge ; and from the same tide the 
lesser streams of Bauche, Curriere, and Clora. 
From Canada the only stream which enters the 
Detroit worthy of notice is the Canard, falling into 
the main stream 3;j ms. above Amherstburg. 
The Detroit islands are elevated and are com- 
posed of excellent arable soil ; two of them, 
Gros Isle and Grand Turkey Island, exceed G 
ms. each, in length, but are comparatively nar- 
row. The whole r. is frequently and completely 
frozen over in winter. 

Detroit, p-t. city, port of entry and st. jus. 
for Wayne co. and of the government of Michi- 
gan, as laid down on Tanner's United States, is 
at lat. 42° 20', and exactly G° v/est W. C. 
These relative positions give by calculation a 
bearing of 52° 50', and a distance in statute ms. 
of 416, from W. C. to Detroit. By the p-o. list 
of 1831, the distance from W. C. to Detroit is 
stated at 526 ms. Detroit is situated on a rising 
plain along the western or right shore of Detroit 
r. The streets are laid out at right angles to 
each other, though something oblique to the 
course of the stream. The plain has a gentle 
acclivity from the water to the main street, but 
spreads thence to the westward nearly level. 
A remark may be made of Detroit which ap- 
plies with equal force to many other places in 
the U. S., of comparatively small population ; 
that is, that the real and commercial Vi'ealth of 
the smaller are far above the proportion which 
relative numbers would produce between them 
and places of greater population. Fev/ places 
can be more admirably situated for a commer- 
cial city than Detroit, and few have a more 
solid promise of permanent prosperity. Pop. 
2,222. 

Devereaux, store and p-o. in the s. w. part of 
Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 16 ms. n. E.Milledge- 
ville, and 626 s. w. W. C. 

De Witt, p-v. in the western part of Clinton 
CO. Illinois, 18 ms. from Carlyle, the st. jus. and 
by p-r. 48 s. w. Vandalia, and 820 ms. w. W. C. 

Dexter, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 30 ms. n. w. 
Bangor, 67 Augusta, has waters flowing into 
Penobscot and Kennebec. Pop. 885. 

Dexter, p-v. Washtenaw co. Mich. 10 ms. 
N. w. Ann Arbor, the co. St., and by p-r. 52 w. 
Detroit, 545 n. w. by w. W. C. 

Diamond Grove, p.v. Brunswick co. Va. by 
p-r. 73 ms, s. s. w. Richmond. 



DIN 



133 



DOG 



Diamond Grove, p-v. Northampton co. N. G. 
by p-r. 25 ms. s. e. Raleigh. 

Di4NA, t. Lewis CO. N. Y. Pop. 309. 

Diana Mills and p-o. Buckingham co. Va. by 
p-r. 125 ms. w. Richmond. 

Dickenson, p-v. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 199 
ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Dickenson's Store and p-o. Bedford co. Va. 
by p-r. 151 ms. w. Richmond. 

Dickinson, t. Franklin co. N. Y. 12, ms. w. 
Malone, 233 w. Albany, 6 ms. by 48, watered 
by Little Salmon r., has much sandy loam, with 
beech, maple, bass, elm, &c. Pop. 446. 

Dickinson, p-v. and tsp. in the w. part of 
Cumberland co. Pa. The p-o. is 36 ms. w. 
Harrisburg, and 108 w. of n. W. C. Pop. tsp. 
2,523. 

Dick's r. Ky. rises in Rockcastle co. inter- 
locking sources with Rockcastle and Green rs., 
and flowing thence n. w. passes through Lin- 
coln, and thence separating Garrard from Mer- 
cer CO., falls into the left side of Ky. r. 10 ms. 
from Harrodsburg. 

Dick's Mills and p-o. in the w. part of Butler 
CO. 0. 8 ms. from Hamilton, the st. jus. for the 
CO. and by p-r. 496 ms. n. of w. W. C. and 109 
s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Dickson, co. Ten. bndd. by Humphrey's w., 
Stewart n. w., Montgomery n., and Hickman s. 
Length 36, mean width 28, area 100 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. fr, 35° 55' to 36° 20', long. 10° 09' 
to 10° 45' w. W. C. This co. is a table land, from 
which the water flows s. into Duck r., w. into 
Ten., N. into Cumberland, and e. into Harpeth 
rs. The n. w. and n. e, angles touch Cumber- 
land r., but no stream of consequence flows into 
the body of the co. Soil of middling quality. 
Cf. t. Charlotte. Pop. 1820, 5,190, 1830, 7,265. 

Dickson's Mills and p-o. in the e. part of 
Parke co. Ind. by p-r. 10 ms. e. Rockville, the 
CO. St., 58 w. Indianopolis, and 630 ms. n. w. by 
w. W. C. 

DiGHTON, p-t. port of entry, Bristol co. Mass . 
38 ms. s. Boston, w. Taunton r., has an irregular 
surface, conglomerate rocks, (boulders,) in 
diluvial soil, over granite. A rock inscribed by 
Indians has excited attention. Several coasting 
vessels are owned here, Taunton r. being navi- 
gable for small vessels. Pop. 1,723. 

Dillon's p-o. in the w. part of Tazewell co. 
II. by p-r. 821 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 159 w. 
of N. Vandalia. 

Dillon's Run, p-o. Hampshire co. Va. by p-r. 
16 ms. E. Romney, the co. st. 100 ms. n. of w. 
W. C. and 179 n. w. Richmond. 

Dillonsville, p-v. in the s. part of Mecklen- 
burg CO. N. C. by p-r. 196 ms. s. w. by w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Dillsburg, or more correctly Dillston, p-v. 
w. part York co. Pa. 20 ms. s. w. Harrisburg. 

Dill's Bottom and p-o. in the w. part Bel- 
mont CO. 0. by p-r. 268 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
and 149 e. Columbus. 

Dillworth's Town, p-v. e. border Chester co. 
Pa. 7 ms. s. West Chester. 

Dimmocksville, p-v. in the e. part of Susque- 
hannah co. Pa. by p-r, 274 ms. n. n. e. W, C. 
and 175 ms. e. of n, Harrisburg. 

Dingman's cr., p-o. and Ferry, over Del. r. 25 
ms. above Del. Water Gap. 

18, 



DiNwiDDiE, CO. Va. bndd. by Nottaway r. 
which separates it from Brunswick s. w., by 
Nottaway co. w., Namazine creek, separating 
it from Andie, n. w., by Appomattox r. separa- 
ting it from Chesterfield, n. e., by Prince 
George's co. e., and Sussex and Granville s. e. 
It lies in nearly the form of a hexagon, equal to 
a circle of 28 nis, diameter. Area about 616 
sq. ms., and is divided into very nearly equal 
portions by lat. 37°. In long, it lies between 
0° 33' and 1° 3' w. W. C. About one fourth 
part on the n. border slopes towards, and is 
drained into the Appomattox. The other thre© 
quarters incline to the s. e. and are drained by 
Monk's Neck, Stony, Sapony, and other conflu. 
ents of Nottaway r. Surface waving. Cf. t. 
Petersburg. Pop. 1820, 13,792, 1830, 21,901. 

Dij«iwiDDiE, c. h. and p-o. on Stony cr., 15 ms. 
s. w. Petersburg. 

Dismal Swamp, a rather undefined, marshy 
tract, between the s. part of Chesapeake bay 
and Albemarle sound, occupying a part of 
Nansemond and Norfolk cos. Va., and, of Cam. 
den and Pasquotank cojs. N. C. The sources 
of Nansemond and Elizabeth rs. flowing n. in 
the estuary of James r., those of Pasquotank 
and Perquiman's entering Abemarle sound, and 
some small crs. flowing s. e. into Currituck 
Sound, have their heads in Dismal Swamp. 

Dividing cr., a small stream of Va. forming 
for a few ms. the boundary between Lancaster 
and Northumberland cos. and then falling into 
the Chesapeake. 

Dixboro', p-o. in the e. part of Washtenaw 
CO. Mich, by p-r. 540 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
and 37 w. Detroit. 

Dixfield, p-t. Oxford co. Me, 18 ms. n. e. 
Paris, N. Androscoggin r., 40 from Augusta. 
Pop. 889. 

DixMONT, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 30 ms. w. oi 
Bangor, 44 of Augusta. Pop. 945. 

Dixon's Springs and p.o. Smith co. Ten. by 
p-r. 48 ms. e. Nashville. 

DixviL.LE, p-v. Henry co. Va. by p-r. 158 ms. 
s. w. by w. Richmond. 

DixviLLE, t. Coos CO. N. H. ; settled 1805, 
31,023 acres, with small streams and uneven 
lands. Pop. 2. 

DoAKs' Stand, and p-o. Yazoo co. Misp. about; 
120 ms. N. n. e. Natches. 

Dobson's Cross Road, and p-o. Stokes co. N. 
C. by p,r. 110 ms. n,. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Dockley's Store, and p-o. Richmond co. N. C. 
by p-r. l21 ms. s. w- Raleigh. 

Doddsville, p-v. Fauquier co, Va., by p-r. 53 
ms. from W. C. 

DoDGEViLLE, p-v. lowa CO. Mich. 75 ms. e. 
Prairie du Chien, 60 n. n. e. Galena in XL, and by 
p-r. 1,042 N. w. by w. W. C. 

DoDsoNsviLLE, p-v. Jackson co. Ala., by p-r. 
186 ms. N. e. Tuscaloosa. 

DoERUN, p-o. Chester co. Pa., 14 ms. s. w. by 
w. West Chester. 

Dog r. e. branch of Pascagoula r., rises in the 
pine forests between Pascagoula and Tombig- 
bee, and flowing a little w. of s. 90 ms., nearly 
along the line between Ala., and Misp. falls into 
Pascagoula, 10 ms., above its mouth. 

Dog r., a much smaller stream than the pre. 
ceding, rises between it and Mobile bay, and 



DOR 



134 



DOV 



flowing s. E. falls into the latter 10 ms. south of 
Mobile. 

Dogwood Springs, and p-v. Pulaski co. Ark., 
by p-r. 15 ms. wstrd. Little Rock, and 1,083 ms. 
«. w. by w. W. C. 

DoHEMANS, p-v. and tsp. in the E. part of Tus. 
carawas cq. 0. The p-o. by p-r. is 298 ms. n. w. 
by w. W. C, and 123 n. e. by e. Columbus. Pop. 
tsp. 1,161. 

DoHERTYViLLE, p.v. Jefferson co. Ten. by p-r. 
196 ms. E. Nashville. 

DoLBEE's, p-v. N. w. part Potter co. Pa. 16 ms. 
iirom Coudersport, and by p-r. 299 ms. n. n. w. 
W. C. and l90 n. w. Harrisburg. 

DoLiNGTON, p-v. Bucks CO. Pa. near Delaware 
r., 9 ms. above Trenton. 

DoNALDSONViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. for the par- 
ish of Ascension, and seat of government of La. 
It stands on the right bank of Misp. r. below the 
.efflux of Lafourche, extending along both rs. 
Pop. 1820, 200, 1830, 500. Lat. 30° 5.', long. 
14° 03' w. W. C. 

Donegal, p-o. Westmoreland co. Pa. 

DoNORAiLE, p-v. Fayette co. Ky. by p-r 31 ms. 
•s. E, Frankfort. 

DooLEY, CO. Geo., bndd. by Irwin s. e. and s., 
Flint r. separating it from Lee w., and Sumpter 
N. w., Houston N., and Pulaski n. e. and e. 
Length along lat. 32° from Ocmulgee to Flint 
r. 48 ms., mean width 34, and area 1,632 sq.ms. 
Extending in lat. from 31° 42' to 32° 18', in 
long, from 6° 21' to 7° 14' w. W. C. It rnust 
\be obvious from the position of Dooley that it is 
.composed of two inclined planes falling towards 
Flint and Ocmulgee respectively. The extreme 
source of Savannah r. is also in the s, part of 
this CO. Cf. t. Berrien. Pop. 2,135. 

Dorchester, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 50 ms. n. 
by w. Concord, 23 s. Haverhill, 90 n. w. Ports- 
mouth, 12 E. Connecticut r., 8 w. Merrimac r., 
has rocky highlands, and fertile vallies on seve- 
ral brooks, 8 school dists. Pop. 693. 

Doecheste*, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 3 ms. s. s. 
iE. Boston, w. Mass. bay, n. w. Neponset r., has 
a rich soil and many inhabitants n. e. with few 
hills ; favorable to fruit &c., has Thompson's 
and Moon's islands, with 600 acres of salt 
marsh, several factories and dams on Nepon- 
set r. ; was settled, 1630, soon after Plymouth 
and Salem. There was a fort on Rock Hill. 
1636, about 100 persons travelled across the 
wilderness in 14 days, and settled Hartford, 
€onn. March 4th, 1776, 1,200 men, sent by 
■Gen. Washington, threw up works on the Dor- 
Chester Heights in the night, which commanded 
Boston harbor, and drove the British army 
away. Part of Dorchester neck belongs to 
Boston, to which a bridge extends. Pop. 4,074. 

Dorchester, v., on Maurice r., Cumberland 
CO. N. J., e. Maurice j., 5 ms. from its mouth 
in Delaware bay. 

Dorchester, co. Md., bndd. by Nantikoke 
'bay -s., Chesapeake bay s. w., w. and n. w., 
•Choptank r. n., Caroline co. n. e., Sussex co. 
Del. E., and Choptank r. which separates it from 
Worcester co. Md. s. e. Length from s. w. to 
N E. 32 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 640 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 14' to 38° 40', 
in long, from 0° 36' to 1° 20' e. W. C. Cf. t. 
Cambridge. Pop. 1820, 17,700, 1830, 18,686. 



Dorchester, p-t. Colleton dist. S. C. on Ash- 
ley r., 20 ms. above Charleston. 

Dorset, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 27 ms. n, 
Bennington, 41 sq. ms. First settled 1768, has 
part of Otter cr. and sources of Battenkill and 
Powlet rs., with mill sites, Dorset and Equinox 
mtns., several caves and some manufactories. 
Pop. 1,507. 

DoRSETTsviLLE, p-0. Chatham co. N. C, 20 
ms. irom Raleigh. 

Dorsey's, p-o. s. wstrn. part of St. Mary's co. 
Md., 4 ms. from Leonardstown, and by p-r. 78 
ms. s. from Annapolis, and 59 s. s. E. W. C. 

Double Branches, p-o. Anderson dist. S. C.^ 
by p-r. 132 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Double Branches, p-o. Lincoln co. Geo., by 
p-r. 95 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. 

Double Bridge, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va., by 
p-r. 118 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Double Cabins, p-o., in the wstrn. part of 
Henry co. Geo., by p-r. 107 ms. n. w. by w» 
Milledgeville, and 699 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Double Pipe, creek, p-o., n. e. part Frederick 
CO. Md., about 50 ms. a little w. of n. W. C. 

Double Wells, p-o. Warren co. Geo, by p-r. 
37 ms. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Dougherty's, Carrol co. Ten. (See Lamores- . 
ville.) 

Douglass, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 47 ms. 
s. Worcester, n. Conn., has Mumford r. a branch 
of Blackstone r., between which and Shetucket 
it lies, artificial irrigation is resorted to, with 
wisdom, and deserves to be practised else- 
where. It has good meadows. Pop. 1,742. 

Douglass, p-v. in the w. part of Logan co. 0. 
by p-r. 10 ms. from Bellefontaine, 468 n. w. by 
w. W. C. and 72 in a nearly similar direction 
from Columbus. 

Douglass' Mills and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 
30 ms. a little n. of w. Harrisburg, and 117 n. 
N. w. W. C. 

DouGLASsviLLE, p-v. in the n. e. part of Berks 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 147 ms. n. e. W. C. and 64 e. 
Harrisburg. Pop. of Douglass tsp. 839. 

DouTHET, p-v. in the n. part of Anderson dist. 
S. C. by p-r. 531 ms. s. w. W. C. and 139 ms. 
N. w. by w. Columbus. 

Dover, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 77 ms. Augus. 
ta, s. Piscataquis r. Pop. 1,042. 

Dover, p-t. and st. jus. Strafford co. N. H. 
10 ms. N. w. Portsmouth, on the e. great road 
and w. of Piscataqua r. and Me. The town 
contains a court house, gaol, four public houses, 
and seven meeting houses. The Cocheco man. 
ufacturing company have a capital of one mil. 
lion five hundred thousand dollars, 41arge brick 
mills. Three are situated in the centre of the 
town. They run 24,320 spindles and 780 looms ; 
employ 900 operatives ; 750 of whom are fe- 
males. They consume 2,600 bales of cotton, 
or 1,000,000 lbs., and produce about 100,000 a 
week, or 5,200,000 yards yearly. The calico 
printing, is equal to the best imported. They 
bleach and print 3,000 pieces, of 28 yards each, 
a week, equal to 4,368,000 yards per annum. 
They consume 4,000 gallons of oil, 500 barrels 
of flour, 26,000 lbs. ot potato starch, 3,000 cords 
of wood, 2,000 tons of anthracite coal, &c. 
The Cocheco is navigable for vessels of 80 tons, 
up to the landing, in the town. There are 50 



DOV 



135 



DRO 



shops, some large. Piscataqua r. is formed 
here of Cocheco and Belamy, or Black ra. which 
afford fine water power, and supply many fac- 
tories. The land swells gently, and is pictur- 
esque. First settled 1623, on the neck s. be- 
tween the rs. by the company of Laconia, from 
Eng. who entrenched the place, and establish- 
ed a fishery. The population have since col- 
lected at Cocheco falls ; 4 ms. n. w. the Co- 
checo descends 32J ft. at the head of naviga- 
tion 12 ms. from the sea. Here in the village, 
1689, Major Waldron was killed by Indians, to 
revenge the death of 7 or 8 whom he had exe- 
cuted 13 years before. The place often suffer- 
ed from Indians. Here was the first preaching 
in N. H. Pop. 5,449. 

Dover, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 13 ms. n. w. 
Brattleborough, 18 n. e. Bennington, incorpo- 
rated 1810. Serpentine, and chlorite slate are 
found here. Pop. 831. 

Dover, t. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 ms. w. Ded- 
ham, 16 s. vv. Boston, e. ands. Charles r. is un- 
even, woody, with some manufactories. Pop. 
497. 

Dover, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 21 ms. e, 
Poughkeepsie, 100 s. Albany, w. Conn. 6 ms. by 
7, level in the centre, where is 10 m. cr. of Hou- 
satonic r. hilly e. and w. and grain and grass 
flourish. In this town, near the v. of the Plain, 
E. of a mtn. is a wild passage cut by a stream 
among rocks, which, in one place, meet over 
head, and also form a hollow called the stone 
church, which is 50 feet long and 30 wide in the 
broadest place. Pop. 2,198. 

Dover, t. Monmouth co. N. J. 45 miles south 
N. Y. 20 south-east Bordentown, with the 
Ocean east, is crossed by Tom's creek, fall- 
ing into Tom's bay, and Cedar cr. A narrow 
beach, called Long and Cran beach, forms Bar- 
negat bay, most of which is in this town and re- 
ceives its waters. Cranberry inlet is now clo- 
sed, so that the entrance of Bar brook is s. in 
Stafford ; Egg and other islands are in Bar 
brook. There are 15 or 20 furnaces here chief- 
ly on Tom's r. Pop. 2,b98. 

Dover, p-v. Morris co. N. J. on the Rockaway, 
8 ms, N. Morristown, containing extensive man. 
ufactures of iron. The Morris eanal passes the 
village. 

Dover, p-v. and tsp. w. part of York co. Pa. 
24 ms. s. Harrisburg, and 94 a very little e. of 
N. W. C. Pop. tsp. 1820, 1,816, 1830, 1,874. 

Dover, p-t. st. jus. for Kent co. and of the gov- 
ernment of Del. by p-r. 114 ms. n. e. by e. W. 
C,. It is by the road about 50 ms. s. Wilming- 
ton, lat. 39° 9', long. 1° 28' e. W. C. Pop. of 
the hundred of Dover, 4,316. 

Dover, p-v. and st. jus. Stewart co. Ten. by 
p-r. 787 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 81 n. w. by w. 
Nashville. It is situated on the left bank of 
Cumberland r. Lat. 36° 28' long. 10° 52' w. W.C. 

Dover, p-v. and tsp. in the n. w. angle of Cuy- 
ahoga CO. 0. The p-v. is situated on Lake 
Erie, 12 ms. w. Cleaveland, by p-r. 366 n. w W. 
C. and 140 n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 462. 

Dover Furnace, and p-o. Stewart co. Ten. 
by p-r. 7 ms. s. e. Dover, the co. st. 780 s. w. by 
w. W. C. and 74 n. w. by w. Nashville. 

Dover Mills, and p-o. Goochland co. Va. 21 
ros. N w. Richmond. 



DowNE, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 60 ms. s. by 
w. Bordentown, is nearly an island, with Mau. 
rice r. e., Nantuxet creek w., and Delaware bay 
s., about one half appears to be swamps, near the 
water, and Bear Swamp is near the middle. Pop. 
1,923. 

Down East, p-v. Penobscot co. M^.. 96 ms.. 
from Augusta. 

DowNiNGTowN, p-v. on the left bank of the n. 
branch of Brandywine cr. andnear the centre of 
Chester co. Pa. 30 ms. w. Philadelphia, and by 
p-r. 122 N. E. W.. C. The village is small, but 
contains in its vicinity extensive grist mills, and 
is situated in a very well cultivated and pleas- 
antly diversified country. It stands on the great 
road from Philadelphia to Lancaster. 

DowNiNGTON, p-v,. in the n. w. angle of Meigs 
CO. 0. by p-r. 85 ms. s. s. e. Columbus, and 35& 
w. W. C. 

Doyal's Mills, and p-o. Jackson co. Ala. by 
p-r, 670 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 188 n. e. Tus- 
caloosa. 

DoYLESTowN, p-v. and st. jus. Bucks co. Pa, 
by p-r. 171 ms. n. e. W. C. and 107 nearly due 
E. Harrisburg. By the relative p-o. distances it 
appears to be 35 ms. from Phil, to Doylestown, 
whilst the real distance is only about 26. It is 
situated on a branch of Neshamony cr. lat. 40° 
18', long. 1° 56' E. W. C. Pop. of the borough- 
and tsp. 1820, 1,430, 1830, 1,777. 

Dracot, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 ms. n.n. 
w. Boston, s. of N. H. line, n. Merrimack r. is 
pleasant, with pretty good soil, well watered by 
Beaver brook, &c. A fine bridge crosses 
Pawtucket falls to Chelmsford, and the growth 
of Lowell, to which is another bridge 500ft. 
and roofed, has been useful to Dracut. Pop. 
1,615. 

Drake's, p-o. in the n. w. part O'f Holmes co. 
O. by p-r. 359 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 71 n„ 
E. Columbus. 

Drakeville, vil. Morris co. N. J. on the 
Morris canal, 12 ms. n. w. Morristown. 

Dranesville, p-o. Fairfax co.Va. 17 ms. W. C 

Draper's Valley, and p-o. in the w. part of 
Wythe CO. Va. 18 ms. from Evansham, the co.. 
seat, and by p-r. 310 ms. s. w. W. C. and 225 s. 
of w. Richnrjond. 

Dresden, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 8 ms. n. w. 
Wiscasset, 14 Augusta, on both sides of Ken- 
nebec r. Pop. 1,151. 

Dresden, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 20 ms. 
N. Sandyhill, 72 n. Albany, w. Lake Champlain, 
E. Lake George, and ends n. at Pulpit point. — 
It is mountainous, with several natural ice- 
houses. Pop. 475. 

Dresden, p-v. and st. just. Weakly co. Ten. 
by p-r. 834 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 132 ms. 
a very little n. of w. Nashville. It is situated 
on a branch of Obion r. lat. 36° 19' and long. 
11° 50' w. W. C. 

Dresden, p-v. in Jefferson tsp. n. part of 
Muskingum co. O. by p-r. 14 ms. n. Zanesville, 
the CO. seat, 73 n. of e. Columbus, and 350 n. 
w.byw.W. C. Pop. 391. 

Dripping Spring, p-v. Edmonson co. Ky. by 
p-r. 138 ms. s. w. Frankfort, 

Drowned Lands, Orange co. N. Y. on Wall- 
kill cr. 10 ms. long, 3 to 5 broad, have a rich, 
mould, good for hemp when drained. 



DUB 



136 



DUN 



Drownkd Meadow, p-v. Brookhaven, Suffolk 
CO. N. Y. 3 ms. e. Setauket. 

Drowning cr. and p-o. Burke co. N. C. about 
200 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Drummond's Island, between lake Huron and 
Manitou bay, having the strait called " The 
True Detour," w., and Little Manitou Island e. 
As laid down by Tanner, it forms a part of 
Chippeway co. Mich. The form, a rude approach 
to a triangle, base 18 ms. along lake Huron, 
perpendicular 10 ms. and area 90 sq. ms. The 
boundary between the U. S. and Upper Canada, 
passes along the strait between Drummond's, 
and Little Manitou islands, curving round the 
northern side of the former, and again separa- 
ting it from St. Joseph's Island, traversing the 
intermediate strait. Drummond's island is cross- 
ed by the 46th d«g. of N. lat. 

Dry cr. and p-o. Campbell co. Ky, by p-r. 82 
ms. N. N. E. Frankfort. 

Dryden, p-t. Tompkins co. N, Y. 35 ms. s. 
Auburn, 9 e. Ithaca, 150 w. Albany, 10 ms. sq. 
is level with much good soil. Good pine 
abounds, Fish and 6 m. crs. give many mill seats. 
Pop. 5,206. 

Dry Ridge, p-v. Grant co. Ky. by p-r. 48 ms. 
N. N. E. Frankfort. 

Dry Run, p-o. in the n. part of Franklin co. 
Pa. 23 ms. from Chambersburg, and by p-r. 63 
ms. w. Harrisburg, and 113 n. w. W. C. 

DuANE, t. FrankHn co. N. Y. Pop. 1830, 
247. 

DuANESBURG, p-t. Schencctady co. N. Y. 8 ms. 
square, s. end of the co. is 400 or 500 ft. above 
Hudson r. at Albany, a little uneven, with good 
soil, and sources of Norman's and Bowza Kills, 
which falls 70 ft. Lake Maria is drained by 
Chuctenunda cr. which turns about 20 mills. 
Pop. 2,837. 

Dublin, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 10 ms. e. s. 
E. Keene, 50 from Concord, 70 from Boston, 
26,560 acres, on high land between Conn, and 
Merrimac rs.. contains most of Grand Monad- 
nock mtn. Centre and North ponds, and is pretty 
good for grass, 10 school dists. Rev. Ed. 
Sprague left a fund of $8,000 to public schools, 
and $5,000 to the congregational church pastor. 
There are two libraries. First settled 1762. 
Pop. 1,218. 

Dublin, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 6 ms. n. n. w. 
Doylestown, the co. seat, and by p-r. 166 ms. n. 
E. W. C. and 97 e. Harrisburg. 

Dublin, p-v. in the n. part of Harford co. 
Md. 32 ms. n. e. Baltimore, and 3 ms. from 
Conewingo Ferry. 

Dublin, p-v. and st. jus. Laurens co. Geo. sit- 
uated on the right bank of Oconee r. near the 
centre of the co. 55 ms. below, and e. of s. from 
Milledgeville, lat. 32° 34' and long. 6° 05' w. 
W.C. 

Dublin, or Dublinton, p-v. in Washington 
tsp. n. w. part of Franklin co. 0. 12 ms. n. n. 
w. Columbus, and by p-r. 408 s. w. by w. W. 
C. Pop. 96. 

Dubois, co. of Ind. bndd. n, e. by Martin and 
the s. w. part of Orange, e. by Crawford, s. e. 
by Perry, s. by Spencer, w. by Pike, and n. w, 
and N. by the East Fork of White river, sepa. 
rating it from Daviess. Length 24 ms. mean 
breadth 20, and area 480 sq. ma. Extending 



in lat. from 38° 14' to 38° 34', and in long, from 
9° 43' to 10° 08' w. W. C. Though this co. 
bounds on the East Fork of White r. the far 
greater part of the surface is drained by the 
Patoka and confluent crs. and slopes westward. 
Cf. t. Portersville. Pop. 1,778. 

Dubourg's, p-v. and st. jus. parish of St. Bap- 
tiste, La. 49 ms. above New Orleans. 

Duck r. Ten. having its main sources in 
Warren and Franklin cos. between those of Elk 
r. a branch of Ten. and a branch of Cumber- 
land, flowing thence through Bedford, Maury, 
Hickman, Perry, and Humphries cos. falls into 
Ten. r. in the latter, after an entire comparative 
course of 130 ms. in a direction n. w. by w. 
In seasons of high water it is navigable about 
100 ms. ; the valley of Duck r. is comparatively 
narrow, not averaging above 25 ms. and in no 
place above 60 wide. It lies between lat 35° 
10' and 36° 10'. 

Duck Branch, and p-o. Barnwell dist. S. C. 
The Duck Branch is a small stream near the s. 
E. border of the dist. forming one of the sources 
of the Coosawhatchie r. The p-o. is situated 
on the cr. by p-r. 81 ms. a little w. of s. Colum- 
bia. 

Duck Creek Crossings, and p-o. in the n. w. 
part of Franklin co. Ind. 10 ms. n. w. Brook. 
ville, the st. jus. for the co. and by p-r. 533 ms. 
w. W. C. 

Dudley, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 20 ms. s. 
Worcester, 55 s. Boston, n. Conn., is well sup- 
plied with mill seats, by Quineboag and French 
or Stony rivers, the heads of Thames r. and has 
wool and other factories. There are seve- 
ral ponds, one nearly 5 ms. long. It was one of 
the Christian Indian colonies formed in early 
times. Pop, 2,115. 

Duff's Forks, and p-o. e. part of Fayette co. 
0., by p-r. 32 ms. s. w. Columbus, and 425 n. of 
w.W.C. 

Dugger's Ferry, and p-o. Carter co. Ten. by 
p-r. 420 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 316 n. of e. 
Nashville. 

Duke's co. Mass. consists of the islands of 
Martha's Vineyard, Chippaquiddick, Norman's 
Land, and Elizabeth islands, forming 3 towns. 
Cft. Edgartown. The soil is poor. Martha's 
Vineyard is favorable to commerce and fishing. 
Pop. 1820,1,702,1830,1,768. 

Duke's p-o. Dickson co. Ten. by p-r. 44 ms. 
w. Nashville. 

DuMAs's Store, and p-o. in the s. part of Rich- 
mond CO. N. C. by p-r. 18 ms. s. Rockingham, 
theco. st.417 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 131 s. w. 
Raleigh. 

Dumfries, p-v. on the Quantico creek. Prince 
William co. Va. 33 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

DuMMER, t. Coos CO. N. H. is of little value, 
watered by Amonoosuck and Ameriscoggin rs. 
Pop. 65. 

DuMMERSTON, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 5 ms. n. 
Brattleborough, 31 e. Bennington, w. Conn, r., 
was one of the first settled in N. H. is watered 
by West r. &c. with many mill sites. Black 
mtn. is granite ; the roof slate is quarried here, 
and primitive limestone is found. Pop. 1,592. 

DuNBARTON, p-t. Mcrrimack CO. N. H. 10 ms. 
N. Amherst, 9 s. w. Concord, has 21,000 acres, 
few hills, with clear air, good water, chestnut, 



DUP 



137 



DUV 



pine and oak timber, and good soil. Settled 
from Londonderry, N. H. 1749 ; and partly by 
Scotch and Irish. Pop. 1,067. 

DuNBARTON, p.o. in the s. w. part of Adams co. 
O., by p-r. 450 ms. w. W. C. and 91 s. s. w. Co- 
lumbus. 

Duncan's or. and p-o. in the e. part of Ruther- 
ford CO. N. C. ISms.E. Rutherfordton,the co. st. 
and by p-r. 467 s. w. W. C. and 206 w. Raleigh. 

Duncan's p-v. Thomas co. Geo. by p-r. 120 
ms. s. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Duncan's p.o. Hardiman co. Ten. by p-r. 190 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Duncansville, p-v. Barnwell dist. S. C. is pr. 

24 ms. from Barnwell, the st.jus. for this dist. 86 
w. of s. Columbia, and 584 s. s. w. W. C. 

DuNCANTON, p-v. White co. II., by p-r. 780 ms. 
s. of w. W. C. and 109 s. e. Vandalia. 

DuNDAFF, P-v. in the s. e. angle of Susquehan- 
nah CO. Pa., 22 ms. s.e. Montrose, the co. st. by 
P-r. 256 ms. n. n. e. W. G. and 148 n. e. Harris- 
burg. 

DuNKARD cr. and p-o. in the n. w. part of Mo- 
nongalia CO. Va. about 22 ms. n. w. by. w. Mor- 
gantown, and by p-r. 247 n. w. by w. W. C. 

Dunkirk, p-v. Pomfret, Chatauque co. N. Y. 
45 ms. s. w. Buffalo, 45 n. e. Erie, has a good 
harbor, with 7 ft. water on the bar. 

Dunkirk, called in the p-o. list King and 
Queen c. h., p-v. on the left bank of Mattapo- 
ny r. at or near the head of tide water, 60 ms. 
above Yorktown, and by p-r. 140 ms. a little 
w. of s. W. C. and 54 n. e. Richmond ; lat. 37° 
50', long. O'^ 11' w. W. C. Vessels of consid- 
erable tonnage are navigated up to Dunkirk. 

DuNLAPsviLLE, p-v. in the s. w. angle of Union 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 82 ms. s. of e. Indianopolis, and 
521 ms. N. ofw. W. C. 

DuNNiNGSTREET, p-v. Malta, Saratoga co. 
N. Y. 

DuNNsviLLE, p-o. s. part of Essex co. Va. 56 
ms. s. E. Richmond. 

DuNSBURG, OR DuNSTOwN, p-v. Lycoming co. 
Pa. on the left bank of the w. branch of Susque- 
hannah, opposite the mouth of Bald Eagle cr. 

25 ms. above Williamsport. 

Dunstable, p-t. Hillsboro co. N. H. 12 ms. s. 
E. Amherst, 40 n. sv. Boston, w. Merrimack r. 
contains 18,878 acres, has a variety of good 
soils, level e. hilly w. with mill seats on Salm- 
on brook, and rich land on Nashua r. on which 
is the chief village ; first settled in the co. 1672, 
and was attacked by Indians, Lovewell's com- 
pany went from this t. performed exploits, and 
were cut off' 1725 at Fryeburg, Me. Pop. 
2,414. 

Dunstable, t. Middlesex co. Mass. 37 ms. n. 
w. Boston, s. Merrimack r. has pretty good lev- 
el land, with pine, oak, and nutwood. Nashua 
r. on N. w. Pop. 593. 

Duntonville, p-v. w. part of Edgefield dist. 
S. C. by p-r. 67 ms. w. Columbia. 

Duplessis, Landing and p-o. Opelousas, La. by 
water route 180 ms. n. w. by w. New Orleans. 

Duplin co. N. C. bndd. w. by Sampson, n. by 
Wayne, n. e. by Lenoir, e. by Onslow, and s. 
by New Hanover. Length 30, mean breadth 
20, and area 640 sq. ms. extending from lat. 
34° 48' to 35° 12', and divided into nearly equal 
portions by long. 1° w. W. C- It is drained by, 



and nearly commensurate with, the higher part 
of the valley of the e. branch of Cape Fear r. 
Soil of middling quality. Cf. t. Kenansville. 
Pop. 1820, 9,744; 1830, 11,291. 

Duplin, c. h. and p-o. by p-r. 86 ms. s. e. 
Raleigh. 

Duplin, old c. h. and p.o. by p-r. 81 ms. s. 
e. Raleigh. 

Durand, t. Coos CO. N. H. 77 ms. n. Con- 
cord, N. White mts., contains 26,680 acres, 
crossed by Israel's and Moose rs., has a pretty 
good soil. 

Durant's Neok, and p-o. Perquimans co. N. 
C. by p-r. 218 ms. n. of e. Raleigh. 

Durham, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 26 ms. n. 
E. Portland, 31 Augusta, s. w. Ameriscoggin 
r. Pop. 1,731. 

Durham, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. n. w. Little 
and Great bays, contains 14,970 acres, has Pis- 
cataqua r. and branches ; the village is on Oys- 
ter r. at the falls, to which the tide flows. The 
soil is hard, but good, especially on Onion r. 
Granite is quarried. The place has suffered 
from the Indians. Pop. 1,606. 

Durham, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn. 7 ms. s. 
Middletown, 18 n. e. New Haven, 4 ms. by 6, 
23 sq. ms. handsomely varied, with hills e., is at 
the beginning of the argillaceous tract running 
N. has sand stone quarries, and good soil, espe- 
cially on Middletown and West rs. Gen. James 
Wadsworth, of the revolution, was born here. 
Pop. 1,116. 

Durham, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 22 ms. n. w. 
Catskill, 30 s. w. Albany, on the top of Catskill 
mtns. ; greatest dimensions 8 ms. by 17, has 
various soils, generally good for grass. Pop. 
3,039. 

Durham, tsp. and p-o. Bucks co. Pa. It is the 
extreme northern tsp. of the co. on Delaware 
r. 12 ms s. from, and below Easton. 

DuRHAMViLLE, p-o. Tipton CO. Ten. by p-r. 
190 ms. a little s. of w. Nashville. 

Dutchess co. N. Y. bndd. by Columbia co. 
N., Conn. E., Putnam co. s., Hudson r. and Ul- 
ster CO. w., contains 725 sq. ms. has 18 towns, 
and is one of the richest in the state. The 
soil is generally a warm loam ; the n. w. part 
clayey and imeven. Mattawan mtns. are in the 
E. part ; some ridges are bare ; some slate is 
found here, which is quarried — gypsum has been 
very useful. It is watered by Wappingers, 
Fishkill, Fall, Croton and Ancram crs. Cram, 
Elbow, &c. It has many manufactories. Cf. 
t. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 1820, 46,615, 1830, 
50,926. 

Dutch Settlement, c. h. and p-o. St. Mary's 
parish. La. on Teche r. about 120 ms. w. New 
Orleans. 

Dutotsburg, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. situa- 
ted on Del. r. n. side of the water gap, and at 
and below the cr. 25 ms. n. Easton. 

Dutton, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 76 ms. from 
Augusta. Pop. 443. 

Duval, co. Flor. as laid down on Tanner's 
U. S. includes all the country from the Atlantic, 
between St. Johns and Nassau r. to Suwanne r. 
on the w. St. Mary's n. and on the s. and s. e. 
by a line from Jacksonville on the St. Johns, to 
the mouth of Suwanne into the Gulf of Mexico. 
This would include a triangle of 125 ms. base, 



EAS 



138 



EAS 



and 40 ms. perpendicular, or 2500 sq. ms. lying 
between lat. 29° 22' and 30° 30', long, from 4° 
38' to 6° 28' w. W. C. It is probable that only 
the N. E. part, between Nassau co. and r. the 
Atlantic, St. Johns, and St. Mary's rs. or about 
750 sq. ms. will remain included in Duval co. 

DuxBURY, p-t, Plymouth co. Mass. 10 ms. n. 
Plymouth, 38 s. e. Boston, w. Plymouth harbor. 
Capt. Standish was buried here, 1656. The 
soil is warm and sandy, good e. and the people 
live chiefly by trade and fishing. Pop. 2,716. 

DuxBURY, t. Washington co. Vt. 13 ms. w. 
Montpelier, 22 s. e. Burlington, 100 n, Benning- 
ton. It is mountainous and unsettled s. Chief 
population e. on Onion r. over which is a natu- 
ral bridge, witli caves. There are 4 school 
dists. Pop. 651. 

DwEGHT, p-v. Pope CO. Ark. byp-r. 1,148 ms. 
s. w. by w. W. C. and 71 ms. above, and n. w. 
by w. Little Rock. As laid down by Tanner, 
it is situated on the left bank of the Ark. r. 7 
or 8 ms. above, and on the opposite side from 
the influx of Petite Jean r. 

Dyer co. Ten. bndd. n. by Obion co., e. by 
Gibson, s. by Haywooi and Tipton, and w. by 



the Misp. r. which separates it from Crittendon 
and New Madrid cos. Ark. Length from w. to 
E. 36, mean width 28, and area 840 sq. ms. ex- 
tending in lat. from 35° 48' to 36° 10', long, 
from 12° 15' to 12° 46'. Obion r. enters this 
CO. on the n. border, and flowing s. w. falls into 
the Misp. about 12 ms. s. w. Dyersburg. The 
main branch of Forked Deer r. enters Dyer 
from the a. and flowing n. w. receives a large 
confluent from the e. at Dyersburg, and then 
abruptly turning to s. w. leaves Dyer, and falls 
into Misp. r. at Tipton co. at the upper end of 
the first Chickasaw Bluff. The surface of this 
CO. is rolling, except some alluvial flats along 
Misp. r. Cf. t. Dyersburg. Pop. 1,904. 

Dyer, c. h. or more correctly Dyersburg, 
p-v. and St. jus. Dyer co. Ten. situated on the 
N. branch of Forked Deer r. about 30 ms. from 
Misp. r. at the first Chickasaw Bluff, and by p-r. 
164 ms. a very little s. of w. Nashville. 

Dyer's, p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 191 ms. 
s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Dyer's, old store and p-o. Albemarle co. Va. 
by p-r. 101 ms. s. w. W. C. 



Eagle, t. Alleghany co, N. Y. Pop. 892. 

Eagle, p-o. Franklin co, Geo. byp-r. 101 ms. 
N. Milledgeville. 

Eagle Grove, p-o. Elbert co. Geo. by p-r. 93 
ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Eagle Rock, p-v. Wake co.N. C. 12 ms. from 
Raleigh. 

Eagle ville, p-v. in the n. e. part of Ashtabu- 
la CO. O. by p-r. 189 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Eaker's Mills, and p-o. in the w. part of 
Graves co. Ky. 15 ms. w. Mayfield, the co. st. 
and by p-r. 299 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Earl, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. on 
Conestoga cr. 12 ms. above Lancaster. 

Earlesville, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 135 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. 

Early, co. Geo. bndd. n. by Randolph co. 
Geo., e. by Baker, s. by Decatur, and w. by 
Henry co. Ala. or by Chattahooche r. Length 
from s. to N. 40, mean breadth 32, area 1,280 
sq. ms. extending in lat, from 31° 06' to 3l° 
43', long, from 7° 46' to 8° 20' w. W. C. Cf. 
t. Blakely. Pop. 2,081. 

Early, c. h. (see Blakely,) Early co. Geo. 

East Berlln, tsp. and p-o. Adams co. Pa. on 
a branch of Conewago, 17 ms. n. E.Gettysburg. 

East Bethlehems, p-o. Washington co. Pa. 
16 ms. w. Washington, the co. st. 

East Bloomfield, p-o. Crawford co. Pa. 10 
ms. N. w. Meadville. 

East Bridgewater, t. Plymouth co. Mass. 
20 ms. s. w. Boston, and was incorporated 1823. 
Pop. 1,653. 

East Centerville, p-v. in the south part of 
Columbiana co. O., about 12 ms. s. s. w. New 
Lisbon, the co. st. 138 n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Eastchester, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 8 
miles s. White Plains, 20 n. N. York, 2^ ms. by 
7, E. Bronx creek, w. East Chester cr. and bay, 
where is a landing, for trade with New York ; 
)evel, stony, but pretty good soil. Pop. 1,300. 



East Claridon, p-v. Geauga co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 174 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

East Fairfield, p-v. near the eastern border 
of Columbiana co. Ohio, 8 ms. e. New Lisbon, 
the CO. St. and by p-r. 152 n. e. by e. Colum- 
bus. 

East Farsiingtoiv, p-v. in the n. part of Oak- 
land CO. Mich, by p-r. 40 ms. n. Detroit. 

East Feliciana, parish of La. bndd. by Ami. 
te CO. which separates it from St. Helena parish 
E., by East Baton Rouge s., Thompson's cr. 
which separates it from West Feliciana w., and 
by Wilkinson and Amite co. of Mis. n. Length 
irom s. to n. 28 ms., mean breadth 20, area 560 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 37' to 31°, 
in long, from 14° to 14° 24' w. W. C. The 
slope of this parish is almost directly s. Much 
of the soil on Amite r., on Comite and Thomp- 
son creeks, is excellent ; staple, cotton. Cf. t. 
Jackson. Pop. 8,247. 

East Green, p-v. Kennebec co. Me. 20 ms. 
Augusta. 

East Greenwich, p.^. and st. jus. Kent co. 
R. 1. 13 ms. s. Providence, w. Narraganset bay, 
4 ms. by 6, 24 square miles, is rough with prim- 
itive rocks, pretty good gravelly loam, making 
good cider ; oak, chesnut, &c. It has a safe 
harbor, with 15 feet water at high tide. Cod- 
fish, &c. are taken, and whaling was once car- 
ried on. In the village is a bank, court house, 
academy, and the legislature has sometimes set 
here. Major Gen. Green, was from this town. 
Pop. 1,591. 

East Haddam, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn. 14 
miles s. w. Middletown, 27 s. by w. Hartford, 
E. Conn, river, 6| miles by 8, 50 sq. ms. is 
rough, with granite rocks, containing garnets, 
beryl, &c. It is good for grass, with some 
flats, and good timber. Salmon and Modus 
rivers n. w., and other streams supply mill 
Beats. There were formerly shakings of the 



EAS 



139 



EAS 



earth, attended with sounds here. The Indi- 
ana were considered conjurers. Pop.2,664. 

Eastham, p.t. Barnstable co. Mass. 24 ms. n. 
E. Barnstable, 75 s. e. Boston, on Cape Cod, is 
a narrow strip of sand, e. (ape Cod bay and w. 
ocean, both of which are seen at once from the 
road. On the e. is some pretty good land ; the 
rest moveable sand. Salt is made here from 
sea water. The Nanset Indians had a Christian 
church many years here. First settled from 
Plymouth, 1644. Pop. 970. 

East Hampton, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 5 
miles s. Northampton, 90 w. Boston, w. Conn, 
river. On the e. side is the proposed route of 
Farmington canal ; the town has a variety of 
soil, and much pine plain. Pop. 1830, 745. 

Easthampton, p.t. Suffolk co. N. Y. U2 ms. 
E. N.York, 35 E. Riverhead, at e. end of Long 
Island, includes Governor's Island and Montauk 
Point, s. Gardner's bay and Long Island sound, 
N. and w. ocean. Greatest breadth 8 miles, 
greatest length on main land 24. First settled 
1649, from Lynn, Mass. The people are farm, 
ers, mechanics, and shoemakers. Clinton 
academy, founded 1784, with $24,000 given by 
them. At Montauk 9000 acres oi good land 
are owned in common. The light house was 
built 1796, for $25,000. Gardner's island con. 
tains 2,500 acres ; Gardner's bay, a good har- 
bor for a fleet of ships, was used by the enemy 
during the last war. Pop. 1,668. 

East Hanover, tsp. and p.o. on Swatara r. w. 
part of Lebanon co. Pa. about 17 ms. n. e. by e. 
Harrisburg. 

East Hartford, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. e. 
Connecticut r., is connected with Hartford by a 
bridge ; has fine meadows, with level, light 
soil ; fine elms in the village. Pop. 2,237. 

East Haven, t. Essex co. Vt. 45 ms. n. Mont- 
pelier, gives rise to Moose r. and is rough and 
almost uninhabited. Pop. 33. 

East Haven, p.t. New Haven co. Conn. 4 
miles E. New Haven, n. Long Island sound, has 
fine swells, with light soil ; a light house at e. 
point of New Haven harbor ; the town is con- 
nected with New Haven by a bridge. Pop. 
1,229. 

East Hempfield, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. 
Pennsylvania, 34 miles s. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

East Kingston, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 21 
ms. s. w. Portsmouth, 39 s. e. Concord, 3 sq. 
ms. has a good soil for grass and grain, and is 
crossed by Powow r. Pop. 442. 

East Liberty, tsp. and p.v. Fayette co. Pa. 
34 ms. s. E. Uniontown. 

East Liberty, p-v. Marion county, Tennes- 
see, by p-r. 138 ms. southeast Nashville. 

East Machias, t. Washington co. Me., cross, 
ed n. and s. by a broad stream, and emptying in- 
to Machias bay. It has a large pond on its 
eastern border. Pop. 1,065. 

East Nantmill, tsp. and p-o., n. part of Ches- 
ter CO. Pa., on the waters of French cr., about 
33 ms. N. w. Phil. 

East New Market, p-v., on the waters of 
Nantikoke r., e. part of Dorchester co. Md., 16 
ms. a little n. of e. Cambridge. 

Easton, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., 22 ms. s. Bos- 
ton, has large manufactories of iron, woollen 
and cotton. A lead and silver mining company 



was incorporated here, 1825, with a capital of 
$80,000. Pop. 1,756. 

Easton, p-t. Washington co. N. Y., 27 ms. n. 
Albany, 16 s. w. Salem, e. Hudson r., 6 ms. by 
12, 70 sq. ms., has good farms, uneven surface, 
and various soils. Battenkill n. has a fall of 60 
ft. and other mill sites. 

Easton, borough, p-t. and st. jus. Northamp- 
ton CO. Pa., situated on the right bank of Dela- 
ware r., between the mouths of Lehigh r. and 
Bushkill cr. The site of this borough is a lime, 
stone valley environed on all sides by masses 
of that rock. Beyond the Lehigh rises the Blue 
Ridge, which about 2 ms. below the town, is 
traversed by Delaware r. The vicinity along 
the Delaware, Lehigh, and Bushkill, is finally 
broken and varied, with a very productive and 
well cultivated soil, which adds to the attractive 
scenery, the charm of abundance. Lafayette 
college, which is located here, was incorpo- 
rated in 1826. We are unable to say more at 
present of this institution, than that a course 
similar to that of other colleges is pursued in it; 
that there are about 70 students now in it, and 
that there is a farm, and workshops connected 
with the college, in which the students labor. 
According to information procured on the spot, 
there were in Easton, 1821, a library containing 
1,200 volumes ; an academy called the Union 
academy, three places of public worship, 1 
Presbyterian, 1 German Lutheran, and 1 Epis- 
copalian. There were within the borough 6 
grist mills, 2 saw mills, 2 distilleries, 3 tan 
yards, 1 brewery, and 31 dry goods stores. Four 
fine bridges, 1 over the Delaware, 1 over Le- 
high r. and 2 over Bushkill cr. The town is 
laid out at right angles, streets along the cardi- 
nal points, issuing from a central square, in 
which stands the court house, built in 1758. 
Since 182], the advance of Easton has been 
rapid. The Lehigh and Delaware canals have 
made it an emporium in reality, from which 
lines of intercommunication radiate as from a 
common centre. Pop. 3,529. Lat. 42° 42', long. 
1° 50' e. W. C. 

Easton, p-v. seaport and st. jus. Talbot co. 
Md., situated near the centre of the co., at the 
head of Tread Haven r. or bay, Lat. 38° 46', 
long. 1° e. W. C, by p-r. 81 ms. a little s. of e. 
W. C, and 41 s. e. by e. Annapolis. Pop. 
1820, 2,000. 

East Penn, p-o. and tsp. Northampton co. Pa. 
The oflfice is by p-r. 191 ms. n. n. e. W. C. and 
91 ms. N. E. by e. Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 1,007. 

East Pond, plantation, Somerset co. Me., 25 
ms. from Augusta. Pop. 299. 

Eastport, p-t. and port of entry, Washington 
CO. Me., 176 ms. e. Augusta, 279 e. n. e. Port- 
land, 41 ms. e. n. e. Machias, in Passamaquoddy 
bay, on Moose Island, 4 ms. long, with bold 
shores, is an important place for trade, and the 
easternmost military post of the U. S. Lumber 
trade and fishing are principal branches of bu- 
siness. A ferry of 3 ms. crosses to Lubec, and 
a bridge to Perry. The v. is s. Pop. 2,450. 

Eastport, p-v. Lauderdale co. Ala., by p-r. 
IJl ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 

East r. King's, Queen's, New- York and West. 
Chester cos. N. Y., is a strait, connecting New 
York bay with Long Island sound, is an im- 



EBE 



140 



EDG 



portant channel for coasting vessels, about 25 j 
ms. by 1, navigable for the largest ships, with 
several isls., and a swift and rocky pass at Hell 
Gate, or Horl Gatt. 

East Smithfield, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., by 
p-r. 188 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

East Sudbury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 18 
ms. w. Boston, has good soil, several ponds, 
and is crossed by Sudbury r. Pop. 944. 

Eastville, p-v. and st. jus. Northampton co. 
Va,. situated on the Peninsula between Chesa- 
peake bay and the Atlantic, 18 ms. n. Cape 
Charles, by p-r. as stated in the p-o. list, 254 ms. 
s. s. E. W. C. though in a direct line the dis- 
tance is only ]25 ms. Lat. 37° 30', long. 1° 15' 
E. W. C. 

East Wateeford, p-v. in the s. wstrn. part of 
Juniata co. Pa. about 40 ms. in direct roadN. of 
w. Harrisburg, but by p-r. 62 ms. 

East Whiteland, tsp. and po. Chester co. Pa., 
on the main road from Philadelphia to Lancas- 
ter, 20 ms. from the former. 

East Williamsburg, p-v. Northampton co. 
Pa., by p-r. 128 ms. n. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

East Windsor, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., 8 ms. 
N. Hartford, has rich meadows, a pleasant v. on 
a wide street, lined with fine elms, and many 
fine farms. It was one of the four earliest set- 
tlements in the state. First settled 1636. Pop. 
3,537. 

East Windsor, t. Middlesex co. N. J. Pop. 
1,905. 

Eaton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 7 1 ms. n. n. e. 
Concord, 41 n. e. Guilford, 7 n. Portsmouth, w. 
Maine, contains 33,637 acres, has pretty good 
uplands, and pine on plains, with some iron ore, 
small mill streams and several ponds. Pop. 
1,432. 

Eaton, p-t. Madison co. N. Y., on a branch 
of Chenango r., 10 ms. s. w. Cazenovia, 102 w. 
Albany. Pop. 3,559. 

Eaton, p-v. in the n. w. part of Luzerne co. 
Pa., by p-r. 29 ms. n. Wilkesbarre. Pop. 599. 

Eaton, p-v. and st. jus. Preble co. O., 26 ms. 
w. Dayton, 51 w. of n. Cincinnati, 488 ms. a little 
N. of w. W. C. n. lat. 39° 46', long. 7° 38' w. 
W. C. Pop. 510. 

Eaton, co. Mich., bndd. by Ingham e., Jack- 
son s. E., Calhoun s. w., Barry w.. Ionia, n. w., 
and Clinton n. e. It is a square of 24 ms. each 
way ; area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 35', and long. 
W. C. 8° w. intersect in this co. The main 
stream of Grand r. winds along the estrn. bor- 
der in a northerly direction, but the body of the 
CO. slopes wstrd., giving source to Apple r. 
branch of Grand r., and to Battle r. branch of 
Kalamazoo r. The centre is about 100 ms. a 
little n. of w. Detroit. Pop. uncertain. 

Eaton's Neck, Huntington, N. Y. on Long 
Island sound, has a light house. 

Eatonville, or Eatonton, p-v. and st. jus. Put- 
nam co. Geo., near the centre of the co., 20 ms. 
N. N. w. Milledgeville. Lat 33° 19', long. 6° 
28' w. W. C. 

Ebenezer, academy and p-o., s. w. part of 
York dist. S. C, 66 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 

Ebenezer, v. Effingham co. Geo. on the right 
bank of Savannah r. 25 ms. above Savannah. 

Ebensburg, borough p-v. and st. jus. Cambria 
CO. Pa. situated on the head waters of Little 



Conemaugh, 75 ms. a very little n. of e. Pitts- 
burg, and by p.r. 144 miles n. w. by w. Harris- 
burg. Lat. 40° 31', long. 1° 40' w. W. C. 

EcHocuNo, or Tchocunno r. Geo. rising in 
Monroe co. between Flint and Chupee rs. and 
flowing thence into Crawford, over the n. e. an- 
gle of Bibb and Crawford and Bibb and Hous- 
ton cos. falls into the Ocmulgee, after an en- 
tire comparative course of 40 ms. in a southeast 
direction. 

EcHocoNNO, p-o. on Echoconno r., Crawford 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 42 ms. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Economy, p-v. Erie co. Pa. about 100 ms. n. 
Pittsburg. 

Economy, p-v. in the eastern part of Wayne 
CO. Indiana, by p.r. 77 ms. e. Indianopolis. 

Eddyville, p-v. on the right bank of Cum- 
berland r. Caldwell co. Ken. 12 ms. from Prince- 
ton, the CO. St. Pop. 167. 

Eddington, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 70 ms. n. 
E. Augusta, E. Penobscot r. opposite Bangor. 
Pop. 405. 

Eden, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 36 miles e. Cas- 
tine, 92 Augusta, is almost insulated by French- 
man's bay and Mount Desert sound. Pop. 957. 

Eden, t. Orleans co. Vt. 30 ms. n. Montpelier, 
37 N. E. Burlington, 36 sq. ms. was granted to 
Col. S. Warner, and his regiment, 1781, has 
many small streams, with the sources of Wild 
Branch and Green r. Mount Norris, Belvidere 
and Hadley mtns., 5 school dists. Pop. 461. 

Eden, p-t. Erie co. New York, 23 ms. s. 
Buffalo, 6 ms. sq. 7 ms. e. lake Erie, has a va- 
ried surface, and watered by Canquada or. with 
loamy sand and gravel, best for grass ; beech, 
maple, hemlock, &c. Pop. 1,066. 

Edenton, {see Edonton.) 

Eden's Ridge, and p-o. w. part Sullivan co. 
Tennessee, by p-r. 297 ms. n. of e. Nashville. 

Edgar, co. II., bounded by Clarke s.. Coles 
w., Vermillion co. of II. n., Vermillion co. of 
Ind. N. E., and Vigo co. Ind. s. e. Length from 
s. to N. 30, breadth 24, and area 720 sq. ms. 
Lat. 39° 40', long. W. C. 10° 45' w. General 
slope southeast-ward, and drained by crs. flow- 
ing into the main Wabash. Chief t. Paris. — 
Pop. 1830, 4,071. 

Edgartown, p-t. port of entry and st. jus. 
Duke's CO. Mass. 100 ms. s. s. e. Boston, 14 
miles south main land, has a good and conven- 
ient harbor, protected by Chippaquiddick island, 
a shelter in storm, and has considerable ship, 
ping. Pop. 1,509. 

Edgecomb, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. on Sheepscott 
r. 20 ms. Augusta, is almost insulated by Dama. 
riscotta and Sheepscott rivers. Pop. 1,258. 

Edgecombe, co. N. C. bndd. by Neuse r. which 
separates it from Wayne s. w., by Nash w., and 
N. w, by Halifax, n. and n. e. by Martin, e. and 
s. E. by Pitt and Greene. Length from s. w. to 
N. E. 35 miles, mean breadth 18 miles, area 648 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 34' to 36° 
06', long. 0° 27' to 1° 02' w. W. C. The two 
main branches of Tar. r. enter this co. separate, 
but unite within it, a short distance above Tar- 
borough, and flow from the s. e. border into Pitt 
CO. The s. part is drained by various branches 
of Neuse r. The surface level, and soil mid- 
dling quality. Cf. t. Tarborough. Pop. 1820, 
13,276, 1830, 14,935.J 



EDM 



141 



EEL 



Edgefield, p-v. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 47 
ms. w. W. C. 

Edgefield, dist. S. C. bndd. by Abbeville n. 
w., by Saluda r. separating it from Newburg n,, 
by Lexington n. e., Orangeburg e., Barnwell s. 
E., and Savannah r. separating it from Rich- 
mond, Columbia and Lincoln co. of Georgia, s. 
w. Length from s. to n. 60 ms. mean breadth 
28, area 1,680 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
33° 17' to 34° II', long, from 4° 50' to 5° 20' 
w. W. C. The southern part of Edgefield 
slopes south towards the Savannah r. and is 
drained by Stephens cr. and some minor 
streams. The southern section has its slope 
towards Saluda, and is drained in great part by 
Little Saluda. Surface gently hilly, and soil 
mostly of second rate quality. Cf. t. Edgefield, 
Pop. 1820, 25,179, 1830, 30,509, 

Edgefield, c. h. and p-v. Edgefield dist. S. 
C. by p-r. 57 miles s. w. by w. Columbia. 

Edgemont, p-v. Delaware co. Pa. 123 ms. n. 
E. W. C. Pop. 757. 

Edinboro, p-v. Montgomery co. N. C. by post 
road 97 ms. southwest by west Raleigh. 

Edinburgh, p-t. Saratoga co, N. Y, 30 ms. n. 
w. Batlston Spa, 7 ms. by 8, is crossed by Sa. 
candaga r., is hilly east, and level west, and has 
generally a stiff loam, with good land in the 
middle, and s. w. Pop. 1,571. 

Edinburgh, p-o. and tsp. in the e. part of 
Portage co. Ohio, 7 ms. e. Ravenna, the co. st. 

Edinburgh, p-v. in the s. e. angle Johnson co. 
Indiana, by p-r. 30 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. It 
is situated at the junction of Blue r. and Sugar 
cr. branches of Driftwood fork of White r. 

Edisto, r. of S. C. rises by two branches in 
Edgefield dist. S. Edisto flowing s. e. leaves 
Edgefield and forming the boundary between 
Barnwell and Orangeburg districts, receives N. 
Edisto, and continuing s. e. enters Colleton, 
and inflecting to the s. reaches the alluvial plain 
near the Atlantic, where it divides into two 
channels, again called relatively N. Edisto, and 
S. Edisto, enclosing Edisto isl. on both sides. 
The entire comparative length of Edisto by 
either branch is about 130 miles. Its basin is 
130 ms. by a mean breadth of 30, area 3,900 
square miles. Lying between the Savannah 
and Santee rs. 

Edisto isl., S. C. enclosed by the two outlets 
of Edisto r. and the Atlantic. Length from 
Clark's inlet on the ocean to the separation of 
the two Edistos, 12^ ms. mean breadth 7 
ms. area 87 J sq. ms. forming apart of Colleton 
dist. Surface flat and in great part marshy, 
with numerous interlocking water courses. — 
Soil where fit for culture, highly productive. 
Central lat. 32° 33.' Staple culture, cotton and 
rice, though the climate would perhaps admit 
sugar cane. 

EoMESTON, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y. 18 ms. w. 
Cooper's town, 84 w. by s. Albany, e. Unadilla 
river, has 26,628 acres, is varied in surface and 
soil, and has mill seats on Unadilla and Whar- 
ton's crs,, and has limestone s. e. Pop. 2,087. 

Edmonds, t., Washington co. Me. w. Coles- 
cook bay. Pop. 267. 

E. Edmondson, CO. Ky. bndd. s. and s. w. by 
Warren, w. and n. w. by Grayson, and n. e. and 
E. by Hart. It lies nearly in form of a circle 
of 18 ms. diameterj area about 250 sq. ms. Ex- 

19 



tending in lat. from 37° 05' to 37° 20', long, 
from 9° 02' to 9° 23' w. W. C. The main vol- 
ume of Green r, winds through this co, from e. 
to w, receiving a large northern branch, Adin's 
cr,, near the centre. It lies in the limestone 
range and within what has been called the Bar- 
rens of Ky., though in reality the soil is produc- 
tive, Cf. I. Brownsville. Pop. 2,642. 

Edmonton, p-v. Barren co. Ky. by p-r. 1 14 ms.. 
s. w. Frankfort. 

Edmund's, p-o. Brunswick co. Virginia, s. s» 
w. Richmond ; position in the co., uncertain. 

Ednyville, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 
234 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Edonton, P-v. and st. jus. Chowan co. N. C. 
situated on a small bay opening s. w, into 
Chowan bay, and s. e. into Albemarle sound, 
about 65 ms. s. s. w. Norfolk, Va. and by p-r. 
183 ms. a little n. of e. Raleigh. 

Edsalville, p-o. Bradford co. Pennsylvania» 
by p-r. 182 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Edwards, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 194 
ms. n. Albany. Pop. 633. 

Edwardsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Cass co. 
Mich, by p-r. 643 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 
169 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. It is situated 
near the s. border of the co., and on a branch of 
St. Joseph's r. Lat. 42° 48', long. 9° 9' w, 
W. C. 

Edward's Ferry and p-o. The ferry is over 
the Potomac where the road crosses that r., be- 
tween Rockville in Montgomery co. Md. and 
Leesburg in Va. at and above the mouth of 
Goose cr., 21 ms. a little n. of w. from the for- 
mer, 4 ms. n. e, from Leesburg, and 31 ms. n. 
w. W. C. The p-o. is in Montgomery co. -Md» 

Edwardsville, p-v. Salem tsp. in the s. e.. 
part of Warren co. O. by p-r. 460 ms. w. W. C. 
and 83 s. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 48. 

Edwardsville, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. 
II. by p-r. 833 ms. w. W. C. 55 a little s. of w. 
Vandalia, and by the intermediate road 20 ms. 
N. E. from St. Louis in Mo. 

Edyville, p-v. Caldwell co. Ky. situated on 
the right bank of Cumberland r. about 35 ms. 
following the stream above its mouth, and as 
laid down on Tanner's U. S. exactly on lat. 37°, 
by p-r. 207 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Eel Rivers. As an instance of the unneces- 
ary repetition of the same name, there are two 
rivers of Ind. with this prenomen. Southern 
Eel r. is a br. of White r., having its remote 
fountains in Boone and Hendricks cos. and 
thence by a comparative course of 60 ms. 
to the sthwstrd., traverses and drains great part 
of Putnam and Clay cos. In the latter it inflects 
to s. e. 20 ms. falling into the right side of 
White r. in Greene co. The valley of sthm. 
Eel r. lies between those of Wabash and White 
rs, and between lat, 39° 10' and 40°. North- 
ern Eel r, is a br. of Wabash r. rising in Allen 
CO. and Putawatomie country. Flowing thence 
traversing the latter 30 ms. enters and trav- 
erses the nrthwstrn. angle of Wabash co. and 
the nrthrn. part of Miami co. falls into the right 
side of Wabash r. at Logansport in Cass co. ; 
after a comparative course of 80 ms. to the s. 
w. by w. This stream has interlocking sources 
with those of the sthrn. confluents of St, Jo. 
seph's r. of Mich, ; its valley lying between 
that of the main Wabash, and those of Tippe- 



ELB 



142 



ELI 



canoe br. of Wabash and Elkhart br. of St. Jo- 
seph's of Mich. 

Effingham, t. Strafford co. N. H. 43 ms. n. 
E. Concord ; contains 34,000 acres, has several 
high mtns., and is crossed by Ossipee r. Pop. 
1830, 1,911, since which the t. of Freedom has 
been separated from it. 

Effingham, co. Geo. bndd. by Great Ogee- 
che r. which separates it from Bryan s. w., and 
Bullock w., by Scriven n. w., by Savannah r., 
which separates it from Beaufort dist. S. C. n. 
E. and E., and by Chatham s. Length 30, mean 
breadth 11, area 330 sq. ms. Extending inlat. 
from 32° 08' to 30° 33', long, from 4° 12* to 4° 
31' w. W. C. Surface level. Cf. t. Springfield. 
Pop. 1820, 3,018, 1830, 2,924. 

Effingham, p-v. Bedford co. Ten. by p-r. 58 
ms. s. Nashville. 

Effingham, co. II. bndd. s. by Clay, w. by 
Fayette, n. by Shelby, n. e. by Coles, and e. by 
Jasper. Length 22, breadth 18, and area 396 
.«q. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 54' to 39° 
12' w. W. C. The slope is southwardly, and 
in that direction is traversed by Little Wabash. 
It was formed from what was formerly the e. 
part of Fayette, and its central part is about 35 
ms. E. Vandalia. 

Egg Harbor, t. Gloucester, co. N. J. on the 
Atlantic, bndd. s. w. and w. by Great Egg Har- 
bor r. Pop. 2,510. 

Egg Harbor, Great, r. and inlet, Gloucester 
CO. N. J. The r. is navigable for vessels of 
large size for some distance from its mouth, 
which is in lat. 39° 18', 20 ms. n. of Cape May, 
and 60 from Phil. 

Egg Harbor, Great, port of entry Glouces- 
ter CO., and the name of a collection district, 
the tonnage of which, in 1829, was 9,511 tons, 
60 ms. s. E. Phil. 

Egg Harbor, Little, bay and inlet, Burling- 
ton CO. N. J. on the Atlantic ocean, at the 
mouth of Mullicus r. and about 40 ms.N. of Cape 
May. 

Egg Harbor, Little, t. Burlington co. N. J. 
on the sea coast, bndd. s. w. by Mullicus r. 
which separates it from Gloucester co. Pop. 
1491. It gives name to a collection dist. the 
collector of which resides at Tuckerton. Ton- 
nage in 1829, 2,783 tons. 

Egremomt, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 15 ms. 
B. s. w. Lenox, 130 w. Boston, e. N. Y. on e. 
declivity of Taughkannuck mtn. tributary of 
Housatonic r. Pop. 890. 

Elba, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 6 ms. n. Bata- 
via, 10 s. Erie canal, is nearly level, good for 
grazing^ and gives rise to Oak Orchard cr., and 
sends streams s. to Black er. Pop. 2,678. 

Elbert, co. Geo. bndd. by Broad r. which 
separates it from Lincoln s. e., Wilkes s., Ogle- 
thorpe s. w., and Madison W., by Franklin n. 
w., and by Savannah r. which separates it from 
Anderson dist. S. C. n. e., and from Abbeville 
dist. E. Length along Savannah r. 40 ms., mean 
breadth 14, and area 560 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 33° 56' to 34° 30', long, from 5° 
33' to 6° 10' w. W. C. Surface hilly, and soil 
productive. Slope s. estrd. Cf. t. Elberton. 
Pop. 1820, 11,788, 1830, 12,354. 

Elbridge, p-v. Onondaga co. N. Y. 2 ms. s. 
Erie canal. Pop. 3,357. 



Elbridge, p-v. in the s. e. part Edgar co. II. 
by p-r. 116 ms. n. e. by e. Vandalia, and 665 
ms. w. W. C. 

Eldenton, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. 
Elderton, P-v. in the s. e. part of Armstrong 
CO. Pa. 13 ms. from Kittaning, the co. St., and 
by p-r. 202 ms. n. w. W. C. and 170 w. Harris- 
burg. 

Eldersville, p-v. Washington co. Pa. on 
the road from Washington, the st. jus. for the 
CO., to Steubenville, 20 ms. n. w. the former, 
and 16 s. e. the latter place. 

Eldredville, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. by p-r. 
105 ms. N.w. Harrisburg. 

Elbridge, p-o. Buckingham co. Va. by p-r. 82 
ms. w. Richmond. 

Eldridge, p-v. and tsp. in the n. e. part of 
Huron co. O. The p-o. 397 ms. n. w. W. C. 
and 124 n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 742. 

Elizabeth r. Va. rises by numerous small 
branches in Princess Ann and Norfolk cos., 
flows to the N. w. opening into a wide estuary, 
terminating in the mouth of James r. The en- 
tire length of Elizabeth r. is only about 25 ms., 
but it gains importance as forming the fine har- 
bor of Norfolk, admitting to that port vessels 
of 18 ft. draught, and again as constituting with 
the Dismal Swamp canal and Pasquotank r., a 
chain of inland navigation from Chesapeake bay 
to Albemarle sound. 

Elizabeth isls. Duke's co. Mass. are 16 in 
number, not all inhabited, extend s. w. from 
Barnstable, forming the s. e. side of Buzzard's 
bay, s. E. Bristol co., and s. w. Martha's Vine- 
yard. The largest are Nashawn, Nashawenna, 
and Presque Isle. Gosnold spent the winter of 
1602 here with a party of English. 

Elizabeth, p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 234 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Elizabeth, p-v. in the s. part of Harrison co. 
Ind. 11 ms. s. Corydon, the co. st. and by p-r. 
6l3 s. of w. W. C. and 135 ms. s, IndianopoHs. 
Elizabeth City, co. Va. bndd. w. by War. 
wick, N. by Black r. separating it from York co., 
E. by Chesapeake bay, and s. by Hampton 
roads, or mouth of James r. It lies in the form 
of a square of 18 ras. each side, area 64 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 02' to 37° 08', 
long, from 0° 37' to 0° 47'. Cf. t. Hampton.— 
Pop. 1820, 3,789, 1830, 5,053. 

Elizabeth City, p-v. and st. jus. Pasquotank co. 
N. C, situated on the right bank of Pasquotank 
r. at the point where that stream widens into a 
bay, 45 ms. s. Norfolk, Va. by p-r. 182 ms. n.e. 
by E. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 14', long. 0° 52' e. W. C, 
Elizabethtown, p-t. and st. jus. Essex co. N. 
Y. 126 ms.N. Albany, 16 w. Essex, w. of n. 
West bay of lake Champlain, has mtns. with 
some large and fertile valleys. Pleasant valley 
is crossed by Bouquet r. It has a village, with 
CO. buildings, state arsenal, &c. The Giant of 
the valley mtns. is 1,200 ft. high. There are ores 
and forges. Pop. 1,015. 

Elizabethtown, p-t. and borough, Essex co. 
N. J. 15 ms. w. by s. N. Y. by water 6 s. New. 
ark, 17 N. e. New Brunswick, w. Newark bay, 
level, with pretty good soil, well cultivated for 
gardens, &c. supplying many articles for N. Y. 
market. Was settled from Connecticut, and 
has a large and handsome village, with a court 



ELK 



143 



ELK 



house, &.C. an academy and apprentices' libra- 
ry, 1 m. from the point whence is frequent daily 
steamboat navigation to N. Y. and PhiL Ves- 
sels of 300 tons go to the point, and those of 30 
to the V. Pop. 3,445. 

Elizabethtown, p-v. near the w. border of 
Lancaster co. Pa. on the road from the city of 
Lancaster to Harrisburg, about 18 ms. from 
each. 

Elizabethtown, v. Alleghany co. Pa. on the 
right bank, of Monongahela r. 15 ms. a little e. 
of s. Pittsburg. 

Elizabethtown, Washington co. Md. (See 
Hagerstown.) 

Elizabethtown, p-v. and st. jus. Bladen co. 
N. C. situated on the right bank of Cape Fear 
r. 37 ms. by the road below Fayetteville, and 
by p-r. 98 ms. s. Raleigh. Lat. 34° 40', long. 
0° 38' w. W. C. 

Elizabethtown, p-v, and st. jus. Hardin co. 
Ky. situated on a small cr. n. branch of Nolins 
creek, 43 ms. s. Louisville, and by p-r. 72 ms. 
s. w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 42', long. 8° 50' w. 
W. C. 

Elizabethtown, p-v. and st. jus. Carter co. 
E. Ten. situated on the waters of Watauga r. 
about 120 ms. n. e. by e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 
270 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Lat. 36° 22', 
long. 5° 5' w. W. C. 

Elizabethtown, p-v. White Water tsp. in 
the s. w. part Hamilton co. O. 17 ms. w. Cin- 
cinnati, and by p-r. 514 ms. w. W. C. Pop. 134. 

Elizaville, p-v. in the w. part of Flemming 
CO. Ky. 

Elk, r. stream of Pa. Del. and Md. The 
extreme source in Chester co. of the former 
state between Octora and White Clay crs. and 
flowing thence s. enters Coecil co. Md. receiv- 
ing from Del. Back and Bohemia creeks, falls 
into the head of Chesapeake bay 8 ms. s. s. e. 
the iKiouth of Susquehannah r. This small r. 
is important from its position. The lower part 
below Back cr. forms a part of the line of in. 
land navigation by the Chesapeake and Del. 
canal. 

Elk, r. Western Va. rises amid the Appala- 
chian Ridges in Randolph and Pocahontas cos. 
interlocking sources with those of Monongahe. 
la. Little Kenhawa, Wheat, Green Brier and 
Gourley rs. Leaving Randolph and Pocahon- 
tas, and traversing Nicholas and Kenhawa cos. 
it finally is lost in Great Kenhawa at Charles- 
ton, after a comparative western course of 100 
ms. 

Elk, r. of Ten. and Ala. drawing its remote 
sources from the n. w. slope of Cumberland 
mtn. Franklin co. Ten. and flowing thence by a 
general course s. w. by w. over Franklin, Lin. 
coin, and Giles cos. Ten. enters Ala. traversing 
limestone, and falling into Ten. r. in the s. e. 
angle of Lauderdale co. after a comparative 
course of 110 ms. The valley of Elk r. lies 
between those of Ten. and Duck rs. 

Elk Creek, p-o. in Elk Creek tsp. n. w. part 
of Erie co. Pa. by p-r. 306 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 
Elk Creek, tsp. Erie co. Pa. on the heads of 
Cussewago, Conneaut and Elk crs. 17 ms. s. w. 
the borough of Erie. Pop. 1820, 288, 1830, 
562. 

Elk Fork, p-v. in the northern part of Jeffer- 



son CO. O. by p-r. 23 ms. northerly from Steu. 
benville the co. St., 283 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
and 145 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Elk Grove, p-v. Iowa co. Mich, by p-r. 1,110 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Elkhart, r. of Ind. rising in the Putawatomie 
country, interlocking sources with those of Tip. 
pecanoe and Eel r. branches of Wabash, and 
flowing thence n. n. w. enters and gives name to 
Elkhart co. within which it falls into the left side 
of St. Joseph's r. of Mich, after a comparative 
course of 40 ms. The mouth of Elkhart r. is 
almost exactly on long. 9° w. of W. C. and at 
N. lat. 41° 44'. Some of the western branches 
of Elkhart interlock their sources with those of 
Kankakee, and of course with the extreme east- 
ern tributary waters of Illinois r. 

Elkhart, co. of Ind. bndd. by La Grange co. 
E., the Putawatomie territory s. e. and s., St. 
Joseph's CO. w., Berrien co. of Mich. n. w., and 
Cass CO. of Mich. n. e. Length from s. to n. 26" 
ms., breadth 20, and area 520 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 41° 25' to 41° 46', and in long, 
from 8° 45' to 9° 8' w. W. C. The southwest- 
ern angle gives source to the Kankakee branch 
of Illinois, and declines wstrd. The northern 
part also declines wstrd., but is traversed in 
that direction by the main volume of St. Joseph 
r. Elkhart r. from which the co. derives its 
name, enters the southeastern angle, and flow, 
ing N. N. w. falling into St. Joseph r. and receiv- 
ing confluents from both sides, gives a slope in 
that direction to the body of the co. Pop. 935. 

Elk Heart Plain, p-v. Wabash co. Ind. by 
p-r. 616 ms. n. w.. by w. W. C. and 196 n. n. e. 
Indianopolis. 

Elk Hill, p-o. Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 59 ms., 
s. w. Richmond. 

Elkhorn, small r. of Ky. rising in Lafayette 
CO. near Lexington, and traversing Scott and 
Woodford, falls into the right side of Ky. r. in. 
Franklin co. 10 ms. below Frankfort, after a 
comparative course of 30 ms. 

Elkhorn, p-o. Franklin co. Ky. 4 ms. froiUi 
Frankfort. 

Elkhorn, p-v. on a small r. of the same name, 
in the s. w. part of Washington co. II. The p-o. 
is by p-r. 824 ms. w. W. C. and 52 ms. s. s. w. 
Vandalia. The r. is a small stream rising near 
the northern border of Perry co. and flowing 
northwestward over Washington, falls into Kas- 
kaskias r. near the boundary between Wash-. 

ington and St. Clair cos. 

Elklani), p-o. Tioga co. Pa. by p-j. 161 ms., 

N. Harrisburg. 

Elk Marsh, p-o. s. part Fauquier co. Va. 22 

ms. N. w. Petersburg. 

Elk Ridge, p-o. Giles co. Ten. by p-r. 91 ms. 

s. s. w. Nashville. 

Elk Ridge Landing, p-o. Ann Arundel co. 

Md. on the right bank of Patapsco r. 9 ms. s. w» 

Baltimore. 

Elk Run, church and p-o.. s. e. part of Fau. 

quier co. Va. 20 ms. n. n. w. Fredericksburg. 
Elkton, p-t. and st. jus. Coecil co. Md. situa. 

ted on the point between and above the junction 

of the two main branches of Elk r., very nearly 

on the direct line and mid distance between 

Philadelphia and Baltimore, or about 50 ms. 

following the road from each. Lat. 39° 36', 



ELL 



144 



EMA 



long. 1^ 13' E. W. C. The importance of Elk- 
ton as a travelling station, has been lessened by 
the change of routes, and particularly by the 
opening of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal. 
It is slill, however, a neat village, and the de- 
pot of considerable trade. 

Elkton, p-v. s. part of Giles co. Ten. situated 
■on the point and above the junction of Elk r. 
and Richland cr. 10 ms. s. s. e. Pulaski. 

Elkton, p-v. and st. jus. Todd co. Ky. situa- 
ted on Elk cr. a branch of Red r. by p-r. 190 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 51', long. 
10° 13' w. W. C. 

Ellejoy, p-v. in the s. part of Blount co. Ten. 
by p-r, 534 ms. s. w. by w. W, C. and 208 s. of 
E. Nashville. 

Ellenburgh, t. Clinton co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,222. 

Ellenton, p-v. and st. jus. Elbert co. Geo. 
about 70 ms. n. w. Augusta, and by p-r. 73 ms. 
N. N. E. Milledgeville. Lat. 34° 05', long. 5° 
62' w. W. C. 

Elleeslie, p-v. in the n. part of Susquehan. 
nah CO. Pa. by p-r. 16 ms. n. from Montrose, the 
CO. St., and 287 ms. a little e. of n. W. C. and 
179 N. N. e. Harrisburg. 

Ellerslie, p-v. in the w. part of Harris co. 
Geo. by p-r. 776 ms. s. w. W. C and 134 w. 
Milledgeville. 

Ellery, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 11 ms. s. e. 
Mayville, 54 sq. ms. with most - of Chatauque 
lake, pretty good land, with oak, ash, bass, 
&c. ; recently settled, has many small streams. 
Pop. 2,002. 

Ellicott, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 30 ms. s. e. 
Mayville, 144 sq. ms., the n. and w. branches 
of Connewengo cr. meet here, and are navigable 
for rafts. Mill seats abound ; the soil is vari- 
ous. I'op. 2,101. 

Ellicotts, or Eleven Mile Creek, Genesee 
and Erie cos. N. Y., joins Tonawanda creek, 
near lake Erie. 

Ellicotts Mills, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. on 
the main stream of Patapsco, 10 ms. s. w. by w. 
Baltimore. The v. straggling along the valley, 
and intermingled with mills and other manufac- 
tories, is in both Baltimore and Ann Arundel 
COS., and on the main road from Baltimore to 
the city of Frederick. The Baltimore and Ohio 
rail road, which leaves the city and follows the 
valley of the Patapsco, generally intersects the 
turnpike in Ann Arundel, part of Ellicott Mills. 
The vicinity is broken and romantic, and scene- 
ry formerly Kot suspected to exist 10 ms. from 
Baltimore, will now command attention, and 
become a fashionable place of resort, from the 
facility and pleasure of moving on the rail way. 

Ellicottville, p-t. and st. jus. Cataraugus co. 
N. Y. 325 ms. w. Albany, ^ ms. by 15, is sup- 
plied with excellent mill sites by Great Valley 
cr. Pop. 626. 

Elliotsburg, p-v. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 48 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Elliotts' Cross Roads and p-o. Cumberland 
CO. Ky. by p-r. 151 ms. a little w. of s. Frankfort. 

Ellington, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 13 ms. n. 
E. Hartford. Greatest extent 6 by 9 ms. 34 sq. 
ms. level w. broken e. good for grain, has a 
pleasant village, near wJhich is Mr. Hall's aca- 
demy. Pop. 1,455. 



Ellington, t, Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,279. 

Elliot, p-t. York co. Me. e. Piscataquay r. 
which divides it from Newington and N. H. 
107 ms. from Augusta. Pop. 1,845. 

Ellis, r. Coos co. N. H. joins Saco r. in 
Bartlett. 

Ellis, isl., low sandy reef of Flor. on the 
Bahama channel, and forming the s. e. bounda- 
ry of Biscane bay. Lat. 25° 24', long. 3° 20' 
w. W. C. 

Ellisburg, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. s. Lake 
Ontario. First settled 1797, 9 ms. sq. level 
except s. E., watered by Great Sandy cr. and 
has many mill sites, with a tolerable harbor on 
the lake Ontario, at the mouth of Great Sandy 
cr. and a navigation of 2 ms. up each of its 
branches. Here is a salt spring. Pop. 5,292. 

Ellisville, p-v. Warren co. N. C. by p-r. 67 
ms. N. N. E. Raleigh. 

Ellisville, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co. Miss. 
situated on a confluent of Leaf r. branch of 
Pascagoula, about 100 ms. due e. Natchez, and 
by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Jackson. Lat. 31° 37', 
long. 12° 17'w. W. C. 

Ellsworth, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 24 ms. n. 
E. Castine, 81 Augusta, crossed by Union r. 
Pop. 1,385. 

tLLs WORTH, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 11 ms. n. 
N. w. Plymouth, 52 n. n. w. Concord, 84 n. w. 
Portsmouth ; contains 16,606 acres, has Carr's 
mtn. in n. and centre, much bad soil, but yields 
grain, maple sugar, clover seed, &c. Pop. 1,492. 

Ellsworth, p-v. Sharon, Litchfield co. Conn. 

47 ms. w. by n. New Hartford. 

Elmira or Newtown, p-t. and half co. t. Tio- 
ga CO. N. Y. 32 ms. w. Owego, 16 e. Painted 
Post, 19 s. head of Seneca lake, 210 w. by s. 
Albany, crossed by Chemung r. and there are 
mill seats on this and Elmira cr. with hills, and 
some good meadows. The land is held in fee. 
Pop. 2,962. 

Elmore, t. Orleans co. Vt. 17 ms. n. Mont- 
pelier, 33 e. Burlington, 6 ms. sq. First settled, 
1790, from Conn, is uneven, with Fordwaymtn. 
N. w. hard wood and iron ore, sends streams to 
Lamoille and Onion rs. There are 3 school 
dists. Pop. 442. 

Elsenborough, t. Salem co. N. J. on Del. r. s. 
w. Salem. Pop. 503. 

Elsingborougii, t. Salem co. N. J. 60 ms. s. w. 
Trenton, s. Salem r., n. AUoway's cr., e. Del. r., 
opposite Del. city. Pop. 503. 

Els WORTH, p-v. andtsp. Trumbull co. O. The 
p-o. is by p-r. 296 ms. n. w. W. C. and 151 n. e. 
Columbus. Pop. tsp. 803. 

Ely, p-v. Jennings co. Ind. by p-r. 574 ms. w. ' 
W. C. and 69 s. e. Indianopolis. 

Elyria, p-v. tsp. and st. jus. Lorain co. 0. 
The V. is by p-r. 377 ms. n. w. by W. C. and 130 
a little E. of N. Columbus. It is situated on 
Black r. 10 ms. from lake Erie, at lat. 41^^ 24', 
long. 5° 6' w. W. C. Pop. tsp. 663. 

Elyton, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. Ala. sit- 
uated on the road from Tuscaloosa to Pluntsville, 

48 ms. N. E. the latter, and 88 s. s. w. the former. 
Lat. 33° 35', long. 10° w. W. C. 

Emanuel, co. Geo.bndd. by Great Ohoope r. 
which separates it from Montgomery s. w,, by 
Washington n. w., and Jefferson n. Great 



ENF 



145 



ERl 



Ogeechee r. which separates it from Burke n. e , 
Scriven e., Bullock s. e., Tatnell s. Length 
from E. to w. 56 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 
1,120 sq.ms., extending m lat. from 32° 21' to 
32° 52', long, from 4° 51' to 5° 48' w. W. C. 
Surface generally level, soil sandy and barren. 
Cf. t. Swainsboro'. Pop. 1 820, 2,928, 1830, 2.681 . 
Emaus, p.v. s. part Lehigh co. Pa. situated 
near Little Lehigh or. at the n. w. foot of the 
Blue Ridge, 10 ms. s. w. Bethlehem, and by p.r. 
SBms.N. E.by e. Harrisburg. This village is 
one of the settlements of the United Brethren or 
Moravians, and is included in the tsp. of Salis- 
bury. Pop. 18-20, about 100. 

Emden, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 46 ms. from 
Augusta, 16 N.Norridgewock, w. Kennebec r. 
just above Seven Mile brook. Pop. 894. 

Embreeville, p-o. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 106 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

Emery, r. of Ten. having its source by seve- 
ral streams issuing from the s. e. slope of Cum- 
berland mtn. in Bledsoe, Morgan, and Fentress 
COS., and flowing thence n. e., enter and unite in 
the s. angle of Morgan co., and abruptly inflect- 
ing to the s., separating Anderson from Roane, 
falls into Clinch r. opposite Kingston, after an 
entire comparative course of 60 ms. 

Emery Iron Works and p-o. on Emery r., 
Roane co. Ten. by p-r. 141 ms. e. Nashville. 

Eminence, p-v. in the e. part of Greene co. II. 
by p-r. 860 ms. from W. C. and 79 from Vanda- 
lia, in a nearly similar direction a little n. ofw. 

Emison's Mills, and p-o. Knox co. Ind. 10 ms. 
from Vincennes, the CO. St. and by p-r. 693 ms. 
w. W. C. and 136 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Emmetsburg, p.v. N. part of Frederick co. Md. 
on the road from the city of Frederick to Get- 
tysburg, Adams co. Pa. 22 ms. a little e. of n. 
Frederick. 

Emporium, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa. not located 
in the p-o. list. 

Enfield, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 12 ms. s. e. 
Hanover, 42 n. w. Concord, 105 n. n. w. Boston, 
with 24,060 acres, is hilly, with flsh ponds and 
streams. Mascomy pond, 4 ms. long, has 
many islands, and receives Mascomy r. Here 
is a Shaker settlement. Pop. 1,492. 

Enfield, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 81 ms. w. 
Boston, has several factories on Swift r. Pop. 
1,056. 

Enfield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 16 ms. n. 
Hartford, s. Mass., e. Conn, r., 5 J ms. by 6, 33 
sq. ms., is generally level, but high near the r., 
has a light, rich soil, which bears oak and wal- 
nut, gram and grass. Scantic r. has mill sites and 
meadows. First settled, 1681, from Salem, as 
• a part of Springfield, Mass. The village is 
])leasant, with fine elms. There is a settlement 
of Shakers in this town. At Thompsonville, on 
Conn. r. is an extensive manufactory of carpets, 
where Scotch weavers were first employed. 
Pop. 2,129. 

Enfield, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 5 ms. w. 
Ithaca, is hilly, but has pretty good soil. Pop. 
2,690. 

Enfield, p.v. King William co. Va. by p-r. 
31 ms. N. e. Richmond. 

Enfield, p-v. on Beach Swamp cr. Halifax 
CO. Va. by p-r. 110 ms. direct line, by the road 
88 ms. N. E. Raleigh. 



Enfield, p-v. Halifax co. N. C. about 15 ms. 

w. of s. Halifax, the co. st., and by p.r. 228 w. of 

s. W. C. and 74 n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

English Neighborhood, v. Bergen co. N. J. 

12 ms. from N. Y. on the e. branch of Hack- 

ensack r., is pleasantly situated on w. bank of 

Hudson r., with good land, and settled by 

Dutch. 

English Town, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. 18 

ms. e. Princeton, 21 w. Shrewsbury, on Mat. 

chaponix cr. the s. branch of Raritan r. 

Ennisville, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. by p-r. 

79 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

Ennoree, r. of S. C. rising in Greenville dist. 

interlocking sources with those of Saluda and 

Tyger rs., and generally about from 5 to 10 ms. 

distant from the latter, falls into Broad r. after 

a comparative course of 75 ms. 

Enosburg, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 35 ms. n. e. 

Burlington, 43 n. w. Montpelier. First settled, 

1797; is very healthy, with hills and valleys, 

good for grass, crossed by Missisque and Trout 

rs. &c. with good mill sites, 12 school dists. 

Pop. 1 560. 

Ense, p-v. Orange co. N. C. 6 ms. w. Hills- 

boro', the co. st. and by p-r. 302 s. s. vv. W. C. 

and 47 n. w. by w., Raleigh. 

Ephrata or TuNKERTOWN, p-v. on a branch of 

Conestogoe r. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 ms. n. n, e, 

Lancaster. 

Ephratah, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,818. 

Epping, P-t. Rockingham co. N. II. 20 ms. w. 
Portsmouth, 30 s. e. Concord, 8n. Exeter, nearly 
20 sq. ms., has good soil, and is crossed by 
Lamprey and North rs. Pop. 1,262. 

Epsom, p-t. Rockingham co. N.H. 12 ms. e. 
Concord, 32 n. w. Portsmouth ; contains 19,- 
200 acres, is uneven, with McKoy's Fort, Nat's 
and Nottingham mtns., generally bears grain 
and grass ; has great and Little Suncook rs. 
which unite here. Pop. 1,413. 

Equality, p-v. and st. jus. Gallatin co. II. by 
p-r. 773 ms. w. W. C. and 137 ms. s. s. e. Van- 
dalia. It is situated at the Forks of Saline r. 
12 ms. N. w. by w. Shawneetown, on Ohio r. at 
lat. 38° 45' long. 11° 25' w. W. C. 

Erie, large lake of the U. S. and Upper 
Canada, forming a link in the great central 
chain of fresh water seas in the interior of 
North America. The greatest length of Erie is 
from the mouth of Maumee to the outlet of 
Niagara strait, within an inconsiderable fraction 
of 270 ms. The width varies from 15 to 50 
ms. The widest part from Ashtabula co. 
Ohio, to Middlesex in Upper Canada, narrow- 
ing towards both extremes. The depth of Erie 
is much less than that of either of the other 
Canadian lakes, not exceeding a mean of 120 
feet, or 20 fathoms, and generally very shallow 
towards its shores. The harbors are mostly 
obstructed by bars, and none having a depth of 
more than 6 or 7 feet. From the w. this lake 
receives the Maumee, Raisin, Huron, and 
Detroit rs., from the n. only the Ouse or Grand 
river, but from the s. the Portage, Sandusky, 
Huron, Cayahoga, Grand, Conneaut, Cattarau- 
gus, and Buffaloe. Erie is united to Ontario by 
Niagara, with the Hudson by the Erie canal, 
with the Ohio, by the Ohio canal, and with the 



ERI 



146 



ESO 



higher lakes, by Detroit and St. Clair straits. 
With all the impediments to navigation arising 
from defective harbors, the commerce on lake 
Erie is already immense, and very rapidly aug. 
menting. Besides numerous other vessels nav- 
igating the lakes, several steam boats are 
employed upon it, most of which are very com- 
modious, many of them elegant, affording real 
facilities for travellers, and transportation. 
Seven of these (1833) form a daily line between 
Buffalo and Detroit, and four others form another 
line between Buffalo and Cleveland ; all of these 
touch at the intermediate ports on their routes. 
Frequent excursions are also made from Buff'alo 
to Green Bay, Mich, by the boats on the lake. 
The position of Erie lake is in a singular man- 
ner favorable to its becoming the centre of an 
unequalled inland navigation. To the natural, 
and already completed artificial channels of 
connexion, may be, amongst some others of less 
obvious facility of execution, noticed the route 
through Maumee and Wabash rs. That by the 
channels of Huron and St. Joseph's into the 
s. part of lake Michigan, &c. Coimnerce. — 
The following extract will serve to show the 
immense and increasing value of navigation of 
this lake. They are part of the remarks of Mr. 
Sill, of the house of representatives, on the bill 
making additional improvements of certain har- 
bors &c., delivered Feb. 18, 1831. "I have 
not ascertained the exact amount of the ex- 
port trade of lake Erie during the past year. I 
have seen a partial statement of its amount, 
which proves it to be of great extent, and should 
it be estimated at 15,000 tons, which is probably 
below the actual amount, it would swell the ag- 
gregate amount of that trade to 40,000 tons." 

Erie co. N. Y. bndd. by Niagara co. n., Gene- 
see CO. E.., Cattaraugus and Chatauque cos. s., 1. 
Erie and Niagara r. w., 33 ms. by 40, 950 sq. ms. 
has 16 towns. It has Tormewanta cr. n., with 
Ellicotts ; Buffalo cr. in the middle, with its 
branches, Cayuga, Seneca and Cazenove crs. 
and on the w. Canquaga, Conjocketa, Two Sis- 
ters, Smoke's, Delaware crs. and others. Oaks 
grow N. on a swelling gravelly loam, with lime- 
stone. A wet loam s. with beech, maple, &c., 
grass, grain, bog iron, limestone, water lime, 
gun ffint, &c. Erie canal passes along w. and 
N. This CO. suff"ered ia the late war. Buffalo 
is the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 1,5GS, 1830, 35,710. 

Erie, p-t. Erie co. N. Y. 23 ms. e. n. e. Buf- 
falo, 260 w. Albany. Pop. 1,926. 

Erie co. Pa. bndd. w. by Ashtabula co. O., n. 
west and north by lake Erie, n. e. by Cha- 
tauque co. N. Y., e. by Warren, and s. by Craw- 
ford COS. Pa. Greatest length along Crawford 
CO. 45 ms., mean breadth 17, area 765 sq. ms. 
Lat 42°, and long. 3° w. W. C. intersect near 
the centre of this co. Surface finely diversified 
by hill and dale, with a very productive soil. Cf. 
t. Erie. Pop. 1820, 8,553, 1830, 17,027. 

Erie, p-t. borough, port of entry, and st. jus. 
Erie co. Pa. It is the same place formerly 
called Presque Isle by the French, from the 
peninsula which forms the harbor. The bo- 
rough extends along the main shore, is well 
built and increasing. Pop. 1820, 635. The 
harbor is formed by the main shore peninsula, 
and a sandy shallow or reef. The opening is I 



to the N. E. having in common only 8 feet water 
on the reef The depth within is more than ad- 
equate to the draught of any vessel navigated on 
lake Erie. The lake and inland trade of this 
place is already extensive and increasmg. A 
turnpike road extends hence to Pittsburg, 136 
ms., the two towns lying almost exactly n. and 
s. from each other, Lat. 42° 08', long. 3° 10' 
w., distant by p.r. 357 ms. n. w. W. C, and 302. 
N. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Erie, p-v. andst. jus. Green co. Alabama, by 
p-r. 896 ms.s. w. W. C, and 47 s. s. w. Tusca- 
loosa. It is situated on the left bank of Black 
Warrior or Tuscaloosa r. Lat. 32° 43', long.. 
10° 54' w. W. C. 

Erie, t. Tioga co. N. Y., 12 ms. n. e. Elmira, 
w. Cayuta cr., has no. other mill stream, is hilly. 
Pop. 976. 

Erin, t. Tioga co. N. Y. Pop. 975. 

Ernest's Store, and p-o. Butler co. Ala., by 
p-r, 920 ms. s. w. W. C., and 125 ms. s. s. £► 
Tuscaloosa. 

Errol, t. Coos CO. N. H., on w. side of Um- 
bagog lake, w. Me., contains 35,000 acres, 
2,500 of which is water, is crossed by Ameris- 
coggin r. which is here joined by several 
streams. Pop. 82. 

Erving's Grant, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. Pop. 
488. 

Ervinna, p-v., n. part of Bucks co. Pa., 16 ms. 
N. Doyleston. 

Erwin, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 216 ms. w. Al- 
bany. Pop. 795. 

Erwinsville, p-v. Rutherford co. N. C, by 
p-r. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Escambia, r. of Florida and Ala. The small 
stream called Escambia rises in Monroe co. 
Ala., and flowing s. over Baldwin, enters Flo- 
rida and falls into the much more considerable 
volume of Conecuh, though below their junction 
the united waters take the name of the lesser 
confluent. Now known as Escambia, this 
stream continues s. 40 ms. with an elliptic curve- 
to the w. and gradually spreads into a bay, 
which is again lost in the more extensive sheet 
of Pensacola bay. (See Conecuch r.) 

Escambia, extreme wstrn. co. of Florida, bndd. 
by Perdido r. or Baldwin co. Ala. w., by Monroe 
and Conecuch cos. Ala. n.., by Walton co. Flo- 
rida e., and the Gulf of Mexico s. It is nearly 
a scjuare of 50 miles each side, or with an area 
of 2,500 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 
16' to 31°, long, from 9° 38'' to 10° 48' w. W. C. 
The surface rises gradually from the Gulf shore, 
from sandy plains to ridges of some elevation. 
The soil with but partial exception is barren, 
and its natural state wooded with pine. The 
asperity of soil is in some measure compensated 
by the fine harbor of Pensacola and its conflu. 
ent rs. These rs. are the Escambia and Yellow 
Water. {See these articles, and also Conecuh 
and Pensacola.) Cf. t. Pensacola. Pop. 3,386. 

Escambia, p-v. Escambia co. Florida, on Es- 
cambia r. 78 ms. n. Pensacola. 

Esopus cr. Ulster co. N. Y., runs 58 ms. inta 
Hudson r. at Saugerties, 11 ms. below Cats- 
kill. 

Esopus, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 4 ms. s. King- 
ston, 69 s. Albany, s. Walkill cr., w. side Hud- 
son r., about 2^ ms. by 7, 12 sq. ms., has good 



ESS 



147 



ETO 



land, long cultivated by Dutch descendants. 
Pop. 1,770. 

EspERANCE, or Schoharie bridge, p-v. Scho- 
harie co. N. Y. 26 ms. w, Albany. 

EsPiRiTU Santo, often called Tampa bay, fine 
haven on the w. coast of the peninsula ofFlorida, 
opens from the gulf of Mexico, at lat, 27° 45', 
long. W. C. 6° 50' w. This extensive bay com- 
prehends at its head Hillsborough bay, on which 
is erected the healthy and well located Canton- 
ment Brook, and Tampa bay which extends w. 
of Hillsborough bay. The bay of Espiritu Santo 
has three main channels, which, however, are 
subdivided into several passes. The nthrn, 
pass is the ship channel ; 24 feet can be carried 
through at low water, and 28 at high tide. As 
far up as the opening of Hillsborough bay, 24 
feet can be depended on; but, in the latter the 
depth decreases, and at Cantonment Brook it 
admits only 3 feet at low and 7 at high tide. 
Within the bar of Hillsborough r. 12 feet can be 
■carried to the Fall, 12 ms. above Cantonment 
Brook. The banks of the bay of Espiritu Santo 
are generally low, and shoals project from the 
shore all round the bay. The distance at the 
entrance between these shoals, about 5 ms. 
(See Vacasausa bay.) 

Espy, p-v. Columbia co. Pa., by p-r. 84 ms. n. 
Harrisburg. 

Essex, co. Vt., forms the n. e. corner of the 
state, and is bndd. by Lower Canada n., Con- 
necticut r. (the line of N. H.) e. and s., Caledo- 
nia CO. s. w., and Orleans co. w., 23 ms. by 45. 
It is rocky and poor, and has but few inhabitants, 
and those chiefly on Connecticut r. Nulhegan r. 
and others enter Conn, r., Passumpsic and 
Moose rs. s. w., Clyde, &c. run into Canada. 
Cf. t. Guildhall. Pop. 1820, 3,284, 1830, 3,981. 

Essex, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt., 8 ms. n. e. 
Burlington, 32 w. Montpelier, n. Onion r. First 
settled 1783, from Salisbury Conn., has few 
hills, is sandy ; bears pine, rye and corn s. and 
w., elsewhere, grass and hard wood. Onion r. 
has two falls ; there are also Brown's and Indian 
rs., 10 school dists. Pop. 1,664. 

Essex, co. Mass. bndd. by N. H. state n., the 
Atlantic e. and s. e., Suffolk co. s.w., Middle- 
sex CO. w., has Merrimac r. n., Ipswich r. in 
the centre. Parker r. enters Plumb Island 
sound. Saugus r. Lynn bay. The land is 
highly cultivated. It has an antiquarian and an 
agricultural society, and contains 27 towns, of 
which Salem is the principal, and st. jus. Pop. 
1820,74,655, 1830,82,887. 

Essex, p-t, Essex co. Mass. 12 ms. n. e. Sa- 
lem, 25 N. e, Boston, is pleasant, has navigation 
on a cr., fishing and ship building, with a canal 
thro' the marsh from Ipswich bay, for rafts from 
Merrimack r. The small and useful coasting 
craft, called Chebacco boats, derived their 
name from this place, which the Indians called 
Chebacco. Pop. 1,333. 

Essex, co. N. Y. bndd. by Clinton and Frank- 
lin cos. N., lake Champlain and Vt. e., Warren 
CO. s., Hamilton and Franklin cos. w., about 41 
miles by 43 ; contains 1,763 sq. ms., has 16 ts. 
granite hills and mtns. of 1,200 ft. and comprises 
much of the iron region. It is about half way 
between N. Y. and Quebec, on navigable wa- 
ters. It has white and black oak, white and 



yellow pine, maple, beech, &c., much game 
and fish. An Sable, Bouquet, Hudson and Sca- 
roonrs. water power, particularly the outlet of 
lake George. Limestone, marble, black lead, 
asbestos, &c. are found. Cf. t. Elizabethtown. 
Pop. 1820, 12,811, 1830, 19,387. 

Essex, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 6 ms. e. n. k. 
Elizabethtown, 133 n. Albany, w. lake Cham- 
plain, has pretty good land, landings and trade 
on the lake. From the village is a ferry to 
Charlotte village, has good farms and iron ore ; 
there is the curious split rock, and is crossed 
by Bouquet r. Pop. 1,543. 

Essex, co. N. J. bndd. east by Staten Island 
sound, Newark bay, and Passaick r. which sep- 
arate it from Staten Island and Bergen co., n. 
by the Passaick and Bergen, w. by Morris and 
Somerset, s. by Middlesex. Principal towns, 
Newark, Patterson, Elizabeth, of which New- 
ark is the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 30,793, 1830, 
41,928. Altho' the smallest CO. (save one) in 
N. J., it is the most populous. It is an excellent 
agricultural district, containing many prosper- 
ous manufactories, fine streams, and good facil- 
ities for transportation ; among which is the 
Morris canal, which passes through it. 

Essex, co. Va, bndd. s. e. by Middlesex, s. w. 
and w. by King and Queen, n. w. by Caroline, 
and by Rappahannoc r. which separates it from 
Westmoreland n., and Richmond e. Length 28, 
mean breadth 10, area 280 square ms. Lat. 
37 is intersected by the meridian of W. C. in 
the N. w. part of this co. Surface moderately 
hilly. Cf. t. Tappahannoc. Pop. 1820, 9,909, 
1830, 10,531. 

Essex Hall, and p-o. in the n. part of Har- 
ford CO. Md. by p-r. 22 ms. n. Belair, the co. 
St. 83 ms. N. E. W. C. and 45 ms. e. of n. Balti. 
more. 

Estill, co. Ky. bndd. by Madison w,, Clarke 
N. w., Montgomery n., Morgan n. e., Perry e. 
and s. E., and Clay s. Length from s. e. to n. 
w. 48 miles, mean breadth 18, area 864 sq.ms. 
Extending in lat. from 37° 30' to 37° 34', long, 
from 6° 15' to 7= 04' w. W. C. Kentucky r. by 
a very winding channel, traverses Estill co. in 
its utmost length, and receives several conflu- 
ents within it, particularly from the south. Cf. 
t. Irvine. Pop. 1820, 3,507, 1830, 4,618. 

EsTiLLViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Scott CO. Va. on 
Moccasin cr. between n. fork of Holston and 
Clinch rs. by p-r. 445 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 
and 348 a little s. of w. Richmond. 

Etna, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 63 ms. Augusta. 
Pop. 362. 

Etna Furnace, and p-o. Hart co. Ky. by p-r. 
96 ms. s. w. Hartford. 

Etowah r. Geo. in what was the Cherokee 
territory. It rises in the western border of 
Habersham co. flowing by a general course of 
s. w. but with extensive inflections, 120 ms. 
comparative course to its junction with the 
Oostenalah to form the Coosa. The valley of the 
Etowah, lies between those of Chattahooche 
and Oostenalah, and between latitude 34° and 
35°. 

Etowah, Indian village, and st. of a p-o. is 
situated on Etowah r. in the Cherokee nation, 
N. w. part of Geo. about 130 ms. n. w. Mil- 
ledgeville. This place and the r, from which 



FAI 



148 



FAI 



it has either derived or communicated its name, 
is with some absurdity in our books and on the 
p.o. list changed to High Tower. 

EuBANKS, p-o. Columbia co. Geo. by p-r. 88 
ms. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Euclid, tsp. and p-v. Cuyahoga co. Ohio. — 
The p-v. is situated in the n. e. part of the co. 
10 ms. N. E. Cleaveland, the co. st. and by p-r. 
363 ms. N. w. W. C. and 147 n. e. Columbus. 
Pop. tsp 1,099. 

Eugene, p.v. in the w. part of Vermillion co. 
Indiana, by p-r. 658 miles ^f. w. by w. W. C. and 
86 N. w. by w. Indianopolis. 

EuTAw Springs, small stream of S. C. falling 
into Santee r. at the point where the line be- 
tween Charleston and Orangeburg districts in- 
tersect that r. about 60 ms. n. n, w. Charleston. 

Evans, p-(. Erie co. N. Y. 25 ms. south Buf- 
falo, w. lake Erie, n. Cattaraugus cr. has Dela- 
ware cr.. Two Sisters, &c.; has wet loam, is 
uneven, with beech, maple, hemlock, bass, &c. 
Bad for corn, cold and changeable weather. — 
Sturgeon point puts into the lake. Pop. 1,185. 

EvANSBUE,G, p-o. Crawford co. Pa. 

Evans Cross Roads, p-o. Williamson co. 
Ten. 32 ms. s. Nashville. 

EvANSHAM, or Wythe, c. h., p-v. and st. jus. 
Wythe CO. Va. by p-r. 329 ms. s. w. by w. W. 
C. and 253 a little s. of w. Richmond. Lat. 36° 
56', long. 4° 05' w, W. C. 

EvANsviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Vanderburgh co. 
Indiana, by p-r. 728 miles s. w. by w. W. C, 170 
s. w. Indianopolis, and 55 ms. w. of s. Vincen- 
nes. It is situated on the right bank of Ohio r., 
lat. 38°, long. 10° 38' w. W. C. 

EvERETTS, house and p-o. Lewis co. Ky., by 
p-r. 90 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. 

EvERETTSviLLE, p-0. Albermarle co. Va., by 
p-r. 128 ms. s. w. W. C. 

EvEKTON, p.v. Fayette co. Indiana, by p-r. 534 
ms. w. W. C, 75ms. s. ofE. Indianopolis. 

Evesham, t. Burlington co. N, J., adjoining 
Gloucester co., and on the s. branch of Rankolm 
cr. Pop. 4,239. 



Ewing's Mills, and p-o. Indiana co. Pa., by 
p-r. 151 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

EwiNGSviLLE, p-o. Coecil CO. Md. 

EwiNGSViLLE, p-o., in the wstrn. part of Coo- 
per CO. Mo., by p-r. 20 ms. w. Booneville, the co. 
St., 71 w. Jefferson, and 1,043 ms. w. W. C. 

Exeter, p-t. Penobscot co. Me., 20 ms. n. w. 
Bangor, 75 Augusta. Pop. 1,439. 

Exeter, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., situated 
at the falls of Squamscot or Exeter r. A branch 
of Pascataqua r., which here meets tide, is nav- 
igable for vessels of 500 tons, and affords valua. 
ble mill sites. There are several manufacto- 
ries, and the soil is various. This town was 
first settled 1638, by John Wheelwright, &c. 
who left Mass. on account of his peculiar reli. 
gious opinions. It suffered in early times from 
the Indians. Phillips' academy, founded here, 
1781, has furnished many valuable men. The 
building is 2 stories high, 76 ft. by 36. The 
funds amount to f 80,000. John Taylor Gil- 
man, 14 yrs. Gov. of N. H., resided here. Pop. 
2,753. 

Exeter, t. Washington co. R. I., 24 ms. s. w. 
Providence, e. Conn, state, about 5 ms. by 12, 
contains 66 sq. ms., has primitive rocks, gra- 
velly loam, uneven, good for dairies, and fur- 
nished with some mill seats by Wood r. and its 
branches. Pop. 2,383. 

Exeter, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 10 ms. n. w. 
Cooperstown, 73 w. Albany, about 5^ ms. sq., 
gives rise to Butternut and Wharton's crs., is 
high and hilly, with good vallies. Population 
1,690. 

Exeter, tsp. and p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., 10 ms. 
above Wilkesbarre. 

Exeter, p-v., in the w. part of Morgan co. 
II., by p-r. 852 ms. n. of w. W. C, and 130 n. 
w. Vandalia. 

Experiment Mtlls, and p-o. in the n. part of 
Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 26 ms. n. Easton, 
the CO. seat, 216 n. n. e. W. C. and 128 n. e, 
by E. Harrisburg. 



Faeer's Mills and p.o. in the w. part of Nel- 
son CO. Va. by p-r. 170 ms. s. w. W. C. and 103 
w. Richmond. 

Fabius, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 20 ms. s. e. 
Onondaga, 50 s. w. Utica, 125 w. Albany, 5 ms. 
by 10, crossed by Chitteningo cr. and other 
streams, which give mill sites. It is high land, 
good and level n., hilly s,, 14 school districts. 
Marie is found in the n. e. with petrified 
branches and leaves. Many military enclosures 
are found n. e. with stumps of palisadoes and 
bones. Pop. 3,071. 

Factoryville, p-v. Lincoln co. Me. 29 ms. 
from Augusta. 

Factoryville, p.v. n. e. part of Luzerne co. 
Pa. about 20 ms. above Wilkes-Barre, and by 
p-r. 152 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Fair Bluff, p-o. Columbus co. N. C. by p-r. 
124 ms. s. Raleigh. 

Fairdalf, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. 
271 N. N. E. W. C. and 163 ms. n. e. Harris- 
burg. 



Fairfax, t. Kennebec co. Me. 25 ms. n. Au- 
gusta. 

Fairfax, t. Franklin co. Vt. 18 ms. n. e. Bur- 
lington, 37 N. w. Montpelier. First settled in 
1763, is level, with high soil, good for corn and 
rye, and watered by Lamoille r. and Brown r. 
Parmelee's and Stones brooks, the branches of 
Lamoille, have good mill sites. The great falls 
of Lamoille are curious. 11 school districts. 
Pop. 1,729. 

Fairfax, co. Va. bndd. by the dist. of Colum- 
bia E., by Potomac r. which separates it from 
Prince George's co. Md. s. e., by Occoquon cr. 
which separates it from Prince William co. Va. 
s. and s. w., by Loudon co. n. w. and by Poto- 
mac r. which separates it from Montgomery co. 
Md. N. e. Length from s. e. to n. w. 25 ms. 
mean breadth 18, and area 450 sq. ms. extend- 
ing in lat. from 38° 36' to 39° 03', long, from 0° 
03' to 0° 33' w. W. C. The surface of Fairfax 
is hilly and broken, with some good, but much 
sterile soil. Cf. t., though not the st. jus. Ma- 



FAI 



149 



FAI 



tildaville. Mount Vernon, the resting place of 
Washington, is on the Potomac r. in the s. e. 
part of the. co. Pop. 1820, 11,404, 1830, 9,204. 
Fairfax, c. h. and p-o. Fairfax co. Va. 21 ms. 
s. w. by w. W. C. and 129 n. Richmond. 

Fairfax, p-v. and st, jus. Culpepper co. Va. 
38 ms. a little n. of w. Fredericksburg, and by 
p-r. 81 ms. s. w. W. C. lat. 38° 26', long. 1° 
04' w. W. C. 

Fairfield, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 9 ms. s. 
Norridgewock, 26 Augusta, on Kennebec r. the 
most southern town in the co. Pop. 2,002. 

Fairfield, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 27 ms. n. e. 
Burlington, contains 60 sq. ms. First settled 
1788, has an academy. Black cr. aflbrds good 
mill sites, and joining Fairfield r. enters Mis- 
sisque r. in Sheldon. Smithfield pond, 3 ms. 
long, has an outlet, on which are mill sites. It 
is imeven with good soil. Pop. 2,270. 

Fairfield, co. Conn. bndd. by Litchfield co. 
N., New Haven co. e.. Long Island sound e. 
and s.. New York s. w. and w. It is w. of 
Housatonic r. triangular. Mean extent 21 ms. 
by 30 ; contains 630 sq. ms. and has 17 towns. 
It extends 40 ms. along the coast on Long Isl- 
and sound, which is level, and abounds with 
bays, points, and harbors. The middle and n. 
parts are higher, and have some hills. The 
soil is a primitive gravelly loam, arable, and in 
Fairfield rich. Still r. falls into Housatonic ; 
Pequonuc, Saugatuc, Ash, Naraton, Mill, Stam. 
ford, and Byram rs. into the sound. The best 
harbors are Bridgeport, and Black Rock, Mill 
r., Saugatuck, Norwalk, Stamford and Green, 
wich. The coasting trade, chiefly with New 
York, is important ; and fishing is carried on, 
on the coast. Hats are made in great quanti- 
ties at Danbury, and other manufactures exist 
to some extent. There is some foreign trade. 
Fairfield and Danbury are co. towns. Pop. 
1820, 42,739, 1830, 46,950. 

Fairfield, p-t. and port of entry, Fairfield co. 
Conn. 21 ms. w. New Haven, 58 n. e. N. Y., n. 
E. Long Island sound, mean extent 6 ms. by 9, 
contains 54 sq. ms. nearly level, with good 
land, and a large and pleasant village which 
was burnt by the British in the revolutionary 
war. In a swamp 2 ms. w. of the village, the 
remains of the Pequod tribe, after fleeing from 
their country, in New London co., were killed 
or taken prisoners by the Mass. and Conn, 
troops. The villages of Greenfield, Black 
Rock, Saugatuck and Mill r. are considerable, 
and the three latter have harbors and trade. 
At Greenfield and Saugatuck are academies ; 
Greenfield is on a fine hill, with excellent farms, 
and an extensive and delightful view. Pop. 
4,246, 

Fairfield, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. 
E. Herkimer, 76 w. n. w. Albany, e. W. Canada 
cr. 4 ms. by 8, is high, hilly, well watered, with 
a productive soil ; but few mill sites. It was 
settled principally from the eastern states. The 
college of Physicians and surgeons here, has 5 
professors. The village, which is situated on 
an eminence, is well built. Pop. 2,265. 

Fairfield, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 25 ms. e. 
Salem, e. Cohansey bay on the Del., lies be- 
tween Cohansey and Nantuxet crs. and has 
several smaller streams catering the Del. r. 

20 



with swamps along the shore. Population 
1,812. 

Fairfield, village Essex co. N. J. 3 ms. n. 
Caldwell. 

Fairfield, p-v. Adams co. Pa. at the foot of 
Jacks mtn. 7 ms, s. w. by w. Gettysburg. 

Fairfield, p-v. Rockbridge co. Va. on one 
of the roads from Lexington to Stanton, 13- ms. 
N. N. E. the former, and 23 s. s. w. the latter, 

Fairfield, p-v. Lenoir co. N. C. 87 ms. s. e. 
by E. Raleigh. 

Fairfield, dist. S. C. bndd. n. by Chester, n. 
E. by Catawba r. separating it from Lancaster 
and Kershaw, s. E.,by that part of Kershaw w. 
of Catawba r., s. by Richland, and by Broad r. 
separating it from Lexington s. w., Newberry 
w. and Union n. w. Length from e. to w. 38 
ms. mean breadth 22, and area 796 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 34° 12' to 34° 32', long, 
from 3° 44' to 4° 26' w. W. C. This district, 
filling the space from the Catawba to the Broad 
r. is divided into two inclined plains, falling s. w. 
towards the latter, and n. e. towards the former 
stream. Cf. t. Kinnsboro, Pop. 1820, 17,174, 
1830, 21,546. 

Fairfield, p-v. Putnam co, Geo. 32 ms, n. w. 
Milledgeville. 

Fairfield, p-v. s. w. part of Spencer co. Ky. 
35 ms. s. E. Louisville and by p-r. 40 ms. s. w. 
Frankfort. 

Fairfield, p-v. Amite co. Misp, about 60 ms. 
s. E. Natches, 

Fairfield, p-v. Bath tsp. Greene co. O. by 
p-r. 452 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. and 56 s. w. 
byw. Columbus. Pop. 137, 

Fairfield, p-v, in the n. part of Franklin co. 
Ind. 3 ms. n. e, Brookville, the co. st, and by 
p-r. 524 ms. w. W. C, and 70 ms. s. e. by e. 
Indianopolis. 

Fairfield, p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. II. by 
p-r. 756 ms. w. W. C. and 69 s. e. Vandalia. It 
is situated on a branch of Little Wabash r., 48 
ms. s. w. by w. Vincennes in Ind. lat. 38° 28', 
long. 11° 30' w. W. C. 

Fairhaven, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 9 ms. n. e. 
Whitehall, 60 s. Burlington, 52 n. Bennington, 
E. N. Y. First settled 1779, from Conn, and 
Mass., has a variety of soil, with pine, hemlock, 
birch, maple, nut, &c. Poultney and Castleton 
rs., and 4 school dists. Castleton r. some years 
since changed its channel here, left several 
mills dry, exposed old buried trees, and ruined 
the harbor. Pop. 675. 

Fairhaven, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 48 ms. s. 
Boston, N. Buzzard's Bay, e. Acushnett r. has 
some commerce, an academy, and a bridge of 
3,960 ft. to N, Bedford, several islands be- 
tween, extend it 2,000 ft. more. First settled 
1764, and in 1778, the village was defended 
against the British, by Major Fearing. Pop, 
3,034. 

Fairlee, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 35 ms. n. Wind- 
sor, 17 N. Dartmouth college, w. Conn. r. First 
settled 1768, mountainous, with little arable 
land, and has high precipices on the r. The 
trees are pine and hemlock. Pickerel have 
been introduced into the pond, and greatly mul- 
tiplied. A bridge crosses the Conn. r. to Or- 
ford, N. H. Pop. 656. 
Fairmount, p-v, Lancaster co. Pa. by p=r. 117 



FAL 



150 



FAR 



ms. N. E. W. C. 13 N. E. Lancaster city, and 43 
E. Harrisburg. 

Fairport, p-v. and port at the mouth of Grtod 
T., and on the southern shore of lake Erie ; 32 
ms. N. E. Cleveland, and by p-r. 349 n. w. W. 
C, and 164 n. e. Columbus. The mouth of 
Grand r. affords a good harbor for vessels draw- 
ing about 5 ft. water. 

Fairton, village, Cumberland co. N. J. on 
Cohansey creek, 3 ms. s. of Bridgeton. 

Fair View, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. 6 ms. n. 
w. Flemingtown. 

Fairview, p-v. and tsp. on lake Erie in the n. 
w. part Erie co. Pa. The village stands near 
the lake shore at the mouth of Walnut cr. 9 
ms. s. w. from the borough of Erie, and by p-r. 
349 ms. N. w. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1,526. 

Fairview, p-v. Brooke co. Va. by p-r. 302 ms. 
jj. w. by w. W. C. 

Fairview, p.v. in the s. part of Greenville 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 509 ms. s. w. W. C. and 117 
ms.N. w. by w. Columbus. 

Fairview, p-v. Oxford tsp. Guernsey co. 0. by 
p-r. 105 ms. e. of Columbus, 22 ms. eastward 
Cambridge, the co. st. and 294 n. w. by w. W. 
C. Pop. 162. 

Fairview, p-v. in the e. part of Rush co. Ind. 
14 ms. E, Rushville, the co. st. and by p-r. 541 
a little N. of w. W. C. and 54 s. e. by e. Indian- 
■opolis. 

Fall cr. Cayuga co. N. Y. runs 30 ms. into 
Cayuga lake, at Ithaca. It falls about 100 ft., 1 
m. from its mouth. 

Fall Branch, p-o. Washington co. Ten. about 
280 miles e. Nashville, and 430 s. w, by w. 
W. C. 

Falling Bridge, and p-o. s, e. part of Camp- 
bell CO. Va. about 20 ms. s. s. e. Lynchburg, and 
by p-r. 106 ms. s, w. by w. Richmond. 

Fall River, manufacturing vil. in Troy, Bris- 
tol CO. Mass. See Troy. 

Fallsington, p-v. Bucks co. Pa. 4 ms. s. e. 
Trenton, 23 n. e. Phil. 

Falling Spring cr., a small branch of Jack- 
son's r. Bath co. Va. in the channel of which 
there is a fine fall of water, estimated to be near 
200 ft. perpendicular fall. 

Falling Waters, p-o. in the w. part of Berke- 
ley CO, Va. by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Falls, p-o. Lincoln co. N. C. about 170 ms. 
s. w. by w. Raleigh, and 420 s. w. W. C. 

Falls, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by p-r. 550 
ms. s. w. W. C. and 157 n. w. by w. Columbia. 

Fallsburg, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. 108 ms. s. 
w. Albany. Pop. 1,173. 

Falls of Schuylkill, p-v. Phil. co. Pa. 5 ms. 
N. w. Phil, and 101 e. Harrisburg. 

Fallston, p.v. Beaver co. Pa. sitd. on the w. 
side of Beaver r. at the lower Falls in that 
stream 6 ms. n. of the Borough of Beaver, and 
by p-r. 230 ms. n. w. by w. W: C. This vil. 
contains 80 dwelling houses, and 700inhabs. It is 
already a manufacturing town, and at low water 
has a supply of 85 cubic feet of water per second 
with a 15 feet fall. Its manufactures are wool- 
lens, cottons, paper, linseed oil, wire, and iron 
and wood, a great variety, such as carding ma- 
chines, scj'-thes, buckets, window sashes, &c. ; 
to an annual value exceeding $lOO,00O. 

Falltown, p-o. in the s. part of Iredell co. N. 



C. 13 ms. from Statesville, and by p-r. 151 w. 
Raleigh. 

Falmouth, t. Cumberland co. Me. Pop. 1,966. 

Falmouth, s.p, and p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 
19 ms. s. w. Barnstable, 72 s. by e. Boston, n. 
Atlantic, e. Buzzard's bay, is level, except some 
hills E. with thin soil, but the best on Cape Cod. 
It has about 40 ponds, fresh and salt. Waquoit 
bay is a good harbor, with a narrow and crook- 
ed entrance. Wood's Hole is another, with 
from 3 to 6 fathoms. The inhabitants are gen. 
erally in the s. part, which is 6 or 8 ms. from 
Martha's Vineyard. It has considerable coast- 
ing trade. Pop. 2,548. 

Falmouth, p-v. on the left bank of Susque. 
hannah r. on the point below the mouth of east, 
em Conewago cr. and at the extreme w. angle 
of Lancaster co. Pa. 20 ms. n. w. by w. Lan- 
caster, and 16 s. e. Harrisburg, 

Falmouth, p-v. on the left bank of Rappa- 
hannoc r. in the s. part of Stafford co. Va. di- 
rectly opposite Fredericksburg, with an inter, 
vening bridge, by p-r. 58 ms. s. s. w. W. G. 
and 68 n. Richmond. 

Falmouth, p-v. and st. jus. Pendleton co. Ky, 
by p-r. 502 ms. w. W. C, and 60 n. e. Frankfort. 
It is situated on the point above the junction of 
the two main branches of Licking r. about 40 
ms. s. s. e. Cincinnati, lat. 38° 40', long. 7° 18' 
w. W. C. Pop. 207. 

Fancy Bluff, and p-o. in the s. part of Glynn 
CO. Geo. 5 ms. s, Brunswick, the co. st. and 738 
s. s. w. W. C. 

Fancy Hill, and p-o. Rockbridge co. Va. by 
p-r. 210 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Fannettsburg, p-v. and tsp. on the w. border 
of Franklin co. Pa. The village is situated on- 
the main road from Shippensburg to Bedford, 
17 ms. w. from the former, by p-r. 105 ms. n. n. 
w. W. C. and 55 a little s. of w. Harrisburg. — 
The tsp. of Fannet extends along the fine valley 
of the w. branch of Conecocheague, and be- 
tv/een the cove or Tuscarora and Jordens mtns. 
Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 1,747, and in 1830, 2,110. 

Farm, p-v. in Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 9 ms. 
from Carnesville, the co. st. 585 ms. s. w. W. 
C. and 122 n. Milledgeville. 

Farmer, p-v. Ovid, Seneca co. N. Y, 

Farmersville, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 15 
ms. N. E. EUicottsville, 10 w. Genesee r. 6 ms. 
by 8, has plenty of mill sites, though the 
streams are small and few. Pop. 1,005. 

Farmington, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 30 ms, 
N. Augusta. Has an academy. Pop. 2,340. 

Farmington, p t, Stafford co. N. H. 25 ms. e, 
N. E. Concord, 26 n. w. by w. Portsmouth, is 
rough, but productive, with some meadow on 
Cocheco r. It is crossed by Blue Hills on 
Frost mtn., and from mt. Washington, the high- 
est point, ships may be seen without a glass, off 
Portsmouth, and on the other side the White 
Hills, &e. A rock of about 60 tons is balanced 
by nature, and can be moved with one hand. — 
Pop. 1,465. 

Farmington, t. Ontario co, N. Y. Pop, 
1,773. 

Farmington, p.t. Hartford co. Conn, 10 ms. 
w. Hartford, 30 n. New Haven, has much very 
rich meadow land on Farmington or Tunxis r, 
and is one of the richest agricultural tovras in 



FAU 



151 



FAY 



the state. The village is pleasant, contains 
some fine houses, an academy, See. on a plain a 
little above the meadows. The Farmington 
canal affords boat navigation to New Haven, 
and partly by the Hampshire and Hampden ca- 
nal to Westfield, Mass. It was intended to ex- 
tend it to Northampton. The town contains 
about 70 sq. ms. nearly 7 ms. by 11. Talcott 
mtn. of the range beginning at Neck Rock, 
New Haven, and running far n. crosses it. — 
There is much light sandy soil s. Montevideo, 
the seat of Mr. Daniel Wadsworth, of Hart- 
ford, in the n. e. on the ridge of Talcott mtn. is 
a delightful place, with a pond, a country house, 
&c. and an extensive view n. e. and w. over the 
vallics Tunxis and Conn, up to mt. Tom, Mass. 
Pop. 1,901. 

Fakmington, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. 9 ms. n. 
Canandaigua, 6 ms. sq. is gravelly and undula- 
ted N., clayey, good for grass, and level s., large 
tracts of water limestone are found in the centre. 
It was principally settled by Friends, who were 
dairy farmers' from Cheshire, Mass. The peo- 
ple own the land in fee, and have good schools. 
Mud cr. supplies mill seats. The villages are 
Salem v. and Brownsville. Pop. 1,773. 

Farmi.ngton, p-v. in the s. w. part of Bedford 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 48 ms. s. Nashville, and 707 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Farmington, p-v. and tsp. in the n. w. part 
Trumbull co. O. by p-r. 311 ms. n. w. W. C. 
and 164 N. e. Columbus. Pop. of tsp. 696. 

Farmington, p-v. in the n. part of Oakland 
CO. Mich. 26 ms. n. n. w. Detroit, and 564 n. w. 
W. C. 

Farmington, p-v. and st. jus. St. Francois 
CO. Mo. by p-r. 912 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 
152 s. E. Jefferson, and 60 s. s. w. St. Louis. 
It is situated on the table land, from which flow 
the Big River, branch of Marramec, northward, 
the extreme sources of St. Francis to the south- 
ward, and some comparatively small crs. n. e. 
into the Misp. Lat. 37° 47', long. 13° 25' w. 
W. C. 

Farm Tavern, and p-o. Southampton co. Va. 
about 210 ms. s. W. C. and 90 s. s. e. Richmond. 

Farmville, p-v. on the right bank of Appo- 
mattox r. N. border of Prince Edward co. Va. 
by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, and about 
an equal distance w. Petersburg, 

Farnham, p-v. Richmond co. Va. about 85 ms. 
N. E. Richmond. 

Farrowville, p-v. in the n. w. part of Fau- 
quier CO. Va. 64 ms. w. W. C. 

Fauquier, co. of Va. bndd. by Page co. w., 
Frederick n. w., Loudon n. e., Prince William 
E., Stafford s. e., and by Rappahannoc r. sepa- 
rating it from Culpepper s. w. and w. Greatest 
length 45 n^.s. mean breadth 16, and area 720 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 24' to 39° 
02', and in long, from 0° 32' to 1° 5' w. W. C. 
The general slope is s. e. and down which flow 
the higher branches of Rappahannoc and Occo- 
quhan rs. Surface pleasantly broken, and soil 
tolerably productive. Cf. t. Warrenton. Pop. 
1820, 23,103, 1830, 26,086. 

Fausse Riviere, (False River,) once a bend 
of the Misp. but now a lake of Louisiana, in 
the parish of Point Coupee. In or about 1714, 
the change was affected, from which both names 



were taken, that is Fausse Riviere, and Point 
Coupee, (Point Cut Off.) Previous to that era, 
the Misp. r. below Bayou Sara, made an im- 
mense bend to the wstrd. curving until it return, 
ed so nearly upon itself as to leave only a nar- 
row neck of land. This isthmus, gradually 
diminished on both sides, was at length worn 
through, and the vast river shortened its chan- 
nel upwards of 30 ms. The old bed rapidly 
filled with alluvion near the new channel, but in 
all other parts, retained its forms and features, 
and is now a fine lake, lined with farms and 
farm houses, with a soil possessing the usual 
fertility of the Misp. banks. 

Fawn Grove, tsp. and p-v. s. e. part of York 
CO. Pa. The tsp. extends from Muddy creek 
to the Md. line. The p-o. is by p-r. 49 ms. s. e. 
Harrisburg, and 22 in a similar direction from 
York. 

Fayette, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 20 ms. w. 
Augusta, has several ponds on its e. border. 
Pop. 1,049. 

Fayette, t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. e. Gene- 
va, 3 s. Waterloo, 18 n. Ovid, 188 w. by n. Al- 
bany, w. Cayuga lake, e. Seneca lake, s. Sene- 
ca r. about 7 ms. by 9. Seneca r. and Canoga 
creek supply mills. It is nearly level, and has 
gypsum and limestone. Pop. 3,216. 

Fayette, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by p-r. 208 
ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Fayette, co. Pa. bndd. by Alleghany co. Md. 
s. E., Preston and Monongalia cos. Va; s., by 
Monongahela r. which separates it from Green 
CO. of Pa. w., and Washington n. w., by West- 
moreland N., and Somerset e. It approaches a 
square of 28 ms. each side, area 784 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 10', and 
in long, from 2° 23' to 3° 3'. The surface of 
this CO. is every where broken by hills, and the 
eastern part is traversed from s. w. to n. e. by 
two chains of mountains. The soil is almost 
uniformly fertile. The Monongahela, with a 
rather crooked channel, winds a navigable 
stream along the western border. The Youghi- 
ogany, after piercing a chain of mountains, en- 
ters Fayette from the s. e. and breaking through 
hills and mountains, traverses it flowing to the 
N. w. The channel of the Youghioghany la 
part of the projected route of the Chesapeake 
and Ohio canal. Cf. t. Union. Pop. 1820, 
27,285, 1830, 29,237. 

Fayette, new co. of Va. bndd. by Kanhawa 
CO. N. w., Nicholas n., Greenbrier co. e.. Great 
Flat Top mtn. separating it from Giles s, e,, and 
Great Cherry Pond mtn. separating it from Lo- 
gan s. w. Length from s. w. to n. e. 45 ms. 
mean breadth 30, and area 1,350 sq. ms. n. lat. 
38° and long. W. C. 4° w. intersect a few ms. 
N. estrd. of the centre of this co. Part of the 
northern boundary on Nicholas is formed by 
Gauley r. which here flows wstrdly. Great 
Kenhawa, here called New r. after breaking 
through a chain of mtns. between Greenbrier 
and Giles cos. enters, and in a n. w. direction 
traverses Fayette. The general slope of the 
CO. being a little w. of n. w. Surface very bro- 
ken and in part mountainous. By the census of 
1830, the pop. was included in the respective 
cos. from which it has been subsequently form- 
ed. 



FAY 



152 



FAY 



Fayette, p-v. in the n. w. part of Montgome- 
ry CO. Va. 16 ms. e. Christiansburg, the co. st. 
by p.r. s. w. W. C. 190 a little s. of w. Rich- 
mond. 

Fayette, co. of Geo. bndd. s. by Pike, e. by 
Henry, n. e. by De Kalb, n. by Campbell, and 
by Flint r. separating it from Coweta w., and 
Merriwether s. w. Length 30, mean breadth 
18, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending in lat, from 
33° 11' to 33° 40', and in long, from 7° 28' to 7° 
46' w. W. C. Cf. t. Fayetteville. Pop. 963. 

Fayette, co. of Ala. bndd. by Marion n., 
Walker n. e., Tuscaloosa and Pickens s., and 
Monroe co. Miss. w. Length e. to w. 50 ms., 
breadth 25, and area 1,250 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 33° 26' to 33° 47', and in long, 
from 10° 28' to 11° 25' w. W. C._ This co. 
slopes to the southward, and is drained by the 
Sipsey, Luxapatilla, and Battahatchy, branches 
of Tombigbee r. Cf. t. Fayette Court house. 
Pop. 3,547. 

Fayette, p-v. and st. jus. Fayette co. Ala. by 
p.r. 874 ms. s. w. by w. W. C and 50 ms. n. n. 
w. Tuscaloosa. 

Fayette, p-v. and s. jus. Jefferson co. Miss. 
by p.r. 1,127 ms.? s. w. by w. W. C, 93 ms. s. 
w. Jackson, and 19 n. e. Natchez. It is situa. 
ted on Coles cr. and on the great road from 
Natchez towards Ten. &c. Lat. 31° 42', long. 
14° 18' w. W. C. 

Fayette, co. of Ten. bndd. w. by Shelby, n. 
w. by Tipton, n. by Haywood, e. by Hardiman, 
and s. by the Indian country in the state of 
Misp. Length from n. to s. 24, and same from 
E. to w., area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 35° to 35° 23', and in long, from 12° 12' to 
12° 39' w. W. C. Cf. t. Sumnerville. Pop. 
8,658. 

Fayette, co. Ky. bndd. s. w. by Jessamine, 
w. by Woodford, n. w. by Scott, n. by Harrison, 
jsr. E. by Bourbon, e. by Clark, and s. e. by 
Kentucky r. separating it from Madison. — 
Length from n. to s. 25 ms., mean breadth 11, 
and area 275 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
37° 51' to 38° 13', and in long, from 7° 14' to 
7° 38' w. W. C. This fine county is a tru.e 
table land, from the centre of which flow 
streams like the radii of a circle. These 
streams all finally discharge into Kentucky, 
which touching on the s. e., semicircles the co. 
The cf. t. Lexington. Pop. 25,098, or upwards 
of 91 to the sq. m. 

Fayette, co. of 0. bndd. by Highland s., 
Clinton s. w., Greene n. w., Madison n., Pick- 
away n. E., and Ross s. e. Length from s. to 
if. 26, mean width 16, and area 416 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 39° 21' to 39° 43', and in 
long, from 6° 16' to 6° 38' w. W. C. The slope 
is a little e. of s. The s., central, and indeed 
greater part of the surface is in the valley of 
Paint creek, but some of the higher branches 
of Little Miami rise and issue from the n. w. 
angle, as do from the s. e. some crs. entering 
Deer cr. a tributary of Sciota r. The surface 
of this CO. is rather too level, though the soil is 
productive. Cf. t. Washington. Pop. 8,182. 

Fayette, co. of Ind. bounded by Franklin s., 
Rush w., Henry n. w., Wayne n. e., and Union 
E. Length from s. to n. 18 ms., mean breadth 
10, and area 180 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 



from 39° 33' to 39° 47', and in long, from 8° 3' 
to 39° 17' w. W. C. This co. is traversed by 
the main stream, and is chiefly comprised in 
the valley of White Water r. Cf. t. Cormers- 
ville. Pop. 9,112. 

Fayette, co. of II. bndd. s. e. by Clay, s. by 
Marion, s. w. by Clinton, w. by Bond, n. w. by 
Montgomery, n. by Shelby, and e. by Effing- 
ham. Length from e. to w. 30 ms., mean 
bre'adth 24, and area 720 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 38° 50' to 39° 12', and in long, from 
11° 44' to 12° 17' w. W. C. The slope is to 
the s. s. E., and traversed in that direction by 
the main volume of the Kaskaskia r., which 
leaves the co. at its extreme southwestern an- 
gle. Cf. t. Vandalia, which is also the cap. of 
the state. Pop. 2,704. The latter aggregate, 
however, includes also the inhabitants of two 
recently formed counties, Effingham and Jasper. 

Fayette Corner and p-o. in the eastern part 
of Fayette co. Ten. 9 ms. estrd. from Somer- 
ville, the co. St., and by p-r. 865 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C. and 173 ms; in a nearly similar direc- 
tion from Nashville. 

Fayetteville, p-v. in the northwestern part 
of Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 96 ms. n. w. W. C. 
and 52 wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Fayetteville v., in the southwstrn. part of 
Fauquier co. Va. about 50 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Fayetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Cumberland 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 347 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 61 in a 
very nearly similar direction from Raleigh, and 
by the land road up Cape Fear r. 107 ms. above 
Wilmington. Lat. 35° 02', and long. 1° 50' w. 
W. C. Pop. 2,868. This once flourishing de- 
pot is situated on the right bank of Cape Fear 
r. at the head of uninterrupted boat navigation. 
On May 29, 1831, it was desolated by a most 
destructive fire, but is again rising from the ru- 
in occasioned by the calamity. We insert the 
following for the display of a fine moral picture. 
The humane feelings of the people of other 
parts of the U. S. were not vainly appealed to 
on the distress at Fayetteville, and contributions 
were raised in 
Maine, $125 

N. H. 290 

Mass. 14,518 

E. I. 2,067 

Conn. 3,002 

N. Y. 10,648 

an aggregate amount, including fractions, of $91,902 38. 

Fayetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Fayette co. 
Geo. by p-r. 700 ms. n. w. W. C. and 107 ms. 
n: w. by w. Milledgeville. It is on a small 
branch of Flint r. Lat. 33° 27', and long. 7° 
36' w. W. C. 

Fayetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. 
Ten. by p-r. 722 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 73 
ms. a little e. of s. Nashville. It is on the right 
bank of Elk r., and on the direct road from 
Nashville in Ten. to Huntsville in Ala. Lat, 
35° lO', long. 9° 37' w. W. C. 

Fayetteville, p-v. and st. jus. Washington 
CO. Ark. by p-r. 1,285 ms. s. w. by w. ^ w, W. 
C. and 217 ms. n. w. by w. Little Rock. 

Fayston, t. Washington co. Vt. 25 ms. s. e. 
Burlington, ] 6 s. vv. Montpelier. First settled 
about 1798, is on the w. range of Green mtns. 
broken, with little useful land, almost uninhab- 
ited, and has only a few streams of Mad r. Pop. 
447. 



Maine, 


$125 


N.J. 


$805 


S.C. 


$9,100 


N.H. 


290 


Pa. 


12,731 


Geo. 


4,102 


Mass. 


14,518 


Md. 


6,820 


Ten. 


45 


E.I. 


2,067 


Dist. Col. 


870 


Ohio, 


1,158 


Conn. 


3,002 


Va. 


8,040 


Mis. 


1,119 


N. Y. 


10,648 


N. C. 


11,406 


La. 


5,050 



FER 



153 



FIS 



Fearing, p-v. in the southern part of Wash- 
ington CO. O. by p-r. 312 ms. a little n. of w. 
W. C. 114 s. E. Columbus, and 8 Marietta. 

Federal Hill, p-o. in the eastern part of 
Hardy co. Va. by p-r. 125 ms. w. W. C. 

Federalsburg, p-v. in the extreme n. e. an- 
gle of Dorchester co. Md., and on Marshy Hope 
creek, 20 ms. a little s. of e. Easton, 25 n. e. 
by E. Cambridge, and by p-r. 99 a little s. of e. 
W.C. 

Federalton, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Athens co. O. by p.r. 344 ms. a little n. of w. 
W. C. and 73 s. e. Columbus. 

Feliciana. {See East Feliciana, West Feli- 
ciana.) 

Feliciana, p-v. in the western part of Graves 
CO. Ky. by p-r. 16 ms. wstrd. iVlayfield, the co. 
St., and 823 froniW. C. and 284 Frankfort, in a 
similar directions, w. by w. ^ w. 

Felicity, p-v. Franklin tsp. Clermont co. O. 
by p-r. 9 ms. wstrd. Batavia, the co. st. 485 
wstrd. W. C. and 116 s. w. Columbus. Pop. 
199. 

Femme Osage, p-v. in the wstrn. part of St. 
Charles co. Mo. 20 ms. wstrd. from St. Charles, 
the CO. St. and by p-r. 896 wstrd. W. C. and 
about 20 N. w. by w. St. Louis. 

Fenner, p.t. Madison co. N. Y. 12 ms. n. w. 
Morrisville. Fop. 2,017. 

Fenn's Bridge and p.o. Jefferson co. Geo. by 
p-r. 91 ms. estrd. Milledgeville. 

Fentress, co. of Ten. bndd. by Campbell e., 
Morgan s. e. and s., Overton w., and Wayne co. 
Ky. n. The form of this co. approaches near that 
of a right angle triangle ; one base on Wayne 
CO. Ky. 30 ms. and the other on Overton 36 ; 
area 540 sq. ms. Jamestown the st. jus. sitd. 
near the centre, stands at n. lat. 36° 23', long. 
W. C. 7° 52' w. This co. occupies an elevated 
tract from which rise and flow wstrd. the high- 
er branches of Obey's r. and nrthrd. numerous 
tributaries of the south fork of Cumberland r. 
Surface broken. Cf. t. Jamestown. Pop. 1830, 
2,748. 

Fenwick's Island, a long narrow sand bar, 
extending along the shore of the Atlantic ocean, 
from Sinepuxent inlet, Worcester co. Md., to 
Rehoboth bay, or mouth of Indian r., Sussex co. 
Del., length about 28 ms. 

Fenwick's Tavern and p-o. St. Mary's co. 
Md. by p-r. 82 ms. s. e. W. C. 

Ferdinand, t. Essex co. Vt. n. Granby, is a 
poor tract of mountains and swamps, uninhabit- 
ed ; 23 sq. ms., watered by the great branch of 
Paul's stream. 

Fernandina, p-v., city, s-p., and st. jus. Nas- 
sau CO. Flor. by p-r. 776 ms. s. s. w. W. C, 8 
ms. s. E. from the t. of St. Mary's, 80 a little n. 
of w. St. Augustine, and 181 a little n. of e. Tal- 
lahassee. Lat. 30° 40', long. 4° 41' w. W. C. 
It is situated on the northern end of Amelia 
isL, and nearly opposite to the mouth of St. Ma- 
ry's r. Pop. 198. 

Ferrisburg, t. Addison co. Vt. 19 ms. s. 
Burlington, 34 w. Montpelier, e. lake Cham- 
plain, settled 1784, from Bennington and Conn. 
It is supplied with excellent mill sites by Otter, 
Little Otter, and Lewis crs. It has Basin har. 
bor, and Otter and Little Otter crs. whose 
mouths are 80 rods apart, are navigable 8 and 



3 ms. A ferry of 2 ms. crosses the lake from 
below Little Otter cr. Hilly n. level w. Has 
afforded excellent timber for Quebec, maple, 
beech, bass, &c. on uplands ; pine, oak, &c. 
on low lands. It sends out many fat cattle. 11 
school dists. Pop. 1,822. 

Fife's, p-o. western part of Goochland co. Va. 
by p-r. 116 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 39 a little n. 
of w. Richmond. 

Fincastle, P-v. and st. jus. Bottetourt co. Va. 
situated near the right bank of Catawba cr. by 
p-r. 235 ms. s. w. W. C. 176 westward Rich- 
mond, and 45 n. e. Christiansburg. Lat. 37° 
28', and long. 2° 57' w. W. C. This place con- 
tains the ordinary co. buildings, and a pop. of 
about 1,000. 

FiNDLAY, P-V. and st. jus. Hancock co. Mo. 
by p-r. 502 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 114 n. n. 
w. Columbus. It is situated on Blanchard's 
Fork of Auglaize r. on the road from Cincinnati 
to Detroit, lat. 41° 04', long. 6° 40' w. W. C. 

Findlaysville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. 
by p-r. 363 ms. s. w. W. C. and 111 s. w. by 
w. Raleigh. 

FiNEYwooD, p-v. Charlotte co. Va. by p-r. 102 
ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, and 17 from Marys- 
ville. 

FiNLAi'viLLK, p-v. in the n. w. part of Wash- 
ington CO. Pa. about 12 ms. n. w. Washington, 
the CO. St. and 30 s. w. Pittsburg. 

Finney Mills, and p-o. Amelia co. Va. by 
p-r. 61 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Fischlie's Mills, and p-o. in the northern 
part of Jackson co. Ind. by p-r. 613 ms. west- 
ward W. C. and 59 southward Indianopolis. 

Fish Dam, p-o. south western part of Wake 
CO. N. C. 12 ms. Raleigh. 

Fish Dam, p-o. western part of Union dist, S. 
C. by p-r. 63 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

FisHEKSFiELD, p.t. Mcrrimac co. N. H. 23 ms. 
N. N. w. Hopkinton, 30 from Concord. Pop. 797. 

Fisher's Island, N. Y. Long Island sound, 5 
ms. s. w. Stonington, (see Soitthold.) 

Fish's Store, and p-o. in the northern part of 
Washington co. Geo. by p-r. 37 ms. eastward 
Milledgeville, and 659 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Fishing Creek, tsp. and p-v. in the northeast- 
ern part of Columbia co. Pa. by p-r. 199 ms. from 
W. C. and 89 from Harrisburg, and in a similar 
direction a little n. of e. Pop. tsp. 568. 

Fishing cr. and p-o. Tyler co. Va. The cr. 
rises in Tyler, and flows n. w. into Ohio co. and 
falls into Ohio r. in the southwestern angle of 
the latter. The p-o. is situated on the head 
waters of the cr. about 28 ms. w. Morgantown, 
and by p-r. 238 n. w. by w. W. C. 

Fishing cr. and p-o. in the northeastern part 
of Chester dist. S. C. The cr. rises in York 
dist. near Yorkville, interlocking sources with 
Allison's cr. of Catawba, and Bullock's of Broad 
r. and flowing s. s. e. enters Chester, within 
which it falls into Catawba r. 20 ms. s. e. Ches- 
terville. The p-o. is by the common road 60 
ms. N. Columbia, and by p-r. 442 s. w. W. C. 

Fishkill, N. Y. a branch of Wood cr. 

FisHKiLL, N. Y. the outlet of Saratoga lake, 
joins the Hudson at Schuylerville. On banks 
of this cr. Burgoyne's army surrendered to Gen. 
Gates, Oct. 17, 1777. 

Fishkill, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y., e. Hudson 



FLA 



154 



FLO 



r. 14 ms. s. Poughkeepsie, 89 s. Albany, and 
65 N. New York. It derives its name from the 
Fishkill, which runs nearly centrally through it 
to the Hudson. There are 4 landings on the 
Hudson. It is a place of considerable business. 
The village of Fishkill is 5 ms. e. of the Hud- 
son. This town was the first that was settled 
in the co. Here is the Matteawan cotton fac- 
tory, the largest in the state, situated on the 
Fishkill, about half a mile from the Hudson. It 
produces annually about half a million yards of 
cloth. Near this factory is Schenck's exten- 
sive grain mill, which manufactures 50,000 
bushels of wheat per annum. There is like- 
wise an extensive woollen manufactory at this 
place. The Glenham woollen factory is about 
two ms. from the Matteawan factory. At this 
establishment are manufactured superfine blue 
and black cloths. The other settlements in this 
town, are the Upper Landing, Low Point or 
Carthage Landing, Hopewell, New Hacken- 
sack, and Middlebush. Pop. 8,292. 

Fishkill mtns. (see Matteawan.) 

FiTCHBURG, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 42 ms. 
N. w. Boston, 25 n. e. Worcester. Finely wa- 
tered by Nockege r. a branch of the Nashua, 
and by two other streams, which render it an 
excellent town for manufactories ; and accor 
dingly it has become an extensive manufactur 
ing place. Pop. 2,169. 

FiTCHViLLE, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part 
of Huron co. O. by p-r. 388 ms. n. w. by w. W. 
C. and 109 ms. a little e. of n. Columbus. Pop. 
tsp. 347. 

FiTZwiLLiAM, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 13 ms. 
from Keene, 60 Concord, and 65 from Boston. 
It was named in honor of the Earl of Fitzwil- 
liam. This town was the residence of Briga- 
dier Gen. James Reed, a revolutionary patriot. 
Pop. 1,229. 

Flambeau lake, a sheet of water from which 
issues one of the estrn, branches of Chippeway 
r. The lake is 40 ms. from e. to w. with a 
very unequal breadth of from 1 to 10 ms., n. lat. 
45°, and long. W. C. 14° w. intersecting at its 
wstrn. extremity. Situated about 150 ms. a lit- 
tle E. of N. from Prairie du Chien. 

Flanders, village, Morris co. N. J. on the s. 
branch Raritan, 12 ms. w. n. w. Morristown. 

Flatbush, p-t. St. jus. Kings co. Long Island, 
4^ ms. s. Broolyn, 5 s. N. Y. Here is a flour- 
ishing academy, denominated Erasmus Hall. A 
battle was fought near this place, Aug. 27, 
1776, in which the Americans were defeated 
by the British, and suffered a heavy loss. Pop. 
1,143. 

Flat Creek, p-o. Campbell co. Va. 11 ms. s. 
w. Linchburg, and by p-r. 119 s. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

Flat Creek, p-o. in the western part of Bath 
CO. Ky. by p-r. 494 ms. s. w. by w. i w. W. 
C. and 67 e. Frankfort. 

Flatlands, t. King's co. s. side and near w. 
end Long Island, 7-^ ms. a little e. of s. N. Y. 
and 2 ms. s. Flatbush. Pop. 596. 

Flat Lick, p-o. Trigg co. Ky. by p-r. 224 ms. 
s. s. w. Frankfort. 

Flat Rock, p-o. eastern part of Powhatan co. 
Va. 24 ms. w. Richmond. 

Flat Rock, p-o, in the western part of Bun- 



combe CO. N. C. by p-r. 285 ms. westward Ra- 
leigh. 

Flat Rock, p-o. in the northern part of Ker- ' 

shaw dist. S. C, about 20 ms. n. Camden, and 
by p-r. 53 n. e. Columbia. 

Flat Rock, p-o. in the eastern part of Bour- 
bon CO. Ky. by p-r. 504 ms. westward W. C. 
and 55 eastward Frankfort. ^™i 

Flat Rock, p-o. on a large cr. of the same ||fl| 
name, sthrn. part of Shelby co. Ind., by p-r. 53 " 
ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Flat Woods, p-o., in the wstrn. part of Lew- 
is CO. Ky. by p-r. 304 ms. w. W. C. 

Fleetwood, p-v. Hinds co. Misp. by p-r. 
1,053 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and about 100 n. e. 
Natchez. 

Fleming, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 4 ms. s. Au- 
burn. Pop. 1,461, 

Fleming, co. Ky., bndd w. by Nicholas, n. w. 
by Mason, n. e. by Lewis, e. and s. e. by Law- 
rence, and s. w. by Licking r. which separates 
it from Bath. Length s. e. to n. w. 36 ms., 
mean breadth 16, and area 576 sq.ms., extend- 
ing in lat. from 38° 06' to 38° 33', and in long, 
from 6° 22' to 6° 55' w. W. C. The slope of 
Fleming is to the s., soil productive, and sur- 
face moderately hilly. Cf. t. Flemingsburg. 
Pop. 1820, 12,186, 1830, 13,499. 

Flemingburg, or Flemingsburg, p-v. and st. 
jus. Fleming co. Ky., by p-r. 498 ms. a little s, 
of w. W. C, and 79 estrd. Frankfort. It is sit- 
uated on the table land near the sources of crs. 
flowing northwards into the O., and southwards 
into Licking r., lat. 38° 25', and long. 6° 40' w, 
W. C. Pop. 648. 

Flemington, p-v. Amwell, Hunterdon co. N. 
J. 23 ms. N. N. w. Trenton. 

Fleming's, p-o. Weakly co. Ten. by p-r. 834 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 132 westerly from 
Nashville. 

Fleming's, p-v. in the n. w. part of Shelby 
CO. Ind., 5 ms. n. w. Shelbyville, by p-r. 580 a 
little N. of w. W. C, and 35 s. e. Indianopolis. 

Fletcher, t. Franklin co. Vt., 22 ms. n. e. 
Burlington, and 35 n. w. Montpelier. Pop. 
793. 

Flint, r. Ontario co. N. Y., waters Italy, 
Middlesex, Gorham, and Phelps, where it joins 
the Canandaigua outlet, at the village of Vienna, 
its whole course of 32 ms. being a good mill 
stream. 

Flint, r. of Geo. (See Appalachicola, first 
paragraph.) 

Flint Hill, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., by p-r. 
104 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Flint Mills, and p-o. in the sthrn. part of 
Madison co. Ala., 10 ms. s. from Huntsville, by 
p-r. 716 s. w. by w. W. C. and 125 n. n. e. Tus- 
caloosa. 

Flint Stone, p-o. Alleghany co. Md. by p-r. 
119 ms. n. w. W.C. 

Flood's, p-o. Buckingham co. Va., by p-r. 180 
ms. s. w. W. C, and 96 wstrd. Richmond. 

Florence, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 20 ms. n. w. 
Rome. Pop. 964. 

Florence, formerly Briceland's cross roads, 
p-o. Washington co. Pa. The name has been 
changed recently. 

Florence, p-v. and st. jus. Lauderdale co. 
Ala., by p-r. 796 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, 146 a 



FLO 



155 



FLO 



little w. of N. Tuscaloosa, and 70 wstrd. Hunts- 
ville. It is situated on the right bank of Ten- 
nessee r., at the mouth of Cypress cr., and be- 
low the Muscle Shoals. Lat. 34° 47', long. 10° 
46' w. W. C. At seasons of high or even mo- 
derate height of water, steam boats ascend to 
Florence. The pop. is estimated at 1,500, and 
the place so advantageously situated, possesses 
a flourishing trade. 

Florence, p-v. Boone co. Ky., by p-r. 507 ms. 
wstrd. W. C, and 70 n. Frankfort. Pop. 63. 

Florence, p-v. and tsp. in the wstrn. part of 
Huron co. O. The p-v. is situated on Vermillion 
r., by p-r. 13 ms. n. e. by e. Norwalk, the co. 
seat, 395 n. w. W. C. and 127 n. n. e. Columbus. 
Fop. tsp. 760. • 

Florida, a canal, t. and p-t. Montgomery co. 
N. Y., s. shore Mohawk r., 35 ms. n. w. Alba- 
ny. Pop. 2,851. 

Florida, p-v. Orange co. N. Y., 6 ms. s. Go- 
shen. 

Florida, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass, 25 ms. n. e. 
Lenox, 120 w. Boston. Hoosic mountain lies 
between the town and Adams, and Deerfield r. 
rises on the estrn. declivity of the mountain, on 
the Florida side. Pop. 454. 

Florida, cape, or promontory of the s. estrn. 
coast of Florida, projecting sthwd. and enclos- 
ing on the N. E. the bay of Biscane. On Tan- 
ner's U. S. map cape Florida is laid down at lat. 
25° 38', long. 3° 10' w. W. C. 

Florida, extreme sthrn. territory of the U. S., 
bndd. N. w. by Ala., n. by Geo., e. by the Atlan- 
tic and Bahama channel, s. by Cuba channel, 
and w. and s. w. by the Gulf of Mexico. Length, 
if we follow the curve from Perdido r. to Cape 
Sable, about 660 ms. The breadth from Per- 
dido r. along the nthrn. border to the Atlantic, 
is 375 ms., but the mean breadth being only 
about 84 ms. the area is 55,400 sq. ms. or 35,. 
456,000 statute acres. Extending in lat. from 
25° to 31°, if we include only the continent, but 
embracing Thompson's island, the sthrn. ex- 
treme is at lat. 24° 30'. In long, this territory 
lies between 3° and 10° 44' w. W. C. Florida 
has a boundary along the Gulf of Mexico, from 
the mouth of Perdido, to cape Sable, 600 ms. ; 
along the Cuba and Bahama channels, and At- 
lantic ocean from cape Sable to the mouth of 
St, Mary's r., 450 ms. ; in common with Geo. 
from the mouth of St. Mary's to that of Flint r., 
240 ms. ; up Chattahooche r. to lat. 31°, 40 
ms. in common with Ala. from Chattahoo- 
che to Perdido r., 140 ms. ; down Perdido to its 
mouth, 40 ms.; entire outline, 1,510; with a 
perimeter exceeding 1500 ms., and extending 
through 6 degrees of lat. Florida presents some 
diversity of climate, but the difference of rela- 
tive level being but slight, the seasons at the ex- 
tremes more nearly approach an equality of 
temperature than does any other similar extent 
of lat. in the United States. The northern and 
part of central Florida is covered with a dense 
forest, except the partial clearing of land for 
agricultural and other purposes of human so- 
ciety, but the sthrn. section presents large spa- 
ces of open, grassy, and in part marshy plains. 
Pine is the prevailing timber, but great variety 
of other forest trees are intermixed. Sterility 
is the true general character of the soil, with, it 



is true, some favorable exceptions. The value 
of the soil is, however, in some measuse equal, 
ized with that of more fertile but more nthrn. 
land by the high temperature of the climate of 
Florida. Of cultivated vegetables the principal 
species are, of grains, rice and Indian corn ; the 
sweet potatoe is produced in great abundance. 
Garden vegetables admit of immense variety. 
Staples are cotton, indigo, and sugar. Of fruits, 
the orange, lime, several varieties of figs, the 
peach, pomegranate, and some others flourish. 
The olive and some species of the vitis vinefera 
(wine-producing grape vine) might be produced 
perhaps to more advantage than in any other 
section of the U. S. The profitable culture of 
the cofl'ee plant and date palm, is more doubt, 
ful. That part of Florida extending along the 
nthrn. shore of the Gulf of Mexico slopes to. 
wards that recipient of its rivers with a general 
sthrn. course. Florida is traversed, advancing 
from east to west, by the rivers Suwannee, Os- 
cilla, Ocklockonne, Appalachicola, Choctaw, 
Yellow Water, and Escambia. The two latter 
are discharged into the fine sheet of water which 
forms the harbor of Pensacola. Choctaw opens 
into a wide bay of the same name. The Appa- 
lachicola forms a delta. Ocklockonne is dis. 
charged into the deep bay of Appalachie. The 
Suwannee has a more sthrn. influx than any of 
the preceding, and loses its volume in Vaca- 
sausa bay, lat. 29° 25'. With the Vacasausa 
bay the slope of Florida bends with the peninsu- 
la, and Amasura, Anclota, Hillsboro', Charlotte, 
Gallivan's, and Young's rs. have a general 
wstrn. course. The St. John's of Florida is an 
anomaly among the rs. of the Atlantic coast of 
the United States. The source of this stream 
is rather indefinable, being derived from the flat 
grassy plains, about lat. 28°, and flowing thence 
to the w. of N. nearly parallel to the opposite 
Atlantic coast, has more the appearance of a 
sound than a river. The long estrn. shore of 
Florida can hardly be regarded as having a 
slope. The level is general and very slightly 
broken by elevations of any kind. On this mo- 
notonous expanse, a shell bank appears an object 
of magnitude. Descending from the more gen- 
eral to the more specific features, we find the 
long nthrn. parallelogram of Florida off'ering 
considerable diversity of surface. The rise 
from the mouth of St. Mary's to the dividing 
ground between its basin and that of Suwannee 
exceeds 200 feet. The ridges or table land, 
protruded southwardly between the other more 
wstrn. rivers, are perhaps still more elevated, 
but all imperceptibly decline, approaching the 
sea coast until merged in the sandy shores. 
The depth of the harbors may be seen under 
the respective heads of the rivers and bays. 
The table land between the basins of St. Mary's 
and Suwannee rs. stretches sthwrd. and may be 
regarded as the spine of peninsular Florida, un. 
til gradually lost in the plains between the sour- 
ces of St. John's and Amasura rs. Florida as 
a political subdivision comprises two natural 
sections. The nthrn. slope, already noticed, 
extending from the Atlantic ocean to Perdido 
r., deeply furrowed by the river channels, is fol. 
lowed by the peninsula, properly so called. 
The two physical sections can have no actually 



FLO 



156 



FLO 



defined line of separation, but a line drawn from 
the mouth of St John's r. to that of Suwannee, 
would afford a demarcation, having two natural 
points of termination. A base of calcareous 
rock commences in northern, and extends imder 
perhaps all peninsular Florida. This friable 
stone breaks forth at St. Augustine and many 
other points, but is overlaid generally by deep 
superstrata of clay, shells, and sand. We insert 
the following description as being official. It 
is extracted from the files of congressional docu- 
ment, and from a Report of the engineer de- 
partment, on the practicability of a canal across 
the peninsula of Florida. Read in Congress, 
March 26th, 1832. 

" The part of the peninsula of Florida, com 
prehended between the southern boundaries of 
Georgia, and a line drawn from Tampa bay to 
cape Cannaveral, is an extensive pine forest, in- 
terspersed with numberless lakes, ponds, low 
savannahs, and cypress swamps of various sizes. 
The country, though generally flat, is, however, 
much undulated in some districts, and even 
hilly in many places. The ridge which divides 
the waters emptying into the Atlantic ocean 
from those running into the gulf, is sloping 
gradually from n. to s., and seems to become 
totally depressed south of a line drawn from 
the bay of Tampa to cape Cannaveral. Indeed 
all that great tract of country south of this fine, 
is represented, by those best informed, as an 
extensive marsh, forbidding, during the rainy 
seasons (between June and October,) any land 
passage from the gulf to the Atlantic. The 
elevation of the ridge above the level of the 
sea, has been found to be 152 feet at the head 
of St. Mary's river, near the Georgia line, 158 
between Kinsley's pond, and Little Santa Fe 
pond, head of Santa Fe river, and 87 feet be- 
tween the head branches of the Amaxura and 
Ocklawaha rivers. The soil is generally sand, 
except at places called hammocks, the soil of 
which is either a red-yellow, or black clay, 
mixed with sand. These hammocks are nu- 
merous, and much scattered throughout the 
country ; they vary in extent, from a few acres 
to thousands of acres, and form together but an 
inconsiderable portion of the peninsula. On 
them, the growth of tree is red oak, live oak, 
water oak, dog wood, magnolia and pine ; the 
red oak predominating. Whilst these ham- 
mocks, under the auspicious climate of Florida, 
present a very productive arable land, the pine 
forests afibrd every facility to the raising of 
cattle ; and under this point of view, this part 
of the peninsula may be considered as a most 
valuable grazing country. It is to be observed 
that, in Florida, the fern grass is exclusively 
peculiar to low grounds and heads of water 
courses. If the upper stratum of the peninsu- 
la, is generally sand on both sides of the ridge, 
and that to a depth of at least 5 or 6 feet, the 
substratum is not the same on both sides. On 
the eastern, it is clay mixed with a great deal 
of sand ; but on the western, it is, throughout, 
a kind of stratified rotten limestone, which 
frequently appears at the surface, and which at 
many places, is undermined by streams sinldng 
abruptly to take their passage through the cav- 
ernous parts of the mass, and to resume, at 



some distance down, their natural course. It 
is owing to the numerous cavities of this rotten 
substratum, that the surface of the ground is 
seen interspersed with numberless inverted 
conic hollows, called sinks, the size of which 
varies from a few square yards to many acres. 
The streams which run through the peninsula, 
present, generally, no flat bottom, or arable flu- 
viatic deposite along their banks ; they force 
their course through the sandy upper stratum, 
and are fed more by lateral filtration than by 
tributaries. However, their margins are often 
trimmed with trees, such as live oak, water 
oak, magnolia, and laurel thicket, which receive 
chiefly their nourishment from moisture. The 
sea along the western coast of the peninsula is 
shallow, from Tampa bay to Appalachie bay, 
and on a width varying from 5 to 15 miles. — 
From the latter to cape San Bias, this width di- 
minishes, except at the intervening capes, where 
extensive shoals project out ; but from cape 
San Bias to lake Pontchartrain, the shore is 
generally bold, and the coast affords several 
good harbors.* As to the coast on the Atlan- 
tic, the sea is all along shallow, and oflfers no 
harbors except at the mouth of St. John's r. and 
St. Augustine." Sr. Mary's river ought lo be 
added. "The shortest distance across the pe- 
ninsula is about from St. Augustine, to a point 
on the gulf between the mouths of the Suwan- 
nee and Amaxura rivers ; this distance is 105 
miles. The distance on a straight line from the 
mouth of the St. John to that of the Suwannee 
is 130 miles, and from the mouth of St. John to 
St. Mark, 170 miles." 

The long problem in theory seems to be 
solved, that is, the difference of level between 
the Atlantic ocean outside, and the Gulf of 
Mexico inside of the peninsula of Florida. — 
On this subject the topographical engineers ob- 
serve, " should the surveys be perfectly accu- 
rate, the level of low tide in the gulf would be 

2 263-100 feet above that of low tide in the At- 
lantic. On another hand it has been shown, in 
describing the surveys relating to the St. Mary's 
route, that the result of the leveling has given 

3 55-100 for the difference of the level between 
the gulf and the Atlantic. We mu.= t therefore 
consider it as probable, that, at low tide, the 
elevation of the gulf at the mouth of the Su- 
wannee, is not more than 3 or 4 feet above low 
tide at the entrance of St. John's into the Atlantic. 

Political Geography. In the census of 1830, 
Florida is subdivided into Eastern, Western, 
Middle and Southern ; of which the population 
was as follows : — 

Free col'd. Slaves. Total; 

34G 4,095 8,956 

396 3,753 9,468 

19 7,587 15,779 

83 66 517 

Total, 18,375 844 15,501 34,720 

The counties and their population as exhibit- 
ed in the census, is as follows ; — 
Eastern Florida, Western Florida, Middle Florida, 
Alachua, 2,204 Escambia 

1,970 Jackson ^.9 468 



Eastern, 


White 
4,515 


Western, 


5,319 


Middle, 


8,173 


Soutliern, 


368 



Duval, 

Nassau, 
Moscheto 



St. Johns, 2,538 



1,511 Walton 
733 Washington, 



Gadsden, 4,895 

Hamilton, 553 

JelTerson, 3,312 

Leon, 6,494 

Madison, 525 



* This character of coast between Mobile bay and lake 
Pontchartrain, is only applicable outside of the islands. 

{See Pascaffoula sound.) 



FLO 



157 



FLO 



All southern Florida is included in the county 
of Monroe. In the census, the population of 
the counties composing Western Florida, is not 
individually given. 

Of the foregoing population, there were white 
persons : — 







Males. 


Females 


Under 5 years of 


age. 


1,933 


1,807» 


From 5 to 10, 




1,333 


1,251 


" 10 to 15, 




1,015 


981 


" 15 to 20, 




789 


923 


" 20 to 30, 




2,161 


1,447 


" 3 'to 40, 




1,536 


848 


" 40 to 50, 




760 


484 


" 50 to 60, 




436 


247 


" '50 to 70, 




194 


101 


" 70 to 80, 




57 


45 


" 80 to 90, 




10 


10 


" 90 to 100, 




3 


o 


" 100 and upwards. 


1 






Total, 10,236 8,149 

Of the foregoing, are deaf and dumb, under 

14 years, 2 ; 14 to 25, ; 25 and upwards, 3 ; 

blind, 2. 

Colored population, as follows :-^ 



Fr 


ee. 


Slaves. 


Males. 


Ferns. 


Males. Fems. 


Under 10 years of age, 138 


14^ 


2,501 2,5fiU 


From 10 to 24 109 


136 


2,482 2,449 


" 24 to 36 47 


70 


1,830 1,561 


" 36 to 55 56 


62 


948 768 


" 55 to 100, 33 


48 


224 177 


': 100 and upwards, 


1 


1 



Total, 383 461 7,985 7,516 

Deaf and dumb, colored, under 14 years, 1 ; 
14 to 25, 1 ; over 25, 1. 

From the preceding analysis of its distribu- 
tive population of 1830, Florida contained the 
largest number of inhabitants of the three United 
States territories, Arkansas, Michigan, and 
Florida ; and of this aggregate, 53 per cent, are 
whites. The weight of the population of Flori- 
da lies along the northern parallellogram and 
above lat 28^. The relative distribution must 
at all future times remain not greatly difterent 
from the present, as the productive soil and 
navigable rivers are in great part confined to 
the three northern sections. Extensive surveys 
have beeii made to determine the practicability 
of forming a canal across Florida, from the At- 
lantic ocean to the Galf of Mexico. These sur- 
veys have been productive of much very valua. 
ble geographical information, of which we have 
availed ourselves in this treatise, but the practi- 
cal construction of the proposed canal remains 
doubtful, and the doubts arise chiefly from the 
shallowness of the water on the gulf side of the 
peninsula. History. — The fine, sonorous name 
of Florida, was imposed by the discoverer, John 
Ponce de Leon, from having made the coast on 
or about " Fasque Florida," Pahn Sunday, in 
1512. The first attempt to form a civilized 
colony in Florida, was made by the French in 
1562, under Francis Ribault, but the colonists 
were, in 1565, surprised and murdered by the 
Spaniards. This massacre was severely re- 
venged by a French expedition ; but the Span- 
iards remained masters of the country, and 
founded in 1565, the city of St. Augustine, in 
East Florida. West Florida was not colonized 
until 1699, when Pensacola was founded by 
Don Andre de la Riola. Though often invaded 
by French and English armaments, this province 
remained a part of Spanish America, until 1763, 

21 



when it was ceded to Great Britain. By the de' 
fitiitive treaty of 1783, it was receded by Grea* 
Britain to Spain. When Florida was a colony 
of Spain, and Louisiana of France, or from 1699 
to 1763, the Perdido river was a common boun- 
dary, but when, in 1769, Louisiana was taken 
into possession by Spain, under the treaty of 
cession of 1763, they, for their own convenience, 
incorporated that part of Louisiana, between the 
Mississippi and Perdido river with Florida. 
This incorporation of part of Louisiana into 
Florida, involved Spain in a controversy with 
the United States, when the latter government 
gained possession of Louisiana. On virtue of 
claiming the latter, as held by France previous 
to 1763, the United States, in 1811, seized 
Baton Rouge, and all other parts of Florida west 
of Perdido, except Mobile, which also surren- 
dered in 1812. After a lengthened and inter- 
rupted negotiation, Florida was ceded to the 
United States, February 22d, 1819, by a tpeaty 
formed at Washington. This treaty was finally 
ratified by the King and Cortes of Spain, Octo- 
ber 24th, 1820, and February 22d, 1821, was 
ratified by the Congress of the United States. 
Since the latter period, there has occurred no 
event in the history of Florida, worthy of par- 
ticular notice. 

Florida Keys, is a chain of islets, rocks, 
reefs, and sand banks, extending westward from 
the southwardly part of Florida, stretching in 
long, from 3^° to 6° 15' w. W. C. between lat. 
24° 30' and 24° 45'. This very dangerous 
chain is composed of Ball islands, Matacumbe 
islands, Cayasbacos, the Pine islands, Thomp- 
son's islands, Mule islands, Cayos Marques, and 
on the extreme w. the Tortugas. 

Florisant, p-v. in the northern part of St. 
Louis CO. Mo. situated between the Misp. and 
Mo. rs. below their junction, 18 ms. a little w. 
of N. St. Louis, and 872 westward W. 0. 

Flournoy's Mills, and p-o. Telfair co. Geo. 
772 ms. southwestward W. C. and 120 south- 
ward Milledgeville. 

Flowing Spring, p-o. Bath co. Va. 206 ms. 
s. w. W. C. and 164 a little n. of w. Richmond. 

Floyd, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 6 ms. e. Rome, 
and 10 N. Utica. Pop. 1,699. 

Floyd, new co. Va. bndd. s. w. by Grayson, 
Wythe w., Montgomery n. w. and n., and Blue 
Ridge separating it from Franklin e., and Pat. 
rick s. E. Length from s. w. to n. e. 30 ms., 
mean breadth \2, and area 360 sq. ms. Cen- 
tral lat. 36° 53', long. W. C. 3° 35' w. This 
CO. formerly constituted the southern section of 
Montgomery. It is a part of the same mtn. 
valley which contains Grayson co. Va. and Ashe 
CO. N. C. The slope to the n. w. in which di- 
rection flows Little r. a branch of New r. By 
the census of 1830, the pop. was included in 
that of Montgomery. It occupies an elevated 
region, the cultivated surface exceeding a mean 
of 1800 feet above tide water. By reference 
to the mean elevation of Montgomery, Giles and 
Franklin cos. it will be seen that the country 
above the Blue Ridge exceeds that below in 
elevation about 1100 feet. Floyd occupies the 
extreme eastern part of the valley of Great Ka- 
nawha. 

Floyd, eastern co. Ky. bndd. s. by Pike, s. w. 



FOR 



158 



FOR 



by Perry, w. by Morgan, n. by Lawrence, and 
E. by the Tug or eastern branch of Big Sandy, 
which separates it from Logan co. of Va. — 
Length, from east to west, 50 miles, mean 
breadth 30, and area 1,500 sq. miles. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 39° 24' to 37° 55', and in long, 
from 5° 02' to 6° 10' west W. C This co. oc- 
cupies an elevated table land, the eastern part 
sloping northwardly, and down which flow the 
two main branches of Sandy r. From the 
southwestern angle flow the higher branches of 
Kentucky, and from the northwestern, the ex- 
treme sources of Licking r. The face of the 
country is hilly and broken. Cf. t. Preston- 
berg. Pop. 1820, 8,207, 1830, 4,347. 

Floyd, co. of Indiana, bndd. by Harrison s. s. 
w. and w., Washington n. w., Clark n. e. and e., 
and the Ohio r. separating it from Jeff'erson co. 
Ky. s. E. Length 20 ms. mean breadth 15, and 
area 300 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 16' 
to 38° 31', and in long, from 8° 44' to 9° 03' w. 
W. C. This CO. lies directly opposite Louis, 
ville in Ky. The slope is southward ; surface 
hilly, and soil productive. Cf. t. New Albany. 
Pop. 1831, 6,361. 

Floydsburg, p-v. on Floyd Fork, southern 
part of Oldham co. Ky. 20 ms. n. e. by e. Lou 
isville, and 34 a little n. of w. Frankfort. 

Floyd's Fork, r. of Ky. rises in Oldham co., 
flows thence s. s. w. over the eastern part of 
Jefferson, and northern of Bullitt, falls into Salt 
r. at Shepperdsville, after a comparative course 
of 35 ms. 

Flukes, p-o. Bottetourt co. Va. 
Flushing, p-t. Queen's co. n. side Nassau, on 
Long isl. 15 ms. e. N. Y. Flushing v. which 
stands at the head of Flushing bay, is a fash- 
ionable place of resort. In this town are still 
remaining two of the white oaks, under whose 
shade George Fox, the founder of Quakerism, 
held a religious meeting in 1672. Pop. 2,820. 

Flushing, p-v. in Flushing tsp. Belmont co. 
O. by p-r. 124 ms. e. Columbus, and 275 ms. n. 
w.byw. W. C. Pop. 114. 

Fluvanna, co. of Va. bndd. n. w. by Albe- 
marle, N. E. by Louisa, s. e. by Goochland, and 
s. and s. v/. by James r., which separates it from 
Buckingham. Length along Albemarle 26, 
mean breadth 16, and area 416 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 37° 36' to 40°, and in long, 
from 1° 12' to 1° 43' w. W. C. Fluvanna r. 
enters it from Albemarle, and flowing s. e. di- 
vides it into two nearly equal sections. Surface 
agreeably broken. Cf. t. Columbia. Popula- 
tion 1820, 6,704, 1830, 8,221. 
Fogelsville, p-o. Lehigh co. Pa. 
Folly p-o. Gates co. N. C. by p-r. 186 ms. n. 
E. by E. Raleigh. 

Fond du Lac, bottom of the lake, literally, 
but intended to designate the extreme wstrn. 
bay of lake Superior. Fond du Lac bay is ter- 
minated where it receives St. Louis r. n. lat. 
47° and long. W. C. 15 w. intersect in the 
nrthrn. part of Fond du Lac. 

Foed's Ferry and p-o. Livingston co. Ky. by 
p-r. 227 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Forked Deer r. stream of Ten. rising in 
Carroll, Henderson, and McNair cos., and flow- 
ing over Madison, Gibson, Haywood and Dyer 
COS., falls into the Misp. r. in the nthrn. part of 



Tipton, above the first of the Chickasaw bluffs, 
after a comparative course of 80 ms. n. w. by 
w. The valley of Forked Deer lies between 
those of Obion and Big Hatchie, and embraces 
an area of about 2,000 sq. ms. 

Fork Shoals, p-o. on Saluda r. Greenville 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 107 ms. n. w. Columbus. 

Forsyth, new co. of Geo. boundaries uncer- 
tain. 

Forsyth, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Geo. 
situated on Chussee cr. about 60 ms. a little s. 
of w. Milledgeville. Lat. 33°, and in long. 7° 5' 
w. 

Fort Adams, p-v. on the left bank of Misp. r. 
at Loftus Heights, Wilkinson co. Misp. 41 ms. 
by the road s. Natchez. 

Fort Anne, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. de- 
rives its name from the fort here erected during 
the French wars, which stood at the head of 
batteaux navigation on Wood cr. The Cham- 
plain canal runs through this town, 62 ms. from 
Albany, 10 n. Sandy Hill, and ll s. Whitehall. 
The village of Fort Anne stands near the site of 
the fort, on the Champlain canal. Pop. 3,200. 
Fort Ball, p-v. in the western part of Sene- 
ca CO. 0. by p-r. 446 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
85 a little w. of n. Columbus. 

Fort Blount, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 
660 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 70 n. e. by e. 
Nashville. 

Fort Brady. {See Si. Mary^s straits.) 
Fort Claiborne. (See Claiborne, st. jus, 
Monroe, Ala.) 

Fort Covington, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y. on 
the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of Salmon cr., 
15 ms. N. w. Malone, 235 from Albany, and 53 
E. N. E. of Ogdensburg. This t. and the fort 
within it derive their name from Gen. Coving- 
ton, who was mortally wounded in the battle of 
Williamsburg, during our last war with Great 
Britain. St. Regis v. (Indian) is situated in this 
t. The chief of these Indians is a descendant 
of a daughter of Rev. Mr. Williams, minister 
of Deerfield, Mass. She was carried into cap- 
tivity when Deerfield was destroyed by the 
Indians, in the time of the old French war, and 
marrying an Indian, refused to return ; and so 
lived and died among the Indians. Pop. 3,901. 
Fort Crawford, Crawford co. Mich, (See 
Prairie du Chien.) 

Fort Dale, p-v. Butler co. Ala. 132 ms. n. e, 
from Blakely, on Mobile r. and by p-r. 152 ms. 
s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Fort Defiance, p-v. in the western part of 
Wilkes CO. N. C. situated on the Yadkin near 
its source, 25 ms. above, and s. w. by w. Wilkes- 
boro, the co. St., and by p-r. 428 ms. s. w. W. 
C. and 200 w. Raleigh, 

Fort Edward, p-t, Washington co, N, Y. e, 
Hudson r. near the Great Bend, It is 2 ms. s. 
Sandy Hill, 16 from Caldwell, and 22 from 
Whitehall. The old fort, which gives the name 
to the town, was built by the Americans in 1755. 
The village is built on the Champlain canal, 
which here forms a junction with the Hudson. 
A dam is built across the river at this place, 
for the purpose of supplying the canal with wa- 
ter, by means of a feeder, which is half a mile 
long. The dam is 900 ft. long, and 27 high. It 
cost $30,000. Pop. 1,816. 



FOR 



159 



FOU 



Fort Gaines, p-v. Early co. Geo. by p-r. 175 
ms. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Fort Gibson. {See Cantonment Gibson.) 
Fort Gratiot, pv. in the eastern part of St. 
Clair CO. Mich., and on the point w. side of St. 
Clair r. where that stream issues from lake Hu- 
ron, and just above the mouth of the r. Dulude, 
by p-r. 597 ms. n. w. W. C. and 71 n. n. e. De- 
troit. 

Fort Jackson, p-v. Montgomery co. Ala. sit- 
uated on the point between Coosa and Talk- 
poosa rs. immediately above the junction, 96 
ms. s. E. Tallapoosa. Lat. 32° 29', and long. 
9° 23' w. W. C. 

Fort Jackson, p-v. Plaquemines parish, La. 
75 ms. below New Orleans. 

Fort Jefferson, p-v. Dark co. O. by p-r. 103 
ms. wstrd. Columbus, and 501 a little n. of w. 
W. C. 

Fort Lafayette, N. Y. on a reef of rocks in 
the Narrows,' commanding the entrance of N. 
Y. bay. 

Fort Lee, Bergen co. N. J. a ferry and land- 
ing place on the Hudson, 10 ms. above N. Y. 
near the site of the fort of same name. A turn- 
pike road from Patterson and Hackensack ter- 
minates at this place, and a steam boat plies to 
N. Y. city. 

Fort Littleton, in the southeastern part 
Bedford co. Pa. by p-r. 103 ms. n. w. W. C. and 
64 wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Fort Miller, p-v. Washington co. N. Y. on 
the Hudson, e. side, which here has falls, around 
which there is a canal, with a dam across the 
river for supplying the same with water, s. San- 
dy Hill 11 ms. 

Fort Richmond, N. Y. on the heights, at the 
s. E. point of Staten isl., on the w. of the Nar- 
rows, commanding the entrance of N. Y. bay. 

Fort St. Philip, p-o. an important military 
establishment of the U. S. on the left banlt of 
the Misp. parish of Plaquemines, La. 70 ms. 
below New Orleans. 

Fort Seneca, p-v. in Seneca tsp. Seneca co. 
O. situated on Sandusky r. by p-r. 437 ms. n. w. 
by w. W. C. and 94 a little w. of n. Columbus. 
Pop. tsp. 369. 

Fort Smith, military station and p-v. as laid 
down by Tanner, is situated on the right bank of 
Arkansas r. on the extreme western border of 
Crawford co. Ark. by p-r. 235 ms. above, and 
N. w. by w. Little Rock, and 1,303 s. w. by w. 
iw. W.C. 

FoRTSMouTH, p-v. Shcnaudoah co. Va. by p-r. 
92 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

FoRTSMOuTH, p-v. Page co. Va. by p-r. 83 ms. 
N. w. Richmond, and 147 wstrd. W. C. 

Fort Snelling, military station and p-o. at 
the mouth of St. Peters r. and Falls of St. An- 
thony in Misp. r. The distance by p-r. from 
Washington City is not given in the p-o. list, 
but as it is something above 200 ms. above Prai- 
rie du Chien, which latter is stated at 1.060 ms. 
from W. C, fort Snelling must amount to near 
1,300 ms. from the seat of the general govern- 
ment. Lat. 44° 53', long. 16° 13' w. W. C. 
These relative positions yield a bearing from 
W. C. to fort Snelling of 63° 33' w. ; distance 
968 statute ms. 

Fort Towson, or Cantonment Towson, as 



laid down in Tanner's U. S. is situated almost 
on lat. 34° and 18° 07' w. W. C, about 10 ms. 
n. from the efflux of Kiameche into Red r. In 
the p-o. list of 1828, the p-o. at fort Towson is 
named in Miller co., distant 253 ms. from Little 
Rock, though on the map, even the road dis- 
tance falls short of 180 ms. s. w. by w. 

Fortune's Fork, p-o. {See Grretna Green, 
Halifax co. Va.) 

Fort Valley, p-o. Crawford co. Geo. 48 ms. 
by p-r. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Fortville, p-v. Jones co. Geo. 31 ms. wstrd. 
Milledgeville. 

Fort Washington, pv. and military station 
of the U. S. on the left bank of Potomac r. at 
the mouth of Piscataway cr., in Prince George's 
CO. Md. 15 ms. below, and very nearly due s. 
W.C. 

Fokt Wayne, p-v. and st. jus. Allen co. Ind. 
by P-r. 561 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 141 n. w. 
Columbus, and also by the intermediate road 
160 ms. s. w. Detroit. This vil. occupies the 
very remarkable point above the junction of St. 
Mary's and St. Joseph's rs. and on the right bank 
of the former. The united streams here take 
the name ofMaumee. {See Maumeer.) Fort 
Wayne received its name in honor of the old 
veteran hero, who so much contributed to give 
peace and security to the new settlements in 
Ohio valley, and who found a grave at Presqu* 
Isle, now Erie in Pa. the 15th Dec. 1796. Fort 
Wayne stands at lat. 41° 04', long. 8° 7' W. C. 

Fort Winnebago, as laid down by Tanner, is 
situated on the portage ground between the 
Ouisconsin and Fox r. of Green bay. In the 
p-o. list it is placed in Iowa co. In the latter 
work the relative distances are not given, but 
measured on Tanner's U. S., it is distant, by 
the circuitous route of Pektano r., 258 ms. n. w. 
Chicago, though only about 150 in direct course, 
142 above and s. w. fort Howard, at the mouth 
of Fox r., 150 ms. by the land route above Prai- 
rie due Chien at the mouth of Ouisconsin, and 
by actual calculation n. 57° w., 586 statute ms^ 
from W. C. 

Foster, p-t. Providence co. R. I. 15 ms. w. 
Providence ; well watered, and contains nu- 
merous sites for water works. Pop. 2,672. 

Fostertown, v. Evesham, Burlington co. N. 
J. 15 ms. E. Phil. 

Fotheringay, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by 
p-r. 201 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

FouLKSTowN, p-v. in the eastern part of Co- 
lumbiana CO. 0. by p-r. 166 ms. n. e. by. e. Co- 
lumbus, and 269 n. w. W. C. 

Fountain, co. of Ind. bndd. by Tippecanoe on 
the n. e., Montgomery e., Parke s., Wabash r. 
separating it from Vermillion, s. w., and Wa- 
bash r. again separating it from Warren w. and 
n. w. Greatest length along the eastern border 
30., mean breadth 16, and area 480 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 39° 58' to 40° 22' and in 
long, from 10° 06' to 10° 26' w. W. C. Slope 
south wstrd. towards the Wabash. Cf. t. Cov- 
ington. Pop. 7,619. 

Fountaindale, p-v. in the southern part of 
Adams co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. s. w. Harrisburg, 
and 71 n. W. C. 

Fountain Head, p-o. in the eastern part of 
Sumner co. Ten. 34 ras. n. e. Nashville. 



FOX 



160 



FRA 



Fountain of Health, p-o. Davidson co. Ten. 
6 ms. from Nashville. 

Fountain Inn and p-o. Chester co. Pa. 

Fountain Powder Mills and p-o. Hart co. 
Ky. by p-r. 101 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Fountain Spring, p-v. Warren co. Ten. by 
p-r. 72 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville, and 659 s. w. 
by w. W. C. 

FouRCHE a Renault, p-v. Washington co. Mo. 
by p-r. 128 ms. above and n. w. by w. Little 
Rock, and 921 ms. n. w. by w. i w. W. C. 

Four Corners, p-v. Huron co. O. by p-r. 404 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 125 n. Columbus. 

Four Mile Branch and p-o. Barnwell dist. 
S. C. by p-r. 90 ms. s. w. Columbia. 

Four Mile Prairie, p-o. Howard co. Mo. by 
p-r. 1,032 ms. w. W. C. and 214 ms. wstrd. St. 
Louis. 

Fowler, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on the 
Oswegatchie, 36 ms. s. Ogdensburgh. Well 
watered and timbered, and contains many sites 
for water works. It contains iron ore, and 
other valuable minerals. Pop. 1,437. 

Fowler, p-v. and tsp, in the northern part of 
Trumbull co. 0. The p-o. is by p-r. 12 ms. 
nthrd. from Warren, the co. St.. 309 n. w. W. 
C. and 169 n. e. Columbus. 

Fox r. of II. and Mich, the main nthrn. branch 
of II. rises at lat. 43° 30', between Rock r. and 
Manawakee r., and flowing thence by com- 
parative courses s. s. w. 160 ms., falls into II. 
at Otawa, 86 ms. s. w. Chicago. Fox river 
of Illinois receives no tributary streams of 
consequence ; its valley lies between those of 
Rock r., the upper II., and wstrd. from lake 
Michigan. That part of Fox r. which is com- 
prised in Michigan or the higher part of its 
course, is nearly parallel, and from 20 to 25 ms. 
distant from the wstrn. shore of lake Michigan. 

Fox R., confluent of Green bay, is composed 
of two main and numerous minor branches. The 
two principal branches are Fox r. proper, and 
Wolf r. Fox r. proper is that remarkable 
stream which derives its source from the level 
table land estrd. from the Ouisconsin. The two 
higher branches approach each other in nearly 
opposite directions, and uniting at fort Winne- 
bago, leave a portage of less than 2 ms. from 
the navigable channel of the Ouisconsin. These 
higher constituents of Fox r. from their re- 
spective courses, seem to be natural tributaries 
of Ouisconsin, but reflowing, if we may use the 
expression, back upon their own courses, deflect 
to the northward, assume the name of Fox r., 
and continuing to the nthrd. 20 ms. dilate into 
Buff'alo lake, and bend to the e. Buffalo lake, 
an intervening strait, and Puckawalake, occupy 
25 ms. of this curious r., which, leaving the lat- 
ter, inflects abruptly to the wstrd., again estrd., 
and flnally north estrd. The last course is main- 
tained 55 ms. to the influx of Wolf r, from the 
nthrd. Wolf r. has its sources interlocking 
with those of Ontonagon of lake Superior. 
Flowing thence s. s. e. 120 ms. unites with and 
loses its name in Fox r. Below the mouth of 
Wolf r., Fox r. inflecting to s. e. dilates into 
Menomonie lake, and thence with a short inter- 
vening strait, opens into the comparatively large 
Winnebago lake. The latter sheet of water 
stretches from s. to n. 30 ms. with a breadth va- 



rying from 2 to 10 ms. Fox r. enters its west- 
ern side near the middle, and issues from the 
northwestern angle. Below Winnebaga lake 
Fox r. inflects again to the n. e., but with an el- 
liptic curve to the estrd. 45 ms. comparative 
course to the head of Green bay at fort How- 
ard. The general course of Fox r, from the 
portage at fort Winnebago to its final eflux into 
Green bay, is a little e. of n. e., and distance, by 
comparative course, 130 ms. Such are, howev- 
er, the great and numerous inflections of the 
stream and lakes that the navigable distance 
perhaps exceeds 200 ms. The valley of Fox r. 
lies between that of Green bay and the upper 
Ouisconsin. In fact Green bay is the continua- 
tion and lower depression of the Fox r. valley, 
and both contribute to form links of the naviga. 
ble route from lake Mich, to the Misp. r. by the 
Ouisconsin. Including Wolf r. the Fox r. valley 
extends from lat. 43° jO' to 46°, and in long, 
from 10° to 12° 12' w. W. C. 

Fox, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 119 ms.N. 
w. Harrisburg. 

FoxBOROUGH, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 24 ms. 
s. w. Boston. Well watered and contains man- 
ufactories. Pop. 1830, 1,165. 

FoxBURG, p-v. at the extreme southern angle 
of Venango co. Pa. situated on the point be- 
tween and above the junction of Alleghany and 
Clarion rs. about 100 ms. n. n. e. Pittsburg. 

Foxcroft, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 35 ms. n. 
W.Bangor. Pop.- 677. 

Fox's CR. and p-o. Lawrence co. Ala. by p-r. 
129 ms. n. Tuscaloosa, and 758 s. w. by w. W. C. 

FoxTOWN, p-o. Madison co. Ky. 6 ms. n. w. 
Richmond, the co. st., and by p-r. 543 s. w. by 
w. J w. W. C. 

FoxviLLE, p-v. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 56 
ms. westward W. C. 

Foy's Store and p-o. Onslow co. N. C. by 
P-r. 410 ms. s. W. C. and 193 s. e. Raleigh. 

Framingham, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 20 ms. 
w. Boston. Finely watered by Sudbury r. a 
branch of Concord r. The manufacturing bu- 
siness is here carried on on a large scale. Pbp. 
2,313. 

Francestown, p.t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 12 ms. 
from Amherst, 55 from Hanover, 27 from Con- 
cord, and 60 from Boston. It contains a quarry 
ol free stone. Very eligibly situated for busi- 
ness, being on the great thoroughfare from 
Windsor to Boston. Pop. 1,541. 

Francisburg, p-v. Union co. Ky. by p-r. 204 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Franconia, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 28 ms. 
from Haverhill, 74 n. Concord, and 140 from 
Boston. A large proportion of the town is 
mountainous. There is a singular natural curi- 
osity in this to\vn, called the Profile, situated 
on a peak about 1,000 ft. high, presenting a front 
of solid rock, a side view of which exhibits a 
striking profile of the human face, every fea- 
ture being conspicuous. The town contains an 
iron mine, said to be inexhaustible, yielding the 
richest supply in the U. S. There are two iron 
manufactories in the town ; the ore of them is 
very extensive, manufacturing 12 to 15 tons per 
week. There is a highly impregnated mineral 
spring m the town. Pop. 447. 

Franconia, p-v, and tsp, Montgomery co. Pa, 



FRA 



161 



FRA 



The p-o. is 30 ms. n. w. Phil. The tsp. is on 
the s. side of the n. e. branch of Perkioming 
cr. Pop. 1820, 848, 1830, 998. 

Fkankforb, p-v., tsp. and borough, Phil. co. 
Pa. 5 ms, N. E. from the central part of the city 
of Phil. Pop. of the tsp. 1,633. 

Frankford, p-v. near the right bank of 
Greenbriar r. Greenbriar co. Va. 12 ms. n. n. e. 
Lewisburg, by p-r. 257 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Frankford, p-v. in the n. w. part of Pike co. 
Mo. 94 ms. N. \v. St. Louis. 

Frankfort, p-t. Waldo co. Me. w. Penob- 
scot r., head of navigation, 26 ms. N. Castine, 
12 s. Bangor. Pop. 2,487. 

Frankfort, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. on the 
Erie canal, in which town there are 3 locks on 
said canal, terminating the level from Salina, a 
distance of 69^ ms. without a lock. This town 
is situated s. of the Mohawk, 8 ms. w. Herki- 
mer, and 86 w. n. w. Albany. Pop. 2,620. 

Frankfort, t. Sussex co. N. J. Pop. 1,996. 

Frankfort, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. 25 ms. a little 
N. of w. Pittsburg, and 30 a little w. of n. 
Washington, Pa. 

Frankfort, p-v. near the right bank of Pat- 
terson's cr. northern part of Hampshire co. 
Va. 15 ms. s. Cumberland, Md. and by p-r. 119 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C 

Frankfort, p-t. st. jus. for Franklin co. and 
of government for the state of Ky. It is situa- 
ted on the right bank of Ky. r. 60 ms. above its 
junction with the Ohio, 24 ms. n. n. w. Lexing- 
ton, 53 a little s. of e. Louisville, by p-r. 86 s. s. 
w. Cincinnati, and 538 s., 83^ w. W. C. Lat. 
38° 12', long. 7° 52' w. W. C. The site of 
Frankfort is an alluvial plain highly elevated 
above the river, the banks of which are lime- 
stone, and which forms a fine curve, sweeping 
around the southern and western parts of the 
town. The river is about 100 yards wide, and 
the bottoms on both sides of it are broad, and 
liable to inundation. At seasons of high water, 
steamboats of 300 tons burthen, are navigated 
up to Frankfort, and the r. is navigable from 200 
ms. above (following the course of the stream) 
for boats descending. Frankfort contains a 
state house, built of rough marble, 86 by 54 ft. ; 
a court house, jail, penitentiary, bank, theatre, 
3 or 4 churches, and an academy ; also several 
manufactories of bagging, rope walks, powder 
mills, tobacco ware houses, &c. The town is 
generally well built, — many of the buildings, 
are of marble, and the business of the place is 
of considerable importance. In 1810 the pop. 
was 1,092, of whom 407 were slaves; in 1820, 
1,679, of whom 643 were slaves ; in 1830, 
1^680 — and including S. Frankfort, (with which 
it is connected by a bridge across the river,) 
1,987. 

Frankfort, p-v. and st. jus. Clinton co. Ind. 
by p-r. 620 miles northwest by west i w. W. C. 
and 50 ms. n. n. w. Indianopolis. It is situated 
on the South Fork of Wild Cat r. Lat. 40° 20', 
long. 9° 30' w. W. C. 

Franklin, t. Hancock co. Me. Pop. 382. 

Franklin, p-t. Merrimac co. N. H. on Merri- 
mac r. 18 ms. n. Concord. It was incorporated 
1828, and divided from Salisbury and Sanborn- 
ton. Pop. 1,370. 

Franklin, co. Vt. n. w. part of the state. — 



Bndd. N. by Lower Canada, e. Orleans co., s. 
Chittenden co., w. Grand Isle co., from which 
it is separated by a part of lake Champlain, 34 
ms.from e. to w. and about 33 from n. to s., con- 
taining 730 sq. ms. The cf. t. is St. Albans, a 
place of considerable business. The Missisque 
r. waters the n. part of this co. and the Lamo- 
ille the s. The e. part extends on to the west, 
ern range of the Green mtns. and is high and 
broken, the w. part is generally level, and is a 
very fine farming country. It began to be set. 
tied immediately after the close of the revolu- 
tion. Very fine marble is found in abundance in 
Swanton, and large quantities of iron ore in 
Highgate. Pop. 1820, 17,192, ] 830, 24,525. 

Franklin, p-t. n. part Franklin co. Vt. 36 ms. 
N. E. Burlington, and 51 n.w. Montpelier. Much 
injured by a large pond near the centre. Pop. 
1,229. 

Franklin, co. Mass. bndd. n. by N. H., e. by 
Worcester co., s. by Hampshire co., and w. by 
Berkshire. Watered by Connecticut, Deerficld, 
and Miller rs. Few tracts of country exceed 
this for the extent and value of its water pow- 
ers. Cf. t. Greenfield. Pop. 1820, 29,268, 
1830, 29,501. 

Franklin, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 26 ms. s. w. 
Boston. Finely watered by Charles r. and its 
branches, and is a flourishing manufacturing 
town. The Franklin cotton manufacturing 
company, was incorporated in 1813. Capital 
§200,000. In this town, is the private hospital 
of Dr. Nathaniel Miller, a distinguished physi- 
cian and surgeon of that place. Here also re- 
sides that eminent divine, Rev. Nathaniel Em- 
mons, D.D. Pop. 1,662. 

Franklin, p-t. New London co.. Conn., 34 ms. 
from Hartford. Diversified with hills and dales, 
best adapted to grazing. Watered by the She- 
tucket and a branch of the Yantic. 9 school 
dists. Pop. 1,196. 

Franklin, co. N. Y. on the n. line of the state, 
bndd. N. by Lower Canada, e. by Clinton and 
Essex COS., s. by Essex and Hamilton, and w. 
by St. Lawrence co. The w. line is 60 ms, 
long. Greatest breadth 30 ms. containing 1,506 
sq. ms. In the s. w. part are some lofty ridges 
of the Peru mtns., the rest is rather level than 
hilly. Small streams numerous. A number of 
small lak«s or ponds. Capable of being render- 
ed a pretty good farming country. Here are 
mines of iron ore, and some indications of other 
metals. Cf. t. Malone. Pop. 1820, 4,439, 1830, 
11,312. 

Franklin, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. on the Sus- 
quehannah, 13 ms. n. w. Delhi. Surface bro- 
ken, hilly, and mostly mountainous. Well wa. 
tered, and reputed healthy. Has various kinds 
of manufactories. Pop. 2,786. 

Franklin, t., Somerset co. N. .1. bounded by 
the Raritan and millstone r., and south by the 
county of Middlesex. This t. includes the N. 
J. part of New Brunswick. Pop. 3,352. 

Franklin, t., Bergen co. N. J. on the N. Y. 
line, bndd. n. w. by Pompton, s. e. by Harring- 
ton. Pop. 3,449. 

Franklin, t. Gloucester co. N. J. adjoins Sa- 
lem CO. E. of Woolwich and Greenwich. Pop. 
1,574. 

Franklin, co. of Pa. bndd. by Bedford w., 



FRA 



162 



FRA 



Huntingdon n. w., Mifflin n., Perry and Cumber, 
land N. E., Adams e., and Washington, Md. s. 
Length s. to n. 40 ms., mean breadth 18, and 
area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 43' 
to 40° 18', and in long, from 0° US' to 1° 09' w. 
W. C. This CO. is bndd. on the e. by the con- 
tinuation in Pa. of the Blue Ridge, and is tra- 
versed in a N. N. E. direction by several chains 
of the Appalachian system. The slope of the 
southern and central parts are towards the Po- 
tomac, and down which flow the various branch- 
es of the Conecocheague and Antictam creeks, 
in nearly a southern direction. The Conedog- 
winnet rises in the northern section, and flows 
N. E. towards the Susquehannah. The great 
valley of the Conedogwinnet and Conecocheague, 
for in reality these two streams flow in op. 
posite directions along the same valley, has a 
limestome base towards the Blue Ridge, and 
one of clay slate towards the Kittatinny, or as 
there locally called, the North or Blue mtn. 
Franklin co. may, with the exception of the n. 
E. and s. E. sections, be considered as nearly 
co-extensive with the valley of the Coneco- 
cheague. The soil, especially where resting on 
limestone strata, highly productive in grain, 
grasses, and fruit. Chief town, Chambersburg. 
Pop. 1820, 31,892, 1830, 35,103. 

FR4NKLii\, p-t. borough and st. jus. Venango 
CO. Pa. situated on the right bank of Alleghany 
r. and French cr. at their junction, 70 ms. n. 
Pittsburg, and about 65 a little e. of s. Erie. 
Lat. 41° 24', long. 2" 55' w. W. C. Pop. 410. 

Franklin, tsp. Adams co. Pa., on Marsh cr., 
another of York co., on the head of Bermudian 
cr., another in the nthrn. part of Huntingdon co., 
another in Westmoreland co. on the head wa- 
ters of Poketon's and Turtle cr., and another in 
Green co. on the s. fork of Ten Mile cr. 

Franklin, co. of Va. bndd. e. by Pittsylvania ; 
s. e. and s. by Henry, s. w. by Patrick, by the 
Blue Ridge which separates it from Floyd s. w., 
Montgomery w., and Botetourt n , and by Roan- 
oke r. which separates it from Bedford n. e., 
length 30, mean breadth 25, and area 750 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 46' to 37° 13', 
in long, from 2° 41' to 3° 18' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is to the e. and s. e., and down 
which flow, beside Roanoke r., Black Water, 
Pig, and Irwine rs. The elevation of surface, 
about equal to that of the adjoining co. of Bed- 
ford, or about 650 feet above the ocean tides. 
It comprises a part of the valley between Blue 
Ridge, and Turkey Cock mtn. and is moderate- 
ly hilly, soil productive. Cf. t. Rocky Mount. 
Pop. 1820, 12,017, 1830, 14,911. 

Franklin, p-t. and st.jus. Pendleton co. Va., on 
the middle branch of the s. fork of Potomac, by 
p-r. 171 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 171 n. w. by 
•w. Richmond. Lat. 38° 42', and long. 2° 26' 
w. W. C. 

Franklin, co. of N. C, bndd. s. w. by Wake, 
N. w. by Granville, n. e. by Warren, and s. e. by 
Nash. Length 30, mean breadth 18, and area 
540 sq. ms., lying between lat. 35° 49' and 36° 
16', and long. 1° 02' to 1° 32' w. W. C. Tar r. 
enters it from the n. w., and flowing s. easterly, 
divides it into nearly equal sections. The en- 
tire slope of the co. is to the s. e. Cf. t. Louis- 
burg. Pop. 1820, 9,741, 1830, 10,665. 



Franklin, p-v. and st.jus. Haywood co. N. C. 
by p-r. 311 ms. wstrd. Raleigh and 18 w. 
Waynesville. 

Franklin, co. of Geo., bndd. s. e. by Elbert, 
s. by Madison, s. w. by Jackson, w. by Hall, 
N. w. by Habersham, and n. e. by Tugaloo r. 
separating it from Pickens dist. S. C. Length 
from. s. w. to n. e. 34 ms., mean breadth 20 ms., 
and area 680 sq. ms. Extending from lat. 34° 
10' to 34° 38', and in long, from 5° 50' to 6° 33' 
w. W. C. The slope of this co. is s. estrd. with 
the general course of Tugaloo r. The central 
and wstrn. sections are, however, drained by and 
are nearly commensurate with the higher 
branches of the n. fork of Broad r. Cf. t. Carnes- 
ville. Pop. 10,107. 

Franklin, p-v. Troup co. Geo. by p-r. 762 
ms. s. w. W. C. and 143 w. Milledgeville. 

Franklin, one of the northwestern cos. of 
Ala. bndd. n. by Ten. r. separating it from Lau. 
derdale, e. by Lawrence co., s. e. by Walker, s. 
w. by Marion, and w. by the Chickasav/ territo- 
ry of Ala. Greatest length along the eastern 
boundary 38 ms. mean width 18, and area 684 
sq. ms. extending in lat. from 34° 18', and in 
long, from 10° 36' to 11° 04' w. W. C. The 
southern part slopes to the northwestward, and 
is drained by the sources of Bear cr., the north, 
em part falls to the n. towards Ten. r. Cf. ts. 
Russellville, Tuscurabia, and Bainbridge. Pop. 
11,078. 

Franklin, p-v. in the northern part of Henry 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 850 ms. s. w. W. C. and 238 s. 
E. Tuscaloosa. 

Franklin, co. of Misp. bndd. w. by Adams, 
N. w. by Jefferson, n. e. by Copiah, e. by Law- 
rence, s. e. by Pike, s. by Amite, and s. w. by 
Wilkinson. Length from e. to w. 36 ms. mean 
breadth 20, area 720 sq. ms. lying between lat. 
31° 22', and 31° 40', and long. 13° 40' and 14° 
18' w. W. C. It is chiefly drained by the various 
branches of Homochitto r. though the extreme 
sources of Amite rise in the southeastern angle ; 
soil near the water courses productive, but in 
the intervals barren pine woods. Staple, cotton. 
Surface moderately hilly. Cf. t, Meadville. 
Pop. 1820, 3,881, 1830, 4,622. 

Franklin, p-v. Yazoo co. Misp. by p-r. 1,037 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 120 n. e. Natchez. 

Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. St. Mary's parish, 
La. by p-r. 1,344 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 141 
a little s. of w. New Orleans. It is situated on 
the Teche r. 22 ms. above its mouth, lat. 29° 
52', long. 14° 37' w. W. C. 

Franklin, co. of Ten. bndd. w. by Lincoln, n. 
w. by Bedford, n. e. by Warren, e. and s. e. by 
Cumberland mtn. which separates it from Ma. 
rion, and by Jackson co. in Ala., length from 
the Ala. line n. n. e. 42 ms., mean breadth 20, 
and area 840 sq. ms. lying between lat. 35° and 
35° 34', and long. 8° 36' and 9° 21' w. W. C, 
Falling by a not very rapid declivity from Cum. 
berland mtn., this co. discharges from its north- 
ern extremity the extreme sources of Duck r. 
flowing westward, whilst the central and south- 
ern parts are drained by the higher branches of 
Elk, Paint, Rock, and other streams, flowing to 
the s. w. and s. into Ten. r. Though broken, 
the soil is productive. Cf. t. Winchester, the 
St. jus. near the centre, Metcalf boro', in the n. 



FRA 



163 



FRA 



E. and Salem s. w. Pop. 1820, 16,571, 1830, 
15,626. 

Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Williamson co. 
Ten. by p-r. 732 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 18 
ms. a little w. of s. Nashville. It is situated on 
Harpeth r. Lat. 35° 53', long. 9° 50' w. W. C. 

Franklin, co. of Ky. bndd. w. by Shelby, n. 
w. by Henry, n. by Owen, e. by Scott, s. e. by 
Woodford, and s. w. by Anderson. Length 20, 
mean breadth lO, and area 200 sq. ms. lying 
between lat. 38° 06' and 38° 24', and long. 7° 42' 
and 7° 59' w. W. C. Ky. r. enters from the s. 
and traversing in a direction nearly n. divides 
this CO. into two not very unequal sections. 
Elkhorn r. also traverses the e. part, entering 
from Scott and falling into Ky. r. about 8 ms. 
below Frankfort. In 1820, the population 
amounted to 11,024, but it then included what is 
now comprised in Anderson. Cf. t. Frankfort, 
the St. of government of the State. In 1830, 
the pop. was 9,254. 

Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Simpson co. Ky. 
situated on Drakes cr. branch of Big Banner r. 
and on the road from Nashville in Ten. to Bow- 
ling Green in Ky. 55 ms. a little e. of n. from 
the former and 22 a little w. of s. from the lat- 
ter place, and by p-r. 162 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 
Lat. 3tj° 44', and long. 9° 29' w. W. C. Pop. 
280. 

Franklin, co. O. bndd. s. by Pickaway, s. w. 
and w. by Madison, n. w. by Union, n. by Dela- 
ware, n. e. by Licking, and s. e. by Fairfield. 
Length 25, mean breadth 22, and area 550 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 37' to 40° 08' 
and in long, from 5° 44' to 6° 16' w. W. C. 
The slope is directly southward, and in that 
direction the co. is traversed by Whetstone and 
Sciota rs. which, entering on the northern 
border, and uniting between Franklin and Co- 
lumbus, the combined waters, assuming the 
name of Sciota, continue south over the residue 
of the CO. The eastern side is also traversed in a 
southern course by Big Walnut, as is the west- 
ern by Darby cr. The soil is productive. Cf. t. 
Columbus, St. jus. for the co. and cap. of the 
state. Pop. 1820, 10,291, 1830, 14,741. 

Franklin, p-v. Warren co. O. {See Frank- 
lington, same co. and state.) 

Franklin, co. Ind. bndd. by Dearborne s., 
Ripley s. w., Decatur w.. Rush n. w., Fayette, 
and Union n., and Butler co. of 0. e. Length 
24, breadth 21, and area 504 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 39° 17' to 39° 33', and in long, from 
7° 52' to 8° 17' w. W.C. This co. is almost en- 
tirely comprised in the valley of White Water 
r. the main volume of which traverses it from 
N. w. to s. E. The surface rather hilly. Cf. t. 
Brookville. Pop. 1820, 10,763, 1830, 10,190. 
The apparent decline in pop. of this co. ought 
to be explained. In 1820, it contained great 
part of what is now comprised in Fayette and 
Union co. 

Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Johnson co. Ind. 
by p-r. 20 ms. a little e. of s. Indianopolis, and 
593 westward W. C. It is situated on a small 
tributary of the Driftwood fork of White r., lat. 
39° 30', long. 9° 05' w. W. C. 

Franklin, co. of II. bounded by Johnson s.. 
Union s. w., Jackson w.. Perry n. w., Jefferson 
N., Hamilton n. e., and Gallatin e. ; length 



from s. to N. 36, breadth 24, and area 864 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 37' to 38° 08', 
and in long, from 11° 47' to 12° 14' w. W. C. 
The body of this co. is about equi-distant from 
the Misp. r. on the w., and the Wabash and 
Ohio on the e. It is a table land from which 
Muddy cr. and its branches flow s. wstrd. into 
the Misp. and the wstrn. confluents of Saline r. 
s. estrd. into Ohio r. Though rather level it 
has therefore two slopes, that on the wstrn. side 
towards the Misp., and that on the e. towards 
the Ohio. Cf. t. Frankfort. Pop. 1820, 1,763, 
1830, 4,083. 

Franklin, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co, II., by 
p-r. 802 ms. a little s. of w. W. C, and 102 a 
little e. of s. Vandalia. 

Franklin, co. of Mo. bndd. n. e. by St. Louis 
CO., E. by Jefferson, s. e. by Washington, s. w. 
CO. unknown, w. by Gasconade, n. w. by Mis- 
souri r. separating it from Montgomery, and n. 
by Missouri r, separating it from St. Charles co. 
Length 36 ms. mean breadth 30, and area 1080 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 10' to 38° 
44', and in long, from 13° 44' to 14° 20' w. W. C. 
The slope of this co. is to the n. estwd. and the 
surface about equally divided between the val- 
lies of Merrimac and Missouri. The sthrn. and 
s. estrn. parts are drained by the former, whilst 
the nthrn. section is drained by short crs. into 
Missouri. The surface is hilly. Cf. t. Union, 
Pop. 1820, 2,379, 1830, 3,484. 

Franklin, p-v. Howard co. Mo., about 188 
ms. a little n. of w. St. Louis. Neither dis- 
tance nor relative position given in the p.o. list. 
This Franklin is a distinct p-o. from Old Frank- 
lin in the same co. (-See Old Franklin.) 

Franklin, p-v. in the n. wstrn. part of Oak- 
land CO. Mich., by p-r. 7 ms. n. w. Pontiac, the 
CO. St., ;33 N. w. Detroit, and 559 n. westerly 
from W. C. 

Franklin Academy, and p-o. Upson co. Geo. 
by p-r. 82 ms. wstrd. Milledgeville. 

Franklindale, p-o, Bradford co. Pa., by p-r, 
169 ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Franklin Furnace andp-o. Sciota co.O. by p-r. 
106 ms. sthrd. Columbus, and 434 wstrd. W. C. 

Franklin Mills, and p-o. Portage co. O., by 
p-r. 326 ms. n, westerly from W, C, and 133 
N. e. by E, Columbus. 

Franklin Settlement, Chicot co. Ark., by 
p-r. Ill ms. s. e. Little Rock. 

Franklin Square, and p-o., in the nthrn, part 
of Columbiana CO. Ohio, by p-r. 288 ms. n. wes- 
terly from W, O., and 158 n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Franklinton, p-v. on Sciota r. Franklin co. 
Ohio, situated directly opposite Columbus. 
Pop. 331. 

Franklinton, p-v. in Franklin tsp. n. w. angle 
of Warren co. Ohio, 1 1 ms. n. n. w. Lebanon 
the CO. St., and by p-r. 481 wstrd. W. C, and 
84 s. w. by w, Columbus. Pop. 584, 

Franklintown, p-v, and st jus. parish of 
Washington, La., situated on the Bogue Chitto 
river, 60 ms. a little w. of n. New Orleans, and 
84 nearly due e. St. Francisville, lat. 30° 50', in 
long. 13° 8' w. W. C. 

Franklintown, p-v. in the northwestern part 
of York CO. Pa. by p-r. 17 miles s. s. w. Harris- 
burg, and by direct road about 22 n. w. the bo- 
rough of York. 



FRE 



164 



FRE 



Fkankltnville, p-t. Cattaraugus CO. N. Y. 60 
ms. s. Buffalo, 279 w. Albany. Pop. 903. 

Franklinville, p-v. and st. jus. Lowndes co. 
Geo. by p-r. 829 ms. s. s. w, ^ w. W. C. and 
187 s. MilledgeviUe. 

Fbankstown, Branch, northwestern constitu- 
ent of the Juniatta, rises in the eastern slopes 
of the Alleghany chain, between the sources of 
Raystown branch and those of Bald Eagle 
creek. The sources of Frankstown are extend, 
ed from the n. e. angle of Bedford, over the 
northwestern part of Huntingdon into Centre 
county. Flowing like radii from the circumfer- 
ence to the centre of a circle, the numerous 
branches of this river unite in Huntingdon co. 
near the village of Petersburg, vi^here assuming 
a course of s. southeast passes the borough of 
Huntingdon and two miles below unites with 
Raystown branch and forms the Juniatta. The 
two constituents of Juniatta above their junction 
drain a space 65 miles by SS, or 1,625 square 
miles, composed of lateral mtn. chains andnar- 
rov/, but in many places highly productive vales. 
The immediate valley of Frankstown branch 
has become of great statistical importance from 
being a part of the route of the Pa. canal. 

Frankstown, tsp. of Huntingdon co. Pa, on 
Frankstown branch. Pop. 1820, exclusive of 
the two villages of Frankstown and HoUadays- 
burg, 1,297. 

Fkankstown, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. in 
Frankstown tsp. situated on the left bank of 
Frankstown river, 20 ms. a little s. of w. from 
the borough of Huntingdon. It is at the village 
of Frankstown that the eastern section of trans- 
versed division of the Pennsylvania canal con- 
nects with the rail-road over the Alleghany mtn. 
The village or point of connection is 910 ft. 
above the level of Atlantic tides, and the sum- 
mit level of the rail road, has a similar relative 
elevation of 2,291 ft. 

Frazer, p-v. in the vi'estern part of Chester 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 128 ms. n. e. W. C. and 74 east- 
ward Harrisburg. 

Fkederica, p-v. Kent co. Delaware, 13 ms. 
s. Dover. Pop. 1820, 250. 

Frederica, p-v. and sea port, on St. Simons 
islands, Glynn co. Geo. 12 ms. s. Darien, and by 
p-r. 198 ms. s. e. MilledgeviUe. 

Frederick, tsp. of Montgomery co. Pa. on 
the right side of Perkiomen cr. 9 ms. n.e. Potts- 
town. Pop. 1820, 927. 

Fredertck, CO. of Maryland, bndd. n. by 
Adams, and n. e. by York co. Pa., the s. e. mtn. 
forms its boundary from the mouth of Monoca- 
cy to the Pa. line, separating it on the e. from 
Baltimore, and on the s. e. from Ann Arundel 
and Montgomery cos. On the s. w. the Poto- 
mac r. between the s. e. mtn. and Blue Ridge, 
separates it from Loudon co. Va., and on the w. 
the Blue Ridge constitutes its line of separation 
from Washington co. Maryland. Length from 
s> w. to N. E. 42 ms., mean breadth 18, and 
area 776 sq. ms. Lying between lat. 39° 14' 
and 39® 43', and between 8' e, and 39' w.W. C. 
Except its higher sources in Adams co. in Pa. 
the valley of Monocacy is entirely in, and to- 
gether with the small valley of Cotoctin cr., on 
the s. w. is commensurate with, Frederick co. 
in Maryland. A minor ridge, the Cotoctin mtn. 



detaches from the Blue Ridge, in the n. w. part 
of Frederick, stretches in a southwardly direc- 
tion between the Cotoctin and Monocacy val- 
lies, terminates near the Potomac r. at the 
mouth of Monocacy cr. With the exception of 
the Cotoctin ridge, though Frederick is bound- 
ed on two sides by mtns., the surface is not 
very hilly, and in places it is level. The soil 
is generally fertile in grain, fruit and pasturage. 
It is one of the best cultivated sections of Md. 
Cf. t. Frederick. Pop. 1820, 40,459, 1830, 
45,793. 

Frederick, city, p-t. and st. jus. Frederick 
CO. Maryland, situated on the great western 
road from Baltimore, 47 ms. westward from 
the latter, 2 ms. w. from Monocacy bridge, and 
by p-r. 44 ms. n. n. w. W. C. Lat. 39° 24', 
long. 0° 24' w. W. C. Pop. 1830, 7,255. Fred- 
erick is in size, wealth, and the elegance of its 
buildings, the second town of Maryland, and 
is increasing in all respects. The adjacent 
country is pleasant aud well cultivated. 

Frederick, co. Va. bndd on the n. w by the 
Kittatinny chain, in part which separates it from 
Hampshire, on the n. w. it reaches Morgan, n. 
Berkley, n. e. Jefferson. The Blue Ridge sep- 
arates it on the e. from Loudon, and on the s. 
E. from Fauquier. Page co. is its s. boundary, 
and Shenandoah s. v/. Length 33 ms. mean 
width 20, containing 660 sq. ms. Lying be- 
tween lat. 38° 50', and 39° 25', long. 0° 48', 
and 1° 28' w. W. C. The surface of this co. 
is very much diversified by hill, and mtn. scene, 
ry, and by diversity of soil. It occupies s. from 
the Potomac part of the continuation of the 
great valley, in which are situated Lebanon, 
the lower part of Dauphin, the greatest part of 
Cumberland and Franklin cos. Pennsylvania, 
and Jefferson and Berkley cos. Virginia. The 
Shenandoah r. traverses the southestrn. border 
meandering along the northwestern base of the 
Blue Ridge. Opequan, Back and Sleepy crs. 
flowing N. N. E. into the Potomac, also rise in 
Frederick. The slope of the county is of 
course northestrd. in a similar direction with 
the streams. The ground near Harper's Ferry 
and along the Potomac is about 200 fc. above 
tide water, and allowing a similar rise from the 
Potomac, the mean height of Frederick would 
be about 400 It. The soil of this county is high- 
ly productive, though the face of the county is 
considerably broken by mtn. ridges. Cf. t. Win- 
chester. Population 1820, 24,706, 1830, 26,046. 

Fredericsburg, port of entry, p-t. and st. jus. 
Spottsylvania co. Virginia, situated on the right 
bank of the Rappahannoc r. by p-r. 57 ms. s. s. 
w. W. C. and 66 ms. a little e. of n. Richmond. 
Lat. 38° 19' long. 0° 28' w. W. C. Placed at 
the head of tide water this is a very prosper- 
ous port ; vessels of 140 tons can be navigated 
to the foot of the falls. The staples of domes- 
tic produce, grain, with its products, tobacco, 
&c. Pop. 3,308. 

Fredericksburg, p-v. on the left bank of Ohio 
river, in the n. e. angle of Gallatin co. Ky. about 
40 ms. directly n. Frankfort. 

Fredericksburg, p-v. in the northern part of 
Holmes co. O. 8 ms. n. Millersburg, the co. st. 
by p-r. 342 n. w. by w. W. C. and 95 northeast- 
ward from Columbus. 



FRE 



165 



FRE 



Frederickton, (see city of Frederick, Fred- 
erick co. Maryland.) 

Fredericktown, p-v. on Monongahela r. be- 
low the mouth of Ten Mile cr. in the southeas- 
tern angle of Washington co. Pennsylvania, 22 
ms. s. E. Washington the co. seat, by p-r. 213 s. 
w. by w. W. C. and 206 a little s. of \v. Harris- 
burg. 

Fredericktown, p-v. on Ky. r. northwestern 
angle of Washington co. Ky. 8 ms. n. w. 
Springfield, the co. seat, by p-r. 610 ms. s. w. 
by w. i w. W. C. and 59 s. w. Frankfort. Pop. 58. 

Fredericktown, p-v. in Wayne tsp. northern 
part of Knox co. Ohio, 7 ms. a little w. of n. 
Mount Vernon, the co. seat, by p-r. 382 ms. n. 
w. by w. W. C. and 52 n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 
161. 

Fredericktown, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. 
Mo. by p-r. 894 ms. a little s. of w. W, C. 90 
ms. s. St. Louis, and 40 ms. s. w. St. Gene- 
vieve. It is situated on one of the northwes- 
tern branches of St. Francis r. lat. 37=' 32', 
long. 13° 21' w.W. C. 

Fredonia, p-v. Chatauq,ue co, N. Y. {See 
Pomfret.) 

Fredonia, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. Indi- 
ana, by p-r. 632 ms. westward W. C. and 122 
8. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Fredonia, p-v. Montgomery co. Tenn. by p.r. 
55 ms. N. w. Nashville. 

Freeburg, p-v. Union co. Pa. 10 ms. s. s. e. 
New Berlin, and by p r. 48 ms. a little w. of n. 
Harrisburg. 

Freedensburg, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. 10 ms. 
s. w. Orwicsburg, and by p-r. 53 ms. n. e. Har- 
risburg. 

Freedom, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 28 ms. n. w. 
Augusta. Pop. 867. 

Freedom, t. Strafford co. N. H. separated 
since the census of 1830, (in 1831) from Ef- 
fingham. 

Freedom, p-v. Dutchess co. N. Y. 8 ms. e. 
Poughkeepsie, well watered, and has a good 
supply of mill seats. A good tsp. of land, and 
highly cultivated. Has various kinds of mami- 
factories. 

Freedom, p-t. Cateraugus co. N. Y. 18 ms. 
N. E. EUicottville. First rate as to soil, timber, 
and face of the country very level. Well wa- 
tered. Pop. ],505. 

Freedom, p-v. in the northern part of Balti- 
more CO. Md. about 30 ms. n. n. w. Baltimore, 
and by p-r. 63 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Freedom, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Portage co. Ohio, and in the tsp. of the same 
name. The p-v. 9 ms. n. w, Ravenna, the co. 
seat, by p-r. 328 n. w. W. C. and 141 n. e. Co- 
lumbus. Pop. tsp. 341. 

Freehold, or Monmouth, p-t. and st. jus. 
Monmouth co, N. J. 20 ms. s. e. New Bruns- 
wick, 30 E. Trenton. Pop. 5,481. A battle 
was fought in this town June 28, 1778. 

Freehold, Upper, t. Monmouth co. N. J. 
bndd. N. e. by Freehold, n. w. by Middlesex co., 
w. by Burlington, s. e. by Dover. Pop. 4,826. 

Freeman, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 38 ms. n. w. 
Norridgewock. Pop. 724. 

Freemansburg, p-v. in the southern- part of 
Northampton co. Pa. by p-r. 187 ms. n, e. W. 
C. and 97 ms. a little n, of e. Harrisburg. 

22 



Freeman's Creek, and p-o. Lewis county, 
Virginia, by p-r. 249 ms. westward W. C. 

Freeman's Store, and p-o. Jones co. Geo. 26 
ms. westward Milledgeville. 

Freeman's Store. {See Green Hill, Jone9 
CO. Geo.) 

Freemason's Patent, N. Y. 5000 acres,, 
granted June 12, 1771, then in Albany co. now 
in Oneida and Herkimer cos.. 

Freeport, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. head of 
Casco bay, 20 ms. n. Portland. Pop. 1830, 
2,623. 

Freeport, t. Livingston co. N. Y. 10 ms. s. 
E. of Geneseo. 

Freeport, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. on the Al- 
leghany r. above the mouth of Buffalo creek, 
and about 2 ms. below the mouth of Kiskimini. 
tas r. 15 ms. by land below Kittanning, and 25. 
above Pittsburg. 

Freeport, p-v. in Freeport tsp. and in the 
southwestern part of Harrison co. Ohio, 12 ms., 
westward from Cadiz, the co. st. and by p-r. 297 
s. w. by w. W. C. and 107 a little n, of e. Co- 
lumbus. Pop. village, 211, and of the tsp. ex- 
clusive of the village, 980. 

Freetown, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 40 ms. s. 
Boston, and 9 s. e. Taunton. Pop. 1,909. 

Freetown, t. Cortland co. N. Y. about 9 ms. 
s. e. Homer, and 142 w. Albany. Pop. 1,054. 

French Broad, r. of N. C. and Tenn. form, 
ed by two branches, French Broad and Nola- 
chucky. The French Broad rises in the Blue 
Ridge at the extreme southern part of Bun- 
combe CO. N. C. Flowing thence in a north- 
wardly direction 50 ms. comparative course, 
receiving tributary creeks from the Blue Ridge 
on one side, and a ridge of hills on the other, 
turns to N. w. and at the Warm Springs travers- 
es the Bald mtn. and enters Tenn. Continuing 
the latter course 20 ms. receives Pigeon r. from 
the left, and 5 ms. below joins the Nolachucky. 
Pigeon r. branch rises in Haywood, N. C. and 
flowing by a course of n. n. w. 50 ms. also trav- 
ersing the Bald mtn. joins the French Broad as 
already noticed. The Nolachucky, similar to: 
the French Broad, derives its higher sources 
from the Blue Ridge, in the northern part of 
Buncombe co. The various branches travers- 
ing the mtn. valley, unite, and on the sthestrn. 
side of the chain, form a river, which breaking 
through Bald mtn, enters Tenn. Here as- 
suming a western course, over the southern an- 
gle of Washington co. and separating Greene 
and Jefferson cos. from Cocke, it joins the 
French Broad r. almost exactly on lat. 36°^. — 
The united stream, by a general western course, 
but with a southern curve, after traversing Jef. 
ferson and Sevier cos. enters Knox, and falls 
into Holston r. 4 or 5 ms. above Knoxville, after 
an entire comparative course from the sources 
of French Broad of 120 ms. The whole valley 
drained by the various confluents of this stream 
forms a triangle of 90 ms. base and 70 perpen- 
dicular, area 3,150 sq. ms. 

FRENch cr. a large branch of the Alleghany 
r. of the 0. heads in Clymer, Chatauque co. N. 
Y. 10 ms. s. lake Erie.. 

French cr. absurdly so called, rises in Cha- 
taque co. N. Y. Flowing thence s. w. 20 ms. 
enters Erie co. Pa. where gradually curving to s. 



FRO 



166 



FUN 



s. w. and s. receives the Cussawago at Mead- 
ville, and still curving, turns to s. e. and finally 
joins the Alleghany r. at Franklin, after a com. 
parative course of 80 ms. having drained part of 
Chatauque co. N. Y., the central parts of Erie 
and Crawford, with the nrthestrn. part of Mer- 
cer and the nrthwstrn. of Venango co. Fa. It is 
navigable into Erie co. within a few ms. from 
Waterford. 

French cr. and p-o. Lewis co. Va. by p-r. 
267 ms. wstrd. from Richmond. 

French cr. p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 60 ms. 
s. w. Buffalo, 356 w. Albany. Population 1830, 
420. 

French Grant, p-v. Sciota co. O. by p-r. 420 
ms. westward W. C. and 111 southward Colum- 
bus. 

Frenchman's Bay, Me. between Mt. Desert 
isl. and the peninsula of Goldsboro' long. 68° 
w. lat. 44° 20'. 

French Mills, v. (See Fort Covington.) 

French's Mills and p-o. Bradford co. Pa. by 
p-r. 268 ms. n. W. C. and 162 n. n. e. Harris, 
burg. 

French's Mills and p-o. Onslow co. N. C. 
by p-r. 405 ms. s. W. C. and 188 s. e. by e. 
Raleigh. 

Frenchtown, p-v. Hunterdon co. N. J. on Del. 
r. 30 ms. above Trenton. 

Friend's Grove, p-v. Charlotte co. Va. by p-r. 
195 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 104 s. w. by w. Rich, 
mond. 

Friendship, t. Lincoln co. Me. 30ms.E. Wis- 
casset. Pop. 634. 

Friendship, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 13 ms. 
s. w. Angelica. Pop. 1,502. 

Friendship, p-v. Ann Arundel co. Md. by p-r. 
40 ms. from Annapolis. 

Friendship, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Sumpter 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 501 ms. sthwstrd. W. C. and 
64 s. e. Columbia. 

Friendsville, p-v. in n. w. part of Susque. 
hanna co. Pa. on the road from Montrose to 
Owego ; 12 ms. n. w. from the former, and 25 
s. E. from the latter, and by p.r. 166 n. n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

Frog's Point. {See Throg's Point.) 

Front Royal, p-v. in the extreme south- 
eastern part of Frederick co. Va., 20 miles a 
little E. of s. Winchester, and by p-r. 74 w. 
W. C. 

Frostburg, p-v. Alleghany co. Md., situated 
on the united road, and on the Back-bone, or Al. 
leghany mtn., at an elevation of 1,792 ft. above 
the Atlantic tides ; 9 ms. w. and 1,155 feet above 
Cumberland on the Potomac, and by p.r. 145 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Frost Run, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa., 6 ms. 
above Williamsport, and 101 above Harrisburg 
by p-r. 

Frost's Ikon Works, and p-o. in the wstrn. 
part of Stokes co. N. C. by p.r. 6 ms. wstrd. from 
Germantown the co. seat, 361 s. w. W. C. and 
133 n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Frostville, p-v., in the n. wstrn. part of 
Cuyahoga co. O., by p-r. 368 ms. n. w. W. C. 
and !36 n. e. Columbus. 

Frozen Run, p-v. formerly called Lycoming, 
in Lycoming tsp. Lycoming co. Pa. See Ly. 
coming tsp. 



Fruit Hill, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa., by p-r. 
179 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Fruit's, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Callaway 
CO. Mo., by p-r. 951 ms. w. W. C, 48 n. Jeffer- 
son, and 150 n. w. by w. St. Louis. 

Fryrburg, p-t. Oxford co. Me. on the Saco, 
which here has a remarkable bend, winding for 
36 ms. through the town. The village of Frye- 
burg stands on a plain, surrounded on all sides 
except towards the s. by lofty mountains. It 
contains a flourishing academy, whose funds 
consist of 15,000 acres of land. It is 60 ms. n. 
w. of Portland, and 120 n. by e. of Boston. Pop, 
1,353. 

Frysburg, p-v. in the estrn. angle of Lehigh 
CO. Pa., 12 ms. s. e. Allentown, 12 ms. s. Beth- 
lehem, and by p-r. 102 ms. n. e. by e. Harris- 
burg. 

FuLGHAMPTON, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Copiah 
CO. Misp., about 50 ms. s. w. Jackson, and an 
equal distance ^. e. by e. Natchez. 

Fullwood's Store, and p-o. Mecklenburg co. 
by p-r. 152 ms. sthwrd. from Raleigh. 

Fulton, p-t. Schoharrie co. N. Y., 42 ms. w. 
Albany. Pop. 1,604. 

Fulton, p-v. Rowan co. N. C, by p-r. 137 ms. 
wstrd. from Raleigh. 

Fulton, p.o. Sumpter dist. S. C, on the road 
from Eutaw Springs to Statesburg, by p.r. 51 
ms. s. E. Columbia. 

Fulton, p-v. in the n. estrn. part of Tipton co. 
Tennessee by p-r. 2l8 miles s. w. by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Fulton, p-v. Hamilton co. 0., 3 ms. estrd. 
Cincinnati, by p-r. 494 w. W. C. and 109 s. w. 
by w. Columbus. 

Fui.TON, p-v. and st. jus. Callaway co. Mo., by 
p-r. 967 ms. w. W. C, 32 n. n. e. Jefferson, and 
150 a little n. of w. St. Louis. Lat. 39° 11' 
and long. 14° 52' w. W. C. 

Fulton, Fulton co. II. (See Lewistown, Ful. 
ton CO. II.) 

Fulton co. of II. bndd. s. w. by Schuyler, w. 
by Macdonough, n. w. by Warren, n. by Knox, 
N. E. by Peoria, and s. e. by Illinois r., separat- 
ing it from Tazewell. Length from s. to n. 33 
ms., mean breadth 24, and area 792 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 40° 12' to 40° 42', and in 
long, from 12° 50' to 13° 25' w. W. C. This co. 
is chiefly drained by the Kickapoo cr. The 
slope s. estrds. towards Illinois r. The latter 
stream opposite to the upper part of the co. di. 
lates into Peoria lake, a sheet of water upwards 
of 20 ms. in length, with a breadth from ^ a m. 
to 2 ms. The face of the co. is diversified by 
hill and dale; soil highly fertile. Cf. t. Peoria, 
called in the post office list Fulton. Population 
1,841. 

FuLTONHAM, p.v. in the wstrn. part of Mus- 
kingum CO. 0., by p.r. 345 ms. n. w. by w. \ w. 
W.C. and 55 e. Columbus. 

FuNDY, bay of, sets up between Cape Sable in 
Nova Scotia, and Mt. Desert isl. Me. The tides 
at Cumberland, N. B. at the head of the bay, and 
at some other places, often rise to the height of 
70 ft. in the spring; and from 30 to 60 ft. at 
other points along the bay. 

FuNKSTowN, p-v. on the left bank of Antictam 
cr. Washington co. Md., 3. ms. s. s. e. Hagers- 
town, and 22 n. w. from the city of Frederick. 



GAL 



167 



GAL 



Gadsden, co. of Flor., bndd. s. by the Gulf of 
Mexico, by the Appalachicola r. which sepa- 
rates it from Washingtoa w., Jackson n. w., n. 
by Decatur co. Geo., and on the e. the Ock- 
lockonne r., which separates it from Leon co. 
Flor. Length from Gape St. George, including 
Appalachicola bay, 75 ms., mean breadth 28, 
and area 2,100 sq. ms. Of. t. Quincy. It ex- 
tends in lat. from 29° 39' to 30° 40', and in long, 
from 7° 26' to 8° 08' w. W. C. Pop. 4,895. 

Gaines, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y., on the Canal, 
22 ms. N. Batavia. Soil, mostly a rich loam, 
watered by Otter, Marsh and Sandy crs. Pop. 
J, 833. 

Gainesboro', p-v. Frederick co. Va., 13 ms. 
s. E. Winchester, and by p-r. 144 n. w. by w.W. G. 

Gainesboro', p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. Ten., 
on the right bank of Cumberland r. 68 ms. n. e. by 
K. Nashville. Lat. 36° 24', long. 8° 42' w. W. C. 

Gainesburg, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa., by p-r. 22 
ms. from Harrisburg. 

Gaine's Cross Roads, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., 
by p-r. 97 ms. s. westerly from W. C, and 128 
N. N. w. Richmond. 

Gaine's Cross Roads, p-o. Boone co. Ky., by 
p-r. 68 ms. a little e. of n. Frankfort, and 25 s. 
s. w. Cincinnati. 

Gaine's Store, and p-o. Pike co. Ala., by p.r. 
934 ms. s. w. W. C, and 204 s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Gainesville, p-t. Gennessee co. N. Y., 28 
ms. s. Batavia. Soil a loamy gravel, heavily 
timbered; bog iron ores. Pop. 1,934. 

Gainesville, p-v, and st. jus. Hall co. Geo., 
167 ms. a httle w. of n. Milledgeville. Lat. 34° 
22', long. 65 42' w. W. C, 

Galen, t. Wayne co. N. Y., 12 ms. n. Water- 
loo. Contains about 70,000 acres. Soil prin- 
cipally good, excepting 4000 acres of marsh, be- 
ing part of the great Cayuga marsh. The Erie 
canal passes through the whole extent of the 
town. There is a salt spring on the estrn. mar- 
gin, capable of supplying any quantity of good 
water. Pop. 3,631. 

Galena, p-v. and st. jus. Joe Daviess co. II., 
by p-r. 990 ms. from W. C, and 326 n. n. w. ^ 
N. Vandalia. According to Tanner it is situa- 
ted on Fever r., 5 ms. above its influx into the 
Misp. r., lat. 42° 19', long. 13° 22' w. W. C. 
These relative geographical positions, give the 
bearing from W. C. to Galena n. 71i-° w. very 
nearly, and the direct distance 771 statute ms. 
within an inconsiderable fraction. Galena de- 
rives its name from the abundant mines in its vi- 
cinity, of the Galena ore of lead. {See Joe Da- 
viess CO.) 

Galion, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Richland co. O. by p.r. 398 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
and 81 a little e. ofN. Columbus. 

Gallatin, t. Columbia co. N. Y. Pop. 899. 

Gallatin, p. v. and st. jus. Sumner co. Ten. 
situated on the road from Nashville to Glasgow, 
in Ky. 31 ms. n. e. from the former, and 62 s. w. 
from the latter place. Lat. 36° 20', and long. 
9° 24' w. W. C. 

Gallatin, co. of Ky. bndd. by Grant co. e., 
Owens. E., Henry s., Oldham s. w., and by Ohio 
r. which separates it from Jefferson in Ind. n. w. 
and from Switzerland Ind. n. The Ohio r. 



where it bounds Gallatin co. Ky. flows by a 
course of nearly w. and the greatest length of 
the CO. lies parallel to that stream 36 ms. ; 
mean breadth about 10, and area 360 sq. ms., 
lying between lat. 38° 33' and 38° 50', and long. 
7° 45' and 8° 25' w. W. C. Ky. r. enters the 
southern border, and flowing thence n. w. falls 
into Ohio r. at the co. st. Port William. The 
surface is hilly but soil fertile. Pop. 1820, 
7,075,1830,6,674. 

Gallatin, p-v. and st. jus. Copiah co. Misp. 
situated on the southern branch of Bayou Pierre 
G5 ms. N. E. by e. Natchez, and 40 ms. s. w. 
Jackson. Lat. 31° 51', long. 13° 35'. 

Gallatin, p-v. in the western part of Parke 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 639 ms. n. w. by w. ^ w. W. C 
and 77 w. Indianopolis. 

Gallatin, co. of 11. bndd. s. by Pope, w. by 
Franklin, n. w. by Hamilton, n. e. by White, n. 
E. byE. by the lower part of Wabash r. separat- 
ing it from Posey co. of Ind., e. by Ohio r. 
separating it from Union co. Ky., and s. e. by 
the Ohio r. separating it from Livingston co. Ky. 
Greatest length from south to north 40 ms. 
mean breadth 22, and area 792 sq. ms. Extend, 
ing in lat. from 37° 27' to 38° and in long, from 
11° 08' to 11° 48' w. W. C. This large co. is a 
natural section in itself, being nearly commensu. 
rate with the valley of Saline r. The slope is to 
the s. E. in the general direction of Saline r. 
though the base of its plain, the channels of 
Wabash and Ohio rs. extend from north to south 
very nearly ; as the Ohio opposite Gallatin co. 
of II. continues the course of lower Wabash. 
Saline r. derives its name from extensive 
springs of water, impregnated with common 
culinary salt (muriate of soda,) which is manu- 
factured in considerable quantities in this co. 
Cf. t. Shay/neetown. Pop. 7,405. 

Gallatin's r. one of the extreme southwest- 
etn sources of Missouri proper. This stream 
rises in one of the Chippewayan vallies, about 
lat. 44°, long. 32° w. W. C, and interlocking 
sources with those of Yellow Stone r. on the 
east, Madison's river on the west, and with a 
mountain chain intervening, opposite to those 
of Lewis r. Flowing northwards unites with 
Madison's and JeflTerson's rs. to form Missouri. 
The very elevated valley from which issue these 
remote fountains of Missouri, is one of those in- 
teresting mountain basins, of which Bohemia 
in Europe, and Mexico in North America, are 
other striking examples. (See Missouri r.) 

Gallia, co. of 0. bndd. s. w. by Lawrence, 
w. by Jackson, n. w. by Athens, n. by Meigs, 
and N. E., E. and s. e. by Mason co. Va., from 
which it is separated by Ohio r. Length from 
south to north 30, mean width 16, and area 480 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 34' to 39°, 
and in long, from 5° 07' to 5° 30' w. W. C. This 
CO. lies opposite to the mouth of Great Kenhawa, 
is traversed by Raccoon cr., and though bndd. 
by the Ohio r. on the east, the slope is parallel 
to and not towards that stream. The surface 
of the whole co. with but little exception isbro- 
ken, the soil various, but in part very produc. 
tive. Cf. t. Gallipolis. Pop. 1820, 7,098, 1830, 
9,733. 



GAR 



168 



GAS 



Gallipolis, p-v. and st. jus. Gallia co. 0. by 
p-r. 362 ms. w. W. C. and 108 s. e. Columbus. 
It is situated on a rather elevated second bot- 
tom, on the right bank of Ohio r. nearly opposite 
Point Pleasant in Mason co. Va., at the mouth 
of Great Kenhawa. This place and Gallia co. 
were named by the original French settlers un- 
der M. D'Hebecourt. This small colony were 
fixed on Ohio, about the beginning of the French 
revolution. The place now contains, according 
to Flint, a court house, jail, two places of pub- 
lie worship, an academy, three steam mills, one 
printin<T office, 80 houses, and 12 mercantile 
■stores." Pop. 755. Lat. 38° 51', long. 5° 11' 
w. W. C. 

Gallivan's bay and r. This sheet of water is 
■the nrthrn. part of the still more extensive 
Chatham Bay, sthwstrn. coast of the peninsula 
of Florida. The bay of Galivan's stretches 
estrds. about 20 ms. from Cape Romans, re- 
ceiving Gallivan's r. from n. e. The r. appears 
as laid down on Tanner's map to be the drain of 
interior swamps. The whole adjacent country 
is low and marshy. The chord of Gallivan's 
Bay lies along n. lat. 26 ; and the central part 
is very near 4^° w. long. W. C. 

Gallivent's Ferry, over Little Pedee, and 
p-o. in the northwestern part of Hony district S. 
C. 22 ms. N. w. Conwaybro, and by p-r. 138 ms. 
a little N. of E. Columbia, 

Galloway, t. Gloucester co. N. J. Pop. 2,960. 

Galveston, small village of La. in the parish 
of Iberville, situated on the right bank of Amite 
r. immediately below the mouth of bayou Iber- 
ville, about 20 ms. n. n. e. Donaldsonville, and 
25 southeastward Baton Rouge. 

Galway, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. 
w. Ballston Spa, a good tsp. for agriculture. 
Gypsum is said to have been discovered in a 
state of solution in a spring in this town. Pop. 
2,710. 

Gamage's, p-o. Bibb co. Ala. by p-r. 38 ms. 
eastward from Tuscaloosa. 

Gambier, p-v. in Pleasant tsp. Knox co. O. by 
p-r. 5 ms. E. Mount Vernon, the co. st. 370 ms. 
N, \v. by w. W. C. and 50 miles n. e. Colum- 
bus. Kenyon college, (founded 1828,) an 
Episcopal institution, is located here, and was 
founded by Bishop Chase. A large, and very 
commodious building has been erected, for the 
purposes of the college ; 8000 acres of land 
belong to it, and it was partly endowed by a 
considerable sum, (about $13,000,) received 
from England. The faculty consists of a pres- 
ident and 4 professors. Number of students, 
1832-3, 80. A diocesan theological seminary 
is connected with the college. Pop. 220. 

Gamble's Mills, and p-o. in the n. w. angle 
of Richland co. 0. by p-r. 12 ms. northwards 
from Mansfield, the co. st. 398 n. w. by w. W. 
C. and 81 u. n. e. Columbus. 

Gamble's p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 223 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Gandy's p-o. Morgan co. Ala. by p-r. 104 ms. 
N. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Gap, p-v. on the eastern border of Lancaster 
CO. Pa. and on the Phil, road 16 ms. s. e. by e. 
Lancaster and 48 ms. w. Philadelphia. 

Gardner, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. w. Ken- 
nebec r. Contains a flourishing Lyceum — 



Well situated for manufactures, 6 ms. s. Au. 
gusta. Pop. 3,709. 

Gardner's Bay and Island, end of Long 
Island, N.Y. celebrated for its dairies. From 
6,000 to 7,000 weight of cheese are made annu- 
ally. The neat profits of the farm average 
about $5,000. 

Gardner, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 25 ms. n. 
Worcester, and 58 n. w. Boston. Face of the 
town uneven. Soil good for grass, and most 
other products. Pop. 1,023. 

Gardner's Bridge, and p-o. Martin co. N. C. 
by p-r. 140 ms. eastward from Raleigh, 

Gardner's Cross Roads, and p-o. Louisa co. 
Va. by p-r. 72 ms. n. vt, Richmond, and 101 s. 
w. W. C. 

■Gap>.dner's Store, and p-o. Randolph co. N. 
C. by p-r. 51 ms. westward from Raleigh. 

Gardner's Tavern, and p-o. Hanover co. Va, 
21 ms. from Richmond, 

Garland, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 28 ms.N. w. 
Bangor. Pop. 621. 

Garner's Ford, and p-o, Rutherford co. N. 
C. by p-r. 222 ms. s. w. by w, Raleigh. 

Garnet, p-v. in the southern part of Henry 
CO. Ind.by p-r. 530 ms. n. w. by w. ^ w. W. C. 
and 44 a little n. of e. Indianopolis. 

Gargga, cr. rises in Johnstown, Montgomery 
CO. N. Y. and runs s. w. about 20 ms. to the 
Mohawk, and is a fine mill stream. 

Garrard, co. of Ky. bndd. by Rockcastle n. 
E., Lincoln s. w., Mercer n. w., Ky. r. which 
divides it from Jessamine n., and by Madison n, 
e. Length 30, mean breadth 8, and area 240 
sq. ms. Lying between 37° 28' and 37° 52', 
and long. 7° 16' and 7° 42' w. W. C. It is com- 
posed of the space between Dicks r. and Paint 
Lick cr. and is a highly productive tract. Cf. t. 
Lancaster. Pop. 1820, 10,851, 1830, 11,871. 
Garrettsville, p-v. Portage co. O. 
Garwood's Mill, and p-o. southeastern part 
of Logan co. Ky. by p-r. 10 ms. southeastward 
Bellefontaine, the co. st. 448 n. w. by w. W. C. 
and 52 n. w. by w. Columbus. 

Gasconade, r. confluent of Mo. in the state of 
Mo. rises interlocking sources with those of 
the southeastern branches of Osage r. and the 
numerous branches of White, Black, andMara- 
mec rs. The extreme sources of Gasconade 
are in Wayne co., but flowing thence towards 
the n. e. enters Gasconade co. which it travers- 
es to its entrance into Mo. r. at the village of 
Gasconade, after a comparative course of 140 
ms. The valley of this r. lies between lat 37" 
and 38° 40', and between long. 14° 25' and 16° 
O'w.W.C. 

Gasconade, co, of Mo, bndd. e, by Franklin, 
s. and s, w, by cos. unknown, n. w. by Osage r, 
separating it from Cole co., n. w. by Mo. r. sep- 
arating it from Calaway co. and Mo. r. on the 
N. E. separating it from Montgomery co. 
Length from e. to w. 45, mean breadth 28, area 
1,^60 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 67' to 
38° 32', and in long, from 14° 20' to 15° 08' w. 
W. C. This CO. is traversed and bisected into 
two very nearly equal sections by Gasconade r. 
the general slope being to the n. eastward, to- 
ward Mo. r. The southeastern angle giving 
source to the Bourbeuse branch of the Mara- 
mec. Cf. t. Gasconade. Pop. 1,545. 



GEN 



169 



GEN 



Gasconade, p-v. and st. jus. Gasconade co. 1 ties of maple sugar. A tract about 40 ms. 
Mo., is situated on the point above the junction wide, along Genesee r., is the best land in all 



of Gasconade with Mo. r. 80 ms, a little n. of w. 
from St. Louis, and by p-r. 47 ms, a little n. of 
E. Jefferson. Lat. 38° 40', long. 14° 32' w. W. 
C. 

Gassaway's Mills, and p-o. in the eastern 
part of Monroe co. 0. by p-r. 304 ms. westward 
W. C, and 150 eastward Columbus, 

Gates, t. st. jus. Monroe co. N. Y. 236 ms. 
w. N. w. Albany. The post borough of Ro- 
chester, the seat of the co. buildings, is in this 
town. The Erie canal extends e. and w. 
through thistsp., crossing the Genesee r. at the 
Falls by a stone aqueduct. Pop. 1,631. 

Gates, co, of N. G. bndd. east by Pasquo- 
tank, southeast by Perquimans, by Chowan or 
Meherin r. which separates it from Hertford s., 
and Northampton s. w., by Southampton co. Va. 
N. w., and Nansemond n., lying between lat. 
36° 18' and 36° 30', and between long-. 10 min- 
utes w. and 20 e. from W. C. Pop. 1820, 
6,837, in 1830, 7,866. Gates co. is well situa- 
ted for navigation, as besides being bordered 
by Chowan r. that stream receives within the 
CO. the united waters of Nottaway and Black 
water. 

Gates, c. h. and p-o. in the forks of Bennett's 
cr. Gates co. N. C, about 45 ms. s. w. Norfolk 
in Va. and by p-r. 214 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 
Lat. 36° 25', long. 0° 12' e. W. C. 

Gatesville, p-v. and st. jus. Gates co. N. C. 
by p-r. 254 ms. s. W. C, and 141 n, e, by e. 
Raleigh. It is situated on the main road from 
Raleigh to Norfolk in Virginia, and at the forks 
of Bennett's cr. a small branch of Chowan r. 
lat. 36° 23', long. 0° 14' e. W, C, 

Gauley, r. of Virginia, rises in Randolph, 
Pocahontas, and Green Briar cos. by numerous 
crs. which unite in Nicholas, and flow by a 
course of a little s. of w. falling into the right 
side of the Great Kenhawa river, at the head of 
ths Great Falls. The valley of Gauley r. is 
about 60 ms. long, and lies between those of 
Elk and Green Briar rs. 

Gauley Bridge, and p-o. on the Great Ken- 
hawa r. Kenhawa co. Va. by p.r. 278 ms. a little 
N. of w. Richmond and 344 s. w. by w. W. C. 

Geeharts, p-o. in the western part of Somer- 
set CO. Pa. by p-r. 175 ms. n. w. from W. C. 

Geiger's Mills, and p-o, in the southeastern 
part of Berks CO. Pa. by p-r. 138 ms. n. n. e. W. 
C and 63 eastward Harrisburg. 

Geloster, P-v. Kalamazoo co. Michigan about 
140 ms. w. Detroit. 

General Pike, p-o. late Phoenixville, Ches- 
ter CO. Pa. by p-r. 132 ms. n. e, W. C. and 77 
B. E. by e. Harrisburg. 

Genesee, co. N, Y. bndd. by lake Ontario n., 
by Monroe and Livingston cos. e., s. by Alle- 
ghany and Cattaraugus, and w. by Erie and Ni- 
agara cos. Extreme length n. and s. 54 ms., 
extreme width 29|, containing 1,280 square ms. 
or 819,200 acres. Lands heavily timbered, on 
the lake Erie table land. Soil loamy or gravel- 
ly, good for wheat and grass. Its surface undu- 
lating, extensive champaigns, small swells, and 
broad vallies. Limestone, iron ore, water lime, 
-salt springs, and various clays are among its 
mineral productions. It produces vast quanti- 



the state, and equal to any wheat country in the 
world, and yet till within about 20 years, was 
unknown as such. Multitudes of New England- 
ers passed it, and w€nt to settle on cold poor 
land, where 30 bushels of corn and potatoes only, 
satisfied them. Atlengtiia man named Rogers 
made an experiment on the alluvial Genesee 
land with wheat, and raised immense crops. 
Now it yields 60 bushels of corn to the acre, 25 
of wheat ; the latter at an expense (rent inclu- 
ded) of only 33 and sometime 25 per cent. An. 
cient mounds are numerous, mere burying 
grounds, where bones are found in heaps, much 
decayed, laid horizontally. Indian skeletons 
are often washed out of the banks in sitting pos- 
tures, with implements, &c. Broaches and 
crosses are sometines found, which were 
brought from Canada. Consumption is not 
known in this region ; but cutaneous disorders 
abound. There are no manufactories except 
flour mills, &c. Threshing is done by ma. 
chines, v.'hich cost from $80 to $150 each. 
Cf, t. Batavia. Pop. 1820, .39,835, 1830, 51,992. 
Genesee, r., lises on the great table land, or 
Grand Plateau of Western Pennsylvania, runs 
N. across the western part of N. Y. and empties 
into lake Ontario. Near its mouth, at Carthage, 
there are falls of 75 ft., and at Rochester, just 
above, of 96 ft., and some rapids for 2 ms. fur- 
ther, from the head of which, the feeder leads 
into the Erie canal. In the town of Nunda, at 
the N. end of Alleghany co-. are two other falls 
near each other, of 60 and 90 ft. 

Genesee, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. Population 
219. 

Geneseo, p-t. St. jus. Livingston co. N. Y. 
27 miles s. s. w. Rochester, and 238 from Alba, 
ny. Surface undulating. In Fall brook is a 
cascade nearly 100 ft. almost perpendicular. 
Pop. 2,675. 

Geneva, one of the most delightful villages 
in N. Y. is situated at the n. w, extremity of 
Seneca lake, of which it commands a fine view, 
as well as of the surrounding scenery. It lies 
near the outlet of the lake, in the town of Sene- 
ca, Ontario co. N, Y, 14 ms, e, Canandaigua, 
and 179 w. Albany. It is very neatly built, and 
contains many fine country seats, 4 churches, 
a bank, and Geneva college, which was found- 
ed in 1825. In this institution are a president, 
3 professors, and 3 other instructors. Students 
1 832—3, 44. In the libraries are about 2000 
vols. Com. 1st Wednesday in Aug. 

Geneva, p.v. and tsp. in the western part of 
Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 348 ms. n. w. W. 
C. and 180 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 77L 
Geneva, p-v. in the northwestern part of the 
CO. by p.r. 585 ms. w. W. C. and 53 s. e. Indi- 
anopolis. 

Genito, p-v. on the left bank of Appamattox 
r. in the southeastern part of Powhatan co. Vir- 
ginia, by p-r. 34 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Genoa, p-v. and tsp. Delaware co. O. The 
p-v. is in the southern part of the co. 17 ms. 
northward from Columbus, and 392 ms. n. w. 
by w. W. C. Pop. 659. 

Genoa, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 20 miles s. Au- 
burn, and 185 it&m Albany. Surface gently 



GEO 



170 



GEO 



uneven. Soil remarkably fertile. Well sup- 
plied with mill seats. Pop. 2,768. 

Gentry's Store, and p-o. Spencer co. Indi- 
ana, about 160 ms. a little w. of s. Indianopolis. 

Gentsville, p-o. Abbeville dist. S. C. by p-r. 
102 ms. a little n. w. Columbia, and 536 s. w. 
W. C. 

Georges Store, aiid p-o. Pike co. Ala. by 
p-r. 168 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Georgesville, p-v. Yazoo co. Misp. by p-r. 81 
ms. northward from Jackson. 

Georgesville, p-v. in Pleasant tsp. and in 
the southwestern angle of Franklin co. Ohio, 
13 ms. s. w. Columbus, and- by p-r. 409 s. w. 
by w. i w. W. C. Pop. 39. 

Georgetown, t. Lincoln co. Me. at the mouth 
of the Kennebec, 15 ms. s. w. Wiscasset. Pop. 
1,258. 

Georgetown, p.t. Madison co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
s. w. Morrisville, and 106 w. Albany, good for 
grazing, &c. Pop. 1,094. 

Georgetown, p-v. on the left bank of the 
Ohio river, immediately above the mouth of 
Mill cr. and of the Virginia line, Beaver co. Pa. 
35 ms. by land w. n. w. Pittsburg. 

Georgetown, p-v. and st. jus. Sussex co. 
Delaware, on the height of land between the 
sources of Nanticoke and Indian rs. 37 ms. a 
little E. of s. Dover. Lat. 38° 43'. long. 1° 
37' E. W. C. 

Georgetown, port of entry, and p-t. at the 
head of the tide, and on the left bank of Poto. 
mac river, Washington co. Dist. Columbia. It 
extends in length along the Potomac, and in 
breadth up Rock cr. rising by a blod acclivity 
from both streams. The Chesapeake and Ohio 
canal passes through this town. It is the seat 
of a Roman Catholic college, and of considera- 
ble commerce. The college is the oldest one 
of that denomination in the U. S. It was in. 
corporated, 1799, and empowered to confer de- 
grees by Congress, 1815. There about 20 
teachers belonging to the institution, about 150 
students, and the library contains 7,000 vols. 
There is also a nunnery here, and catholic fe- 
male academy ; the first containing about 60 
nuns, and the latter 100 pupils. Commence- 
ment of the college is in July. The progressive 
population is shown by the subjoined table. 
(See article District Columbia.) 

Whites, Free Col'd, Slaves, Total, 
1810, 3,235 551 1,162 4,948 

1820, 4,940 894 1,526 7,360 

1830, 6,057 1,209 1,175 8,441 

Georgetown, dist. of S. C. bndd. by Santee 
r. which separates it from Charlestown dist. s. 
and s. w., by Williamsburg dist. w. and n. w., 
by Horry dist. n. and n. e., and by the Atlantic 
E. and s. E. Length nearly parallel to the ocean 
40 ms., mean breadth 26, and area 1,040 sq. ms. 
Lying between lat. 33° 05' and 33° 46', and 
long. 2° 13' and 2° 50' w. W. C. The surface 
of this dist. is a plain, in many places marshy, 
but much of the r. soil is very productive, and 
as it is in a remarkable manner traversed by 
rivers, the commercial advantages are exten- 
sive. Besides the outlets of Santee r. Winyaw 
bay is the estuary of Waccamaw, Great Pedee, 
and Black rs. All those confluents of Winyaw, 
unite at, or near Georgetown, the mart and st. 



jus. of the dist. Rice and cotton are the prin- 
cipal staples. Pop. 1820, 17,603, 1830, 19,943, 

Georgetown, p-t. port of entry and st. jus. 
Georgetown dist. S. C. situated on the point 
above the junction of Sampit cr. and Pedee r. ; 
the body of the town is, however, on the for- 
mer. About 3 ms. above the Port, Pedee re- 
ceives Black r. from the w., and directly oppo- 
site, and E. from the harbor, Waccamaw 
comes in from the n. n. e. Vessels of 11 ft. 
draught are admitted over the bar of Pedee and 
up to Georgetown. Having an extensive and 
well cultivated interior, Georgetown carries on 
an extensive commerce. Lat. 33° 21', and 
long. 2° 22' w. W. C. Georgetown is distant 
by the road 70 ms. n. e. Charleston, by p-r. 151 
ms. s. E. by e. Columbia, and 480 s. s. w. W. C. 

Georgetown, p-v. and st. jus. Scott co. Ky. 
is situated on Elkhorn creek, 15 ms. e. Frank- 
fort, 12 w. of N. Lexington, and 60 s. w. Mays- 
ville. It is a place of considerable trade, and 
contains a college, 5 houses of public worship, 
a printing office where a weekly paper is pub. 
lished, and an excellent female seminary. The 
college has 2 professors, a tutor, about 70 stu- 
dents, and a small library. A preparatory de- 
partment is connected with it. Lat. of the vil. 
38° 14', long. 7° 31' w. W. C. Pop. 1,344. 

Georgetown, p-v. Copiah co. Misp. about 45 
ras. a little n. of e. Natchez, and by p-r. 57 s. s. 
w. Jackson, 

Georgetown, p-v. Short Creek tsp. Harrison 
CO. O. 

Georgetown Cross Roads and p-o. in the n. 
E. part of Kent co. Md. 15 ms. n. e. Chester. 
to%vn, and 40 n. n. e, Baltimore. 

Georgetown, p-v. and st. jus. Brown co. O, 
by p-r. 480 ms. w. W. C, 104 s. s. w. Colum. 
bus, and 45 s. e. by e. Cincinnati. It is situa. 
ted on White Oak creek, and in the southwest, 
ern part of the co. Lat 38° 53', long. 6° 51' 
w. W. C. Population 1830, 325. 

Georgia, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 18 ms. n. Bur. 
lington, and 41 n. w. Montpelier, being situated 
on lake Champlain. Mill privileges numerous. 
The soil is in general rich and productive. 
There is a natural bridge over one of the 
streams. Pop. 1,897. 

Georgia, one of the U. S., bndd. s. and s. w. 
by Flor., w. by Ala. n. w. by Ten., n. by N. C, 
N. E. and E. by S. C, and s, e, by the Atlantic. 
The greatest line that can be drawn in Geo, is 
from the mouth of St. Mary's r. to the n. w. an. 
gle of the state, in a direction n., 40° 41' w. ; 
394 statute ms., and carefully measured by the 
rhomb, the area is found 62,083 sq. ms., there- 
fore the mean breadth is 157^ ms. very nearly. 
Extending in lat. from 30° 20, at the extreme 
southern bend of St, Mary's r, to 35 n. on the 
Ten. and N. C, line. In long, it extends from 
3° 57', at the mouth of Savannah r., to 8° 42; w. 
W. C. at the northwestern angle of Ten. Geor. 
gia occupies the great inclined plain, from which 
the peninsula of Florida is protruded, and from 
which, on the s. e. the rivers run into the At. 
lantic, and s. w. into the gulf of Mexico. From 
the southern border of Geo. this great plain 
rises by a gradual acclivity from the inundated 
Atlantic border, to at least 1,200 feet elevation 
above the tides, without estimating the ridges 



GEO 



171 



GEO 



of mountains. The difference of height being- 
equivalent to 3 degrees of temperature, and the 
lat. difference amounting to 4° 40 ; the whole 
extreme of temperature included in Geo. is 7|° 
Fahrenheit. It is found both from vegetable 
life and from experiments made with the ther- 
mometer, that the seasons on the Atlantic coast 
have at least two degrees higher temperature 
than those of places on equal height, and the 
same latitude in the basin of Misp. From all 
the preceding causes the state of Georgia pre- 
sents a very marked variety of seasons and of 
vegetable production. In both these respects, 
the latter, however, arising from the former, 
gives to the state a range of vegetable existence 
wider than that of any other state of the U. S. 
It is physically divided, like the two Garolinas, 
into three zones. First, the flat sea border, in- 
cluding numerous small islands ; second, the 
sand hill zone, spreading by an indefinite out- 
line between the sea border, and the third, a 
hilly and part mountainous tract, beyond the 
lower falls of the rivers. The sea sand allu- 
vial border, in part diurnally inundated by the 
ocean tides, with some fertile, but much s+erile 
soil, may be called the tropical climate of Geor- 
gia, Here, along the streams, the season of 
summer is sufficiently long and warm to mature 
the sugar cane, orange, olive, date, palm, and 
many other tender plants. The second, or 
sand hill region, with equal diversity of soil, 
produces maize and cotton, as the most valua- 
ble staples. But the third, the hilly and moun- 
tainous section, abounding in excellent soil, pure 
fountain water, and a more salubrious air, is for 
human residence, much the finest part of the 
state. Here the bread grains, the apple, peach 
and plum, the green pasture, and rich meadows 
in summer and autumn, and in winter the de- 
nuded forest, announce a climate of northern 
texture. The description of these zones must, 
levertheless, be taken as general ; where they 
separate, the features are so blended as to defy 
exact demarcation, but on the other hand, if we 
assume the two extremes, the contrast is indeed 
strongly marked. No two regions could, in 
every physical feature, differ much more essen. 
tially than does the low, flooded, bilious Atlan- 
tic border, cut by the St. Mary's, Santilla, Al- 
tamaha, and Ogeechee rs., and the elevated, 
broken, rocky tract, from which are poured the 
clear and pure confluents of the Coosa and Ten. 
One very remarkable circumstance in the cli- 
mates of the southern sections of the U. S. may 
be here appropriately noticed. Sweet oranges 
are reared on the Atlantic coast as high as 
Beaufort dist. in S. C. or to 32° 30' n., and the 
fan palm, and live oak grow as indigenous ve- 
getables as far as the mouth of Cape Fear r. in 
N. C, lat. 34°. On the Misp. the live oak 
ceases below 30° 30' n , and the fan palm (pal- 
metto) at about 31° n. Sugar cane cannot be 
cultivated to advantage in La. above lat. 30° 
30', vv^hilst that plant flourishes along the entire 
sea border of Georgia into S. C. In brief, it 
may be stated that at one extremity Georgia 
produces wheat, and at the other sugar, and 
taking the whole state, amongst many more 
staples of less value, we may enumerate sugar, 
rice, indigo, tobacco, cotton, wheat, rye, oats. 



and maize. The range of garden vegetables is 
also immense. Such are the natural advanta- 
ges possessed by this extensive state, that its 
advance in wealth and population since the 
American revolution has been so rapid, that of 
the Atlantic states, it has been second only to 
N, Y. in relative progression. Though from 
many causes, seminaries of education have 
languished in the southern states, this primary 
object of human policy has met with considera- 
ble attention in Georgia. Franklin college, at 
Athens, Clark eo., is the incipient step towards 
a projected university. A branch of their plan 
of instruction was to have an academy in every 
CO. This has in part been effected ; but neces- 
sarily remains imperfect in the recently settled 
COS., many of which were not designated at the 
taking of the census for 1820. Population. — 
This has increased very rapidly in Georgia. In 
1749 it amounted to 6,000 only. In 1790 it was 
82,548 ; in 1800, 162,686 ; 1810, 252,433 ; 1820, 
348,989; and in 1830, 516,823, to which we 
prefix that of 1820, with the free, slave, and 
aggregate pop. of 1830, as follows — 
Counties. 



pop. 1S20. 


Free. 


Slaves. 


total 1830 


J, 264 


1,289 


179 


1,468 




978 


275 


1,253 


7,734 


2,753 


4,542 


7,295 




4,165 


2,988 


7,154 


3,021 


737 


2,402 


3,139 


2,578 


1,937 


650 


2,.587 


11,577 


5,191 


6,042 


11,833 




3,261 


1,683 


4,944 


4,342 


1,492 


3,086 


4,578 




2,705 


618 


3,323 




2,932 


487 


3,419 


14,737 


4,649 


9,478 


14,127 


8,7n7 


5,467 


4,709 


10,176 


12,095 


4,574 


8,032 


12,606 




3,031 


1,372 


5,003 




3,595 


1,718 


5,313 




2,546 


1,308 


3,854 




8,394 


1,648 


10,042 




1,799 


336 


2,135 


768 


1,511 


540 


2,051 


3,018 


1,712 


1,212 


2,924 


11,788 


6,589 


5,765 


12,354 


2,928 


2,208 


465 


2,673 




4,317 


1,187 


5,504 


9,040 


7,737 


2,370 


10,107 


3,418 


799 


3,968 


4.567 


13,589 


5,079 


7,470 


12,549 


4,589 


10,957 


2,332 


13,289 


3,145 


9,762 


909 


10,671 


5,0Sfi 


1(1,537 


1,181 


11,748 


12,734 


4,640 


7,180 


11,820 




2,836 


2,269 


5,005 




7,995 


2,571 


10,566 




5,175 


2,194 


7,369 


411 


1,071 


109 


1,180 


8,355 


6,221 


2,783 


9,004 


14,614 


6,809 


6,322 


13,131 


7,056 


3,662 


3,647 


7,309 


16,560 


6,516 


6,829 


13,345 


5,436 


3,214 


2,375 


5,589 




1,369 


311 


1,680 


6,695 


1,609 


5,624 


7,233 


6,458 


2,869 


3,276 


6,145 




2,118 


335 


2,453 


3,735 


3,387 


1,259 


4,646 


5,129 


1,204 


3,794 


4,998 




1,327 


109 


1,436 




3,028 


1,394 


4,422 




8,849 


7,353 


16,202 


1,862 


934 


335 


1,269 


13,520 


5,226 


6,820 


12,045 




2,263 


1,240 


3,508 




8,152 


3,003 


11,155 


14,046 


5,670 


7,940 


13,618 




4,376 


1,773 


6,149 


5,283 


3,141 


1,765 


4,906 


15,475 


5,554 


7,707 


13,261 



GEO 



172 



GEO 



(bounties. 



pop. 1820 


Free. 


Slaves. 


pop. 1830. ( 


524 


2,117 


59 


2,176 




1,509 


682 


2,191 


8,fi08 


5,398 


6,246 


11,644 


3,941 


2,410 


2,366 


4,776 




3,841 


2,099 


5,940 




2,199 


2,735 


4,934 


2,G44 


1,534 


506 


2,040 


2,104 


1,571 


565 


2,136 




2,131 


1,168 


3,299 




3,611 


2,188 


5,799 


10,640 


4,5-J4 


3,507 


8,031 




4,455 


2,557 


7,013 


4,192 


7,766 


3,163 


10,929 




1,144 


61 


1,205 


10,630 


6,253 


4,693 


10,946 


10,627 


5,911 


3,909 


9,820 




687 


276 


963 




5,277 


8,960 


14,237 


340,947 


5j591 
299,292 


1,922 


6,513 


2x7,531 


516,823 



Rabun, 

Randolph, 

Richmond, 

Scriven, 

Talhot, 

Taliaferro, 

Tatnall, 

Telfair, 

Tliomas, 

Troupe, 

'J'vvii;gs, 

Upson, 

Walton, 

Ware, 

Warren, 

Washington, 

Wayne, 

Wilkes, 

Wilkinson, 



Total, 
Of the foregoing population of 1830, were 

white persons ; 

Males. Females. 

Under 5 years of age, 33,027 30,958 

From 5 to 10, 23,709 22,590 

" 10 to 1,5, 18,.584 17,988 

" 15 to 20, 15,186 16,452 

" 20 to 30, 26,844 24,036 

" 30 to 40, 16,156 13,974 

" 40 to 50, 9,542 8,427 

" CO to 60, 5,674 5,089 

" 60 to 70, 3,083 2,664 

" 70 to 80, 1,120 987 

•' 80 to 90, 290 268 

" 90 to 100, 63 65 

" 100 and upwards, 10 20 

Total, 153,288 143,518 

Of the above are deaf and dumb,, under l4 

years, 50; 14 to 25, 51.; 25 and upwards, 44; 
blind 150. 



Colored population.. 








Free 




Slav, 


2S. 


Males. 


Fems. 


Males. 


Fenw. 


Under 10 years of age, 368 


347 


38,367 


38,102 


From 10 to 24, 353 


330 


34,253 


33,917 


" 24 to 36, 224 


231 


19,440 


20,527 


" 36 to 55, 186 


185 


12,818 


12,325 


" 55 to 100, 118 


126 


3,647 


3,765 


" 100 and upwards, 12 


6 


92 


78 



Total,, 1,281 1,225 108,817 108,714 

Fr-.'3 colored' and slaves who are deaf and 
dumb, under 14 years, 26 ; 14 to 25, 21 ; 25 and 
upwards, 12.; blind, 1-23. 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

296,8J6 2,486 217,531 516,823 

On comparing' the aggregate population of 
Georgia for 1820^ with that of 1830, it will be 
seen in that decennial period, the ratio of in- 
crease has been over 51 per cent. 

Government,- — The first constitution of Geor- 
gia was adopted February, 1777. The second 
in 1785, which was amended in 1789, and the 
third, last, and existing constitution in May, 
1798. The legislature consists of a senate and 
house of representatives, elected each annually. 
To be eligible to the senate, demands one year's 
residence in the district from which elected, 
3 years an inhabitant of the state, 9 years citi- 
zenship of the U. S., 25 years of age, and a pos- 
session within the co. of a freehold estate of 
^500, or of taxable property to the amount of 
^1,000. The senate is composed of one mem- 
ber from each. CO.. The house of representa- 



tives is composed of members from all the cos. 
which were formed at the date of the constitu- 
tion, or which might be formed subsequently, ac- 
cording to their respective numbers of free 
white persons, and including three fifths of all 
the people of color. Enumerations are made 
septennially ; each co. to have at least one, and 
not more than 4 members. Members of the 
lower house must be 21 years of age ; must 
have been 7 years a citizen of the U. S., 3 years 
an inhabitant of Georgia, residing at least 1 year 
in the co. immediately preceding his election, 
from which he maybe chosen; and be pos- 
sessed, in his own right, of a settled freehold es- 
tate of the value of $250, or of taxable property 
to the amount of $500, within the co., for at least 
1 year preceding his election. Absence on the 
public business of the state, or the U. S., ex- 
cuses from the otherwise requisite residence ; 
and the required property must be clear of all 
incumbrance. The executive power is vested 
in a governor, who holds his office 2 years, and 
is elected by the general assembly ; he must, 
when elected, have been a citizen of the U. S. 
12 years, of the state of Georgia 6 years, have 
attained to the age of 36 years, and possess 5r.O 
acres of land, of his own right, within the state, 
and other property to the amount of $4000, and 
whose estate shall, on a reasonable estimation,, 
be competent to the discharge of his debts over 
and above that sum. To exercise the right of 
suffrage, demands citizenship, 21 years of age, 
and the actual payment of taxes. The judiciary 
is composed of a supreme and inferior courts. 
Judges of the supreme court are elected by the- 
people, for the term of 3 years, and are remov- 
able by the governor on the address of two thirds- 
of both houses of the legislature, or by impeach- 
ment. Inferior judges are elected annually.. 
No religious obligation, test, or disqualification 
is admitted, nor is any person to be denied the 
enjoyment of any civil right merely on account 
of his religious principles. Amendments to the 
constitution are made by vote of two thirds of 
both branches of the legislature, at two suc- 
ceeding sessions. 

History. — Of the thirteen original states of 
the U. S. Georgia was settled most recently. 
The patent under which this colony was estab- 
lished was granted by George II., 1732, to 21 
persons, under the title of " the trustees for set- 
tling the colony of Georgia." The name was 
given in honor of the royal grantor ; and the first 
settlers arrived at Charleston in January, 1733, 
under the command of general James Ogle- 
thorpe. In the spring of that year, the founda- 
tion of Savannah was laid, but from the blind 
feudal principles of granting land, and the de- 
fective characters of most of the colonists, the 
advance was very slow in the first years ef set- 
tlement. Time and experience meliorated these 
municipal evils ; but as a feeble colony, the rava- 
ges of war could not be averted. Spain, even in 
times of peace claimed the country; and in war, 
her colonies in Florida, and the West Indies, fa- 
cilitated an invasion of Georgia, and what was 
perhaps fully as injurious, retaliation was equally 
facile. In fact, the first serious attempt at con- 
quest was made in 1740, when general George 
Oglethorpe made an attempt to seize St. Augus- 



GER 



173 



GIB 



tine, and was repulsed with loss. In 1742 the 
Spaniards in their turn invaded Georgia, and 
were also defeated in their design. Laboring 
under so many combined burthens, the exports 
of Georgia, in 1750 fell short of ^50,000. In 
1752 the charter was changed, and the province 
became a royal colony, when more liberal prin- 
ciples of trade and tenure were adopted. A 
general representative assembly was estab- 
lished in 1755, and was in 1763 followed by a 
cession of all the country between the Alta- 
maha and St. Mary's rivers. The latter grant 
was one of the meliorating consequences to 
Georgia, of the cession of Florida to Great Bri- 
tain. From this epoch Georgia prospered, 
though vexed and retarded by Indian warfare, 
and bythewarof the revolution. Indeed no 
other state ofthe U. S. has suffered more, if so 
much, from the proximity of the Indian tribes, 
nor has any other of the original colonies, 
Virginia excepted, ceded to the U. S. so 
much of chartered territory. By different con- 
ventions, all ofthe new states of Ala. and Misp. 
N. of lat. 31°, or about 100,000 sq. ms., have 
been yielded to the general government. At 
present, 1830, Georgia holds a respectable rank 
amongst her sister states. The value of her 
exports in 1817 amounted to between 8 and 9 
millions of dollars, and which has since been 
gradually augmenting. 

Geren's Store and p-o. Guilford co. N. C. 
by p-r. 10 1 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

German t. Chenango co. N. Y. 15 ms. w. 
Norwich, and 115 w. Albany. Contains abund- 
ance of fine mill seats. Lands very rich along 
the streams. Pop. 884. 

German Flats, p-t. s. Mohawk, Herkimer 
CO. N. Y., 5 ms. s. e. Herkimer, and 75 from 
Albany. A remarkably rich soil. It lies on 
the grand canal. Here stood fort Herkimer. 
In 1757, the settlements in this town were 
desolated by fire and sword. Pop. 2,466. 

Germanna, p-v. on the right bank of Rapid 
Ann r. in the n. e. angle of Orange co. Va. 20 
ms. by land above Fredericksburg, and by p-r. 
72 ms. s. w, W. C. 

Germans, p-v. Harrison co. 0. by p-r. 28 1 ms. 
N. w. by w. W. C. and 140 n. e. by e. Columbus. 

German Settlement and p-o. Preston co. Va. 
by p-r. 170 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Germantown, t. Columbia co. N. Y. e. of the 
Hudson, 12 ms. s. ofthe city of Hudson. Sur- 
face gently undulating, soil good for grass, &c. 
Poorly watered — remarkably well timbered — 
noted for fruit. Pop. 967. 

Germantown, p-v. and st. jus. Hyde co. N. 
C. situated on a small bay of Pamlico sound, 
or rather of Pamlico r., about 40 ms. a little s. 
of E. Washington, at the mouth ot Tar r. and by 
p-r. 149 ms. in nearly a similar direction from 
Raleigh. Lat. 35° 24', and long. 0° 35' e. 
W. C. 

Germantown, p-v. Phil. co. Pa. It is a double 
line of houses, with the Reading road as a 
street, extending upwards of 4 ms. from its 
commencement, 6 ms. from Phil. Mt. Airy 
college is located in Germantown. Pop. 4,628. 

GERMA^T0WN, p.v. about the centre of Fau- 
quier CO. Va. by p-r. 133 ms. n. w. by w. Ra- 
leigh. 

23 



Germantown, p-v. in the s. w. part of Mason 
CO. Ky. by p-r. 81 ms. n. e. Frankfort. 

Germantown, p-v. in German tsp. and in the 
nrthwstrn. part of Montgomery co. O. 15 ms. 
s. w. Dayton, the co. st. by p-r. 487 n. w. by w. 
i w. W^. C. and 90 ms. a little s. of w. Colum- 
bus. Pop. tsp. 4,700. 

German Valley, Morris co. N. J. a beautiful 
and rich valley, through which runs the s. branch 
of Raritan r. 16 ms. w. Morristown. 

Gerrardstown, p-v. in the southern part of 
Berkley co. Va. 18 ms. n. Winchester. 

Gerry, t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 18 ms. e. 
Mayville. Well watered. The timber consists 
of beech, maple, birch, basswood, ash, elm, 
oak, walnut, hemlock, &c. Pop. 1,110. 

Gettysburg, p-v. borough and st. jus. Adams 
CO. Pa. situ *ed on a fine elevated site between. 
Marsh and Ro^^k crs. of Monocacy r. Il5ms. a 
little s. of w. Phil, and by p-r, 44 ms. s. s. w. 
Harrisburg. Lat. 39° 50' and long. 0° 14' w. 
W. C. It is a very pleasant town, in a well cul- 
tivated and delightful vicinage, extending mostly 
in a single street along the main and direct 
road from Phil, to Pittsburg. Pop. 1,473. 

Ghent, t. Columbia co. N. Y. 1 1 ms. e. Hud- 
son. Excellent land, well supplied with mill 
seats and mills. Pop. 2,783. 

Ghent, p-v. Gallatin co. O. on the left bank 
of 0. r. opposite Vevay, Switzerland co. Ind. by 
p-r. 52 ms. a little w. of n. Hartford. 

Gholson's, P-o. Graves co. Ky. by p-r. 259 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Gholsonville, P-v. on the left bank of Me- 
herin r. Brunswick co. Va. by p-r. 78 ms. s. s. 
w. Richmond. 

Gibbons' Tavern, and p-o. Delaware co. Pa. 
by p-r. 94 ms. s. e. by e. Harrisburg, and 126 n. 
E. W.C. 

Gibbonsville, ^See Watervliet.) 

Gibraltar, p-v. in Iowa co. Mich, by p-r. 
1,012 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. This place is not 
located on Tanner's map, but relatively with 
Cassville, and Galena in II. it must be between 
the two latter, and about 22 ms. above Galena. 

Gibson, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. 
177 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Gibson, co. of Ten. bndd. by Dyer w., Obion 
N. w.. Weakly n., Carroll e., Madison s., and 
Haywood s. w. Length 30 ms. mean breadth 
22 ; area 660 sq. ms. Lat. 36°, long. 12° w. W, 
C. intersect near the centre of this co. The 
slope of this co. is westward, towards the Misp. 
r. and down which flow various branches of 
Forked Deer, and Obion rs. Cf. t. Gibbonsville. 
Pop. 5,801. 

Gibson Port, p-v. of Gibson co. Ten. about 
150 ms. a little s. of w. Nashville. 

Gibson Port, Claiborne co. Misp. (See Port 
Gibson, smne co.) 

Gibson, co. of Ind. bndd. n. by White r. sep- 
arating it from Knox co. ; n. e. and e. by Pike ; 
s. E. by Warrick; s. by Vanderberg; s. w. by 
Posey, and w. and n. w. by Wabash r. separa- 
ting it from Wabash co. II. Greatest length 
from E. to w. 38 ms. ; mean breadth 16. and 
area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 12' 
to 38° 34' and in long, from 10° 22' to 1 1° 04' w. 
from AV. C. Slope of the northern and western 
section very nearly due w. and in that direction 



GIL 



174 



GLO 



the northern part is traversed by Patoka r. 
The southeastern angle gives source to Great 
Pigeon creek, a confluent of 0. r,, and declines 
southwardly towards that comparatively large 
recipient. Face of the co. broken. Cf town 
Princeton. Pop. 5,418. 

GiLEAD, p-t. Oxford CO. Me. on the Androscog- 
gin, 30 ms. w. Paris. Pop. 377. 

GiLEAD, p-v. and st. jus. Calhoun coi II., by 
p-r. 907 ms. w. W. C. ; 126 ms. a little n. of w. 
Vandalia, and 50 ms. n. n. w. St. Louis in Mo. 
It is situated between the Misp. and II. rs. near 
the right bank of the latter: lat. 39° 03', long. 
13<3 37' w. W. C. 

Gilford, t. Strafford co. N, H. s. side lake Win- 
nipiseogee, 23 ms. n. e. Concord. Contains an 
academy, 11 schools, a valuable paper manu- 
factory, and other useful mills and machinery. 
Pop. 1,870. 

Giles, co. ofVa., bndd. n. by Monroe, n. e. 
by Botetourt, s. e. by jVIontgomery, s. by Wythe, 
s. w. by Tazewell, by the Great Flat Top mtn. 
which separates it from Logan w., and from 
Fayette n. w. On its extreme n. n. w. it is se- 
parated from Greenbriar co. by New r. The 
form of this co. is a rude approach to a half 
moon, and the length between the points about 
70 ms. Lying between lat. 37° 06' and 37° 43' 
and long. 3° 15' to 4° 15' w. W. C. Surface a 
congeries of mtn. ridges and intervening vallies, 
extending in a n. e. and s. w. direction. The 
mtn. vallies are cut and traversed almost at right 
angles by the Great Kenhawa, which pouring 
from the elevated vales between the Blue Ridge 
and Alleghany, in a n. n. e. course, suddenly in- 
flects to N. w., and passing the latter, enters 
Giles ; breaking through several more minor 
chains, and receiving Greenbriar from Monroe, 
Kenhawa r. pursues its n. wstrn. course to- 
wards 0. At the mouth of Sinking cr. into 
Kenhawa, in the estrn. and upper part of the co. 
opposite the mouth of Greenbriar, the water sur- 
face is 1,333 ft. above the Atlantic tides. We 
may therefore safely assume 1,600 ft. as the 
mean level of the cultivated land of Giles. This 
height is fully equivalent to 4 deg. of Fahren- 
heit, and would give to Giles a winter climate 
equal to that on n. lat. 41° along the Atlantic 
margin. Cf. t. Parisburg. In 1820, the pop. 
was 4,522 only, and at that epoch it included a 
large tract now comprised in Logan co. Pop. 
5,274. 

Giles, c-h. Giles co. Va. (See Parisburg.) 

Giles, one of the sthrn. cos. of Ten. bndd. w. 
by Lawrence, n. w. by Hickman, n. by Maury, 
E. by Hickman, and s. by Madison and Lime- 
stone cos. of Ten. It is very nearly a square of 
30 ms. and area 900 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 35° to 35° 25' and traversed by long. 10° 
w. from W. C. Elk r. winding southwardly 
traverses the s. e. angle of this co., but the much 
greater part is drained by Richland cr. and 
other branches of Elk r. Surface moderately 
hilly. Cf t. Pulaski. Pop. 1820, 12,558, 1830, 
18,703. 

Gill, p-f. Franklin co. Mass., 90 ms. n. w. 
Boston. Fine land, beautifully situated, n. and 
w. Conn, r., which here makes a bend. Miller's 
Falls are in the ( 'onn. adjoining this t. Pop. 864. 

Gill Land's cr. N. Y. (See Willsborough.) 



GiLLMANTowN, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 17 ms. 
from Concord, 44 from Portsmouth, 78 from 
Boston, and 522 from V/. C. Very hilly and 
rocky ; well watered ; contains iron ore and 
mineral springs ; has a flourishing academy. 
Pop. 3,816. 
GiLMAN Pond, t. Somerset co. Maine. Pop. 335. 

GiLSUM, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 37 ms. s. Con- 
cord. Has good mill privileges. Pop. 642. 

Gladwin, co. Mich., bndd. by Arena co. E,, 
Midland s., and ter. not yet divided into cos. w. 
and N. It is a square of 24 ms. each side, area 
576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 43° 50' to 44° 
10', and in long, from 7° 08' to 7° 35' w. W. C. 
Tittibawassee r. or the nthrn. branch of Sagi- 
naw r. drains the body of this co. flowing by a 
general sthrn. course. The central part of 
Gladwin is about 150 ms. n. n. w. Detroit. 

Ginseng, p. v. Logan co. Va., about 380 ms. 
s. w. by w. W. C. 

Glade Run, p. o. Armstrong co. Pa., by p-r. 
214 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Gladden's Grove, and p-o. Fairfield co. S. C. 
31 ms. N. Columbia. 

Glady Creek, Cross roads and p-o. Randolph 
CO. Va., 60 ms. s. e. Clarksburg, and by p-r. 223 
wstrd. W. C. 

Glasgow, p.v. on the head of Christianna cr. 
New Castle co. Del,, 15 ms. S.E.Wilmington, 
and by p-r. 98 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Glasgow, p-v. and st. jus. Barren co. Ky. 116 
ms. s. s. w. Frankfort, and 89 ms. n. n. e, Nash- 
ville, in Ten. lat 37° 01', long. 8° 46' w. W. C. 

Glassborough, p.v. Gloucester co. N. J., 20 
ms. s. E. Phil. Here is a glass factory. 

Glastenbury, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., e. 
Con. r. Timber, oak, chesnut, &c., well wa- 
tered ; contains cotton, woollen, and iron man. 
ufactories &,c., and fine shad fisheries in the 
Conn. ; also a mineral spring. It has 13 school 
dists. Pop. 2,980, 

Glastenbury, t. Bennington co. Vt., 9 ms. n. 
E. Bennington, 25 n. w. Brattleborough. Land 
a great part high, broken, and incapable of be. 
ing settled. Pop. 59. 

Glen, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y., on the Ca. 
nal, 8 ms. s. Johnstown, Pop. 2.451, 

Glencoe, p-v. Hampshire co. Va., by p-r. 124 
ms. N. westerly W. C. 

Glenn's p-o. Gloucester co. Va., byp.r. 92 
ms. E. Richmond. 

Glenn's Falls, v, and p-o. (Sec Queenshury.) 

Glenville, p-t. Schenectady co. N. Y., n. 
Mohawk r., 5 ms. n. w. Schenectady. Has 9 
school houses. Pop. 2,497, 

Gloucester, p-t. and port of entry, Essex co. 
Mass., 30 ms. n. e. Boston, and 16 n. e. Salem, 
situated on Cape Ann, n. extremity of Mass. 
bay. One of the most considerable fishing 
towns in the state, with a harbor open and ac- 
cessible to large ships at all seasons. About 
10,000 tons of shipping are usually owned in 
this town. Rocky and uneven. The principal 
part of Gloucester is a peninsula, connected 
with the main by a very narrow isthmus, across 
which is a canal for the passage of small ves- 
sels. On the s. e. side of the town is Thatch- 
er's island, on which are two light houses. This 
town is a charming place in the warm season. 
Pop. 7,510. 



GLY 



175 



GOO 



Gloucester, p-t. Providence co. R. I. Ibms. 
from Providence. Surface generally uneven. 
Extensive and valuable forests. Chepachet r. 
runs through the centre of the town, upon which 
river, near the centre of said town, is a con- 
siderable village called Chepachet, where are 
a number of cotton factories, and some addi- 
tional water works. Contains twelve schools. 
Pop. 2,522. 

Gloucester, co. N. J. extends from the Dela- 
ware r. to the Atlantic, bndd. n. e. by Burling- 
ton, s. w. by Salem, Cumberland and cape May. 
Principal towns, Woodbury, and Camden. The 
lands along the Delaware, extending inland, 
are highly cultivated for fruit, vegetables, &c. 
for the Philadelphia market. In the interior, 
are pine lands ; there are in the co. several 
for^^es, manufactories of glass, &c. Pop. 1820, 
93,089 ; 1830, 28,431. 

Gloucester, t. Gloucester co. N. J. bounded 
N. E. by Waterford, s. w. by Deptford, s. w. by 
Gloucester t. Pop. 2,332. 

Gloucester, co. of Va. bndd. n. w. by King 
and Queen, n. by Piankatank r. which separates 
it from Middlesex, n. e. by North r. which sep. 
arates it from Matthews, e. by Chesapeake or 
Mobjack bay, and s. and s. w. by York r. 
which separates it from York and James city 
COS. Length 28 ms. mean width 10, and area 
280 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 15' to 
37° 35' and in long, from 0° 14' to 0° 42' e. W. 
C. Cf. t. Gloucester. Pop. 1820, 9,678, 1830, 
10,608. 

Gloucester, c. h. Gloucester co. Va. p o. 
near the centre of the co. by p-r. 88 ms. e. 
Richmond. 

Gloucester Town, t. Gloucester co. N. J. on 
the Delaware, between Deptford and Newton, 
bndd. N. E. by Gloucester. Pop. 686. 

Glover, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 33 ms. e. 
Montpelier. Contains 8 school houses. This 
town is noted for the following remarkable oc- 
currence. A pond, a mile and a half long, and 
half a mile wide, situated partly in this town, and 
partly in Greensborough, on the 6th of June, 
1810, on having a small outlet opened, broke 
loose through the quicksand, of which its bank 
was in that place principally composed, and in 
15 minutes was entirely emptied, its waters 
rushing forth in a mighty mass, 60 or 70 ft. in 
height, and 20 rods in width, levelling forests 
and hills, filling up the valleys, sweeping away 
houses, barns, cattle, &c. and giving the inhab- 
itants time barely to escape with their lives 
into the mountains. In this manner did it de- 
luge the country for the space of 10 ms. So 
rapidly flowed the torrent, that it reached lake 
Memphremagog, 27 ms. distant, in about 6 hours 
from the time of its getting vent. Nothing now 
remains of the pond but its bed, a part of which 
is cultivated, and a part overgrown with bushes 
and wild grass, with a small brook running 
through it, which is now at the head of Barton 
river. Pop. 902. 

Glynn, co. of Geo. bndd. by Camden co. s. 
w., Wayne n. w., Altamaha r. which separates 
it from Mcintosh n. e., and the Atlantic s. e. It 
lies very nearly in form of a square of 25 ms. ; 
area 625 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° to 
31° 29', and in long, from 4° 22' to 4° 58' w. 



W. C. St. Simons, and Jekyl isls. constitute 
the Atlantic border of Glynn. The whole sur- 
face is level and cut by interlocking water 
courses. Where the soil admits of culture, 
the climate is suitable to rice, indigo, tobacco, 
sugar cane, &c. The orange tree and fig tree 
flourish. Cf. ts. Brunswick and Frederica. — 
Pop. 1820, 3,418, 1830, 4,567. 

Gnadenhutten, p-v. Clay tsp. Tuscarawas 
CO. Ohio. The tsp. is in the southern part of 
the CO. The p. v. is situated on Tuscarawas r. 
11ms. s. New Philadelphia, the co. st. Pop. 
of the p-v. 49. 

Godfrey, Savannah p-o. Colleton dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 114 ms. southward Columbia. 

Godfrey's Ferry, and p-o. by pr. 151 ms. a 
little s. of E. Columbia. The ferry is over the 
Great Pedee, about 10 ms. above the mouth of 
Lynches cr. or r. 

GoFFSBORo', p-o. Washington parish La. by 
p-r. 1,147 ms. southwestward W. C. and 83 n. 
N. w. New Orleans. 

Goffstown, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 12 
ms. from Amherst, 16 from Concord, and 55 
from Boston, w. Merrimack r. at Amoskeag 
falls. Piscataquog r. runs through its centre, 
and falls into the Merrimack. Good land. — 
The timber, oak, several sorts of pine, hem- 
lock, beech, and maple. A great number of 
masts, for the English navy, have been furnish, 
ed from this place. It is the present residence 
of Hon. David L. Morrill, late governor of the 
state, and member of congress. Pop. 2,208. 

Golansville, p-v. Caroline co. Va. by p-r. 29 
ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 56 nearly due n. Rich, 
mond. 

GoLCONDA, p-v. and st.jus. Pope co. II. by p.r» 
791 ms. s. s. w. ^ w. W. C. and 160 ms. s. s. e. 
Vandalia. 

Golden, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. 

Golden Grove, p-o. Greenville dist. S. C» 
by p-r. 110 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Gold Mine, p-v. Chesterfield dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 449 ms. s. s. w. W. C. and 101 ms. n. e. 
Columbia. 

Goochland, co. of Va. bndd. by Fiuvanna n, 
w., Louisa N., Hanover n. e., Henrico s. e., and 
James r. which separates it fram Powhatan s., 
and Cumberland s. w. Length 28, mean 
breadth 12, and area 336 square ms. Extend, 
ing in lat. from 37° 31' to 37° 51', and in long, 
from 0° 47' to 1° 20' w. W. C. Goochland 
slopes to the s. and is drained by several small 
ci-s. falling into James r. Cf. t. Hardensville. 
Pop. 1820, 10,007, 1830, 10,369. 

Goochland, c. h., and p-o. Goochland co, Vir. 
ginia, by p-r. 32 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond, 

Goode's Bridge, and p-o. in the sthrn. part 
Chesterfield co. Va. 38 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Goodfield, p-v. Rhea co. Tenn. by p-r. 151 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Good Luck, formerly Magruder's p-o. south- 
western part of Prince George's co. Md. by 
p-r. 18 ms. s. e. W. C. and 40 ms. s. w. Annap- 
olis. 

Goodson's, p-o. Montgomery co. Va. by p-r. 
299 ms. s. w. W. C. and 221 westward Rich- 
mond. 

Goodson's, p.o. Cumberland co. Ky. by p-r. 
634 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 122 s. Frankfort. 



GOS 



176 



GRA 



Good Spring, p-o. Williamson co. Tenn. 12 
ms. s. w. Nashville. 

GooDWYNSViLLE, p-0. Dinwiddie co. Va. 7 
ms. s. Dinwiddie c. h., and 47 s. s. w. Rich- 
mond. 

Goose cr. or r., branch of Roanoke river ri- 
sing in the southeastern vallies of Blue Ridge, 
4 or 5 ms. s. w. from the peaks of Otter, and 
flowing thence s. e. over Bedford co. falls into 
Roanoke r., in the western angle of Campbell 
CO. Va. after a comparative course of 30 ms. 

Gooseberry Island and Rocks, off cape Ann, 
Mass. 

Goose Creek, p-o., on the preceding cr., in 
the western part of Bedford co. Va. 10 ms. 
westward Liberty, the co. st. 

GoosEKEHAWN r. {See Rock r.) 

GoosEi'OND, p-o. Oglethorpe co. Geo. by p-r. 
86 ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville. 

GoRDONsviLLE, p-v. at the eastern foot of 
South West mtn. and on the source of North 
Anna r.. Orange co. Va. about 50 ms. s. w. by 
w. Fredericksburg, by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Rich- 
mond, and 115 s. w. W. C. 

GoRDONSviLLE, p-v. Smyth co. Ten. 6 ms. 
from Carthage, and by p-r. 8 1 ms. though direct 
only about 50, eastward Nashville. 

GoRDONTON, p-o. Person co. N. C. 60 ms. by 
p-r. N. N. w. Raleigh. 

Gore, a tract of land lying w. of Williams- 
town, Mass. 140 ms. n. w. of Boston, 2 ms. 
wide at s. end, and tapering to a point at the Vt. 
line. 

GoRHAM, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 9 ms. n. w. 
Portland. It has a considerable village, in 
which is an academy. Pop. 2,988. 

GoRHAM, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y, 8 ms. s. e. 
Canandaigua. Flint cr. runs across the e. part, 
and supplies mill seats. It contains 23 school 
dists. Pop. 2,081. 

GoRHAM, p-v. in the eastern part of Daviess 
CO. Ky. 8 ms. s. e. Owensburg, or Owensboro', 
the CO. St. and 150 s. w. by w. ^ w. Frankfort. 

GosHAM, p-v. Daviess co. Ky. by p-r. 152 ms. 
s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Goshen, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 42 ms. w. 
Concord. Soil particularly good for grass. 
Timber, maple, birch, beech, hemlock, spruce, 
and some oak. Maple sugar is here manufac- 
tured to a considerable extent. Pop. 772. 

Goshen, t., Addison co. Vt. 31 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, and 43 n. w. Windsor. Consider- 
ably mountainous. Watered by Leicester river. 
Contains iron ore, and the oxide of manganese ; 
6 school dists. Pop. 555. 

Goshen, P-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 115 ms. w. 
Boston, and 12 n. w. Northampton. Several 
minerals, among which is the emerald, are 
found here. Pop. 617. 

Goshen, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 32 ms. W. 
Hartford, and 42 from New Haven. It is the 
highest land in the state. The sugar maple is 
the predominant forest tree. It contains vari. 
ous kinds of manufactories ; 8 school dists. It 
is remarkably healthy. Pop. 1,734. 

Goshen, p-t. and half-shire town. Orange co. 
N. Y. 26 ms. w. Hudson r., 110 s. Albany, and 
60 n. N. York. Contains 12 schools. Pop. 3,361. 

Goshen, p-v. Monmouth co. N. .T. 12 ms. s. 
Allentown. 



Goshen, small village in the sthrn. part of 
Loudon CO. Va. about 35 ms. w. W. C. 

Goshen, p-v. Lincoln co. Geo. about 45 ms. 
above Augusta, and by p-r. 99 ms. n. e. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Goshen, p-v. in the estrn. part of Iredell co. 
N. C. IJ ms. estrd. Statesville, the co. st. and 
157 ms. westrd. Raleigh. 

Goshen, p-v. in Goshen tsp. nrthn. part of 
Clermont co. 0. by p-r. 93 ms. s. w. Columbus. 
Pop. 139. 

Goshen Gore, Caledonia co. Vt. " here are 
two gores of this name, both in this co. the 
largest contains 7,339 acres, the smaller 2,828. 

Goshen Hill, p-v. between Ennoree and Ty- 
ger rs. sthrn. part of the Union dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 107 ms. n. w. Columbia. The real road 
distance between those two places about 50 ms. 

Goshen Mills, and p-o. Montgomery co. Md. 

Goshensville, p-o. Chester co. Pa. 

Gosport, isl., Rockingham co. N. H. Pop. 103. 

GospoRT, navy yard, 1^ ms. from Norfolk, 
Norfolk CO. Va. 

GcuLDSBOROUGH, t. Hancock co. Me. 40 ms. 
E. ( astine. Pop. 880. 

Govanstown, p-o. in the sthrn. part of Balti. 
more co Md. by p-r. 42 ms. n. e. W. C. 

GovERNEUR, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 23 
ms. s. Ogdensburg. Received its name in hon- 
or of Governeur Morris. It has a great diver- 
sity of soil, and is situated on the Oswegachie r. 
Pop. 1,430. 

Governor's Island, N. Y. directly s. of the 
city of N. York, foiming the harbor in the 
East r. Belongs to government and is strongly 
fortified. 

GowANSViLLE, p-v. Greenville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 121 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

GowDYSViLLE, p-v. Uiiion dist. S. C. by p-r. 
454 ms. s. w. W. C. and 89 n. w. Columbia. 

Graceham, p-v. Frederick co. Md. on the 
road from Hagerstown to Westminster, 15 ms. 
N. Frederick, and 81 ms.N. n. w. W. C. 

Grafton, co. N. H. 58 ms. long, and 30 at its 
greatest breadth, containing 828,623 acres, be- 
sides a large tract of ungranted land. Bndd. n. 
by Coos CO., E. by Strafford, s. by Hillsborough, 
and w. by Vt. It is watered by Conn, r., Pemi. 
gewasset. Lower Amonoosuck, and many 
smaller streams— somewhat mountainous — 
contains fine tracts for pasturage, a large pro- 
portion of arable land, and on the rivers ex- 
tensive and fertile intervals — there are in the 
CO. 36 towns — the sessions of the superior 
court and of the court of sessions are holden 
alternately at Haverhill and Plymouth. Pop. 
1820, 32,989; 1830, 38,632. 

Grafton, t. Grafton co. N. H. 36 ms. n. w. 
Concord, and 13 s. e. Dartmouth college — well 
watered — rocky, hilly, and mountainous. Pop. 
1,207. 

Grafton, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 36 ms. n. e. 
Bennington, and 22 s. w. Windsor — contains 
good mill seats — surface uneven — abounds in 
a great variety of minerals — contains an im- 
mense quantity of soap stone — 11 school dists. 
Pop. 1,439. 

Grafton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 40 ms. s. 
w. Boston, and 8 s. e. Worcester, on the Black- 
stone canal. Watered by Blackstone r. ; con- 



GRA 



177 



GRA 



tains flourishing manufactories, one of which 
has a capital of $500,000, at which is manufac. 
tured twine and duck, from flax and hemp. — 
Pop. 1,889. 

Grafton, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. ll ms. e. 
Troy. Soil principally an argillaceous loam ; 
timber, hemlock, white pine, fir, spruce, maple, 
&c. ; contains 10 school houses. Pop. 1,681. 

Grafton, p-v. in the northern part of Medina 
CO. 0. byp-r. 367 ms. northwestwardly W. C. 
and 129 n. n. e. Columbus. 

Graham's Station, and p-v. Meigs co. O. by 
p-r. 352 ms. w. W. C. and 103 s. e. Columbus. 

Graham's Bridge, and p-o. Richmond co. N. 
C. by p-r. 93 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Grahamsville, or Grahamstown, p-v. near 
the centre of Beaufort dist. S. C. 74 ms. s. w. 
by w. and by a rather circuitous road from 
Charleston, and 10 s. Coosawhatchie the st.jus. 
for the dist. 

Grainger, co. of Ten. bndd. by Clinch r. 
which separates it from Claiborne co. n. w., by 
Hawkins co. n. e., by Jefferson s. e. and Knox 
s. w. Length 32 ms. breadth lO, and area 320 
square ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 08' to 
36° 30' and in long, from 6° 03' to 6° 40' w. W. 
C. This CO. being bndd. on the n. w. by Clinch, 
and traversed on the s. e. by Plolston r. has 
some very fine r. soil, but the body of the co. 
is hilly, and in part rocky and mountainous. A 
minor ridge called Chesnut Ridge, stretches to 
the s. w. and n. e. between the two rs. and di- 
vides Grainger into two not very unequal parts. 
Cf. t. Oresville. Pop. 1820, 7,650 ; 1830, 
10,066. 

Granberry's, p-o. in the southern part of 
Twigg's CO. Geo. 8 ms. southward Marion, the 
CO. St. and 45 s. w. Milledgeville. 

Granbv, t. Essex co. Vt. 47 ms.N. e. Mo'ntpe- 
lier, Vt. Pop. 97. 

Gr\nby, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 90 ms. w. 
of Boston. In a cavern recently discovered 
here, were found two decayed statues original, 
ly formed of wood or earth. The date of 1760 
was on the walls. Pop. 1,064. 

Granby, p-t. Hartford co. Conn, bordering on 
Mass. 17 ms. n. n. w. Hartford. The surface is 
diversified with mountain, hill and dale ; it has 
within its limits a great variety of timber, and 
contains several kinds of minerals. It is pretty 
well watered, and contains various kinds of 
manufactories, 16 school dists. and a small vil- 
lage in the centre of each of the located reli- 
gious societies. Here is the Newgate, once 
the state prison, which was formerly a cavern, 
and originally opened and wrought as a copper 
mine. Since the removal of the prison, this 
mine has been purchased by a mining company, 
and wrought with some success. Pop. 2,722. 

Granby, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. s. w. Oswego 
village, 12 ms. above Oswego, 25 n. of Salina, 
and 155 w. of Albany. Surface moderately 
uneven ; soil generally fertile ; timber, pine, 
oak, maple, beech, &c. The Oswego falls are 
between this town and Volney ; there are 8 
schools in the town. Pop. 1,423. 

Granby, p-v. and st. jus. Lexington dist. S. 
C. situated on the right bank of Congaree r. 
nearly opposite Columbia. Lat. 33° 58' long. 
4° 03' w. W. C. 



Grand, r. of O. This stream has its ex- 
treme source in Trumbull co. about 5 or 6 ms, 
N. w. of Warren, and flowing thence nearly 
due N. 30 ms., to Ashtabula co., and within 10 
ms. of lake Erie, bends at right angles to the 
w., and continues that course 30 ms. to the lake 
which it enters in Geauga co., between the vil. 
lages of Fairport and Newmarket, leavincr a 
peninsula of 22 miles in length, and from 10 to 
2 miles wide, between the lower course of the 
river and the lake. 

Grand r. or Neosho r. a branch of Ark. r. 
rises hi the angle betv.'een Ark. proper, Kansas, 
and Osage rs., flows by a general course of s. 
s. E. upwards of 200 ms. by comparative cours- 
es, and falls into Ark. at Cantonment Gibson. — 
The valley ol Grand r. stretches from lat. 35° 
47' to 38° 40', and though some of its branches 
rise in the state of Mo. the great body of the 
valley lies westward of that state and of the 
Ter. of Ark. between 17° and 20° w. W. ('.— 
On Tanner's improved map of the U. S. this r. 
derives its most remote sources at lat. 38° 30', 
and w. long. 20° 30' W. C, and in the angle 
between the Smoky Hill Fork of Kansas r. and 
the main stream of Ark r. on the same plains 
from which issue the higher fountains of Osage 
river. 

Grand r. a branch of Mo. r. about lat. 42°, 
between the sources of Raccoon fork of Des 
Moines r. and Naudaway branch of Mo. and 
flowing thence southwardly about 100 ms. en. 
tersthe state of Mo. ; inflecting thence a little 
E. of s. 100 ms. falls into the left side of Mo. 
by direct course 200 ms. above St. Louis. This 
stream and its confluents v/ater upwards of 
50C0 sq. ms. in the northwestern angle of Mo. 
Its valley lies between long. 16° and 17° 30' 
w. W. C. 

Grand r. stream of Mich. Ter. and conflu- 
ent of Lake Mich, rises, interlocking sources 
with those of Huron, Lake Erie, Raisin, and 
also with those of St. Joseph's and Kalamazoo 
rs. flowing into Lake Mich. The extreme 
sources of Grand r. are on the flat table land 
of the Mich, peninsula, about 80 ms. a little s. 
of w. from Detroit, about n. lat. 42°. Flowing 
thence by comparative courses n. n. w. about 
100 ms. the channel abruptly inflects to the 
westward, which latter course is continued 70 
ms. to its final influx into lake Mich, at lat. 43-' 
08'- Some of the northeastern confluents of 
Grand r. interlock with those of Saginaw r. 
and the main body of the valley of the former, 
lies between those of Saginaw and Kalamazoo. 

Grand r. or Grand Fork, a southern br. of 
Rainy Lake r. As laid down by Tanner, Grand 
Fork rises on the elevated, but marshy plains 
from which issue the extreme sources of Misp. 
r., and on his map, between the sources of the 
two rs. he has inserted the following note. 
" An uninterrupted water communication be- 
tween Grand Fork of Rainy lake r. and Win. 
nepec lake, is said to exist at this place." Indeed 
the whole country from which rise the sources 
of Misp, r., those of the estrn. branches of Red 
r., br. of Assiniboin, and those of Grand Fork, is 
one vast congeries of lakes. Grand Fork for the 
first half of its conrseis formed of short straits 
and intervening lakes, in a general n. e. by e. 



GRA 1' 

course, it thence inflects to n. n. e. to its en- 
trance into Rainy lake r. about 20 ms. wstrd. of 
the Factory of the American Fur Company. 
The entire comparative course of this stream is 
about lOU ms. 

Grand or Ciiilnucook, lake, Me. the source 
of St. Croix r. 30 ms. long, and about 5 broad. 

Grand isl. N. Y. in Niagara river 12 ms. 
long, and 2 to 7 wide, commencing about 3 ms. 
below Black Rock, and terminating a mile and 
a half above Niagara Falls ; containing 17,800 
acres. Soil strong and rich. A large marsh 
in the centre. It is well wooded. Here was 
acted the farce of laying the foundation of the 
Jewish city of Ararat. 

Grand, p-v. and tsp. in the nrthwstrn. part of 
Marion co. O. ; the p.v. is 74 ms. n. n. w. Co- 
lumbus. Pop. tsp. 317. 

Grand Blanc, p-v. Oakland co, Mich. n. n. w. 
Detroit. 

Grand Cakalin, p-v. Brown co. Mich. The 
names or position of these two latter not on 
Tannei-'s map ; nor is the relative position oJ 
either given in the p-o. list. 

Grande, p-v. Crittenden co. Ark. 141 ms. by 
p-r. N E. by E. Little Rock, and 932 ihs. s. w. 
by w. h w. W. C. 

Grand Gulf, abrupt and remarkable bend of 
the Mississippi r. at the influx of Black r. 

Grand Gulf, p-v. on the Grand Gulf and 
Misp. r., and in the nrthwstrn. part of Claiborne 
CO state of Misp. by the land road 50 ms. 
above and n. n. e. Natchez. 

Grand Isle co. Vt. bounded n. by L. Canada, 
on the N. line of Alburgh, the rest of the co. 
consisting of isls. in lake Champlain. It is 2B 
ms. long from n. to s. and about 5 ms. wide con- 
taining 82 sq. ras. ; streams small, having 
scarcely a good mill privilege in the co. ; sur- 
face generally level, and verv rich and produc- 
tive. Cf. t. North Hero. Pop. 1820, 3,527 ; 
1830, 3,696. 

Grand Isle, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt. 18 ms. n. 
Burlington. Pop. 643. 

Grand Portage r. or rather chain of small 
lakes and short intervening straits, forms a part 
of the channel of intercomnmnication between 
Lake Superior and the interior part of North 
America, drained by the confluents of Assini- 
boin, and other large rs. Grand Portage r. en- 
ters lake Superior almost exactly on n. lat. 48° 
and at long. "W. C. 12° 45' w. In a direct line 
from its source to final discharge is only about 
40 ms., the actual water distance is much 
greater. In addition to its importance as part 
of a commercial route, the Grand Portage river 
forms part of the boundary between the U. S. 
and the British dominions in North America. 
The distance is about 350 ms. following the 
curve round to the nrthrd. of Isle Royale, from 
the Falls of St. Mary to the mouth of Grand 
Portage river. 

Grand Traverse, Strait and Isls. between 
lake Michigan and Green Bay. This strait 
opens at lat 45° 30', and is filled with small isls. 
which render the entrance from lake Michigan 
into Green Bay rather intricate. 

Grand Traverse, bay, or the outlet of Ot- 
tawa river Mich. Amongst the confusion of 
naming rs. by the same nam«, or by one ap. 



B GRA 

propriated to another object, this affords an 
instance. Directly opposite Grand Traverse 
Strait and Islands, but on the contrary shore of 
lake Michigan, opens Grand Traverse bay. The 
Ottawa r. rises on the peninsula of Michigan, 
and flowing to the n. w. about lat. 45, widens to 
a bay, which with a length of 30 ms. terminates 
in lake Michigan, and is known as Grand 
Traverse Bay. 

Granger, p-v. Caldwell co. Ky. by p-r. 2J5 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Granger, p-v. and tsp. Medina co. O. by p-r. 
348 ms. N. w. by w. of W. C. and 121 n. n. e. 
Columbia. Pop. tsp. G76. 

Grant, co. Ky. bndd. s. and s. w. by Owen, 
Gallatin n. w., Boone n., and Pendleton e. 
Length 23, mean width about 8, and area 184 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 30' to 38° 
4!i', and in long, from 7° 35' to 7° 47' w. W. C. 
Eagle cr. a branch of Ky. r. winds over a part 
of Grant, and is the only stream of consequence 
in the co. Cf. t. Williamsville, or Williams- 
town. Pop. 1820, 1,805, 1830, 2,987. 

Grant, co. Ind. bounded n. w. by Miami co., 
N. by Wabash and Huntingdon cos., s. e. by 
Del. CO., and s. by Madison. Breadth 18 ms., 
mean length 20, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 
30', long. W. C. 8° 38' w. The Mississinewa 
r. enters near the sthestrn. and leaves it at the 
nrthwstrn. angle, flowing to the n. w., the gen. 
eral slope of the co. being in that direction. The 
extreme nrthrn. sources of White r. are, however, 
in the sthestrn. angle of this co., and flow to the 
s. w., and from- the opposite angle issues a 
branch of Salamanic r., flowing to the n. w. 
This CO. is named neither in the p-o. list or 
census tables. 

Grantham, t. Sullivan co. N. H. 12 ms. s. e. 
Dartmouth college, and 45 n. v/. Concord. 
Croydon mtn. runs through the west part of the 
town. Soil productive. Well watered by numer- 
ous brooks and rivulets. Contains a medicinal 
spring, and a bed of paint. Pop. 1,079. 

Grantley's, p-o. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 59 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Grant's Lick, and p-o. Campbell co. Ky. by 
p-r. 76 ms. n. n. e. Frankfort. 

Grantsville, p-v. Green co. Geo. by p-r. 52 
ms. northward Milledgeville. 

Granville, t. Hampden co. Mass. 120 ms. s. 
w. Boston, and 18 s. w. Springfield — a hand, 
some and flourishing town. Pop, 1,649. 

Granville, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. about 
60 ms. N. e. Albany. Soil excellent ; surface 
handsomely diversified, and well watered with 
springs, rivulets, &c. It contains an academy, 
and 19' schools. It has a marble quarry ; and 
common slate stone, and limestone are also 
found. It contains likewise various kinds of 
manufactories. Pop. 3,882. 

Granville, p-v. on Duncard cr, near the 
southern border of Greene co. Pa., but in Mo- 
nongalia CO. Va., about 12 ms. n. w. Morgan, 
town, and by p-r. 211 ms. n. av. by w. W. C, 

Granville, p-v. Monongalia co. Va. 217 
ms. N. w. by w. J w. W. C. 

Granville, co. of N. C. bndd. by Warren e., 
Franklin s. e.. Wakes s., Orange s. w.. Person 
w., and' by Halifax co. of Va. n. w., and Meck- 
lenburg CO. of Va, N. Length 36, mean width 



GRA 



179 



GRE 



23, and area 828 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 36° 03' to 36° 3J', and in long, from 1° 20' 
to 1° 50' w. W. G. The soutliern part of tiiia 
CO. is drained by creeks flowing s. into Neuse r., 
the centre is traversed by Tar r., whilst the 
northern section slopes towards, and is drained 
by crs. flowing into Roanoke. Cf. t. Oxford. 
Pop. 1820, 18,216, 1830, 19,343. 

Granville, p-v. and tsp. in the southwestern 
part of Licking co. O. The village is by p-r. 
28 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus, and 6 ms. west- 
ward Newark, the co. st. The village has 3 
houses for public worship, and a female high 
school. The ' Granville Literary and Theolo- 
gical Institution,' located a mile s. vv. of this vil- 
lage, is in a flourishing condition, and is con- 
ducted on the manual labor system. Present 
number of students, 00. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 
1,784; and of the village 362. 

Grape Island and p-o. Tyler co. Va. by pr. 
273 ms. westward W. C. 

Grass r. N. Y. enters the St. Lawrence, op- 
posite St. Regis Island. It is 125 ms. long. 
It is naturally connected with the Oswegatchie 
in Canton. 

Grass Lake, p.v. Jackson co. Mich, by p-r. 
88 ms. w. Detroit. 

Grassy cr. and p.o. Pendleton co. Ky. by p-r. 
68 ms. N. N. E.from Frankfort. 

Grassy cr. and p-o. Burke co. N. C. about 200 
ms. w. Raleigh. 

Grassy Point, p.v. Madison co. O. by p-r. 61 
ms. westward Columbus. 

Gratiot, co. of Mich, bndd, by Saginaw co. 
E., Clinton s., Montcalm w., Isabella n. w., and 
Midland n. e. It is a sq. of 24 ms. each side, 
area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 43° 
08' to 43° 2»', and in long, from 7° 22' to 7° 48' 
w. W. C. The slope to the southwest, and 
drained by some of the higher northern sources 
of Grand r. of lake Michigan. The central 
part is about 110 ms. n. w. from Detroit. 

Gratiot's Giiove, p-o. Joe-Daviess co. II. 17 
ms. N. E. by E. Galena, and by p-r. 972 n. w. by 
w. W. C. 

Gratis, p-v. 2 ms. from Eaton, the co. st. 
Preble co. O., and 94 a little s. of w. Columbus 

Gratz, p-v. in Wiconisco valley, in the north- 
ern angle of Dauphin co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. a 
little E. of N. Harrisburg. 

Grave Creek, or Elizabethtown, p-v. of 
Ohio CO. Va. 12 ms. below Wheeling, and by 
p-r. 352 N. w. by w. W. C, This cr. and village 
take their name from very extensive tumuli, 
scattered over an elevated bottom or plain. — 
The author of this article visited this plain 
twice in 1794, previous to the plough or other 
operations of farming having much disturbed 
the remains. At that epoch, one very large 
conical mound surrounded by a ditch, was it- 
self environed by numerous and similar, though 
smaller tumuli. The remains of the roads, 
sloping down the banks from the plain, were 
also perfectly distinguishable ; as was the 
trench of a work, in form of a parallelogram. 

Gravelly Hill, and p-o. Bladen co.N. (.'. 
by p-r. 101 ms. s. Raleigh. 

Graves, co. Ky. between Ten. and Misp. rs., 
bndd. by McCracken n., Calloway e., Weakly 
CO. of Ten. s., and Hickman in Ky. w. Length 



33, mean breadth 20, and area 660 sq. ms. — 
Extending in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 58', and 
in long, from 11° 35' to 11° 56' w. W. C. Cf. 
t. Maylield. Pop. 2,503. 

Graves, p-o. in the western part of Madison 
CO. Va. by p-r. 110 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Gravesend, t. Kings co. N. Y. 9 ms. s. N. 
Y. on the coast ; a bathing resort. Pop. 565. 

Gray, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 20 ms. n. of 
Portland. Pop. 1,575. 

Grayson, co. of Va. lying between the Blue 
Ridge and Iron mtn., bndd. w. by the Iron mtn. 
which separates it from Washington ; n. w. and 
N. by the Iron mtn. separating it from Smyth, 
and Wythe ; n. e. by Floyd co. ; E.and s. e. by 
Blue Ridge, separating it from Patrick co. ; 
and s. by Surrey, and s. w. by Ashe cos. N. C. 
The greatest length of Grayson is about 70 ms. 
from the extreme wstrn. angle on Iron mtn. to 
the extreme estrn. on Blue Ridge ; mean width 
12, and area 840 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36° 33' to 36° 53', and in long, from 3° 28' to 
4° 46' w. W. C. Grayson is the most estrn. of 
the sthrn. cos. of Va. which are comprised in 
the valley of the Ohio r. Great Kenhawa r. ri. 
sing in Ashe co. of N. C. flows n. eastwardly 
into Grayson, and thence turning estd. about 20 
ms. along the line between Va. and N. C. and 
turning to N. N. E. traverses Grayson, which it 
leaves by piercing the Iron mtn. This co. is a 
part of the Great Valley west of the Blue Ridge, 
and slopes nthwrd. drained by innumerable crs. 
flowing from the two bounding channels into 
the Great Kenhawa, here called New River. 
Comparing the mean elevat'on of Grayson, with 
that of Wythe, Montgomery and Giles, we can- 
not assume for the former less than 1,600 ft. 
above the ocean level. {See Giles, c^c.) Cf.t. 
of Grayson, Greensville. Pop. 1820, 5,598, 
1830, 7,675. 

Grayson c-h. and p.o. (See Greensville, Gray- 
son CO. Va.) 

GraysOxN, c-h. and p-v. Grayson co., Va. by 
p-r. 354 ms. s. w. W. C, and 276 s. w. by w. ^ 
w. Richmond. 

Grayson, co. of Ky., bndd. w. by Ohio co., n. 
w. by Hancock or by Rough cr., br. of Green 
r., n. by Rough cr., separating it from 
Breckenridge, n. e. and e. by Hardin, s. e. 
by Nolin's cr., separating it irom Hart, s. by 
Edmonson, and s. w. by Butler. Length from 
E. to w. 40, mean breadth 20, and area 800 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from. 37° 10' to 37° 38', 
and in long, from 8' 58' to 9° 40' w. W. C. 
This CO. occupies part of the peninsula between 
Green r. and Rough cr., the central part being a 
table land, from which small crs. flow into the 
two bordering streams. The general slope is 
to the wstrd., as both the bordering rs. flow in 
that direction. Cf. t. Litchfield. Pop. 1820, 
4,055, 1830, 2,504. This co. must have been 
divided in the intermediate time. 

Gray's Settlement, and p-o. Erie co. Pa., by 
p-r. 327 ms.N. w. W. C. 

Graysville, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa., by p-r. 
96 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Great Barringtoh, p-t. Berkshire co Mass., 
14 ms. s. Lenox, 125 s. w. Boston, incorporated 
1761. It is finely situated on the Housatonic ; 
the soil is generally excellent, and the surface is 



GRE 



160 



GRE 



agreeably varied by hills and vallies. Monu- 
ment mountain is in this town. The village is 
principally on the w. bank of the river. Pop. 
a.264. 

Great Bay, Rockingham co. N. H. The 
wstrn. branch of the PiGcataqua, 4 ms. wide, 
empties n. e. through Little Bay. 

Gkeat Bay, Strafford co. N. H., connected 
with Winnipiseogee lake, and heads Winni- 
piseogee r. 

Great Bend, p-v., on the left bank of the 
East Branch of Susquehannah r., at the mouth 
of Salt Lick or., Susquehannah co. Pa., 15 ms. 
N. N. E. Montrose, and by p-r. 170 n. n. e. flar- 
risburg. 

Great Bridge, p-v. Norfolk co. Va,, situated 
on Southern r., 12 ms. s. s. e. Norfolk, and by 
p-r. 124 s. e. by e. Richmond. 

Great Grossing, p-v. Scott co. Ky. 15 ms. n. 
e. Frankfort. 

Great Kenhawa. (>S'ee Kenhawa.) 

Great Mills and p-o. at the head of St. 
Mary's r., St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 81 ms. s. 
s. e. W. C. and almost due s. Annapolis. 

Great Salt Works, or Saltsburg, at the 
forks, and on the right bank of Conemaugh r., 
a p-v. Ind. CO. Pa. about 30 ms. a little n. of e. 
Pittsburg, and 211 wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Great Ogeechee. (>See Ogeechee r.) 

Great Valley, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. 
14 ms. s. E. from Ellicottville. Pop. 647. 

Great Works r. Me. enters the Penobscot r. 
2 ms. below the Great Falls. 

Greece, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. at the mouth 
of Genesee r. Pop. 2,574. 

Green r. a considerable navigable stream of 
Ky. having its most remote source in Lincoln 
CO. heading with Dick's r., and with the ex- 
treme northern branches of Cumberland r. 
Flowing thence westwardly, inclining a little 
to the N., receiving, besides numerous crs. the 
comparatively large tributaries of Big Barren 
from the s. and Nolin and Rough ereeks from 
the N. The main stream enters Ohio r. after a 
comparative course of about 200 ms. The val- 
ley of Green r. extends from n. lat. 36p to 37° 
55', and is in length 170 ms., with a mean 
breadth of 40 ms., and area 6,800 sq. ms. It 
has the vallies of Salt and Ohio rs, n. and that 
of Cumberland S. 

Green, t. Sussex co. N. J., joins Warren co. 
6 ms. s. Newton. Pop. 801. 

Green Bank, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by p-r. 
242 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Green Bay-, p-o. Hanover co. Va. by p-r. 94 
ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Green Bay, Brown and Chippewa cos. Mich. 
The sheet of water to which this title has been 
given is usually regarded as a part of lake 
Michigan, though in geographical strictness. 
Green bay is itself a lake connected with Mi- 
chigan by a strait called Grand Traverse. (jSee 
Grand Traverse Islands.) Green Bay, con- 
sidered as a separate sheet of water from lake 
Michigan, though connected by a common 
strait, extends from s. w. to n. e. 120 ms. ; the 
width varies, but is generally about 25, and the 
mean breadth would be rather underrated at 20 
ms. The southwestern extreme branches into 
two large arms, Sturgeon bay to the estrd, and 



Fox r. bay to the wstrd. {See Fox r. of Green 
Bay.) Besides Grand Traverse Islands, there 
are other islands in Green Bay, the largest of 
which, Menomonie island, w. of the Grand Tra- 
verse, is about 25 ms. in length, but compara- 
tively narrow. Vessels of 200 tons burthen are 
navigated into and through Green Bay to the 
mouth, and some distance up Fox r. Menomo- 
nie r. enters Green Bay from the northwstrd., 
and 50 ms. n. e. from the influx of Fox r. 

Green Bay, p-v. Brown co. Mich, by p-r. 
1,037 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. and 511 ms. in 
nearly a similar direction from Detroit. 

Green Brier, r, of Va. rising in the north, 
ern part of Pocahontas co. over which it flows, 
and entering and traversing Green Brier co., 
falls into Great Kenhawa, after a comparative 
southwestern course of 90 ms. Green Brier 
has its remote sources in the same ridges with 
those of Cheat r. branch of Monongahela, and 
those of the South branch of the Potomac. The 
valley of Green Brier, lies between those of 
James and Gauley rs. It is an elevated re- 
gion. The water level is from actual admeas- 
urement, 1,333 ft. at the efflux of Green Brier 
into Great Kenhawa. The mean height of the 
farms above the ocean level cannot fall much, 
if any, short of 1,500 ft. 

Greenbrier, co. Va. bndd. by Fayette w., 
Nicholas n. w., Pocahontas n., the main chain 
of Alleghany mtns. separating it from Bath n. 
E., and Alleghany co. e. ; on the s. it has Mon- 
roe, and s. w. in a distance of about 8 ms. it is 
separated from Giles co. by New r. immediate, 
ly below the influx of Green Brier r. n. lat. 38, 
and w. long. 3i° W. C. intersect very near the 
centre. The eastern and most extensive sec- 
tion of this CO. slopes s. w. in the direction of 
the course of the r. from which the name is de- 
rived. A minor chain of mtns. bearing also 
the same name traverses the co. from s. w. to 
N. E. and to the northwestward of which the 
slope is to the n. w. and drained by creeks flow- 
ing into Gauley r. The surface much broken, 
by both*mountains and hills, though much of 
the valley soil is fertile. By the census of 
1830, it contained a pop. of 9,006, but subse- 
quent to that epoch a large section of the co, 
along New r. has been detached and is now 
comprised in Fayette co. It is still 58 ms. in 
length from s. w. to n. e. with a mean width of 
about 20 ms.; area 1160 sq. ms. Cf. t, Lewis- 
burg. 

Greenburgh, t. West Chester co. N. Y. 28 
ms. N. N. Y., on the Hudson. Pop. 2,195. 

Greenbush, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. on 
Hudson r. opposite Albany. The high ground 
above the village was an important cantonment 
during the late war. There is an academy, 
board and instruction $20 or $25 per quarter. 
Pop. 3,216. 

Green Castle, p-v. in the southern part of 
Franklin co. Pa. situated at mid-distance be- 
tween Chambersburg and Hagerstown, 11 ms. 
from each, and 77 n. w. W. C. 

Green Castle, p-v. and st. jus. Putnam co. 
Ind. by p-r. 614 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. and 
42 w. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 42'. 

Green Creek, p-v. and tsp. northern part of 
Sandusky co. 0. The p-o. is by p-r. Ill ms. 



GRE 



181 



GRE 



N. Columbus, and 434 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
Pop. tsp. 444. 

Greene mts. Vt, The range begins near 
New Haven, Conn, and runs nearly parallel to 
Conn. r. till it passes into Lower Canada. 'It 
gave the name to Vermont, through the middle 
of 'Which it passes. Mansfield North Peak is 
the highest elevation, 4,279 feet above lake 
Champlain. Those nearest this in height are 
Camel's Back, Shrewsbury mtn,, Mansfield, 
South Peak and Killington Peak, the last 3,924 
feet. The range is crossed by several turn- 
pike roads. In the s. part of Washington co. 
the range divides ; and a spur called the Height 
of Land runs n. e. into the w. part of Caledonia 
county. 

Greene, p-t. Kennebec ca. Me. 39 ms. n. 
Portland, on the Androscoggin. Pop. 1,324. 

Greene co. N. Y. bndd. by Schoharie and 
Albany cos. n., the Hudson r. e., Ulster co. s., 
and Del. co. v/. Area about 508 sq. ms. It is 
crossed by the Catsberg mtns. and Catskill is 
the Cf. t. and st. jus. Pop. 182G, 22,996, 1830, 
29,525. 

Greene, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y. on Chenan. 
so r. 15 ms. s. w. Norwich, 22 N. E. Binghamp- 
ton. Pop. 2,962. 

Greene, southwestern co. of Pa. bndd. by 
Washington co. n., by Monongahela r. separa- 
ting it from Fayette e., by Monongalia co. Va. 
s., Tyler co. Va. s. w., and Ohio co. Va. w. 
Length from e. to w. 32 ms., mean breadth 18, 
and area, 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
39° 42' to 40° 01', and in long, from 2° 57' to 
3° 35' w. W. C. About two thirds of the sur- 
face slopes eastward and is drained by the nu- 
merous branches of Ten Mile and Dunkard crs. 
into Monongahela r. The western side slopes 
to the westward and is drained by Fish and 
Wheeling crs. Surface very broken, and along 
the line of separation between the confluents of 
O. and Monongahela rs. the aspect is mountain- 
ous. The soil is, however, almost invariably pro- 
ductive. Cf. t. Waynesburg. Pop. 1820, 15,554, 
1830, 18,026. 

Greene co. of N. C, bndd. by Lenoir s., 
Wayne W., Edgecombe n, and by Sandy cr. 
separating it from Pitt e. Length 20 ms., mean 
hreadth 12, and area 240 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 35° 32' to 35° 40', and in long, from 
0° 35' to 0° 50' w. W. C. Cf. t. Snow Hill. 
Pop. 1820, 4,533, 1830, 6,413. Contentney cr. 
or r., a branch of Neuse r. traverses this co. 
from the n. w. to s. e. giving the surface a gene- 
ral slope in that direction. 

Greene co. of Geo., bndd. n. w. by Clark, n. 
E. by Oglethorpe, e. by Talliaferro, s. e. by 
Hancock, and by Oconee r., which separates it 
from Putnam s. w., and Morgan w. Length 28, 
mean width 18, and area 504 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 33° -22' to 33° 43', and in long, from 
6° 05' to 6° 31' w. W. C. The Oconee r. en- 
ters the nthrn. border, and receiving Appalache 
from the n. w., becomes thence a boundary to 
the extreme s. wstrn. angle of the co. Cf. t. 
Greensboro'. Pop. 1820, 13,589, 1830, 12,549. 

Greene, co. of Ala., bndd. by Pickens n. w., 
Tuscaloosa n. e.. Perry e., Marengo s., and by 
Tombigbee r, which separates it from the Choc- 
taw country s. w. and w. Length 38, mean 

24 



width 22, and area 836 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 32° 32' to 32° 57', and in long, from 10^ 
40' to 11° 20' w. W. C. I'his CO. being bndd. 
by the Tombigbee, and traversed from n. to S. 
by Tuscaloosa l., its down stream navigable fa- 
cilities are very great. The surface is hilly, 
but having considerable river bottom, much of 
its soil is excellent. Cf. t. Erie. Fop. 1820, 
4,554, 1830, 15,026. 

Greene, co. of Misp., bndd. by Jackson s., 
by Perry w,, Wayne n., and by Mobile co. Ala. 
E. Length 36, mean width 24, and area 864 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 55' to 31° 
27', and in long, from 11° 37' to 11° 58' w.W. C. 
Chickasawhay r. enters the nthrn. border of'this 
CO., and winding to the sthrd. receives Leafr. 
from the n. w., and the union of the two near the 
sthrn. border of the co. forms the Pascagoular. 
The general feature of the surface of Green 
CO. is that of pine forest, of course most of the 
soil is sterile. Staple cotton. Cf. t. Greensboro'. 
Pop. 1820, 1,445, 1830, 1,854. 

Greene, co. of East Ten., biadd. by Cocke 
CO. s. w., Jeff"erson w.. Bays mtn., separating it 
from Hawkins n. w., Washington n. e., and by 
the Iron mtn., separating it from Buncombe co. 
N. C. s. E. Length 32, mean width 22, and area 
704 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 52' to 
36° 20', and in long, from 5° 35' to 6° 10' w. 
W. C. This CO. occupies part of an elevated 
valley between two Appalachian chains, and is in 
a peculiar manner diversified by hill, dale, mtn. 
and r. scenery. The Nolachucky i. rising in 
Buncombe co. N. C, and in Washington Ten^ 
enters and traverses Greene co. in a wstrn. di- 
rection, receiving from the nthrd. Lick cr. and 
numerous other streams of lesser size. Cf. t. 
Greenville. Pop. 1820, 11,328, 1830, 14,410. 

Greene, co. of Ky. bndd. by Barren s. w.. 
Hart w,, Hardin n. w. and n., Casey e., and 
Adair S.E-. Length from s. w. to n-. -e. 38 ms., 
mean breadth 12, and area 456 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 37° 07' to 37° 30', and in 
long, from 8° to 8° 35' w. W. C. The slope 
wstrd., and in that direction traversed by the 
main A'olume of Green r. which receives within 
its limits, numerous tributary crs. from the n. e. 
and s. E. Cf. t. Greensburgh. Pop. 1820, 
11,943, 1830, 13,138. 

Greene, co. of O. bndd. s. e. by Clinton, s. 
w. by Warren, w. by Montgomery, n. by Clark, 
N. e. by Madison, and e. by Fayette. Length 
28, mean breadth 18, and area 500 sq. ms. Ex. 
tending in lat. from 39° 3o' to 39° 51', and in 
long." from 6° 38' to 7° 8' w. W. C. This co. 
is drained by some of the higher branches of 
Little Miami. Slope south wstrd. Cf. t. Xenia. 
Fop. 14,801. 

Greene, tsp. and p-o. Harrison co. O. The 
p-o. is by p-r. 271 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 131 
a little N. of e. Columbus. 

Greene, co. of Ind. bndd. by Daviess s., 
Knox s. w., Sullivan w.. Clay n. w., Owen n. e., 
Monroe e., and Lawrence s. e. It is a paral- 
lelogram. Length 30 ms. from e. to w., breadth 
18, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
38° 56' to 39° 12', and in long, from 9° 42' to 
10° 17' w. W. C. Slope a little w. of s., and 
in that direction traversed, and nearly equally 
divided by the main stream of the western 



GRE 



182 



GRE 



Fork of WMte r. Cf. t. Bloomfield. Pop. 
4,242. 

Greene, co. of II. bndd. by Morgan n. Ma- 
coupin E., Madison s. e., Misp, r. separating it 
from St. Charles co. Mo. s., 11. r., separating it 
from Calhoun co. Ind. w., and still by II. r. sep. 
arating it from Pike co. Ind. n. w. Extending 
in lat. from 38° 54' to 39° 30', and in long from 
ISO 08' to 13° 35' w. W. C. The general slope 
is southwestward towards II. r., and in that di- 
rection is drained by Otter, Macoupin and Ap- 
ple crs. ( f.t. CarroUton. Pop, 7,674. 

Greene River, p-v. Columbia co. N. Y. 

Greenfield, tsp. and p-v. Erie co. Pa. Pop. 
tsp. 654. 

Greenfield, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 38 ms. 
s. w. Concord. Pop. 946. 

Greenfield, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. situated 
on the w. side of the Connecticut, 20 ms. n. 
Northampton, 95 n. w. Boston ; incorporated 
1753. It is watered by Fall, Deerfield and 
Shelburne rivers. It is a very pleasant town, 
and the village, which is very flourishing, is 
finely situated on an elevated plain, built chiefly 
on ^ streets at right angles, and the houses, 
(some of them are of brick) are generally hand. 
3onie. In the town is a court house, several 
houses of public worship, and a jail. The soil 
of this t. is generally very good. A bridge across 
the Conn, connects it with Montague. Green- 
field is famcus as the field of several contests 
with the Indians, by whom the inhabitants suf- 
fered severely at various times, from 1720 to 
1766. Pop. l,5?l:0. 

Greenfield, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 36 ms. 
N. Albany. Pop. 3,151. 

Greenfield, p-v. Madison tsp. Plighland co. 
O. It is situated in the northeastern angle of the 
CO., and on Paint cr. 67 ms. s. s. w. Columbus, 
and 20 n. e. Hillsboro', the co. st. Pop. tsp. 399. 

Greenfield, p-v. Nelson co. Va. by p-r. 114 
ms. westward P.ichmond. 

Greenfield, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
•Tohnsonco. Ind. ,10 ms. s. p.Indianopolis. 

Greenfield, p-v. and st. jus. Hancock co. 
Ind. This village, called in the p-o. list, Han- 
cock c. h., is situated near the head of Sugar 
cr. 21 ms. by p-r. n. e. by e. Indianopolis. Pop. 
133. 

Geeenford, P-V. Columbiana co. O. 

Green Garden, p-v. Sumner co. Ten. 37 ms. 
,N. E. Nashville. 

Green Hill, formerly Freeman's Store, p-o. 
■ Jones CO. Geo. 

Green Hill, p-o. Columbiana co. 0.295 ms. 
N. w. W. C. 

Greenland, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 4 
nis. s. w. Portsmouth, on Great bay. Pop. 681. 

Greenmont, p-o. King William co. Va, 53 
miles from Richmond. 

Greenock, p-v. and st. jus. Crittenden co. 
Ark. by p-r. 938 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Green Pond, a beautiful lake in Morris co. 
N. J- giving name to a ridge of mtns. 16 ms. n. 
Morristown. 

Green River, p-v. Rutherford co. N. C. 

Green's p-o. Jefferson co. Ala. by p-r. 66 
ms. n, e, Tuscaloosa, 

Green's p-o. Grayson co. Va. by p-r. 130 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 



Greensborough, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 27 ms. 
n. e. Montpelier. Pop. 784. 

Greensboro', p-v. Greene co. Pa. 

Greensboro', p-v. Caroline co. Md. 8 ms. a 
little N. of E. Denton. 

Greensboro', p-v. and st. jus. Guilford co, 
N. C. by p-r. 89 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. Lat. 
36° 07', long. 2° 52' w. W. C. A cotton man. 
ufactory, to be moved by steam, is to go into 
operation here the present season, (1833.) 

Greensboro', p-v. and st. jus. Greene co, 
Geo. by p-r. 40 ms. a very little e. of n. Mil- 
kdgeville. Lat. 33° 33', long. 6° 12' w. W, C, 

Greensboro', p-v. in the southeastern part of 
Greene co. Ala, 40 ms. almost directly s. Tus- 
caloosa, 

Greensburg, p-v. in the northern part of 
Mecklenburg co. Va. 10 ms. n. n. e. Boydton, 
the CO. St. and by p-r. 93 s. s. w. Richmond. 

Greensburg, p-v. borough and st. jus. West- 
moreland CO. Pa. by p-r. 192 ms. n. w. W. ;C 
It is situated on one of the head branches of Se- 
wickly creek, 32 ms. s. e. by e. Pittsburg. It is 
a neat village, composed in great part of a sin. 
gle street along the great western r. Lat, 40° 
18', long, 2° 34' w. W, C. Pop. 810. 

Greensburg, small village on the left bank of 
Monongahela r., and in the southeastern angle 
of Green co. Pennsylvania, 20 ms. by land 
above Brownsville. 

Greensburg, p.v. and st. jus. Greene co. Ky.. 
situated on Greene r., 120 ms. n. e. Nashville, 
in Tenn, and by p-r. 82 ms. s. w, Frankfort. 
Pop. 669. 

Greensburg, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Trumbull CO. Ohio, by p-r. 304 ms. n. w. W. C, 

Greensburg, p-v. and st. jus. Decatur co. 
Ind. by p-r. 559 ms. w. W. C. and 55 s. e. In- 
dianopolis. Lat, 39° 16', long. 8° 30' w. W. C. 

Green's Fork, and p-o. Wayne co. Ind. by 
p-r. 75 ms. a little N.of e. Indianopolis. 

Greensville, p-v. and st. jus. Grayson co, 
Va. This place called in the p-o. list Grayson 
court house, is situated on the right bank of 
New r., or the higher part of Great Kenhawa, 
25 ms. s. s. E. Evansham, and by p-r. 354 ms, 
s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 36° 38', long. 3° 55' w, 
W,C, 

Greensville, dist. S. C. bndd. by Spartan- 
burg E., Lawrence co. s. e., Anderson s. w,, 
Pickens w., and Buncombe co. N. C. n. Length 
from s. to N. 47 ms. mean width 15, and area 
705 square ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 
28' to 35° 10', and in long, from 5° 10' to 5° 40' 
w. W. C. The slope nearly to the southward, 
follingfrom the Blue Ridge, which bounds it on 
the north. On tlie west it is limited in all its 
length by the vSaluda rive.r, which separates it 
from Anderson and Pickens dists. It is drained 
by the branches of Saluda, Reedy, Ennoree, 
and Tyger rs. The surface is finely diversified 
by mtn. hill and valley scenery, with much ex- 
cellent soil. Cf. t. 'Greenville, Pop. I82O5 
14,530, 1830,16,476. 

Greentown, p-v. in Lake tsp. Stark co. Ohib, 
11 ms. N, w. Cantouj the st. jus. for the co. — 
Pop. 85. 

Greentree GiiovE, and p-o. Stewart co. 
Tenn, by p-r. 94 ms. n. w. by w. Nashville. 

Greenup, nortkeasterly co. of Ky. bndd. s. by 



GRE 



183 



GRI 



Lawrence, w. by Lewis, n. w. by Ohio river, 
separating it from Sciota co. state of Ohio, n. 
E., again by Ohio r., separating it from Law- 
rence CO. state of Ohio, and e. by Big Sandy 
river, separating it from Cabell co. Va. Length 
from west to east, 48 ms. mean breadth 16, and 
area 768 square ms. Extending in lat. from 
38° 13' to 38° 44', and in long, from 5° 30' to 
6° 23' w. W. C. Slope as of the adjoining co. 
of Va. Cabell is to the northward. The 
greatest part of Greenup is drained by Little 
Sandy and Tyger's crs. Cf. t. Greenupsburg. 
Pop. 1820, 4,311, 1830, 5,852. 

Greenup, or Greenupsburg, p-v. and st. jus. 
Greenup co. Ky. situated on Ohio r, at the 
mouth of Little Sandy r., by p-r. 133 ms. n. e. 
by E. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 32', long. 5° 46' w. 
W. C. Pop. 204. 

Green Vai.ley, p-v. Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 
233 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Green Valley, p-v. on Cowpasture r., Bath 
CO. Va. by p-r. 230 ms. s. w. by w. W. C., and 
181 N. w. by W. Richmond. 

Green Village, p-v. and tsp. Franklin co. 
Pa. The p-o. is about 5 ms. n. e. Chambers- 
burg. 

Greenville, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 17 ms. n. 
w. Catskill, on Catskill r. Pop. 2,565. 

Greenville, p-v. in the northern part of Lu- 
zerne CO. Pa. by p-r. 155 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 
Greenville, one of the southern cos. of Va. 
bndd. by Brunswick w., Notaway r. separating 
it from Dinwiddle n. w., by Notaway r. again 
separating it from Sussex n., a part of Sussex 
and a part of Southampton e., and by ISorth- 
ampton co. N. C. on the s. Length 22, mean 
width 14, and area 308 square ms. Extending 
in lat. from 36° 3U' to 36° 48', and in long, from 
0° 20' to 0° 46' w. W. C. Meherin r. entering 
the western border, traverses it southeasterly 
and divides it into two not very unequal sec- 
tions, and being bounded on the north by Nota- 
way river, it is well situated, commercially. 
Slope eastward with a slight inclination to the 
south. Cf t. Hicksford. Pop. 1820, 6,858, 
1830, 7,117. 

Greenville, p-v. in the southern part of Au- 
gusta CO. Va. 11 ms. s. s. w. Stanton, and 136 n. 
w. by w. Richmond. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Pitt co. N. C. 

situated on the left bank of Tar river, 23 ms. by 
land above Washington, and by p-r. 105 ms. a 
little s. of E. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 35', long. 0° 

24'w. W.C. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Greenville dist. 

S. C. situated on, and near the head of. Reedy 

r'., by p-r. 110 ms. n. w. Columbia. Lat. 34° 

50', long. 5° 27' w. W. C. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Merriwether co. 

Geo. by p-r. 753 ms. s. w. W. C. and 111 ms. 

w. Milledgeville. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Butler co. Ala. 

situated on a cr. of the Sapulga branch of Cone. 

cuh r. about 120 ms. n. e. Mobile, and by p-r. 

151 ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa, lat. 31° 42', long. 

9° 46' w. W. C. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 

Miss, situated on a branch of Coles cr., 24 ms. 

N. N. E. Natchez. Lat. 31° 47', long. 14° 9' w. 

W.C. 



Greenville College, and p-v. Green co. 
Ten. is about 4 ms. a little e. of s. Greenville, 
the CO. St. This is the most ancient collegiate 
establishment made in the United States, west, 
ward of t'he Appalachian mountains, being 
founded in 1794, four years previous to Tran. 
sylvania University, Ky. There are in this in- 
stitution, 1832 — 3; 3l students, and the library 
contains 3,500 vols. Commencement third 
Wednesday in September. 

Greenville, p-v. and st.jus. Green co. Tenn. 
situated 71 ms. a little n. of e. Knoxville, and 
by p-r. 232 ms. e. Nashville, lat. 36° 07'. 

Greenville, p-v. and st.jus. Muhlenberg co. 
Ky. situated on a small branch of Green r., by 
p-r. 171 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Pop. 217. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus. Dark co. O. by 
p-r. 501 ms. n. w. by w. ^ w. W. G. and 103 
westward Columbus. It is situated on Green. 
ville cr., a branch of Great Miami river, lat. 40° 
06', long. 7° 36' w. W. C. Pop. 160. 

Greenville, p-v. in the western part of 
Floyd CO. Ind. 9 ms. n. w. Ne w Albany, the co. st. 
Greenville, p-v. and s'. jus. Bond co. 11. 20 
ms. s. w. by w. Vandalia, and 801 w. W. C. lat. . 
38° 53'. 

Greenville, p-v. and st. jus, Wayne co. Mo. 
by p-r. 908 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. and 
about 120 a very little w. of s. St. Louis, lat. 
37° 06'. 

Greenwich, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 20 mac 
E. Northampton. Pop. 813. 

Greenwich, p t. Fairfield co. Conn. 48 ms. 
w. N. Haven, on Long Isl. Sound. Pop. 3,805. 
Greenwich, p-t.. Washington co. N. Y. on 
Hudson r., contains a number of manufactories 
on the Battenkill. Union v. is 5 ms. from the 
r., 37 ms. n. e. Albany. Pop. 3,850. 

Greenwich, t. Cumberland co. N. J. on the 
Del. bounded e. by Cohansey cr., w. by Salem 
CO. Pop. 912. 

Greenwich, p.v. in the town of the same 
name, Cumberland co. N. J. on Cohansey cr. 6- 
ms. s. w. of Bridgeton. 

Greenwich, t. Gloucester co. N. J. on Del. 
r. bndd. n. e. by Deptford, s. w. by Woolwich, 
Pop. 2,657. 

Greenwich, t. Warren co. N. J., in the s. w. 
end of the co., bndd. on Del. r. and Musconet, 
cunk, 31 ms. s. Newton. Pop. 4,485. 

Greenwich, p-v. and tsp. in the estrn. part of 
Huron co. 0. ; by p-r. the p-o. is 384 ms. n. w. by 
w.W. C, and 105 n.n. e. Columbus. 

Greenv^'ood, t. Oxford co. Me. 5 ms. n, w. 
Paris. Pop. 694. 

Greenwood, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 251 ma. 
w. Albany. Pop. 899. 

Greenwood, p-v. nrthestrn. part of Columbia 
CO. Pa., by p.r. 92 ms. nrthrd. Harrisburg. 

Greenwood, p-v. Laurens dist. S, C, 81 ms. n. 
w. Columbia. 

Greggville, p-v. Loudon co. Va. 54 ms. 
westward W. C. 

Geegstown, v. Somerset co. N. J., 6 ms. n. 
E. Princeton. 

Gretna Green, formerly Fortune's Fork, 
p-v. Halifax, N. C, by p-r, 216 ms. s. W. C, and 
86 N. E. byE. Raleigh, 

Griersbukq, Beaver co. Pa. {See Darling- 
ton, same co.) 



GUI 



184 



GUL 



GaiFFiNSBURG, p-0. Culpepper co; Va. 90 ms. 
s. w. W. C. 

Griggsby's Stork and p-o., Fauquier co. Va. 
61 ms. from W. C. 

Griggstown, v. Somerset co. N, J., on Mil- 
stone r., and the Del. and Raritan canal,, 12 ms. 
w. New Brunswick. 

Grimville, p-o. Berks ca. Pa. 
Griswold, t. N.London co. Conn, 6 ms. n., 
E. Norwich, on Quinebaug r. Fop. 2,212. 

Groton, t. Grafton co. N. H,, 45 ms, n. w. 
Concord. Pop. 689. 

Groton, t. Caledonia co. Vt. 16 ms. e. Mont- 
pelier. Pop. 836. 

GuoTON, p-t. Middlesex, co. Mass. 31 ms. n. 
w. Boston. Pop. 1,925. 

Groton, p-t. N. London co. Conn, at the 
mouth of Thames r. opposite N. London. Fort 
Griswold is on the summit of a hill command- 
ing N. London harbor ; a monument has been 
erected there, by subscription, in memory of 
the capture of the fort, and a cruel massacre, 
made by British troops under Benedict Arnold, 
Sept. 6th, 1781. Pop. 4,750.- 

Groton, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. 14 ms. n. 
E. Ithaca. There are mills, &c. on Fall cr. 
and two villages, Moscow and Peru. Pop. 
1830 3 597. 

Grove, p-t, Alleghany co. N. Y. 257 ms. w. 
Albany. Pop. 1,338. 

Grove, p.-v. Tazewell cojl., by p-r. 196 ms. 
N. Vandalia, and 748 ms. p^. w. by w. i w. W. C. 
Grove Hill, p-o. Clark co. Ala., by p-r. 127 
ms. a little w. of s. Tuscaloosa. 

Groveland, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 6 ms. 
s. Geneseo. On Genesee r. is Williamsburgh 
V. Pop. 1,703. 

Grove Level, p-o. Franklin co. Geo. by p-r. 
97 ms. N. Milledgeville. 

Groveville, v. Burlington co., N. J. on 
Crosswick cr. 3 ms. n. e. Bordentown. 
Guanos, {See Brooklyn, N. Y.) 
Guernsey, co. O. bndd. s. e. by Monroe ; by 
Morgan s. w. ; Muskingum w. ; Coshocton n. 
w. : Tuscarawas N. ; Harrison n. e., and Bel- 
mont e. Length from south to north, 28 ms. ; 
mean breadth 25, and area 700 sq. ms. Ex. 
tending inlat. from 39° 51' to 40° 12' ; and in 
long.from 4° 13' to 4° 43' w. W. C. It is al- 
most commensurate with the higher valley of 
Wills' cr. ; slope northwestwardly in the gen- 
eral course of that stream ; surface hilly,, with 
good soil. Cf. t. Cambridge. Pop. 1820, 
9,292; 1830, 18,036. 

GuiLDERLAND, p-t. Albany co..N. Y., 12 ms, 
w. Albany. Norman's Kill and its branches 
furnish mill seats ; Hamilton v. 8 ms, from Al. 
bany. Pop. 2,742, 

GuiLBHALL, p-i. and St. jus. Essex co. Vt., 
opposite Lancaster, with two bridges over Conn, 
r., 50 ms. n. e. Montpelier; it has mill seats, a 
courthouse and jail. Pop. 481. 

Guilford, t. Penobscot co. Me., 49 ms. n. e, 
Norridgewock. Pop. 655, 

Guilford, p-t. Windham co, Vt., 31' ms. e. 
Bennington. 350 acres of land were appropri- 
ated to schools, and 500 acres to the governor ; 
the last incltide Governor's m.tn. a barren tract; 
it has I overal mills. Pop. 1,7,60. 
Guit t ORD, p-t. and borough,, N, Haven co. 



Conn,, 15 ms, e. New Haven, on Long IsL. 
sound ; it has two harbors. Pop. 2,344. 

Guilford, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 108 ms.. 
w. Albany. Pop. 2,6.34. 

Guilford, p-v. York co. Pa., by p-r. 78 ms. 
N. W. C. 

Guilford, p-v. and tsp. Medina co. O., p-o. 

by p-r. 103 ms. n. n. e, Columbus. Pop. tsp. 625. 

Gulf (The), p-o. Chatham co. N. C, 16 ms. 

wstrd. Pittsboro', the co. St., and 49 ms. wstrd. 

Raleigh, 

Gule Mills, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. 
Gulf of Mexico, (See Mexico, inland sea.) 
Gulf Stream. This term is applied as a 
general name to the great Atlantic whirlpool, 
between the two bounding continents. It. is^ 
one of those immense features which demand 
ages to enable man to sketch as a whole. Ncv 
brief experience,; however acute the observers, 
was adequate in results to connect oceanic cur- 
rents along the far distant coasts of northwest- 
ern Europe, and the northeastern coasts of 
South America, and to trace the opposite phe*- 
nomena to a common., cause, or to the joint ac- 
tion of a few simple causes. The following'^ 
notes on the Gulf Stream are from that learned 
voyager Alexander Humboldt* 

"When we- cast our eyes over the Atlantic,, 
or that deep valley which divides the western 
coasts of Europe and Africa from the eastera 
coasts of the new continent, we distinguish a 
contrary direction in the motion of the waters. 
Between the tropics, especially from the coasts- 
of Senegal to the Caribbean Sea, the general 
current, that which was earliest knovra to mari- 
ners, flows constantly from east to west. This- 
is called the Equinoctial current (Gulf Stream) ; 
its mean rapidity, corresponding to different 
latitudes, is nearly the same in the Atlantic and- 
in the Southern Ocean, and may be estimated 
at 9 or 10 ms, in 24 hours, or from 0,59 to 0,65 
(0,62-mean) of a foot every second. The Equi- 
noctial current is felt, though feebly, even be- 
yond the tropic of Cancer, in the 26th and 38th 
degrees N,. lat. In the vast basin of the At- 
lantic, at six or seven hundred leagues from the^ 
coast of Africa, the vessels from Europe bound 
to the West Indies, find their sailing accele- 
rated hefore they reach the torrid zone. More 
to the north, under 28° to 35°, between the 
parallels of Teneriffe and Ceuta, in from 40° to 
48° long. w. of Paris, no constant motion is ob- 
served. There a zone of 140 leagues in breadth 
separates the Equinoctial current, the tendency 
of which is towards the west, from that great 
mass of water which runs toward the east, and 
is distinguished for extraordinary high tempe- 
rature. To this latter mass of waters knowTi 
by the name of GULF STREAM, the attention 
of naturalists was directed, in 1776, by the curi- 
ous observations of Franklin and Sir Charles 
Blagderu The Equinoctial current drives the 
mass of waters of the Atlantic Ocean, from the 
African towards the American coast ; by the 
latter of which it is divided at cape St. Roque, 
The larger and northern mass borne along and 
accumulating, finds a final northwestern termi- 
nation in the Gulf of Mexico, Thence issuing 
between Florida and Cuba, and encountering a 
part of the s&me mass of water, but which ap- 



GUL 



185 



GUL 



proaches the American coast to the northward 
of St. Domingo andGuba, the united body rush- 
es to the N. between Florida and the Bahama 
islands. " I there observed," says tlumboldt, 
" in the month of May, 1804, in the 26th and 
27th degrees of n. lat. a celerity of 80 ms. in 
24 hours. At the end of the Gulf of Florida, in 
the parallel of cape Canaveral, the Gulf Stream 
runs to N, E.. with a rapidity similar to a torrent, 
sometimes 5 ms. an hour. The pilot may judge 
with some certainty of the error of his reckon- 
ing, and of the proximity of his approach towards 
New York, Philadelphia, or Charleston, when 
he reaches the edge of the stream ; for the ele- 
vated temperature of the waters, their strong 
saltness, indigo-blue color, and the fields of sea- 
weed which cover the surface, as well as the 
heat of the surrounding atmosphere, sensible 
even in winter, all indicate the Gulf Stream. It 
rapidly diminishes to the north, as its breadth 
increases, and its waters cool. Between cape 
and bay Biscane, and the bank of Bahama, n. 
lat. 25° 30', the breadth is only 4?5 ms., whilst in 
lat. 28° 30' that of Cape Canaveral, it is 50 ms. ; 
and in the parallel of Charleston, from 120 to 
150 ms. The rapidity of the current is from 3 
to 5 ms. an hour where the stream is narrowest, 
and is only 1 mile per hour towards the north. 
The waters of the Mexican Gulf impelled to the 
N, E. preserve their temperature to such point, 
that at 40° and 41° n. lat. I found them at 22^° 
Centigrade, or 18° Reaumur (72^° Faht.) when 
at the same time, out of the current, the heat 
of the ocean at its surface was scarcely 17^° 
Cent., 14° Reaumur (63 Faht.). Therefore, "in 
the parallel of New York and Oporto, the tem- 
perature of the gulf stream, is equal to that of 
the seas of the tropics in the 18th deg. oPn. lat. ; 
as for instance in the parallel of Porto Rico, and 
the islands of Cape Verd. To the e. of Boston, 
and on the meridian of Halifax, at n. lat. 41° 25'. 
the current is near 80 leagues or 240 ms. broad. 
From this point it turns suddenly to the e., so 
that its wstrn. edge, as it bends, becomes the 
wstrn. limit of the running waters, skirling the 
extremity of the great bank of Newfoundland. 
The cold waters of this bank, which according 
to my experiments are at the temperature of 8° 
7-10 to 10° 7' or 8' Reaumur, or equal to 48° to 
50° Faht., present a striking contrast with the 
adjacent waters of the gulf stream, the temp, of 
which is from 21° to22i° Cent., or nearly from 
70° to 72° Faht. In these latitudes the caloric 
is distributed in a singular manner throughout 
the ocean, the waters of the bank are 9° 4-10 
Cent, or 17° Faht. colder than the adjacent 
sea; and this sea is 3° Centigrade or 5° 
4-10 Faht. colder than is the water of the 
gulf stream. These zones can have no equi- 
librium of temp., having a source of heat, or 
cause of refrigeration, which is peculiar to-each, 
and the influence of which is permanent. From 
the bank of Newfoundland, or from long. 52° w. 
Paris, the gulf stream continues its course to 
E. and E. s. E. The waters still preserve a part 
of the impulsion they have received near 1000 
leagues (3000 ms.) distance, in the straits of 
Florida; between the island of Cuba and the 
Tortugas shoala. This is double the length of 
the course of the Amazon, from Jaen to Grand 



Para. On the meridian of the islands Corvo 
and Flores, the two wstrn. of the Azores, the 
breadth of the current is 480 ms. When vessels, 
on their return from South America to Europe, 
endeavour to make these two islands to rectify 
their long, they constantly perceive the motion 
of the waters to the s. e. At 33° n. lat. the equi. 
noctial current of the tropics is in the near vi. 
cinity of the gulf stream. In this part of the 
ocean,, we may in a single day, pass from wa- 
ters which flow to the w., into those which run 
to the s. E. or e. s. s. Frcmi the Azores, the 
current of Fiarida turns towards the straits of 
Gibraltar, the Isle of Madeira, and the Canary 
group. Pursuing the currents to their most 
distant sources, and reflecting on their variable 
celerity, sometimes decreasing as between the 
Gulf of Florida and the bank of Newfoundland ; 
at other times augmenting, as in the neighbor- 
hood of the straits of Gibraltar, and near the Ca- 
nary islands, we cannot doubt but the same 
cause which drives the waters to make the cir- 
cuitous sweep of the Gulf of Mexico agitates 
them also near the island of Madeira. It is to 
the s. of this island that we can follow the cur- 
rent, in its direction to the s. e. and s. s. e. to- 
wards the coast of Africa, between Cape Can- 
tin andCape Bajador.- In these latitudes a ves- 
sel becalmed is carried on the African coast, at 
the time it is thought at a great distance, if the 
reckoning be not corrected.. Many hundred 
leagues wstrd. of the Canary islands, the motion 
which is peculiar to the equinoctial waters is 
felt in the temperate zone from lat. 28° to 29° 
N. ; but on the meridian of the island of Fero, 
vessels reach the tropic of Cancer before they 
are found estrd. of reckoning." 

From the above we have a brief view of an 
immense vortex, or whirlpool, of upwards of 
11,000 ms. circuit. The circuit is made in 
about 1,050 days, or a small fraction above 10 
ms. per diem. The effects of this vast ocean r, 
on the climate and navigation of the U. S, are 
marked and enduring as the present order of 
things in the principles of physical geography. 
First. — As we have shewn that the tempera- 
ture over the gulf stream is upwards of 20 deg. 
Fahrenheit above that of the contiguous regions, 
a vacuum of course exists which superinduces 
the force of winds from the continent of Ameri- 
ca, and contributes, though negatively, to in. 
crease the intensity of the American winters. 
Secondly. — The relative rapidity of the gulf 
stream is reverse to the elevation of the ocean 
tides along the coast of the U. S. The tides 
are low to the sthrd. where the ocean current is 
strong, wide, and rapid ; but the direct reverse 
takes place with 'both phenomena to the nthrd. 
and no two similar operations of nature can dif- 
fer more strikingly than the tides in the Florida 
channel and Bay of Fundy. Thirdly. — Com. 
bining the current o-f the gulf stream between 
the U. S. and Europe, with the greatly prevail, 
ing winds from the wstrd., voyages are made to 
the e. in about 23 days at a mean, whilst in the 
opposite direction, it demands about 40 or 41 
days to traverse the Atlantic. Voyages along 
the coast of the U, S. are similarly influenced, 
though in a less degree. It is considerably 
more easy to sail from the Cuba and Bahama 



HAC 



me 



HAD 



channels to the n. than to navigate in the oppo 
site direction. 

Gull Isls. at the mouth of Long Isl. sound. 
They are two, Great and Little ; on the latter is 
a light house. 

Gunpowder r. of Maryland. This stream 
has its remote sources near the line of demar- 
cation between Pa. and Md., but enters the lat- 
ter as mere rills; pursuing a general southeast- 
ern course over Baltimore co., by comparative 
distance 30 ms. it receives a large cr. from the 
northeastward, called the Falls of Gunpowder, 
and having met the tides, inflects to the south- 
ward 10 ms. widening into a bay, which is 
finally merged in the larger sheet of the Ches- 
apeake. Gunpowder is navigable for small 
vessels to Joppa, at the confluence of the two 
branches, and near the head of tide water. 

GusTAVUs, p-v. and tsp. nrthrn. part of Trum- 
bull CO. O., 22 ms. N. Warren, the co. st. and 
319 ms. N. w. W. C. 

GuTHRiESViLLE, p-0. wstrn. part Chester co. 
Pa., by p-r. 72 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

GuYANDOTTE, r. of Va., rising in Logan co. 
from the nrthwstrn. foot of the Great Flat Top 
mtn. and flowing thence n. n. w. draining a val- 
ley between those of Great Kenhawa and San- 
dy rs., enters Cabell co. and falls into O. r. be- 
low Barboursville, after a comparative course 
of about 100 ms. 

GuvANDOTTE, LiTTLE, cr. of Va., falling into 



O. r. between the mouths of Guyandotte and 
Great Kenhawa rs., and for some ms. above its 
mouth coQsiitutes the boundary between Mason 
and Cabell cos. 

Guyandotte, p-v. Cabell co. Va., by p-r. 401 
ms. s. w. by w. ^ w. W. C. 

Guy's Mills, and p o., Crawford co. Pa. 

GwiNTXET, CO. Geo., budd. n. e. by Hall ; e. 
by Jackson ; s. e. by Walton; s. by Newton;' 
s. w. and w. by De Kalb ; and n. by Chattahoo- 
che r. separating it from Lumpkin. Length 36 
ms. ; mean width 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 33° 50' to 34° 12', and in 
long, from 6° 47' to 7° 28' w. W. C. Lat. 34° 
extends across Gwinnet, along very nearly its 
greatest length, and divides it into two nearly 
equal portions. This natural geographical lim- 
it also passes upon a dividing ridge, from which 
flow nrthwstrdly. some confluents of Chatta- 
hooche, and sthrdly. the extreme sources of 
Ocmulgee r. Gwinnet, therefore, occupies a 
part of the summit ridge between the rs. of the 
Atlantic slope, and those of the Gulf of Mexico.- 
Cf. t. Lawrenceville. Pop. 1820, 4,589 ; 1830, 
13,289. 

Gwinn's Mill, and p-o. Monroe co. Va., by 
p-r. 277 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

GwYNNED, or Gynned, p-o. and tsp. Mont- 
gomery CO. Pa. on the heads of Towamensing 
and Wisahiccon creeks 18 ms. n. n. w. Phila- 
delphia. 



Habersham, co. of Geo. bndd. by Turoree r. 
separating it from Rabun ^. e. ; the Tugaloo r. 
separating it from Pickens district S. C. e. ; 
Franklin co. of Geo. s. e. ; Hall -s. ; Chestatee 
r. separating it from Lumpkin co. w. ; and ■Via- 
conco. in N. C. n. Length 38 ; mean breadth 
20, and area 760 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 34° 27' to 35°, and in long, from G° 20' 
to 6° 55' w. W. C. Habersham embraces an 
elevated and remarkable natural section ; from 
it flows to the n. w. the sources of Hiwassee 
branch of Ten. r. ; from the western part 
flow the sources of Etowah, or the most 
northeasterly fountains of Mobile ; in the cen- 
tral part rise the extreme northern sources of 
Chattahooche ; whilst from the eastern side are 
discharged the most northwesterly constituents 
of Savannah r. It is in this co. and in the 
westerly border of Rabun, that the Blue Ridge 
declines to the w., forming the nucleus from 
which the streams are discharged like radii 
from a common centre. The mean height of 
Habersham, independent of the mtn. ridges, 
must be at least 1,500 ft., or an equivalent to 
near 4 degrees of temperature ; assimilating 
the winter climate to that on the Atlantic bor- 
der, on lat. 39°. Cf. t. Clarksville. Pop. 1820, 
3,171; 1830, 10,671. 

Hackersville, p-v. Lewis co. Va., by p-r. 
246 ms. w. W. C. 

Hacketstown, v. Warren co. N. J., on the w. 
side of Muskonetcunk r., 22 ms. w. Morris- 
tovm, 4 ms. n. Schoolley's mount. The Morris 
canal passes 1 m. n. w. ot this place. 

Hacktnsack, r. N. J., rises in Rockland co. 



N. Y. runs 14 ms. and enters N. J., emptying 
into Newark bay ; navigable 15 ms. 

Hackl\sack, p-v. and st. jus. Bergen co. N. 
J., on the w. side of Hackinsack r.. 14 ms. n. N. 
Y., 14 N. N. E. of Nev;ark, and 7 ms. e. of Pat- 
terson. There is a handsome court house, 2 
churches, a bank and academy in the v. 

Hackney's Cross Roads, and p-o. Chatham 
CO. N. C, by p-r. 38 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Haddam, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn., 23 ms. s. 
Hartford, on the w. side Conn, r. Granito ia 
quarried here. Pop. 2,830. 

Haddonfield, v. Gloucester co. N. J., on 
Cooper's cr. 9 ms. e. Camden. 

Hadensville, p-v. Todd co. Ky., by p-r. 188 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Hadley, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. on the e, 
side Conn. r. opposite Northampton, (to which 
it is connected by a bridge across the Conn.) 
and 97 ms. w. Boston ; the Hopkins academy 
heie is very respectable and flourishing ; this is 
a fine farming town, and the meadows are the 
finest in New England ; the manufacture of 
brooms in this town is very extensive ; the 
crop of broom corn in 183-1, was estimated at 
150 tons, and the value of the brush and seed 
alone, at $21,750; the whole crop of 1831, was 
manufactured into brooms within the town, and 
great quantities of this article are annually 
scattered hence through the U. S. Pop. 1,886. 
Hadley, t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 27 ms. n. 
Ballstown Springs, 51 N.Albany. Much timber 
is sawn at the falls on the Mohawk. Pop. 829. 
Hadley's Mills, and p-o. by p-r. 43 ms. west, 
ward Raleigh. 



HAL 



187 



HAL 



Haerlem, p-v. N. York co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. 
New York. The heights were fortified in the 
revolu:ionary war, and in the late war. A canal 
is projected to cross Manhattan isl. here. 

Haerlem r. N. Y. co. N. Y. is a strait on the 
N. side of Manhattan isl., 6 ms. long and from i 
•to ^ m. wide. 

Haerlkm, p-v. and tsp. called on the census 
■ tables Harlem, in the southern part of Delaware 
CO. O. The p-v. 20 ms. northward from Co- 
lumbus. Pop. tsp. 532. 

Hagerstown, p-v. and st.jus. Washington co. 
Md. situated on a fine limestone valley 2 ms. 
westward from Antietam cr., 72 ms. n. w. by 
w. from Baltimore, and by p-r. 69 ms. n. w. W. 
C. Lat. 39° 39', and long. 0° 42' w. W. C. 
It is a well built and thriving town, with a well 
cultivated, fertile and wealthy neighborhood. 
It contains the usual co. buildings, a female 
academy, numerous private schools, with sev- 
eral places of public worship. Pop. 3,371. 

Hague, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. on lake George, 
22 ms. N. E. Caldwell. Brant lake and Rogers 
Rock, are in this town. Pop. 721. 

Hague, p-v. eastern part of Westmoreland co. 
Va. by p-r. 116 ms.s. e. Richmond. 

Hailstone, p-v. Mecklenburg co. Va., by p-r. 
91 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Halberts' p-o. Tuscaloosa co. Ala., 25 ms. 
■s. wstrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Halfmoon, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., on Hud- 
son r., 14 ms. N. Albany. Clifton Park, the bo- 
rough, and Newtown, are small villages. The 
Erie and Champlain canals run through the 
;town. Pop. 2,042. 

Half Moon, tsp. and p-o. sthrn. part of Centre 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 178 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. Pop. 
tsp. 1,092. 

Halfway House, and p-o. Ann Arundel co. 
Md. by P-r. 15 ms. from Annapolis. 

Halfway House, and p-o. estrn. part of York, 
Va., 84 ms. s. e. by e. Richmond. 

Halifax, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 9 ms. s. w. 
Brattleborough, has a, male and female school 
for the higher branches. Pop. 1,562. 

Halifax, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass., 13 ms. n. 
w. Plymouth, 35 s. e. Boston. Pop. 709. 

Halifax co. of Va., bndd. by Pittsylvania w., 
Roanoke r. which separates it from Campbell 
N., and Charlotte n. e. and e., by Mecklenburg 
CO. Va. and Granville of N. C. s. e., and Person 
CO. of N. C. s. Length 33, mean breadth 23, and 
area 759 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 30' 
to 37° 02', and in long, from 1° 38' to 2° 12' w. 
W. C. Though the Roanoke curves semicir- 
cularly round the nthrn. and estrn. border of 
this CO., the slope is almost directly estrd. ; Dan 
r. enters at the s. w. angle and flowing n. e. by e. 
over the co. receives within it Banister r. from 
the N. w.,and Hycootee from the s. w., and thus 
augmented, joins the Roanoke at the extreme 
estrn. angle of the co. It is a well watered co. 
with much excellent soil. Cf. t. Banister. 
Pop. 1820, 19,060, 1830, 28,034, 

HftLiFAX, p-v. and tsp. on the left bank of Sus- 
quehannah r. at the mouth of Armstrong cr. 
Dauphin co. Pa., 18 ms. above, and nthwrds. 
Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 1,772. 

Halifax, c-h. Halifax co. Va. (See Banister.) 
Halifax co. N. C, bndd. by Roanoke r. 



which separates it from Northampton, n. e. and 
E., and from Bertie s. e., by Martin co. s., by 
Fishing cr. separating it from Edgecombe and 
Nash s. w., and by Warren w. Length 45 ms., 
mean width 16, and area 720 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 35° 57' to 36° 28', and in long, 
from 0° 18' to 1° 03' w. W. C. This co. is 
crossed by the great primitive ledge which se- 
parates the sea ?and alluvion from the hilly or 
intermediate region between the tide waters, 
and the moimtain system in the interior of the 
continent. By the joint exertions of N. C. and 
Va., a canal and sluice navigation has been 
completed along the Roanoke, from Weldon in 
Halifax co. N. C. to Salem in Botetourt co. Va. 
(See art. Roanoke, 'Halifax co. N. C.) possesses 
the advantages of tide and r. navigation, with 
extensive bodies of fertile soil, and a climate 
admitting the profitable cultivation of cotton. 
Cf. t. Halifax. Pop. 1820, 17,237, 1830, 17,739. 

Halifax, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus. Hali- 
fax CO. N. C, situated on the right bank of 
Roanoke r., 90 ms. s. w. by w. from Norfolk in 
Va., and by p-r. 103 x. e. from Raleigh in N. C. 
Lat. "36° 18', long. 0° 38' w. W. C. Vessels of 
45 tons ascend to this port and there come in 
contact with the extensive navigation of Roan- 
oke r. above tide water. 

Hall, co. of Geo., bndd. by Habersham n. , 
Franklin e., Jackson s .-e., Gwinnet s. w., and 
Chestatee or Chattahooche r. separating it from 
Lumpkin co. n. w. Length 35, mean breadth 
15, and area 525 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 34° 03' to 34° 28', and long. 6° 28' to 6° 
53'w.W. C. This CO. similar to Gwinnet and 
Habersham, occupies a part of the table land 
between the waters of the Atlantic and those of 
the Gulf of Mexico. The whole southeastern 
side slopes to the s. e. discharging into Frank- 
lin, the extreme sources of Broad r. branch of 
Savannah r., and into Jackson, tlie higher foun- 
tains of Oconee. The-wstrn. and nthrn. sec- 
tions are drained by Chestatee and rioquire, 
uniting near the middle of the co. to form Chat- 
tahooche. Cf.t. Gainesville. Pop. 1820, 5,086, 
1830, 11,748. 

Halloca, p-v. Muscogee co. Geo., by p-r. 
134 ms. &. vv. by w. Milledgeville. 

Hallocksburg, p-v. Bourbon co. Kj.., by p-r. 
37 ms. estrd. Hartford. 

Hallowell, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., on Ken- 
nebec.r. at the head of the tide, 2 ms. below Au- 
gusta, 54 N. E. Portland. It is one of the most 
wealthy, populous, and flourishing towns in the 
state. The principal village is on the w. bank 
ofthe r. Itis navigable to this place lor vessels 
of 150 tons. The Hallowell granite is very 
celebrated, and is extensively quarried and 
wrought. Pop 3,961. 

Hall's r. N. H. forms the boundary between 
L. Canada and N. H. from its source in the high, 
lands, to its junction with the Connecticut r. at 
Stewartstown. 

PIallsboro, p-v. Chesterfield co.Va. byp-r. 
17 ms. from Richmond. 

Halls Cross jRoads, and p-o., at the head of 
the N. E. branch of Bush r., Harford co. Md., 
30 ms. N. E. Baltimore. 

Hallsville, p-v. Amelia co. Va., byp-r. 33 
me. s. wstrd. Richmond. 



HAM 



188 



HAM 



Hallsville, p-v. Duplin co. N. C. by p-r. 106 
ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

Hallsville, p-v. in the wstm. part of Fair- 
field dist. S. C. by p-r. 60 ms. n. n. w. Colum- 
bia. 

Hallsville, p-o. Ross co. O., by p-r. 50 ms. 
sthrd. Columbus. 

Halsellville, p-o. Chester dist. S. C.by p.r. 
50 ms. N. Columbia. 

Halseyville, p-v. Chester dist. S. C by p-r. 
47 ms. N. Columbia. 

Hambaugh's p-o. Shenandoah co. Va., by p-r. 
82 ms. w. W. C. 

Hamburgh, p.t. Erie co. N. Y., 9 ms. s. Buf- 
falo. Surface variable. Climate always drip- 
ping with an overload of moisture. Contains 
17 schools. Pop. 3,351. 

Hamburgh, village Sussex co. N. J. on the 
Wallkill 12 ms. n. e. Newton. 

Hamburg, flourishing p-v. on the left bank of 
the Schuylkill r. immediately below the gap 
where that stream passes the Kittatinny mtn. 
Berks co. Pa. 16 ms. atiove Reading. It is 
composed in great part of a single street ex- 
tending along the great western road, and near- 
ly parallel to the r. Pop. about 500. 

Hamburg, p-v. on Savannah r directly oppo- 
site to Augusta, in Geo. and in the southern 
part of Edgefield dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. 
Columbia. A rail road is in progress from 
this town to Charlesiown, (See rail roads and 
canals.) 

Hamburgh, p-v. Calhoun co. II. by p-r. 136 
ms. w. Vandalia. 

Hamden, t. N. Haven co. Conn. 5^ ms. from 
N. Haven, and 32 ms. from Hartford. It con- 
tains several kinds of minerals. A mass of 
copper weighing 90 lbs. was once discovered 
on one of the Greenstone hills of the town. Soil 
generally fertile. Timber, walnut, oak of the 
various kinds, and other deciduous trees. It 
contains numerous mill privileges, an exten- 
sive gun manufactory, and other manufactories 
of various kinds. Pop. 1,669. 

Hamilton, r. N. Y. (See Olean.) 

Hamilton, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 26 ms. n. e. 
Boston. A neat and pleasant town. Soil good. 
Surface sufficiently level for beauty or utility. 
Pop. 748. 

Hamilton, co. N. Y. bndd. n. by St. Law- 
rence and Franklin cos., e. by Essex, Warren, 
and a small part of Saratoga cos., s. by Mont- 
gomery CO., and w. by Herkimer co. It is 60 
ms. long N. and s., 30 ms. wide e. and w. con- 
taining 1800 sq. ms. or 1,152,000 acres. Its 
surface is elevated. It is traversed by mtns. 
abounding with swamps. The principal part of 
the land is of little value. Cf. t. Wells. Pop. 
1820, 1,251, 1830, 1,325. 

Hamilton, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. situated on 
the Chenango r., being the seat of the N. Y. 
Baptist theolog. seminary, founded in 1819 by 
the Baptist education society of the state of N. 
Y. It has an edifice of stone, 64 ft. by 36, 
erected at the expense of the inhabitants of the 
village ; several scholarships, each endowed 
with $1000 ; and a library. 8 ms. s. e. Morris- 
ville, and 25 s. w. Utica. Pop. 3,220. 

Hamilton, village, Albany co. N. Y. (See 
Guilderland.) 



Hamilton's Store, and p-o. Loudon co. Va. 
by p-r. 37 ms. w. W. C. 

Hamilton, t., Gloucester co, N. J. Pop. 
1,424. 

Hamilton, p-v. Martin co. N. C. by p-r. 120 
ms. E. Raleigh. 

Hamilton, p-v. and st. jus. Harris co. Geo. 
named on the p-o, list, Harris c. h., and stated 
by p-r. 112 ms. from Milledgeville, course a 
little s. of w. ; on Tanner's U. S. it is laid down 
at 32° 44', long. 8° 03' w. W. C. 

Hamilton, co. Ten. bndd. by Marion w., 
Bledsoe n. w., Rhea n. e., and Ten. r. e. s. e. 
and s. Extending in lat. from 35° 04' to 35° 
41', and long, from 8° to 8° 22' w. W. C. The 
eastern and southestrn. sections of this co. oc. 
cupy part of the slope descending easterly from 
Walden's Ridge, to Ten. r. The northwestern 
section is a parallelogram of about 8 by 10 ms. 
sloping westerly from Walden's Ridge to the 
Sequatchie river. The Ten. inclined plain is 
about 32 ms. in length along the river, with a 
width of 12, area 384 sq. ms. The whole co. 
having a superficies of 464 square ms. Cf. t. 
Hamilton c. h. Pop. 1820, 821, in 1830, 
2,274. 

Hamilton, c. h. and p-o. Hamilton co. Ten. 
about 120 ms. s. e. by e. from Nashville. 

Hamilton, co. Ohio, bndd. w. by Dearborn co. 
Ind.. n. by Butler co. O., n. e. by Warren, e. by 
Clermont, s. e. by Ohio r, separating it from 
Campbell co. Ky., and s. w. by O. r., separating 
it from Boone co. Ky. Length from east 
to west 30, mean breadth 16 ms. and area 
480 sq. m?. Lat. 39° 02' to 39° 20', long. 7° 18' 
to 7°48' w. W. C. This co. occupies a part of that 
great buttress of hills, which skirt the right 
bank of Ohio r. from its head near Pittsburg, to 
below the influx of Wabash. Great and Little 
Miami traverse Hamilton in deep vallies. The 
surface of the co. is hilly, but the soil in an 
especial manner productive. Bituminous min- 
eral coal abounds. The Miami canal, connect, 
ing the stream of Great Miami with the Ohio, 
reaches the latter in Cincinnati. In 1830, this 
CO. exclusive of the city of Cincinnati, contained 
a pop. of 22,317, including the inhabitants of 
that city 52,317, or with the city a distributive 
population of 109 to the sq. m. 

Hamilton, p-v. and st. jus. Butler co. 0. 25 
ms. N. Cincinnati. It is situated on the left 
bank of Great Miami, lat. 39° 22'. Population 
1,079. 

Hamilton, co. Ind. bndd. s. e. by Hancock, s. 

by Marion, w. by Boone, n. by , and e, 

by Madison. It is a square of 21 ms. each way, 
441 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 57' to 40° 13', long. 8° 
53' to 9° 15' w. W. C. Slope s. s, w. and in 
that direction is traversed by the main stream of 
White r. and also by some of its tributaries. Cf. 
t. Noblesville. Pop. 1,757. 

Hamilton, p..v. and st.jus. Monroe co. Misp. 
situated on Battahatchee r. 15 ms. n. n. e. Co- 
lumbus, 237 n. e. Natchez, and 70 n. w. Tus- 
caloosa, in Ala, 

Hamilton, co. of II. bndd. s. by Gallatin, s. w. 
by Franklin, n. w. by Jefferson, n. by Wa3aie, 
and E. by White. It is a sq. of 24 ms. each 
way, 576 sq. ms, Lat. 37° 59' to 58° 16'. 
Long. 11° 25' to 11° 46' w. W. C. This co. is 



HAM 



189 



HAM 



a tnble land ; from the southwesiern angle rises 
the Raccoon branch of Muddy r. the northern 
part is drained by Wayne's fork of Little Wa- 
bash, whilst the central and rather most exten- 
sive section gives source to the north branch of 
Saline r* The slopes are consequently s. w. 
towards the Mississippi in the general direction 
of Muddy r., s. k. towards Ohio river by the 
course of the Saline, or eastward towards the 
Wabash, with the branches of Little Wabash., 
Cf. t. MacLeansboro'. Pop. 2,616. 

Hamilton, co. of Florida. This co. is, as 
laid down on Tanner's U. S. map, bndd. n. by 
Lowndes and Ware counties, (jeo., e. and s. 
by Little Suwanec, and w. by Withlacuchee 
river. Length 34 ms. mean breadth 17, and 
area 578 sq. ms. Extending in latitude from 30° 
20'to ■M)° 29', and in long, from 5° 52' to 6° 28' 
w. W. C. This CO. slopes southward, and is 
drained by the various branches of Suwanee 
r. Cf. t. Micco. Pop. 553. 

Hamilton, village, on the west bank of 
Schuykill, opposite to and adjoining Phila. of 
wliich city it is really a suburb, extending prin- 
cipally along West Chester, Darby and Lancas- 
ter roads. The site rises by a fine acclivity 
from Schuylkill, and afibrds elegant seats for 
houses, many of which are the summer retreats 
of the citizens of Phila. The village and the 
city are connected by Permanent Bridge. 

Hamii-ton's Store, and p-o. Loudon co. Va. 
by p-r.37 ms. w. W. C. 

Hamlet's, p-o. Stewart co. Tenn. by p-r. 67 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Hamlinton's, p-o. Wayne co. Pa, by p-r. 150 
ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Hamorto.v, p-o. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 107 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

Hamor's Store, and p-o. Delaware co. Pa. 
129 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Ha.mpde.\', p-t. Penobscot co. Me. w. Penob- 
scot river, 10 ms. s. s. w. Bangor, 29 ms. n. w. 
Castine. Pop. 3,020. 

Hampden, co. Mass. contains 19 ts. bndd. n. 
by Hampshire, gf. by Worcester, s. by Conn, 
line, w. by Berkshire. Chief town, Spring- 
field. It is excellently watered, by the passing 
of Conn, river through its centre from n. to s., 
by Chickapee river from the e., and Westfield 
river from the west. The Farmington canal 
passes through the wddth of the co. and opens a 
direct communication with New Haven. Steam 
boats now pass up the Conn. r. through this co. 
Fop. 18-20, 28,021 ; 1830, 31,640. 

Hampden, p-v. Walton co, Geo. by p-r, 82 
ms. N. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Hajjpden, p-v. and tsp. northeastern part of 
Geauga co. Ohio. The p^o. is by p-r. 127 ms. 
N. E. from Columbus. Pop. tsp. 530. 

Hampshire, co. Mass. contains 23 towns, of 
which Northampton is the cf. t. and st. jus. 
Conn. r. forms the e. boundary of the t., and 
passes through the centre of the co. from n. to 
s. A branch of Swift r. waters the e. and a 
branch of Westfield r. the w. parts of the co. 
It is bndd. n. by Franklin, e. by Worcester, s. 
by Hampden, and w. by Berkshire cos. lying 
wholly in the valley of the Conn. The soil is 
of the best quality. Fop. 1820, 26,487 ; 1830, 
30,254 

25 



Hampshire, co. of Va. bndd. by Morgan n. e.,- 
Frederick e.. Hardy s. and s. w., and tlie Poto- 
mac r. separating it from Alleghany co. in Md. 
N. w. and N. Length 40, mean breadth 24, and 
area 960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 1° 28' 
to 2° 12' w. W. C. The slope of this moun. 
tainous co. is to the northeast, traversed in that 
direction by the south branch of Potomac and 
several lesser streams, with lateral nitn. rido-es 
intervening. Though so much broken by mtns, 
much of the soil on the streams is excellent. 
The lowest part along the two branches of Po. 
tomac exceeds an elevation of 50) ft. above 
tide water. Cf. t. Romney. Pop. 1830, 10,8«9, 
in 1830, 11,279. 

Hampstead, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 24 
miles from Portsmouth, an ill shaped town, 
having about 30 angles. The soil hard, strong 
land, favorable to the growth of oak, walnut, and 
elm, with some chesnut, maple, &c. Pop. 9 13. 

Ha.mpstead, t. vv. angle of Rockland co. N. 
Y. 130 ms. s. Albany, Surface broken. Cross, 
ed on the w. by Ramapo r. which here receives 
a stream, that also supplies mill seats, abound, 
ing with falls. The iron works in this town 
employ a great number of hands. Ramapo 
works, on Ramapo r. employ 300 hands and 
give support to about 700 persons. Dater's 
works, 2 ms. above these on the same r,, sup. 
port about 140. The t. has various other rnan.- 
ufactories, among which i& a cotton factory, 
containing 5000 spindles, afid employing 200 
women and children. 

Ha.mpstead, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. 2o ms. 
from Baltimore. 

Hampstead, p-v, in the southeast angle of 
King George's co. Va. by p-r. 90 ms. s. W. C. 
and 82 n. n. e. Richmond. 

Hampton, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. on the 
sea coast, 7 ms. from Exeter, 13 miles s. w. 
Portsmouth, and 50 ms. from Concord. Plea- 
santly situated. Its beaches are little inferior 
to the far famed Nahant beach, and have long 
been the resort of invalids and parties of plea, 
sure. It has a singular bluff called Boar's- 
Head. Pop. 1,102. 

Hampton, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 8 ms. n. e.- 
Windham, and 37 e. Haitford. Surface une- 
ven. Soil, a gravelly loam, strong and fertile, 
and well adapted to grazing. Timber, oak, 
walnut, chesnut, and other deciduous trees. 
Well watered, and contains some mill privile- 
ges, and a variety of manufacturing establish- 
ments. It has 10 school districts. Pop. l,l(Jl. 

Hampton, t. Washington co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. e. 
Whitehall, 70 n. n. e. Albany. Timber, maple, 
beech, &c. interspersed with beau'iful groves 
of white pine. Well watered and healthy, and 
remarkable for the growth of its apple trees, 
which produce excellent fruit. It has 7 schools. 
Pop. 1,069, 

Hampton, p-v. Adams co. Pa. by p.r. 90 ms. n. 
W. C. 

Hampton, p-v. and st. jus. Elizabeth City co. 
Va. by p-r. 199 ms, a little e. of s. W. C. and 
and 16 n. n. w. Norfolk. It is a seaport on a 
small bay of Hampton Roads, on the n. side 3 
ms. N. w. Old Point Comfort. 

Hampton, p-v. Adams co. Pa. by p-r, 31 ms. 
s. w. Harrisburg. 



HAN 



190 



HAN 



Hampton, p-t. and at. jus. Elizabeth City co. 
Va. situated on a small bay of Chesapeake bay, 
or rather of the estuary of James r. 16 ms. N. w. 
w. Norfolk, and by p-r. 93 s. e. by e. Richmond. 
Lat. 37° 02' long. 0° 44' e. W. C. 

Hampton Falls, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. on 
the sea coast, 45 ms. from Concord, 41 from 
Boston, and 16 s. w. Portsmouth. Soil mode- 
rately good. Pleasantly situated. Pop. 583. 

Hampton Roads, local name of the mouth of 
James r. opposite the mouths of Nansemond 
and Elizabeth rs. Towards the Chesapeake 
bay, Hampton Roads is defined on the n. by Old 
Point Comfort, and on the s. by Point Willough- 
by ; within James r. the termination is in. 
definite. This sheet of water is sufficiently 
deep for the largest ships of war. The U. S. 
commissioners, appointed to examine the lower 
part of Chesapeake bay in 1818, reported, that, 
although extensive, Hampton Roads admitted 
the erection of adequate defences against an 
enemy's fleet. 

Hamptonville, p-v. Surry co. N. C. by p-r. 
151 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Hamtkamck, p-v. Wayne co. Mich. 13 ms. 
from Detroit. 

Hanan's Bluff, p-o. Yazoo co. Misp. by 
p-r. 69 ms. nthrd. Jackson, and about l20 n. n. 
E. Natchez. 

Hancock co. Me. bndd. by Penobscot co. n., 
Washington co. e., by the Atlantic s., and by 
Penobscot bay and r; w. This co. is very ir- 
regular, and includes numerous islands off the 
coast, and several peninsulas. Lat. from about 
44° 10' to 45° 10', and long, from 8° 15' to 9 
10' w. W. C. This CO. in 1820 contained a 
pop. of 31,290. Since which the co. of Waldo, 
w. Penobscot bay and r. has been divided from 
it. Cf. t. Castine. Pop. 1820, 31,290, 1830, 
24,347. 

Hancock, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 19 ms. 
e. Keene, 35 s. w. Concord, and 22 from Am- 
herst.. The soil generally productive ; w. part 
of the town mountainous ; the rest agreeably 
diversified with plain, hill, and dale. Named in 
honor of governor Hancock of Boston, one of 
the original proprietors. There are 9 school 
houses. Here is a manufactory of excellent 
and elegant fowling pieces and rifles. Pop. 
1,217. 

Hancock, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 ms. w. 
Boston. This is a strip of land about 3 ms. 
wide, extending along the western boundary of 
the state for more than 20 ms. A branch of 
the New Lebanon (N. Y.) Shakers reside with- 
in its limits. Pop. 1,052: 

Hancock, p-t. s. angle Del. co. N. Y. 27 ms. 
s. w. Delhi, and 65 w. Kingston. A rough, 
hilly tract of land. The e, branch of the Del. r. 
runs through the centre of this town, and the 
principal business of the inhabitants is getting 
lumber, that descends the Del. to Phil. It con- 
tains 5 schools. Pop. 766. 

Hancock, flourishing p-v. situated on the left 
bank of Potomac r. Washington co. Md. 39 ms. 
a little n. of e. Cumberland, 27 a little n. ofw. 
Hagerstown, and by p-r. 93 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Hancock, p-v. Union dist. S. C. (See Han- 
eockville, same district and state.) 

H)Incoce, CO. of Geo. bndd-. by Green n. w., 



Taliaferro n., Great Ogeechee r. separating it 
from Warren n. e. and e., Washington s., Bald- 
win s. w., and Oconee r. separating it from Put- 
nam w. Length 30 ms., mean width 20, and 
area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 
04' to 33° 32', and in long, from 5° 50' to 6° 22' 
w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to the s. 
drained by various branches of Oconee and 
Great Ogeechee rs. Cf. t. Sparta. Pop. 1820r 
12,734, 1830, 11,820- 

Hancock, CO. II. bndd. by Warren n., McDon- 
ough N. E. and e., Schuyler s. e., Adams s., and 
the Misp. r. separating it from the state of Mo. 
below, and from the unappropriated n. w. terri- 
tory, above the mouth of Des Moines r. Length 
from a. to n. 33-, mean breadth 22, and area 726 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 11' to 40° 
38', long, from 13° 52' to 14° 26' w. W. C. It 
may be observed under this head, that the val. 
ley of Misp* between the mouths of Rock r. and 
II. r. is very restricted on the e.^, the streams ri- 
sing near, but flowing from that great stream 
to the southeastward, towards the Illinois river. 
Amongst these tributaries of Illinois, Crooked 
cr. or more correctly Crooked r. rises in and 
drains the eastern part of Hancock co. The 
western part slopes westward towards Mispv r., 
the central part being a table land between the 
two vaUies. Cf. t. Montebello. Pop. 483. 

Hancock, one of the two southeastern cos. of 
Misp. bounded by Pearl r. which separates it 
from St. Tammany's parish of La. s. w., and 
Washington parish of the same state v/., by the 
CO. of Marion, Misp.' n. w., Ferry and Jackson 
cos. N. E. and e., and the Gulf of Mexico, or 
rather lake Borgne s. Length 60, and breadth 
28, area 1,680 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
30° 12' to 31°, and in long, from 12' to 0° 54' 
w. W. C. The declivity of this co. is in the 
direction of the streams, about s. s. e. The 
surface towards the northern border waving or 
hilly, but gradually becoming more level to- 
wards lake Borgne. The whole co., with very 
little exception, was in its natural state, cover- 
ed with pine ; the soil thin and sterile. PearJ 
r., from its length, and the surface it drains, 
promises more navigable facility than from na- 
ture it affords ; the mouth is shallow and ob- 
structed. In front of Hancock co. Cat isl. and 
the two groups of Marianne and Malheureux, 
are part of a line of sand banks, which extend 
along the coast of Flor., Ala., Misp., and merge 
into the Delta of the Misp. r. in La. {See lake 
Borgne.) It is on the lake shore of Hancock 
CO. that the marshy coast of the Gulf of Mexi- 
co, so remarkable along the front of La. is fol- 
lowed by a solid, dry, pine covered, though still 
low shore. Cf. t. Shieldsboro'. Pop. 1820, 
1,594, 1830, 1,962. 

Hancock, co. Ind. bndd. by Rush s. e., Shel- 
by s., Marion w., Hamilton n. w., Madison n., 
and Henry n. e. Length 20, mean width l8, 
and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 42' to 39° 58', 
long. 8° 35' to 8° 58' w. Slope southward, and 
in that direction drained by the northwestern 
sources of the Driftwood fork of White r. Cf. 
t. Greenfield. Pop. 1,436. 

Hancock, c. h. Hancock co. Ind. {See Green- 
field, same co.) 

HANCocKSvaLE, marked on the p-o. list Han- 



HAN 



191 



HAR 



cock, p-v. in the northern part of Union dis . S. 
C by p-r. 8G ms. n. n. w. Columbus. 

Hanging Fork, p-o. Lincoln co. Ky. 53 ms. s. 
'Frankfort. 

Hanging Rock, p-o. Hampshire co. Va. by 
p.r. 99 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Hannibal, p-t. s. w, comer of Osv/ego co. 
N. Y, 11 ms. s. Oswego, 160 from Albany. 
Watered by several mill streams. Surface 
gently uneven, soil fertile. It has 9 schools. 
■^Pop. 1,794. 

Hanover, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 53 ms. 
N. vv. Concord, 97 from Portsmouth, 114 from 
Boston, and 495 from W. C, situated on Conn. 
T. Timbered with maple, beech, birch, ash, 
<fec. Surface agreeably diversified with hill 
and dale. It contains less waste land than any 
■other town in the co. Crossed by Moose moun- 
tain from N. to s. Dartmouth college is located 
in this town. It received its name from Wil- 
liam, earl of Dartn>outh, one of its principal 
benefactors, and was founded 17G9. It is situ- 
ated in a beautiful village, half a mil« from the 
•Conn. r. The college buildings are, a hand- 
•some edifice of wood, 150 ft. by 50, three sto- 
ries high, for undergraduates, and for other 
purposes ; an edifice of brick, called medical 
house, 75 ft. by 32, three stories high, a conve- 
-nient chapel, and a green house for botanical 
purposes. The faculty consists of a president, 
7 professors, and 2 tutors. Students, 1832 — 3, 
181. Total Alumni 1,701. The college li- 
brary contains 4,500, and the students' 8,500 
"volumes. Commencement, last Wednesday 
t)Ut one in August. Here is also the N. H. 
medical school, which is connected with the 
■college. There are three professors ; students 
1831 — 2, 98. Lectures commence 2 weeks af- 
ter the college commencement. Pop. 2,361. 

Hanover, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 22 ms. s. 
Boston, divided from Pembroke by North r., a. 
■stream of some magnitude. Pop. 1,303. 

Hanover, p-t. n. angle Chatauque co. N. Y., 
•on the shore of lake Erie, 30 ms. n. e. Mays, 
ville, 37 s. w. Buffalo. It is washed on the 
N, by Cataraugus cr. at the mouth of which 
there is a harbor for small vessels, \vith about 
4 ft. water over the bar at the entrance. It is a 
good tsp. of land, well watered, moderately 
uneven. It has 20 schools, kept 4 months in 
12. Pop. 2,614. 

Hanover, t. Burlington co. N. J. on the Mon- 
mouth line, bndd. s. by Northampton, w. by 
Springfield. Pop. 2,859. 

Hanover, p-t. Morris co. N. J. on the Passaic, 
16 ms. N. w. Elizabethtown. Pop. 3,718. 

Hanover, p-v. and borough, in the southwest- 
ern part of York co. Pa. 20 ms. s. w. the bo- 
rough of York, and 33 s. s. w. Harrisburg. 

Hanover, co. of Va. bndd. by the Chickaho- 
mina r. or Henrico s., Goochland s. w., Louisa 
N. w.. North Anna r. or Spottsylvania n., North 
Anna r. or Caroline n. e., Pamunky r. or King 
William e., and New Kent s. e. Length 45, 
mean vndth 14, and area 630 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 37° 29' to 38° 05', and in long. 
0° 15' «y. to 0° 57' w. W. C. North Anna r. is 
the recipient of the crs. which drain tSie north- 
em part of Hanover, whilst the Pamunky enters 
from the w. traversing the co, in an easterly di. 



rection, and after draining the central section, 
unites with North Ann^at the extreme south- 
western angle of Caroline, southward from the 
junction of North Anna and Pamunky ; the uni- 
ted water is known by the latter name, and 
the body of Hanover co. lies between the Chick- 
ahomina, and that r. with its general slope n. 
estrd. The surface is hilly, and soil of every 
extreme, from best r. alluvion to barren sand. 
Cf. t. Hanover. Pop. 1820, 15,267, 1830, 16,. 
253. 

Hanovek, p-v. and st. jus. Hanover co. Va. 
situated on the right bank of Pamunky r. by p-r. 
20 ms. N. e. Richmond, and 102 ms. a little w. 
of s. W. C. N. lat. 37° 42', long. W. C. 0° 15' w. 

Hanover, p-v. and tsp. in the northeastern 
part of Licking co. O. by p-r. the p-o. is 41 ms. 
northeastward from Columbus. Pop. of the 
tsp. 709. 

Hanover, p-v. North tsp. Harrison co. 0. 8 
ms. N. w. Cadiz. 

Hanover, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Shelby co. Ind. 23 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Hanoverton, p-v, Hanover co. Va. situated 
on the right bank of Pamunky r. 31 ms. n. e. 
Richmond, and by p-r. 94 s. s. w. W. C. Lat. 
37° 42', long. 0° 23' w. W. C. 

PIanoverton, p-v. in Hanover tsp, in the cen. 
tral part of Columbiana co. O. The p-v. is 7 
ms. s. w. by w. New Lisbon, the co. St., and 
145 N. e. by e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 2,043. 

Hansford, p-v. Kenhawa co. Va. by p.r. 356 
ms. s, w. by w. J w. W. C, 

Hanson, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 24 ms. 8. 
Boston. Pop. 1,030. 

Harbour Cafe, the n. extremity of Wells 
bay. Me. Long. 70° 24' w., lat. 43° 18' n. 

Harbour Creek, tsp. and p-o. in the north- 
ern part of Erie co. Pa. The p-o. is 6 ms, N. 
E. the borough of Erie. Pop, tsp. I,l04. 

Harbiman, CO. of Ten. bndd. by La Fayette 
w., Haywood N.W., Madison n,, McNair e., and 
the state of Misp. s. It is a regular parallelo- 
gram, 30 ms. from s. to n., and 24 from e. to w,, 
area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° to 
35° 27', and long, from 11° 50' to 12° 14' w. 
W, C. This CO. is entirely drainedby the con- 
stituent crs. of Big Hatchee r., and slopes to the 
N. N. w. Cf. t, Bolivar. Pop. 11,655. 

Hardimans Cross Roads, and p-o. William, 
son CO. Ten. 34 ms. from Nashville. 

Hardin, co. of Ten. bndd. by Mc Nair w., 
Henderson n. w., Perry n. e., Wayne e., Lauder- 
dale in Ala. s. e., and Chickasaw co, in the state 
of Misp. s, w. Length from s. to n. 32 ms., 
breadth 24, area 768 sq, ms. Extending in lat. 
from 35° to 35° 28', and long, from 1 1° 03' to 
11° 28' w. W. C. The Tennessee r. enters 
near the middle of the southern border, flows 
northwardly with a v/estern curve, to near the 
northern side of this co., and then turns to n. k. 
leaving it at the northeast angle. On the west- 
ern side, the valley of Ten, r. is very narrow ; 
the sources of Big Hatchee rising on the border 
between Hardin and McNair cos. On the east- 
ern side, also, the slope of Ten. is narrow, and 
almost confined to Hardin co. The co. is there- 
fore composed of two narrow inclined plains 
falling towards the Ten. Cf. t, Hardensvilie^ 
Pop. 4,868, 



HAR 



192 



HAR 



Hardin-, co. Ky. bndd. by Grayson s. w., 
Breclienridge w., Meade n. w., Rolling fork of 
Salt r. or Nelson n. e., Washington e., Greene 
s. E., and Hirt s. Length 60, mean width 20, 
and ;ireii 1.21)0 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
37° 22' to 37° 52', and in long, from 8° 20' to 9° 
18'w. W. G. The general slope of this co. is 
to the s. \v. being in that direction drained by va- 
riuus creeks flowing into Green r. ; the nonhorn 
part, however, slopes to the north, and is drain- 
ed by crs. flowing into Ohio or Saltr. Of t. 
Elizabethtown. Pop. 1820, 10,498, 1830, 
12,849. 

Hardin, co. Ohio. bndd. by Union s. e., Lo- 
gan s., Allen w., Hancock n., Crawford n. e., 
and Marion e. It is very nearly a square of 24 
ms. each way, 576 sq. ms. in area. Lat. 40° 
32' to 40° 51', long. 6° 24' to 6° 52' w. W. C. 
Tiiis CO. occupies a table land from which the 
branches of Sandusky and those of Blanchard's 
r. flow to the n. ; the extreme sources of Sciota 
s. E., those of Sandy cr. branch of Great Mi- 
ami s. w., and those of Au Glaize r. w. Cf. t. 
Hardy. Pop. 210. 

Hardin, p-v. in the western part of Shelby co. 
O. hy p-r. 12 ms. n. w. from Sidney, the co. st. 
and 88 ms. n. w. by w. Columbus. 

Hardinsburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Breckenridge 
CO. Ky. 35 ms. v^. Elizabethtown, 29 s. s. w. 
Brandenburg, on 0. r. and by p-r. 110 ms. s. w. 
by w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 47', long. 9° 28', w. 
V/. C. 

Hardln'sburg, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind. by p-r. 
98 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Hardin's Tavern, and p-o. Albemarle co. Va. 
by p-r. 13>') ms. s, w. W. C, 

Hardi.\sv!lle, p-v. St. jus. Hardin co. Ten. 
situated on the right bank of Ten. r. 40 ms. n. 
v/. Florence in Ala. and about 120 ms. s. w. by 
S.Nashville. Lat. 35° 12', long. 11° 18' w.W.C. 

Hardinsvii.le:, p-v. southeastern part of Shel- 
by CO. Ky. 10 ms. s. W. Frankfort. 

Hardiston, t. Sussex co. N. J. Population, 
2,588. 

Hardwickj p-t. w. part of Caledonia co. Vt. 
21 ms. N. E. Montpclier, 73 n. Windsor. Sur- 
face pleasantly diver.'iified with large swells 
and valleys. The r. Lamoille runs circuitously 
through it, furnishing a number of excellent 
mill privileges. Timbered with maple, beech, 
birch, &c. Contains sulphur springs, and 9 
school dists. Pop. 1,216. 

Hardwick, p-t. Worcester co, Mass. 70 ms. 
w. Boston, 20 n. w. Worcester. Surface une- 
ven. Soil fertile, adapted to grass and fruit 
trees. Pop. 1,885. 

Hardwick, t. Warren co. N. J. 10 ms. s. w. 
Newton, Pop. 1,962. 

Hardy, co. of Va. bndd. by Hampshire n. e., 
Shenandoah s. E., Rockingham s., Pendleton 
s. w., Randolph w., and Alleghany co. of Md. 
N. w. Length 42, mean width 17, and area 
714 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 43' to 
39° 18', and in long, from 1° 43' to 2° 30' w, 
W, C. The surface of Hardy inclines to n. 
E. and is traversed in that direction by the 
south branch, and several other confluents of 
Potomac, with lateral chains of mtns. interven. 
ing, which also extend in a similar direction 
with the rivers, The surface is indeed exces- 



sively broken, rocky, and sterile, though tracts 
of excellent river lands lie detached between 
the mtn. ridges. The mean elevation of the 
arable land perhaps exceeds 1,000 feet above 
the ocean level. Cf. t. Moorfield. Pop. 1820, 
5,70j, 1830, 6,798. 

Hardy, p-v. Hardin co, O. by p-r. 66 ms. n. 
w. Columbus. 

Harewoi.d, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa; by p-r. 
174 ms. N. E. Hanisburg. 

Harford, p-v. and tsp. Susquehannah co. Pa. 
situated between Vanwinkles and Martins 
branches of Tunkhannock r. 12 ms. s, e. Mon- 
trose, and 40 a little e. of n. Wilkesbarre, 

Harford, co. of Md. bndd. by Susquehannah 
r. separ.uing it from Coecil N. e., by the head 
of Chesapeake bay, separating it from Kent S; 
E., by Baltimore co. s. w. and w., and by York 
CO. in Pa. n. Length 30, mean width 16, and 
area 480 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 
19' to 39° 4.3' nearly. The southern part of 
this CO. is drained principally by Bush r. and 
slopes to the southward. The northern is 
drained by Deercr. or r. and declines eastward, 
towards the Susquehannah. The soil of this 
CO. is very diversified, from best to worst. Cf, 
t.Belair. Pop. 1820, 15,924, 1830, 16,319, 

Harford, p-v, and named in the p-o. list 
Harford c. h., is situated at the head ot Bush 
river bay, 26 ms. n. e. Baltimore. 

Harlan, co. of Ky. bndd. w. and n. w. by 
Knox, N. by Perry, n. e. by Pike, and e. s. e. 
and s. by Cumberland mtn. which separates it 
from Lee, the extreme southwestern co. of Va. 
Length 48, mean width 10, area 480 sq. ms; 
This CO. contains the extreme higher sources 
of Cumberland r. and is in great part confined 
to a narrow valley b tween Cumberland mtn,. 
and the Laurel ridge, with an inclination to the 
s. w. It extends in lat. from 36° 36' to 37°* 
and long, froin 5° 49' to 6° 24' w. W. C. The 
mean elevation of the arable surface of this co. 
is probaoly above 1000 feet above the ocean 
level, which would yield a mean temperature 
equal to that of between 38 and 39 on the At- 
lantic coast. Cf. t. Mount Pleasant. Pop. 2,929. 

Harlan, c. h. and p-o, {See Mount Pleas, 
ant, Harlan co. Ky.) 

Harlansburg, {See Harlensburg, Mercer co. 
Pa.) 

Harleesville, p-v. on Little Pedee r. in the 
northern part of Marion dist, S. C. about 54 ms. 
s. s. w, Fayetteville in N. C, and by p-r, 121 n. 
E, by e, Raleigh. 

Harlem, t. Kennebec co. Me, 16 ms. e, Au- 
gusta. 

Harlem, {See Haerlem, N. Y.) 

Harlensburg, p-v. southeast angle of Mercer 
CO. Pa. 50 ms. n. n. w. from Pittsburg. 

Harmonsburg, p-v. Crawford co. Pa. 

Harmony, p t. Somerset co. Me. 25 ms. e.- 
Norridgewock, Pop. 925. 

Harmony, p-t. Chatauque co. N, Y. 15 ms, s. 
Mayville, bounded s. by Pa. Land heavily tim- 
bered with beech, maple, ash, butternut, &c. — 
moderately uneven, better adapted to grass than 
grain. 12 schools kept 6 months in 12. Pop. 
18.30, 1,989. 

Harmony, p-v. Warren co, N, J. I2 ms. s. 
Belvidere, 



HAR 



193 



HAR 



Harmony, p-v. on the Conequenessing cr. 
Butler CO. Pa. 14 ms. s. w. by w. Butler, and 28 
N. N. w. Pittsburg. This village was founded 
by the Harmonists. 

Harmony, p-v. York dist. S. C. by p-r. 85 ms. 
N. t olumbia. 

Harmony, p-v. Washington co. Mo. about 60 
ms. s. s. w. St. Louis. 

Harmony Grovh, p.v. .Tackson co. Geo. by 
p-r. 56 ms. northward Milledgeville. 

Harper's Fkrry, .Teflerson co. Va. 22 ms. s. 
w. by w. Frederic, 25 almost due s. Hagers- 
town, and by p-r. 65 s. w. by vv. W. C. Lat. 
39= 29', long. 0° 42' w. W. C. The village is 
situated on the right bunk of Potomac, and on 
the point above the mouth of Shenandoah r. 
This place, the seat of one of the U. S. armo- 
ries, has risen at the justly celebrated pass of 
the Potomac through the Blue Ridge. The 
level of low water at the junction of the two rs. 
is 182 ft. above tide water at Georgetown. The 
place and vicinity has the romantic aspei-tof an 
immense amphitheatre, and is amongst the situ- 
ations of the U. S. most worthy of a visit, wheth- 
er the object be science, or the gratification of 
taste. 

Harpersfield, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 20 
ms. N. E. Delhi, 56 s. w, Albany, and 51 from 
Gatskill. Contains good mill seats ; soil well 
adapted for grass ; surface broken, with hills 
and vallies ; land well watered by springs and 
brooks ; timbered with maple, beech, bass-wood, 
ash, &c. ; has 11 schools. Pop. 1,976. 

PIarpersfield, p-v. and tsp. in the north 
wstrn. part of Ashtabula co. Oi, by p-r. thi p-o. 
is 10 ms. N. w. Jefferson, the co. st. Pop. tsp. 
1,145. 

Harpersvii.le, p-0. {See Colesville.) 
Harpersville, p-v. Shelby co. Ala., by p-r. 
77 ms. estrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Harpeth, small r. of Ten., rising in and drain 
ing the greatest part of Williamson co. Flow- 
ing thence n. w., enters and traverses the west- 
ern part of Davidson, and draining the estrn. 
part of Dickson, falls into Cumberland r. on the 
border. between Dickson and Davidson co. after 
a comparative course of 55 ms. 

Harpswell, t. Cumberland co. Me., 40 ras. 
E. Portland. Pop. 1,353. 

Harrington, t. Bergen co. N. J. Pop. 2,58 1 . 
Harring's Store, and p-o. Hinds co. Misp. 
about 150 ms.N. e. Natchez. 

Harris, co. Geo., bndd. by Troup n. w. ; 
Merriwether n. e ; Talbot e. ; Muscogee s. ; 
and Ciiattahooche r. separating it from the state 
of Ala. vv. It is very nearly a parallelogram, 
20 ms. by 22, area 440 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 32° 35' to 32° 50', and long, it is 
bisected by 8° w. from W. C. The slope ol 
this CO. is westrd., and is drained by small water 
courses, flowing in that direction in Chattahoo- 
che r. Cf. t. Hamilton. Pop. 5,105. 

Harrisburgh, p-t. near n. w. corner of Lewis 
CO. N. Y., 20 ms. n. Brownville, and 65 n. 
Rome. Soil a dark, loose, moist loam, good 
for grain, but better for grass ; timbered with 
large and heavy maple, beech, elm, &,c. ; sur- 
face pretty level ; well watered ; contains good 
mill privileges, and (i school dists. Pop. 712. 
Harrisburgh, p-v., borough and st. jus. for 



Oauphin co. and of the government of Pa., 96 
ms. N. w. by w. from Pliil. ; 35 ms from Lan- 
caster, and ilO a very little e. of n. W. C. Lat, 
40° 16', long. 0° 07' e. W. C. Harrisburg is 
built at nearly parallel lines or right angles to 
the Susqufchannah r., on a peninsula between 
that r. and Paxton cr. The nrthrn. part of the 
site is a swelling hill, which gradually sinks to 
a plain towards the mouth of Paxton. Opposite 
ihe borough the Susquehannah is divided into 
two channels ly an isl., the widest being that 
next the town. Over these channels and isl., 
and extending from near the central street, is a 
sub.stantial bridge resting on stone piers, but a 
frame and flooring of wood above, and roofed 
with the latter material. The bridge, including 
the isl. is nearly a mile from shore to shore. 
On the highest part of the same swell on which 
the towji is built, and to the n. of the latter, 
stands the capitol, a substantial, and as a whole, 
an imposing building, from the cupola of which 
is one of the finest panorama views in the IJ. S. 
This view cannot properly be called a land, 
scape ; it is a circle of landscapes, embracing 
the swelling and cultivated co. around, relieved 
by r. and mtn. scenery. A court house and num. 
ber of places of public worship are contained in 
the body of the borough. Pop. 4.3 1 2. 

Harrisburg, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 82 ms. n. n. e. (.olumbia. 

Harrisburg, p-v. Haywood co. Ten., situa- 
ted in the n. e. part of the co. on the s. branch 
of Forked Deer r., about 150 ms. s. w. by w. 
Nashville. 

Harrisburg, p-v. Fayette co. Ind., by p-r. 
64 ms. eastward Indianopolis. 

Harris' Gore, a tract of land of 6,020 acres, 
s. w. corner of Caledonia co. Vt. Mountainous 
and uninhabited. 

Harrison, t. Cumberland co. Me., 41 ms. n. 
vv. Portland. 

Harrison, t. Cortland co. N. Y., 15 ms. s. s. 
E. Homer, and 143 w. Albany. A pretty good 
tsp. of land. 

Harrison, t. Westchester co. N. Y., 30 ms. 
from N. Y., and 3 e. White Plains. Land un- 
der good cultivation ; contains an abundant sup- 
ply of mill seats ; 6 schools 11 months in 12. 
Pop. 1,085. 

Harrison, co. Va., bndd. s. by Lewis ; w. by 
Wood ; N. w. by Tyler ; 2j. by Monongalia, 
and by Tiggart's valley r., which separates it 
from Preston n. e. ; and Randolph s. e. 
Length 50, mean breadth 22, area 110 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 39° 03' to 39° 35', long. 
2° 53' to 3° 55' w. W. C. The western branch 
of Monongahela r. enters the southern border 
of Harrison, and winding n. n. e., receives from 
both sides numerous crs. which drairi the cen- 
tral and much most considerable part of this 
large co. The western part, however, declines 
westward, and is drained by the sources of 
Middle Isl. cr. The surface of the whole co. 
is very broken, but generally fertile. Cf. t, 
Clarksburg. Pop. 1820. 10,932; 1830, 14,722. 

Harrison, co. Ky., bndd. by Scott s. w. ; 
Owen w. ; Pendleton n. vv. and n. ; Bracken n. 
E.; Nicholas e.; and Bourbon s. Length 30, 
mean breadth 12, area 360 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 38° 13' to 38° 34', long. 7=' 04' to 



HAR 



194 



HAR 



7° 30' w. W. G. This fine small co. is travers- 
ed in a notthciiy direction, and divided into 
two very nearl equal sections, by the w. branch 
of Licking* r. Soil generally fertile. Cf. t. 
Cynthiana. Pop. 1820,12,271 ; 1830, 13,2 ;4. 

Harrison, co. 0., bndd. s. e. by Belmont ; s. 
■w. by Guernsey ; w. by Tuscarawas; n. w. by 
"Stark ; n. by Columbiana ; and e. by Jefferson. 
'Length from south to north, 27 ms., mean 
breadthlS, and area 486 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 10' 
to 40° S3', long. 3° 50' to 4° 20' w. W. C. The 
dividing ridge between the vallies of 0. and 
Tuscarawas rs. extends from south to north, 
the entire length of this co., dividing it into two 
imequal sections. The eastern side slopes to 
the east, and gives source to creeks flowing 
over Jefferson into 0. r. The western sido de- 
clines westward, towards the Tuscarawas ; 
surface excessively broken and hilly, but soil 
highly fertile. Chief town Cadiz, Pop. 1820, 
14,345 ; 1830, 20,916. 

Harrison, p-v. in Baltimore tsp. and north 
west border of Hamilton co. 0., 25 ms. n. w. 
Cincinnati. Pop. 173. 

Harrison, co. Ind. bndd. by Crawford n. w.; 
"Washington n. ; Floyd n. e. ; O. r. separating 
it from Jefferson co. Ky. e. ; and 0. r. separa- 
ting it from Meade co. Ky. s. and s. w. Length 
from south to north 36 ms. ; mean breadth 20, 
and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 38° to 38° 26' and 
long. 8° 4f5' to 9° 20' w. W. C. Slope s. w. to- 
wards, and at right angles nearly, to that pan of 
Ohio r. between Otter cr. of Ky., and Blue r. 
of Ind. Surface excessively hilly and broken, 
but soil excellent, Cf, t. Corydon, Pop. 1820, 
7,875; 1830, 10,273. 

Harrisonburg, p-v, and st. jus, Rockingham 
CO, Va., 24 ms. tt, n, e. Stanton, 40 n. n. w. 
Charlotteville, and by p-r. 128 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. Lat. 38° 25', long. 1° 48' w. W. C, 

Harrisonburg, p-v, and st. jus, Catahobla 
■parish. La. about 4J ms. n. w, by w, Natchez, 
£at. 31° 47', long, 14° 54' w, W, C, 

Harrisonburg, p-v. and st. jus. Conway co. 
Ark. Ter., by p-r. 1,104 ms. s. w. by w. W, 
'C., and 40 ms. N, w. Little Rock. Lat. 35° 5', 
long. 15° 30' w, W, C, 

Harrison's Mills, and p-o. Charles City co. 
Va., by p-r. 32 ms. s. e. by e. Richmond. 

Harris's Lot, and p-o. "Charles co. Md., by 
p-r. 38 ms. southward W. C. 

Harrison Vallev, and p-o. Potter co. Pa., 
188 ms. N. N. \v. Harrisbarg. 

Harrisonville, p-o. Monroe co, II,, tituated 
on the Misp. r. opposite Herculaneum in Mo., 
12 ms. southwestward Waterloo, the st. jus. of 
the CO., and 113 ms. s. w. Vandalia, 

Harrisville, p-v. in the extreme n. w. angle 
of Butler co. Pa., 55 ms. almost due n. Pitts- 
burgh. 

Harrisville, p-v. on Nottaway r., in the n. e. 
angle of Brunswick co. Va., by p-r. 37 ms, a 
little w. of s. Richmond. 

Harrisville, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Harrison co. O., by p-r. 8 ms. s. e. Cadiz, and 
132 N.E. by E. Columbus, Pop. 314. 

Harrisville Reserve, p-v. Medina co. 0., 
Ill ms. N. e. 'Columbia, 

Harrodsburg, p-v, and st, jus, Mercer co, 
Ky,, situated near the main source of Salt r., 



31 ms, a very little e. of s. from Frankfort. 
Lat. 37° 44', long. 7° 48' w. W. C. This plaCe 
wa's amongst the most early towns founded in 
Ky. ; in 1830 contained a pop. of ],051. 

Hart, co. Ky. bndd. by Edmonson w. ; No. 
lin Fork of Green r. which separates it from 
Grays"on N. w. ; Raccoon cr. which separates it 
from Harden n. ; Greene e. ; and Barren s. 
Length 24, mean breadth 18, area 432 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 37° 06' to 37° 25', ami 
long, from 8° 28' to 9° 03' w. W. C, ^Tho 
main body of Green r, traverses Hart in a s. v.\ 
by w. direction, and receiving creeks from each 
side drains the co. The surface is generally 
level, and in its natural state, in a great part 
composed of a species of soil deceptively call- 
ed barrens, as much of it in this and adjacent 
cos. is highly fertile. Cf. t. Mumfordsville. 
Pop. 1820, 4,184 ; 1830, 5,191. 

Hartfield, p-v. wstrn. part of Tipton co. 
Ten., 10 ms. from Covington, the co. St., and 
by p-r, 207 ms. a little s. of ^v. Nashville. 

Hartford, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 12 ms. n. e. 
Paris, It is very hilly, being at the extremity 
of a spur from the White mtns. Pop. 1,294. 

Hartford, co. Conn., situated in the n. cen- 
tral section of the state, principally within the 
valley, and on both sides of Conn. r. ; is bndd. 
by Hampden co. Mass. n. ; by Tolland co. e. ; 
New Loadon co. s. e. ; Middlesex and New 
Haven cos. s. ; and the cos. of New Haven 
and Litchfield w. Lat. 42° traverses its north- 
ern, and 4" e. W. C. its western border. It 
forms nearly a square, is about 30 miles in 
length n. and s., and 25 in width ; and cothpri- 
ses an area of about 727 sq. ms., or 465,280 
acres. This co., as a whole, will rank before 
any other in the state ; and in many respects 
before any in N. England. The soil iB rich, 
various and fertile ; well adapted to grain, 
fruit, and almost every thin'gof which the cli- 
mate admits, and is fot the most part highly 
cultivated. The co. is iritersected nearly in 
the centre by Conn. r. ; w. by the Greenstone 
(locally Talcott,) mtns. ; and s. e. by a high 
range of hills. The surface is undulating, 
abounding in the fertile and varied scenery 
common to iftuch of the valley of the Conn., 
and is timbered with various kinds of oak, 
walnut or hickory, elm, maple, ash, &c. &c. 
It is watered by several streams, among which 
is the Tunxis or Farmington r, on the w. ; and 
Freshwater, Scantic, Podunk, and Hockanum, 
on the E. A great variety 6f Manufactories are 
earned on in this co. ; among them, that of 
cotton (according to a recent return to the 
Secretary of the Treasury,) employs a capital of 
^260,000, consuming annually 509,000 lbs. of 
cotton ; and the woollen manufacture employs 
a capitalof ^311,500, consuming about 600,000 
lbs. of wool per ann. The towns and villages, 
which are numerous, are generally pleasant ; 
many of them are populous and wealthy, Cf. 
t. Hartford, the st, jus, for the co. Pop, 1820, 
47,264 ; 1830, 51,141, 

Hartford, city and p-t. Hartford co. Conn,, 
one of the seats of government of the state, 
and st, jus, for the co., is situated at the head of 
sloop navigation on the w. side of Conn, r., 50 
ms. from its mouth, at lat. 41° 45 , and long, i'* 



HAR 



195, 



HAR 



15' E. W. C. It is 123 ms. n. e. N. York, 34 
N. N. E. New Haven, 15 n. Middletown, 44 n. w. 
New London, 74 w. Providence, 100 w. s. w. 
Boston, and 97 s. e. Albany. The legislature 
of the state assembles alternately at this place 
and New Haven — the odd years at the former. 
The city is over a mile in length, and fths of a 
mile wide ; surface undulating, sloping gradu- 
ally from the principal street to the Conn. ; it is 
irregularly laid out, and is divided e. and w.by 
Mill, or Little r. Across this stream a fine 
bridge of free stone has been thrown, which 
connects the two parts of the city. This struc- 
ture, which cost over $30,000, is 100 ieet 
wide, supported by a single arch, 7 feet in 
thickness at the base, and 3 feet 3 inches at the 
centre ; the chord of which is 90 feet ; eleva- 
tion from the bed of the river to the top of tlie 
arch, 3j feet 9 inches. Another bridge across 
the Conn., covered, 1,000 feet long, and which 
cost over $.100,000, unites the city with East 
Hartford. Hartford is very advantageously 
situated for business, is surrounded by an ex- 
tensive and-wealthy district, and communicates 
with the towns and villages on the Conn, above, 
by small steam boats, (now 8 in number,) two 
of which, for passengers, ply daily between 
Hartford and Springfield. The remainder are 
employed in towing flat bottomed boats of 15 
to 30 tons burthen, as far as Wells r., 220 ms. 
above the city. The coasting trade is very con- 
siderable, and there is some foreign trade, not 
extensive, carried »n. Five steamboats form 
a daily line between here and New York. 
The manufactures of this city, by a late return 
made to the Secretary of the Treasury, exceed 
^900,000 per ann. ; among these are various 
manufactures of tin, copper, and sheet iron ; 
block tin and pewter ware ; printing presses, 
and ink ; a manufactory of iron machinery ; an 
iron foundry ; saddlery, carriages, joiners tools, 
paper hangings, looking glasses, umbrellas, 
stone ware, a brewer)', a web manufactory, 
cabinet furniture, boots and shoes, hats, cloth- 
ing for exportation, soap and candles, and 3 mam 
ufactories of machine and other wire cards. 
More than twice as many books are published 
here, annually, as are manufactured in any other 
place of equal pop. in the U. S. There are 13 
periodicals ; 1 daily, 1 semi-weekly, and 9 
weekly newspapers (4 sectarian,) 1 semi- 
monthly and 1 monthly. The city is well built, 
and contains many elegant public and private 
edifices. The state house, in which are the 
public offices of the state, is surmounted by a 
cupola, and is a very handsome and spacious 
building. The city hall, built for city purposes, 
is also spacious, and elegant ; it has two fronts, 
with 2 porticos, each supported by 6 massy 
columns. In the city are 11 places of public 
worship — 5 for Congregationalists, 1 Episcopal, 
1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 Universalist, 1 Rom. 
Catholic, and 1 African ; several of these are 
very handsome, and the Episcopal, a Gothic 
edifice, is much admired for its elegance. 
There are five banks, including a branch of 
the U. S. B., with an aggregate capital of 
$3,303,200 ; a bank for savings ; 2 fire, I fire 
and marine, and 1 life and fire, insurance offi- 
ces ; 1 life and trust company, an arsenal, mu- 



seum, twa.markets, &c. The American Asy- 
lum for the deaf and dumb, the Retreat for.- 
the insane, and Washington college, are. all 
beautifully located, in the immediate vicinity of 
the city. The Asylum, the first institution of 
the kind in America, incorporated in 1816, was 
founded under the auspices of Rev, T. H. Gal. 
laudet, who visited Europe with that object. 
The system of deaf and dumb instruction in 
the U. S., which is uniform, proceeded from: 
this institution, and in some respects differs 
from any other. By the aid of a considerable 
fund, pupils are instructed and supported, at a 
yearly expense of $115 ; a sum much below 
the actual cost. Beside the Principal, there 
are 9 teachers in the institution; which contains 
138 pupils, many of whom are taught cabinet 
making, shoe making, and tailoring ; females, 
are taught the latter, as well as boys. The 
principal building is 130 feet long, 5Q wide, and 
3 stories high, beside a basement anddamitory. 
Total number of pupils, 412. The Retreat for- 
the insane was instituted principally by the 
munificence of the citizens of Hartford, and 
ranks high among the first institutions of the 
kind. The edifice is both spacious and ele- 
gant ; it has an entire front of 254 feet : viz. a 
centre 50 feet, two wings 70 feet each, and 
ends each 32 feet ; centre and ends 3, and 
wings 2 stories high ; and basement. The 
grounds belonging to the Retreat are spacious, 
and highly improved. Washington college, 
founded in 1826, has two edifices of free stone ; 
one 148 feet long by 43 wide, and 4 s-tories 
high, containing 48 rooms ; the other 87 feet 
by 55, and 3 stories high, containing the chapel, 
Hbrary, mineralogical cabinet, philosophical 
chamber, laboratory and recitation rooms. 
There are 5,000 vols, in the college library, and 
2,500 in the libraries of the different societies. 
A complete philosophical apparatus, cabinet of 
minerals, and botanical garden and green 
house, belong to the institution. The faculty 
consists of a president, 6 professors, and 2 
tutors. Students, about 60. Commencement 
1st Thursday in Aug. The Alms house, with 
a farm on which the able inmates are employ, 
ed, is conducted on a plan of remarkable econ. 
omy, and nearly supports itself. The public 
schools are numerous, and there are several 
excellent private schools. Mill r. has several 
water privileges, which are improved ; and 
about 2 rns. from the city is an extensive quar- 
ry of wall stone, suitable for building and other 
purposes. The location of the city is in every 
respect delightful ; it is surrounded with a fer- 
tile and indeed exuberant soil, and is not exceed, 
ed by any other inlt-nd town in the variety and 
beauty of its scenery. Hartford was settled 1*635, 
the city incorporated 1784, and is memorable aa 
the seat of the Hartford convention. Pop. city, 
including the t. 1830, 9,789 ; city, 7,076. 

Hartford, p-t. Washington co. N. Y. 54 ms. 
a little E. of N. from Albany, 8 e. Sandy Hill. 
Wood cr, runs along tb-s n. w. corner ; 15 
schools, 7 months in 12. Pop. 2,420, 

Hartford, p-v, and st. jus, Pulaski co, Geo. 
situated on the left bank of Ocmulgee river, 
about 60 ms. s, s, w. Milledgeville, lat. 32° 20', 
long, 6° 30' w. W. C. 



HAR 



196 



HAV 



Hahtford, p-v. and st. jus. Ohio co. Ky. situ- 
ated on tlie left banlt of Rough cr., near the cen- 
tre of the CO. by p-r. 147 ms. s. w. by w. Frank- 
fort, and 45 n. Russellville, lat. 37° 25', long. 9° 
56' w W. C. 

Hartford, p-v. and tsp. northeastern part of 
Trumbull co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 175 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 859. 

Hartford, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind. 100 ms. s. 
E. Indianopolis. 

Hartland, p-t. Somerset co. Me. Pop. 718. 
HartlaiNd, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. w. Conn, r., 
50 ms. s. E. Montpelier, 62 n. e. Bennington, 
100 from Boston. A rich farming town, pleas, 
andy diversified with hills and vallies. Water- 
ed N. E. by Queechy r., s. by Lull's brock, which 
afford some of the best mill privileges in the 
state. The town contains a valuable bed of 
paint. There are 18 school dists. It has a 
variety of manufactories. Pop. 2,503. 

Hartland, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 22 ms. n. 
w. Hartford, bndd. n. by Mass. line. Hilly and 
mountainous. Tolerable for grazing, but poor 
for grain. Timbered with beech, maple, ches- 
nut, and evergreen. Watered by the e. branch 
of Farmington r. Pop. 1,221. 

Hartland, p-^t. Niagara co. N. Y. on lake 
Ontario, 12 ms. n. e. Lockport, and 30 e. n. e. 
Lewiston. Lind good. It school dists. Cross- 
ed by the Ridge road, on which stands Hart- 
land village, 2 ms. n. Erie canal, 10 ms. n. e. 
Loukport. This town contains salt springs. 
Pup. 1,584. 

Hartlkton, p-v. and tsp. of Union co. Pa. 12 
ms. w. New Berlin, and bv p-r. 65 ms. n. n. w. 
Harrisburg. Pop. tsp. 1,737. 

HAar's Cross Roads, and p-o. Crawford co. 
Pa. 

Hart's Grove, p-o. Ashtabula co. Ohio. 
Hvrtsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa, about 25 ms. 
Phil. 

Haiitsville, p-v. on the right bank of Cum- 
berland r., in the extreme southeastern angle 
of Sumner co. Ten. by p-r. 43 ms. n. e. by e. 
Nashville. 

HvrTvVEll's Basin. (See Perrinton.) 
Hartvvick, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 6^ ms. s. w. 
Caoperstown, 70 w. Albany. Watered by the 
Susquehann ih, O di's cr., the outlet of Caniade- 
raga or Schuyler's lake,, and the Otsego cr., 
which supply a great abundance of mill sea s. 
Surface considerably broken and hilly ; well 
watered by springs and brooks ; 14 schools 
kept 6 months in 12. A literary and theologi. 
cal seminary was established here in 1816, by 
members of the Lutheran church. Pop. 2,772. 
Harvard, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 20 ms. n. 
E. Worcester, 30 n. w. Boston. Divided by 
Nashua r from Lancaster and Shirley. Soil 
good, especially for fruit, Here is a settlement 
ofSnakers. Pop. 1,000. 

Harvard Univkrsitv. (See Cambridge.) 
Harvey's p-o. Greene co. Pa., by p-r. 241 ms. 
N. w. by w. W. C. 

Harvey's Stojie, and p-o. Charlotte co. Va., 
108 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Harvevsville, p-o. Luzerne co. Pa., 94 ms. 
N. E. Harrisburg. 

Harwich, p-t. Barnstable co. Ms., 79 ms. s. e. 
Boston, badd. s. by the Atlantic. Pop. 3,974. 



Harwinton, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 23 ms. 
w. Hartford. Elevated and hilly. The timber 
consists principally of deciduous trees. Lands 
best adapted to grazing. Watered by the Nau- 
gatuck, and the Lead Mine rs. Contains va- 
rious kinds of manufactories, 11 school dists., 
and an academy. Pop. 1,516. 

Haskinsville, p-v. Gibson co. Ten., by p-r. 
151 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Hat (The), tavern and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa., 
by p-r. 54 ms. Harrisburg. 

Hatboro', p-v. situated near the n. estrn. bor-- 
der of Montgomery co. Pa., and on a branch of 
Penepack cr., 17 ms. N.Philadelphia. 

HATCiiERSvrLLE, p-0. Chesterfield CO. Va., by 
p-r. 12 ms. from Richmond. 

Hatchy, Big. (See Big Hatchy river.) 
Hatfield, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., w. Conn, 
r., 5 ms. n. Northampton, 95 w. Boston. Soil 
various, but valuable. This town unanimously 
protested against the revolutionary war, and 
was the headquarters of the Shays insurrection, 
but its patriotism has since been undoubted. It 
is supposed that the farmers of this town now 
stall feed three times as many oxen as were 
fattened in all the towns of Old Hampshire, 100 
years ago. Pop. 893. 

Hatfield, tsp. of Montgomery co. Pa., 24 ms. 
N. N. w. Philadelphia. Pop. 835. 

Hattekas, a very remarkable cape of the At. 
lantic coast of the U.S. in N. C. Pamlico sound 
is enclosed on the ocean side by along low reef 
of sand and rock stretching 65 ms. from Ocra- 
cock inlet on the s. w. to New inlet on the rJ. e. 
Cape Hatteras, properly so called, is the Salient 
point of this reef, jutting in the Atlantic at lat. 
3.>° 12', and long. 1° 35' e. W. C. This low 
but stormy promontory, is a true cape of winds, 
and a point of interest and dread in navigatiug 
the Atlantic coast of the U. S. 

Havana, p-v. Greene co. Ala., by p-r. 26 ms. 
s. w. Tuscaloosa. 

Havana, p-v. in the n. wstrn. part of Sanga- 
mon CO. II., by p-r. 123 ms. n. n. vv. Vandalia. 

Haverford, p-v. Delaware co. Pa. 6 ms. from 
Philadelphia. Pop. tsp. 980. 

Haverhill, p-t. and half shire t. Graflon co. 
N. H. 31 ms. N. w. Plymouth, 27 ms. above 
Dartmouth college, 70 n. Concord, 132 from 
Boston. It is situated on Conn. r. Watered 
by Oliverian and Hazun brooks. A pleasant 
to.vn. Has a handsome village, denominated 
Haverhill corner, lying at the s. w. angle of the 
town. Pop. 2,151. 

Haverhill, p-t. Essex co. Mass., 30 ms. if, 
Boston. A handsome and flourishing town, at 
the head of sloop navigation on the Merrimac, 
being situated on the n. side of that r. It has 
an academy. An elegant and costly bridge, 
800 ft. long, across the r. conn:cts the principal 
village with Bradtbrd. Four ms. below is Rocks 
village, where is another bridge nearly 1000 ft. 
long. Pop. 3,896. 

Haverstraw, p-t. Rockland CO. N. Y., 36 ms. 
N. New York, w. Hudson r., which here spreads 
into Haverstraw bay. It includes Stoney point, 
with the old' forts Clinton and Montgomery, to- 
gether with Dunderberg, or Thunder mtn. It 
has many good mill seats and several landings, 
with wharves, sloops, and some trade. There 



HAY 



197 



HEB 



is an academy in the village of Warren. Pop. 
2,306. 

Havre De Grace, p-v. and sea port, situated 
on the right bank of Susquehannah r. near its 
mouth, 36 ms. n. e. Baltimore. Lat. 39° 33', 
long. 0° 58' E, W. C. 

Haw, r. of N. C, rises in Rockingham and 
Guilford cos. and flowing thence estrd. unite in 
Orange, when turning to s. e. the united stream 
traverses Orange, and Chatham, and in the s. e. 
angle of the latter at Hay woodboro', joins Deep 
r. -to -form the main Cape Fear r. The union of 
Haw and Deep r. is in a direct line about 30 ms. 
s. w, by w. Raleigh. 

Haw, r. p-o. in the n. wstrn. part of Orange 
CO. N. C, by p-r.'65 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Hawfield, p-v. wstrn. part of Orange co. 
N. C.-, by p-r. 14 ms. wstrd. Hillsboro', and 55 
ms. N. w. by vv. Raleigh. 

Hawke, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 19 ms 
s. w. Portsmouth. Had 500 inhabitants more 
in 1775, than it has had since. Soil uneven. 
It has 3 schools. Pop. 520. 

Hawkinsville, p-v. Pulaski co. Geo., about 
70 ms. s. Milledgeville. 

Hawley, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 120 ms. n. 
w. Boston, 14 s. w. Greenfield. Situated on 
the Green mtn. range, and well watered by se- 
veral branches of Deerfield r. Pop ],037. 

Hawsville, p-v. and st. jus. Hancock co. Ky., 
'by p-r. 130 ms. a little s. of w. Hartford. 

Haye's Ceoss Roads, and p-o. Richland co. 
Ky., 14 ms. from Marshfield, the st. jus. and 71 
n.n.e. Columbus. 

Hay Market, p-v. in the nthrn. part of 
Prince William co. Va., situated on the head 
of Occoquon cr., by p-r. 38 ms. a little s. of w. 
W. C. 

Haynes' p-o. Grainger co. Tenn., by p-r. 231 
ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Haynesville, p-v. Lowndes co. Ala., by p-r. 
120 ms. but by direct road 60 ms. wstrd. Tus- 
caloosa. 

Haysboro', village of Davidson co. Ten. on 
Cumberland r., 7 m.s. above Nashville. 

Hay's Mills, and p-o. Shenandoah co. Va., 
by p-r. Ill ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Hayesville, p-v. Franklin co. N. C. by p-r. 
31 ms. N. e Raleigh. 

Haywood, co. N. C. bndd. by Buncombe co. 
E. and s. E., Macon co. s. w., Cherokee co. w., 
and the Iron or Smoky mtns. separating it from 
Sevier co. Ten. n. w., and Cocke co. Ten. n. 
Ijength from s. to n. 45 ms., mean breadth 26, 
and area 1,170 sq. ms. Lat. 35° 30', and long. W. 
C 6° w. intersect near the centre of this co. 
It is entirely in the Ohio valley ; the wstrn. part 
giving source to the Tuckaseegee br. of Ten- 
nessee proper, which flows from it wstrly. 
The much larger section, however, slopes to 
the N. and is commensurate with the higher 
part of the valley of Pigeon r. one of the 
branches of French Broad. If a correct esti- 
mate can be made from the courses of the 
streams, Haywood co. is amongst the most ele- 
vated sections of the U. S. The arable vallies 
must be from 1,500, to 1,800 ft. above the ocean 
level, giving a temperature as low in winter as 
that on the Atlantic ocean at the mouth of the 
Del. Cf, t Waynefield. In 1820, Haywood 



comprised what is now Macon, and the census, 
4,073, including both cos.; in 1830, Haywood 
alone contained 4,578 inhabitants. 

Haywood, c. h., N. C. {See Way7iesville, 
Haywood co. N. C.) 

Haywood, p-v. Chatham co. N. C. (^ee Hay. 
woodshord' .) 

Haywood, co. Ten. bndd. s. e. by Hardiman, 
s. by Lafayette, w. by Tipton, n. w. by Dyer, n. 
E. by Gibson, and e. by Madison. Length 30, 
mean width 20, area 600 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 35° 22' to'35 ' 48', and in long. 12° 07' 
to 12° 32' w. W. C. The southern part of this 
CO. is drained by the Hatchee and its branches, 
the main strearn entering the s. e. angle and 
traversing the co_. in the direction of n. w. by w. 
The s. branch of Forked Deer r. enters the 
eastern border and leaves the co. near the n. w. 
angle, flowing nearly parallel to the Big Hat- 
chee. The slope of the whole co. is there-. 
fore N. w. by w. Cf. t. Brownsville. Pop. 
5,334. 

Haywoodsboro', p-v. Chatham co. N. C. by 
p-r. 38 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. It is situated 
in the s. e. part of the co. and the point above 
the confluence of Haw and Deep rs. and at the 
head of Cape Fear r. 

Hazard Forge, and p-o. Hardy co. Va. by 
p-r. 135 ms. westward W. C. 

Hazlegreen, p-v. in the northern part of 
Madison CO. Ala. 12 ms. almost due n. Hunts, 
ville. 

Hazle Patch, p-v. Laurel co. Ky. by p-r. 101 
ms. s. s. e. Frankfort. 

Hazlewood, p-o. Cheser dist. S. C. about 60 
ms. N. Columbus. This place was formerly 
midway. 

Head of Coosa, p-d. in the Cherokee ter. 
state of Geo. by p-r. 196 ms. n. w. Milledge- 
ville, and 643 southwestward W. C. 

Head of Navigation, p-v. Spartanburg dist. 
S. C. by p-r. 107 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 

Head or Sassafras, p-v. in the n. e. part of 
Kent CO. Md. about 50 ms. n. e. by e. Balti- 
more. 

Head's, p-o. southern part of Fayette co. 
Geo. by p-r. 100 ms. n. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Health Seat, p-o. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 
58 ms. northward Raleigh. 

Heard, co. Geo. relative position uncertain. 
The c. h. is given in the p-o. list at 153 ms. 
from Milledgeville. 

Heard, c. h. and p-o. Heard co. Geo. by p-r. 
153 ms. from Milledgeville. 

Heath, p.t. Franklin co. Mass. 125 ms. n. w. 
Boston, 12 N. w. Greenfield, bndd. n. by Vt. line. 
Pop. 1,199. 

Hebron, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 35 ms. n. w. 
Portland. Pop. 915. 

Hebron, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 9 ms. from 
Plymouth, and 40 from Concord. Pop. 540. 

HeiJron, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 20 ms. s. e. 
Hartford. Surface uneven — ^^soil considerably 
fertile — watered by Hop r. a branch of the 
Willimantic, and several small streams. It 
contains a considerable number of manufacto- 
ries, and 12 school dists. Pop. 1,939. 

Hebron, p.t. Washington co. N. Y. 52 ms. 
N. N. E. Albany, 6 n. Salem. Surface broken 
by hills, some of large sizo. It has no rs; and 



HEM 



198 



HEN 



is therefore destitute of mill seats Soil pro. 
ductive, and well watered. 19 schools kept 7 
months in 12. Pop. 2,686. 

Hebron, p-v. in the northern part of Greene 
CO. Ala. by p-r. 38 ms. s. s. w. Tuscaloosa. 

Hebeon, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 17 ms. 
southeastward Milledgeville. 

Hebron, p-o. in Union tsp. sthrn. side of 
Licking CO. O. It is situated at the crossing of 
the U. St road and Ohio and Erie canal, and on 
the table land between the sources of the wstrn. 
confluents of Muskingum r. and those of crs. 
flowing wstrdly. into Sciota r. The water level 
at Hebron is by actual admeasurement 893 feet 
above the mean level of the Atlantic tides, 
and 419 feet above low water mark in Ohio r. 
at the mouth of Sciota r. Pop. of Hebron, 1830, 
,84, but like all other villages on a double tho- 
toughfare rapidly increasing. Distant by p-r. 27 
ms. E. Columbus, and along the canal 10 ms. s. 
s. W.Newark the co. st. 

Hecktown, p-v. Northampton co.Pa. 191 ms. 

N. E. W. C. 

Hector, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y. lying be- 
iween Cayuga and Seneca lakes, 17 ms. w, 
Ithaca and 187 w. Albany. Sui-face broken by 
elevated ridges. 24 school dists. Pop 5,212- 
Hedricks, p-v. southwestern part of York 
CO. Pa. 18 ms. s. s. w. from the borough of 
York, and 40 n. n. w. Baltimore. 

Heidlessburg, p-v. Adams co. Pa. 11 ms. n. 
N. e. Gettysburg and 27 s. s. w. Harrisburg. 

Helderberg, or Helleberg, ranges of hills 

of a mountain character, extending from the 

Catskill mtns . to the Mohawk near Schenectady. 

Hel-ena, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by p-r. 149 

ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Hele.va, p-o. and st. jus. Iowa co. Mich.posi- 
tion uncertain. 

Helena, p-v. and st. jus. Philips co. Ark. sit- 
uated on the right bank of Misp. r. in a direct 
course about 100 ms. a little s. of e. but by p-r. 
151 Little Rock. Lat. 34° 28', long. 13° 39' 
w. W. C. 

Hellen, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 122 ms. 
N. w. Harrisburg. 

Hellekstown, p-v. in the southern angle of 
Northampton co. Pa. 4 ms. s. e. Bethlehem. 
Hell Gate, or Hurl Gate. {See Horll Gatt.) 
Helm's, p-o. Franklin co. Va. by p-r. 281 ms. 
6. w. W. C. 

Hemlock Lake, 6 ms. long. East corner of 
Livingston co. N. Y. 

Hemphill's Store, and p-o. Mecklenburg co. 
Va. 140 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Hemphill, p-o. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 167 
5nas. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Hempstead, p-t. Queens co. N. Y. s. side 
Long Island, 22 ms. a little s, of e. of New York. 
Hempstead plains lie principally in this town, 
and are 15 ms. long by 4 broad. 14 school 
districts ; schools kept 10 months in 12. Pop. 
6,215. 

Hempstead, co. Ark. as laid down on Tan- 
ner's map of the U. S. is bndd. by Red r. sepa- 
rating it from Texas s. w., Sevier CO. of Ark. 
w., Clark n. n. e. and e.. Union co. s. e., and by 
Lafayette s. Length from s. e. to n. w. 75, 
mean width 15, area 1,125 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 33° 32' to 34°, and long. 15° 42' to 16° 



50' w. W. C. The southern and western part 
of this CO. is drained into Red r., the northern 
and eastern into little Mo. branch of Washitau. 
The surface is generally thin and sterile. Cf. t. 
Washington. Pop. 2,5 12. 

Hempstead, c. h. and p-o. {See Washington • 
same co. Arh. Ter.) 

Henderson, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. on lake 
Ontario, 8 ms. s. of Black r. mouth. Soil pro- 
ductive. Timber, oak, walnut, elm, beech, &c< 
12 school dists. Pop. 2,428. 

Henderson, p-o. Mercer co. Pa. 280 ms. by 
p-r. N. w. W. C. 

Henderson, co. of Ten. bndd. by Perry e., 
Hardin s. e., McNair s. w., Madison w., and 
Carroll n. It is very nearly a square of 28 ms. 
each side ; area 784 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 35° 24' to 35° 48', and in long, from 11° 
14' to 11° 44' w. W. C. Though the eastern 
border of Henderson approaches with a mean 
distance of 10 ms. from Ten. r. the central part 
is a table land from which the water courses 
flow like radii from a common centre. From 
the southwestern angle issue the sources of the 
s. branch of Forked Deer r. ; from the western 
side flows the middle branch of the same stream, 
whilst, from ihe n. w. angle, flow the extreme 
sources of Obion r. The western slope of the 
CO. is therefore to the westward, towards Misp. 
The eastern part declines towards Ten, but 
even there, crs. flow like diverging radii. Sugar 
cr. northward, Beech r. eastward, and Doe cr. 
to the s. E. Cf. t. Lexington. Pop. 8,748. 

Henderson, co. Ky. bndd. by Green r. which 
separates it from Daviess e., by Hopkins s., Un^ 
ion w., and by Ohio r. separating it from Posey, 
Vanderburg, Warwick, and Spencer cos. Ind. 
N. Length parallel to the general course of 
Ohio r. 40 ms., mean width 18, area 720 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 37° 30' to 37° 58', and in 
long, from 10° 20' to 11° 12' w. W. C. The 
course of Green r. near its discharge into the 
Ohio, and the general slope of Henderson co. is 
to the northward. Cf. t. Henderson. Pop* 
1820, 5,714, 1830, 6,659. 

Henderson, p-v. and st. jus. Henderson co. 
Ky. situated on the left bank of Ohio r. about 44 
ms. by water above the mouth of Wabash r. and 
by p-r. 183 a little s. of w. Franlcfort* Lat. 37° 
48', long. 10° 42' w. W. C. 

Henderson, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co. II. situ- 
ated on a branch of Spoon r. about 140 ms. n. n. 
w. Vandalia, and 40 miles n. w. by w. Peoria on 
Illinois r. Lat. 40° 55', long. W. C. 13° 12' w. 
This place is named in the p-o. list Knoxc. h. 

Henderson's p-o. Botetourt co. Va. by p-r, 
227 ms. s. w. W, C. 

Hendersonville, P-v. and st. jus. Nottaway 
CO. Va. situated on little Nottaway r. 65 ms. a. 
w. Richmond. Lat. 37° 04', long. 1° 18' w. 

W. c. 

HendersonV!lle, p-v. Sumner co. Ten. 44 
ms. N. E. Nashville. 

Hendrensville, p-v. Henry co. Ky. by p-r. 
40 ms. westward Frankford. 

Hendricks, co. Ind. bndd. s. by Morgan, Wr 
by Putnam, n. w, by Montgomery, n. by Boone, 
and E. by Marion. It is a square of 21 ms. each 
way ; area 441 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 40' to 39° 56', 
long. 9° 16' to 9° 40'w. W. C. Slope south- 



HEN 



199 



HER 



ward, and drained by different branches of the 
main volume of White r. Cf. t. Danville. Pop. 
3,975. 

Hendrick's Stork, and p-o. Bedford co. Va. 
239 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Hendeysburg, p-o. Belmont co. O. 

Henlopen Gape, the sthrn. salient point at the 
mouth of Del. r. opposite, and (by Tanner's U. 
S., Pa. and N. .T.) between 12 and 13 ms. asun- 
der. By the same authorities, the lat. is by the 
Pa. and N. J. 38° 45', and by the U. S. 38° 47'. 
The long, is by the former map 1° 58', and by 
the latter, 1° 53' e. W. C. 

Henlopen Coal Mines, and p-o. Fentress co. 
Ten. by p-r. 124 ms. estrd. Nashville, 

Henniker, p-t. Merrimac co. N. H. 15 ms. 
w. Concord, 27 from Amherst, 75 from Bostoii, 
Watered by Contocookr. Contains excellent 
vFater privileges. Soil as various and fertile as 
any in the co. Pop. 1,725. 

Henrico, co. Va. bndd. s. and s. w. by James 
r. which separates it from Chickihomina r, 
which separates it on the north from Hanover, 
and N. E. from New Kent, and on the s. e. it has 
Charles City co. The greatest length from s. 
E. to N. w. 30, mean width 10 ma. area 300 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 17' to 37° 40', 
and long. 0° 20' to 0° 49' w. W. C. This county 
is composed of a central ridge with two narrow 
inclined plains, falling towards James r. to the 
s. w., and Chickihomina to the n. e. The sur- 
face is broken by waving hills ; soil very much 
diversified. Cf.t. Richmond. Pop. 1820, 23,- 
667,1830,28,797, of whom, 16,060 were con- 
tained in the city of Richmond. 

Henrietta, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 11 ms. s. 
Rochester. Peculiarly good for grazing. l2 
school dists. Pop. 2,322. 

Henrietta, p-v. northv/estern part of Lorain 
CO. O. by p-r. 133 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Henry, Cape, of Va., the sthrn. salient point at 
the mouth of Chesapeake bay. On Tanner's 
U. S. cape Henry is in lat. 35° 55', long. 1° 02' 
E. W. C. It is the extreme northeastern angle 
of Princess Ann co. Va. 

Henry, co. Va. bndd. by Patrick w., Franklin 
N., Pittsylvania e. and Rockingham co. N. C. s. 
It is in form or nearly so of a rhomb, and about 
equal to a sq. of 20 ms. each side, area 400 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 38^° to 36° 50', 
long. 2° 44' to 3° 08' w. W. C. The slope of 
this CO. is rapid, and to the s. e. The extreme 
sthwstrn. angle is crossed by the two branches 
of Mays r., but the much greater part of the 
area of the co. is included in the valley of It- 
vine r. which enters at the n. w. and leaves the 
CO. at the s. E. angle. Cf. t. Martinsville. Pop. 
1820, 5,624, 1830, 7,100. 

Henry, co. Geo. bndd. by Butler s. e.. Pike s., 
Fayette w., De Kalb, Ocmulgee r. separating 
it from Newton, n. e. Length 33, mean width 
18, and area 594 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
33° 12' to 33° 42', and long. 7° 02' to 7° 28' w. 
W. C. This is one of the cos. of Geo. which 
decuples a part of the dividing plain between 
the waters of the Atlantic and those of the Gulf 
of Mexico. The wstrn. part is drained by the 
sources of Flint r. whilst from the estrn. section 
the waters flow s. e. into the Ocmulgee. Cf. t. 
McDonough. Pop. 10,567, 



Henry, sthestrn. co. of Ala. bndd. w. by Dale, 
N. by Pike, e. by Chattahooche r. which sepa. 
rates it from Early co, Geo., s. by Jackson, and 
s. w. by Walton co. Flor. Length from s, to 
N. 48, mean width 28, area 1,344 sq, ms. Ex. 
tending in lat. from 31° to 31° 42'. The north, 
western part of this co. is drained by different 
branches of Choctawhatche ; the estrn. and 
sthrn. by crs. flowing into Chattahooche r. ; sur- 
face generally covered with pine, and soil 
sterile. Cf. t. Columbia, Pop, 1820, 2,738, 
1830, 3,955, 

Henry co. 0. bndd. e. by Wood, s. by Putnam, 
s. w. by Paulding, w. by Williams, and n. by 
Lenawe co. Mich, Length from s. to n. 32 ms., 
breadth 27, and area 864 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 06' 
fo 41° 39', long. 6° 50' to 7° 20' w. W. C. This 
CO. lies entirely in the valley of Great Miami, 
and is traversed by the main volume of that r. 
flowing northeastward, and dividing the co. into 
two not very unequal sections. Cf. t. Damascus. 
Pop. 262. 

Henry, p-v. Muskingum co. 0. by p-r. 79 ms, 
E. Columbus. 

Henry's Cross Roads, and p-o. Sevier co. 
Ten. by p-r. 182 ms. e. Nashville. 

Herbert's Cross Roads, and p-o. Harford co. 
Md. 29 ms. n. e. Baltimore. 

Herculanaeum, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
Mo. by p.r. 886 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. and- 
30 below, and a little w. of s, St, Louis, It is 
situated on the right bank of the Misp, r, near- 
ly opposite Harrison in II, It is the usual land- 
ing place from the lead mines in Washington 
CO, Pop, about 300, Lat, 38° 15', long, 13° 
24' w, 

Hereford, p-v, Berks 'co. Pa, 

Hereford, p-v, Baltimore co, Hd, by p.r. SS* 
ms. from Baltimore. 

Herefords, p-o. Mason co. Va. by p-r. 329 
ms. N. w. by w. Richmond, and 316 westward 
W. C. 

Herkimer co. N. Y. lies between Oneida and 
Montgomery cos. embracing the Mohawk r,, 
and is bndd. n. by St. Lawrence and Montgom, 
ery cos., s. by Otsego, w. by Oneida and Lew. 
is. Greatest length n. and s. 85 ms. greatest 
width 22, containing 1,290 sq. ms. or 725,600 
acres. 'The Mohawk r. and the grand canal 
run through the heart of the pop. of this co. ita 
whole width. It has a pretty large proportion- 
of hilly land, and as great a diversity of soil as 
any in the state. Watered by branches of the 
Oswegatchie and Black rs., and by W. Canada 
cr. The East Canada cr. forms the eastern 
boundary. Cf. t. Herkimer. Pop. 1820, 31,. 
071, 18.30, 35,870, 

Herkimer, p.t. and st, jus, of Herkimer co. 
N. Y. N. Mohawk, 14 ms. s. e. tftica, 79 w, n. 
w, Albany, extending along the Mohawk r. 
nearly 15 ms. Land of a superior quality. The 
village of Herkimer stands on the w, side of 
W, Canada cr. The village of Little Falls ia 
situated at the Little Falls of the Mohawk r. 
The scenery hereabouts is grand and interest- 
ing ; 13 school dists, ; schools kept 11 months 
in 12, Pop, 2,486, 

Hermitage, p. v. in the western part of 
Prince Edward co. Va^ 87 ms. a. w. by w, 
Richmond. 



HlC 



200 



HIL 



Hekmon, t. Penobscot co. Me. 7 ms. w. Ban. 
gor. Pop. 535. 

Herndon's p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 19 
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Herndonsville, p-v. Scott CO. Ky. 33 ms.. 
from Frankfort. 

Heron, Pass of, the strait unitmg Mobile 
bay to Pascagoula sound. It is enclosed to the 
N. by the main shore of Ala., and to the s. by 
Dauphin Isl. At mid tides it admits the pas- 
sage of vessels drawing 6 ft. water. 

Herrin's p-o. Humphreys co. Ten. by p-r. 
81 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Herriotville, p-o. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 
211 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Hertford, p-v. and st. jus. Perquimans co. 
N. C. about 50 ms. a little w. of s. Norfolk in 
Va. and by p-r. 200 n. e. by e. Raleigh. Lat. 
36° 13', long. 0° 36' e. W. C. 

Hertford, co. N. C. bndd. by Bertie s., by 
Northampton w., Roanoke r. which separates 
it from Gates n. and n. e., and Chowan bay, 
which separates it from Chowan co. s. e. 
Length 28, mean width 12, and area 356 sq. 
ma. Extending in lat. from 36° 11' to 36° 27', 
and in long, from 0° 20' e. to 0° 12' w. W. C. 
The slope of Hertford is to the n. e. PoUacas. 
ty. Loosing, and Pine crs. all flow in that di- 
rection into Roanoke or Chowan r. Chief t. 
Wynton. Pop. 1820, 7,712, 1830, 8,541. 

Hetrick's p-o. York co. Pa. by p-r. 83 ms. 
mhrd. W. C. 

Hibernia, p-v. on Missouri r. opposite Jef- 
ferson, Caliaway co. Mo. 981 ms. by p-r. w. 
W. C. 

HicKLENS, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 31 ms. 
from Milledgeville. 

Hickman co.. Ten. bndd. by Wayne s. v/., 
Perry w., Dickson n., Williamson n. e., Maury 
E., Giles s. E., Lawrence s. Length 38, mean 
width 28, and area 1,064 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 35° 23' to 35° 51', long, from 10° 12' 
to 10° 45'w. W. C. The southern par.t of Hicic- 
man is drained by the Buffalo branch of Duck 
r., flowing over it westerly, but fall three 
fourths of the whole surface is included in the 
valley, which also flows westerly, receiving crs. 
frorfl" each side. Cf. t. Vernon. Pop. l820, 
6,080, 1830, H,132. 

Hickman, southwestern co. Ky. bndd. by 
M,ayfield's r. separating it from McCracken n., 
by Graves e.. Weakly co. Ten. s. e., Obion co. 
Ten. s. w., and w. by the Misp. r. separating it 
from. New Madrid and Scott cos. of Mo. 
Length 31, mean width 18, and area 540 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 57'. The 
elope of this co. is wstrd. towards the Misp. r. 
and is drained in that direction by Mayfield's r. 
and little Obion. Cf. t. Columbus. Pop. 5,198. 

Hickman's p-o. Monongalia co. Va. by p-r. 
208 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Hickory,, small p,v. Washington co. Pa. 

Hickory cr. and p-o. southern part of War- 
ren co. Ten. The p-o. islO ms. sthrd. McMin- 
ville, the co. St., and 7,4 ms. s. e. by e. Nash. 
ville. 

Hickory Flat, p-o. Gwinnet co. Geo. by p-r. 
l30 ms. N. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Hickory Fork and p-o., Gloucester co.Va. by 
p-r. 85 ms. u. Ricbmond. 



Hickory Grove, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 
by p-r. 181 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Hickory Grove, p-o. York dist. S. C. by p-r. 
89 ms. N. Columbia. 

Hickory Grove, p-o. Henry co. Geo. by p-r. 
81 ms. N. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Hickory Grove and p-o. Montgomery co. 
Ala. by p-r. 142 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Hickory Grove, p-o. Bond co. IL 30 ms. 
wstrd. Vandalia. 

Hickory Grove, p-o. Montgomery co. Mo. 45 
ms. w. St. Louis. 

Hickory Hill, p-v. on Coosaw r. northern 
part of Beaufort dist. S. C. 70 ms. w. Charles- 
ton, and by p-r. 93 a little w. of s. w. Columbia. 

Hickory Mountain, p-v. Chatham co. N. C. 
by p-r. 46 ms. wstrdly. Raleigh. 

HicKSEORD, p-v. and st. jus. Greenville co. Va. 
situated on the right bank of Meherin r. by p-r. 
69 ms. almost exactly due s. Richmond. Lat. 
36° 37', long. 0° 35' w. W. C. 

HicKSTOWN, P-V. and st. jus. Madison co. Flor.. 

Higginsport, p-v. in the southern part of 
Brown co. O. by p-r. Ill ms. s. s. w. Columbus.. 

Highgate, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. on Missisque 
bay, 33 ms. n. Burlington. Pop. 2,038, 

High Grove, p-v-. Nelson co. Ky. near Bards., 
town, and 54 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Highland, co. 0. bndd. e. by Adams, s. w. 
and w. by Brown, n. w. by. Clinton, s. by Fay. 
ette, n. e. by Ross, and e. by Pike. Lat. 39°- 
to 39° 22', long. 6° 16' to 6° 47' w. W. C. 
This CO. derives its name from occupying a ta. 
ble land between the Ohio, Sciota, and Little 
Miami vallies. The southeastern sources of 
Paint cr. flow to the n. e. towards the Sciota ; 
those of Brush and Eagle crs., sthrd. towards. 
Ohio r., and the estrn. branches of Little Miami 
wstrd. The surface is hilly and broken. Soil 
various, but generally productive. Cf. t. Hills, 
boro'. Pop. 1820, 12,308, 1830, 16,345. 

Highlands, N. Y. (See Matteawan mtns.) 

High Plains, p-v. Bledsoe co. Ten. by p-r. 
89 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

High Rock, p-o. Rockingham co. N. C. by p-r. 
7.4 ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

High Shoals, p-o. Rutherford co. N. C, by 
p-r. 234 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

High Spire, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa. 6.ms. from 
Harrisburg. 

High Tower, p-v. Cherokee ter. Geo. on 
Etowah r. by p-r. 151 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. 
This is OTi» amongst the many Indian names 
mutilated to suit the English idiom ; it is a cor. 
ruption of Etowah. 

Hightstown, p-v. Middlesex co. N. J. 3 ms. 
s. Cranberry, 12 n. e. Bordentown. 

HiLHAM, P-v. in the western part of Overton 
CO. Ten. 14 ms. wstrd. Monroe, co. St., and 109 
ms. N. E. by e. Nashville. 

HiLLEGAS, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa. by p-r. 
170 ms. N. E. W.C. 

Hill Grove, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 
s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Hillhouse, p-v. in the northern part of Geau- 
ga CO. 0. by p-r. 185 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 
336 N. w. W. C. 

HiLLiARDSTON, p.v. Nash CO. N. C. 10 ms. 
northestrd. Nash court house, and 54 n. n. e. 
Raleigh. 



HIL 



201 



HIN 



Hillsborough CO., N. 11. bndd. n. by Grafton 
CO., E. by Rockingham, s. by Mass., w. by 
Cheshire co. Greatest length 52 ms.. greatest 
width from e. to w. 32 ms. ; containing 1,245 
sq. ms., or 796,800 acres. Surface generally 
uneven ; mtns., Kearsarge, Ragged, Lynden- 
borough, Sunapee, Unconoonock, Crotched, 
and Society Land. Well watered. The Mer- 
rimack, the Contocook, the Nashua, the Souhe- 
gan, and the Piscataquog, are the principal rs. 
It has several mineral springs ; and possesses 
many advantages for manufacturing establish- 
ments. Cf. t. Amherst. Pop. Ia20, 35,761, 
1830, 37,762. 

Hillsborough, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 
23 ms. from Amherst, 21 w. Concord, 70 from 
Boston. Well watered by Contocook and Hills- 
borough is. Land uneven. Pop. 1,792. 

Hillsborough, t. Somerset co. N. J., lies w. 
of the Millstone, and s. of the Raritan, 15 ms. w. 
New Brunswick. Pop. 2.878. 

HiLLSBORo', p-v. on the U. S. road, Washing- 
ton CO. Pa, very nearly mid-distance between 
Washington, Pa. and Brownsville, and 11 ms. 
from each ; by p-r. 221 ms. n. w. W. C. This 
village stands on ground elevated 1,750 ft. above 
the Atlantic level. It extends in a single street 
along the road. 

HiLLSBORo', p-v. in the western part of Caro- 
line CO. Md. situated on Tuckahoe cr. about 13 
ms. N. N. B. Easton, and 46 s. e.. Baltimore. 

HiLLSBoiRo', p-v. at the eastern foot of the 
Blue Ridge, northern part Loudon co. Va. by 
p-r. 51 ms. N. w. W. C. 

HiLLSBORo', p-v. and st. jus. Orange co. N. C. 
by p-r. 41 ms. n. w. Raleigh. Lat. 36° 04', long. 
2° 7' w. W. C. It is situated on Eno r, one of 
the higher branches of Neuse r. 

HiLLSBORo', p-v. Jasper co. Geo. by p-r. 61 
ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

HiLLSBORo', p-v. Madison co. Ala. 

HiLLSBORo', p-v, Franklin co. Ten. by p-r. 85 
ms. s. s. E. Nashville. 

HiLLSBORo', V. of Davidson co. Ten. 11 ms. 
w. Nashville. 

HiLLSBORo', p-v. and st. jus. Highland co. 0. 
by p-r. 74 ms. s. s. w. Columbus, and 441 ms. 
w. W. C. It is situated on the head of the s. 
w. branch of Paint creek, in a fine healthy 
country. Lat. 39° 12', long. 6° 35' w. Pop. 566. 

HiLLSBoKo', p-v. in the eastern part of Foun- 
tain CO. Ind. 61 ms. n. w. by. w. Indianopolis, 
and 20 ms. eastward Covington, the co. st. 

HiLLSBORo', P-V. and st. jus. Montgomery co. 
II. by p-r. 28 ms. n. w. by w. Vandalia, and 809 
ms. w. W. C. Situated on Shoal creek branch 
of Kaskaskias r, Lat. 39° 08', long. 12° 32' w. 

Hill's Bridge and p-o. Halifax co. N. C. by 
p-r. 83 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Hillsdale, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 16 ms. 
E. Hudson. Surface broken, 15 schools, kept 
9 months in 12. Pop. 2,446. 

Hillsdale, on« of the southern cos. of Mich, 
bndd. by Williams co. O. s., Branch co. Mich. 
w., Calhoun n. w., Jackson n., and Lenawee e. 
Length from s. to n. 32 ms., breadth 26, and 
area 832 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 38' to 42° 06', long. 
7° 21' to 7° 50' w. W. C. Hillsdale co. is in 
an especial manner a table land. The sources 
of St. Joseph's branch of Great Maumee rise in 



and drain the southern and central part of the 
CO. leaving it by a southern course. Along the 
eastern margin rises Bean or Tiffin's r. another 
branch of Maumee, flowing also to the south- 
ward. The northwestern an;;le gives rise to 
the extreme sources of St. Joseph's r. of lake 
Michigan, flowing to the n. w., and finally from 
the northeastern angle issue to the eastward 
the extreme sources of the river Raisin. To 
the above it may again be added, that the ex. 
treme sources of Grand r. of lake Michigan 
rise on the southern border of Jackson co., 
and almost on the northern margin of Hillsdale. 
It must therefore be obvious that the latter oc- 
cupies the central plateau of Michigan, from 
which literally, the streams flow like radii from 
a common centre. Of. t. Sylvanus. Incorpo. 
rated since the census of 1830. 

Hill's Grove, and p-o. Lycoming co. Pa. 100' 
ms. northward Harrisburg. 

Hill'.s Stoke, and p-o. Randolph co. N. C. 84 
ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

HiLLTowN, p. tsp. Bucks CO. Pa. about 22 
ms.N. Phila. Pop. 1,670. 

Hillville, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Mercer co. Pa. 12 ms. n. w. the borough of 
Mercer. 

Hinds, co. Misp. bndd. s. by Copiah, s. w. by 
Claiborne, n. w. by Big Black r., separating, it 
from Warren, n. by Madison, and e. by Pearl, 
r., separating it from Rankin. Extending in 
lat. from 32° 02' to 32° 28', long. 13° 06' to 13-" 
50' w. W, C. It is in length ftom s. to n. 30, 
with nearly the same mean width, area 900 sq, 
ms. Hinds is composed of two inclined plains, 
the western and most extensive, sloping to, 
wards Misp. and drained by the Big Black riv. 
er, and Bayou Pierre ; the eastern plain declines 
towards, and is drained into the Pearl r. Cf. t. 
Jackson. Pop. 8,645. 

Hindsville, p-v. in the southwestern part o£ 
.Jefferson co. Ind. 17 ms. wstrd. Madison, the 
CO. St. and 82 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Hinesburg, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt, 12 ms. Si, 
E. Burlington, 26 w. Montpelier. Fine for 
farming. Principal streams, Piatt r. and Lewis 
cr. Pop. 1,665. 

Hingham, p-t. Plymouth co, Mass. 14 ms. s. 
Boston. A handsome and compact village, at 
the head of an arm of Mass. bay. Surfacs 
broken and unpleasant. Has a respectable 
academy. Is a jJace of considerable trade 
and manufactures, and has some navigation. 
In 1830, there were 44,878i bbls. of mackerel 
packed in this place. Population 3,387. 

Hinkleton, p-v. situated at the forks of Con-- 
cstogo cr. Lancaster co. Pa. 15 ms. n. e. Lan- 
caster. 

HiNKLEY, p-v. and tsp. in the northern part of 
Medina co. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 125 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 399. 

Hinsdale, p-t. s. w. corner of Cheshire co. 
N, H., E. Conn. r. 75 ms. from Concord, 96 
from Boston, 86 from Hartford, Conn, and 86 
from Albany. Well watered. Crossed by the 
Ashuelot, besides which, it has several other 
streams. It contains iron ore, and some other 
minerals and fossils. These are found in West 
River mtn. which, some years since, suffered a 
sligrht volcanic eruptioti. Timber, pitch and 



HOL 



2n2 



HOL 



white pine, white and yellow oak, chesnut and 
walnut. Here is a bridge across the Conn r. 
Pop. 937. 

Hinsdale, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 10 ms. e. 
Pittsfield, 125 w. Boston. Situated on the 
highlands, near the heads of the Housatonic and 
Westfield rs. A farming town. Pop. 780. 

Hinsdale, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. 16 ms. 
s. E. EUicottsville. Timber, pine, beech, and 
maple. Pop. 919. 

HmAM, p-t. Oxford CO. Me., on the Saco, 34 
ms. s. w. Paris. Pop. 1,026. 

Hiram, p-v. and tsp. in the nthm. part of Por- 
tage CO. Ohio. The p-o. is by p-r. 141 ms. n. e. 
Columbus. Pop. tsp. 517. 

Hix's Ferry, and p-o. Lawrence co. Ark., by 
p-r. 1,014 ms. from W. C, and 151 n. estwrd. 
Little Rock. 

HoBOKEN, village, Bergen co. N. J., beauti- 
fully situated on the Hudson r., opposite N. Y. 
city, with which there is a constant communi- 
cation by a steam boat ferry, every 20 minutes ; 
a place of great resort for the citizens of N. Y. 
in warm weather. 

HocKMAN, p-o. Green Briar co. Va., by p-r. 
275 ms. s, w. by w. W. C. 

HoDGENSViLLE, p-v. Hardins co. Ky., by p.r. 
83 ms. s. wstrd. Frankfort-. 

HoFFSviLLE, p-o. Harrison co. Va.^ by p-r. 236 
ms. w. W. C. 

HoG, isl, on the coast of Northampton co. Va. 

HoGESTowN, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa., 9 ms. 
from Harrisburg. 

Hogg's Store, and p-o. in the nthm. part of 
Newberry dist. S. C. 63 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Hog Mountain, p-o. nthrn. part of Clark co. 
Geo., by p-r. 84 ms. n. n. w. Milledgeville. 

HoKESViLLE, p-o. Liiicoln CO. N.C., by p.r. 
178 ras. s. w. Raleigh. 

HoLDEN, P-t. Worcester co. Mass. 51 ms. w. 
Boston. Situated on an elevated ground. The 
main branch of the Blackstone r. heads in this 
town. Well watered and supplied with mill 
seats. Pop. 1,71 9. 

Holden's, p-o. Lycoming co Pa. 

HoLDEKNESS, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 40 ms. n. 
Concord, 65 from Portsmouth. Soil hard. 
Timber, oak, pine, beech, and maple. Well 
watered, and supplied with mill seats by the 
Pernigewasset and various other streams. Pop. 
1,430. 

Holland, t. Orleans co. Vt. 56 ms. n. e. Mont- 
pelier, Gl n. Newburg. Settlement commenced 
since 1800. Watered by several branches of 
Clyde r. Land handsome and excellent. Pop. 
422. 

Holland, p-t. Hampden co. Mass., 20 ms. e. 
Springfield, 75 s. w. Boston. Crossed by the 
Quinnabaug. Pop. 453. 

Holland, p-t. Erie co. N. Y., 24 ms. s. e. Buf- 
falo. Watered by Cazenovia and Seneca crs. 
Land moderately uneven, an easy and rather a 
moist loam, timbered with maple, beech, linden, 
hemlock, &c. Pop. 1,071. 

Holland, p.v. Venango co. Pa., by p-r. 302 
ms. n. w. W. C. 

Hollidaysburg, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Hun. 
tingdon co. Pa., 3 ms. s. w. Frankstown, 40 ms. 
N. of Bedford and by p.r. Ill a little iv. of w. 
Harrisburg. 



Holliday's Cove, p.o, Brooke co. Va., on the 
p-r. about 35 ms. w. Pittsburg, and by p.r. 269' 
n. w. W. (;. 

HoLLiNGSwoRTH Farm, and p-o. Habersham 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 137 ms. n. Milledgeville. 

HoLLis, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 8 m.s. s. 
Amherst, 36 s. Concord, 42 n. w. Boston. Wa- 
tered s. E. by Nashua r., s. w. by Misitissit r. 
Soil various. A pleasant village near the cen- 
tre. Pop. 1,792. 

HoLLis, p-t. York co. Me., on the Saco r., 42 
ms. N. York. Pop. 2,272. 

HoLLisTON, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 25 ms, 
s, w. Boston. Soil good and well cultivated. 
Water privileges valuable. It has several ex- 
tensive factories, and is a very flourishing town. 
The shoe manufacturing business is recently 
carried on extensively in tlie place. Pop. 1,304. 

Holloway's p-o. Edgefield dist. S. C, byp-r. 
89 ms. wstrd. Columbia. 

Holly Grove, p-o. Monroe co. Geo., by p-r. 
32 ms. wstrd. Milledgeville. 

Holly Iron Works, and p-o. Cumberland co. 
Pa., byp-r. 31 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

Holmes, co. of Ohio, bndd. e. by Tuscarawas, 
s-. by Coshocton, s. w. by Knox, n. w. by Rich- 
land, and N. by Wayne. Length from e. to w. 
39, breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 
27' to 40° 40', long. 4° 42' to 5° 13' w. W. C. 
This CO. is traversed from n. to s. by Kilbuck 
branch of White Woman's r. and the wstrn. 
border by Mohiccon r., slope sthwrd. Cf t. 
Millersburgh. Holmes co. was formed since 
the census of 1820', from the sthrn. part of 
Wayne, and nthm. of Coshocton. Pop. 9,133. 

HoLMESBURGH, vil. Philadelphia co. Pa., on the 
Pennipack and main stage road, 9^ ms. n. e. 
Phil. There are several manufactories here on 
the Pennipack. 

HoLMESBURGH, p.o. Phila. CO. Pa., 10 ms. n.e. 
from the city of Phila. 

Holmes' Hole, p-v. Duke's co. Mass., on 
Martha's Vineyard, 9 ms. from Falmouth, 91 
s. E. Boston. Has a safe and spacious harbor, 
where wind bound vessels often wait for a pro. 
pitious gale to waft them safely by the Cape Cod 
shoals. 

Holme's Mill, and p.o. Loudon co. Va., by 
p-r. 46 ms. westerly W. C. 

Holme's Valley, p-v. on Holme's cr. in the n. 
wstrn. part of Washington co. Florida, 108 ms. 
a little N. ofE. Pensacola, and 71 w. Tallahasse. 
The tract of country called Holme's valley is 
described in Williams' Florida, under the head 
of Jackson, but in his map it is included in 
Washington CO. Itis thus delineated. "Holme's 
Valley commences near the Choctawhatche r. 
and extends eastwardly 10 or 12 ms. parallel 
with Holmes' cr., from which it is separated by 
a sand ridge,. one or two ms. wide. It contains 
from 8 to 10 sections of good land, sunk nearly 
100 feet below the surface of the surrounding 
country. The soil is a dark sandy loam, covered 
with white, black, and yellow oak, white ash, 
black gum, wild cherry, red bay, magnolia, 
&c." It is already extensively settled along a 
stream supplied by springs from the adjacent 
hills. 

Holmesville, formerly called Appling, c. h. 
p-v. and St. jus. Appling co. Geo. byp-r. 145 ms. 



HOO 



203 



HOP 



s. E. Milledgeville, and 787 ms. southwestward 
W. C. N. lat. 31° 43', long. 5° 32' w. 

HoLMESviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Pike co. Misp. 
56 ms. s. E. by e. Natchez, and 1,128 s. west- 
ward W. C. It is situated on the main stream 
of Bogue Chitto r. n. lat. 31° 12'. 

Holt's Store, and p-o. Orange co. N. C. 68 
JUS. N. w. Raleigh. 

Homer, p-t. Cortland co. N. Y, the st. jus. of 
the CO. 26 ms. s. Onondaga, 15 w. e. Ithaca, 
and 138 \v. Albany. It is situated on the 
Tioughnioga, which, with its numerous branch- 
es, supply an abundance of mill seats. The 
land is good. It contains two considerable and 
flourishing villages. Homer and Cortland, in 
each of which is an academy. There are 32 
school dists. in which schools are kept 7 months 
in 12. Pop. 3,307. 

HoMOCHiTTO, r. of the state of Misp. has its 
iiiost remote source in Copiah co. from which 
it flows southwestward into aad over Franklin, 
draining by its confluents nearly the whole sur- 
face of the latter co. Leaving Franklin it as- 
sumes a w. s. w. course separating Adams 
from Wilkinson co. and falls into the Misp. after 
a comparative course of 75 ms. The Horao- 
■chitto has interlocking sources with those of 
Amite, Bogue Chitto, and Pearl r., and with 
.those of Bayou Pierre. 

Hone Factory, and p-o. Randolph co. N. C. 
^4 ms. westward Raleigh. 

HoxEOYE, lake, Richmond, Ontario co. N. Y. 
about 5 ms. long n. and s., and 1 mile wide. It 
discharges, at the n. end Honeoye creek, which 
receives also the outlets of Caneadea and 
Hemlock lakes, and falls into the Genesee at 
Avon. 

HoNESDALE, flourishing p-v. Wayne co. Pa. at 
the junction of Dyberry cr. with Lackawaxen 
river, 24 ms. above the junction of the latte? 
with the Delaware r. at an elevation above the 
Atlantic tides, of 816 ft. The situation is de- 
lightful, and here, as at many other places, ca- 
nals and roads have produced almost instantly a 
town with all the attributes of business ; 
wealth, and population possessing intelligence 
and independence. Honesdale stands at the 
point of connexion between the Lackawaxen 
canal and rail road, by the latter 17^ ms. estrd. 
Carbondale, and 130 n. Phila. Lat. 41° 35', long. 
1° 44' E. W. C. Pop. 1830, 433, now perhaps, 
1000. 

Honey cr. and p-o. Vigo co. Ind, 7 ms. s. 
Terre Haute, the co. st. 

Honey Brook, p-t. tsp. Chester ce. Pa. on 
-the heads of Brandywine cr. about 40 ms. 
wstrd. Phila. 

Honey Hill, and p-o. Monroe go- Ala. by 
p-r. 152 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

Honeyville, p-v. Shenandoah co. Ya. by p-r. 
115 ms. w. W. C. 

HooKERSTOwN, p-v. Greene co. N. C. by p-r. 
83 ms. N. e. Raleigh. 

HooKESTOwN, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. by p-r. 258 
ms. from W. C. 

HooKSETT, p-t. Merrimack co. N. IL, on the 
Merrimack, 9 ms. s. Concord, 12 fromHopkin- 
ton, and 54 from Boston. Here are those beau- 
tiful falls, known by the name of Isle of Hook- 
sett falls ; the r. descends 16 ft. in the course 



of 30 rods ; here too is a bridge across the 
Merrimack. Pop. 880. 

HooKSTOvvN, V. of Baltimore co. Md., on the 
Reisterstownroad, 6 ms. n. w. Baltimore. 

HoosAC cr. or Little Hoosac, waters the fine 
farming valley in the e. of Rensselaer co. and 
unites with Hoosac r. at Petersburg, being about 
12 ms. in length. 

Hoosac r. rises in the n. w. corner of Mass., 
and after coursing 45 ms., falls into the Hudson 
at Schaghticoke point. 

HoosACK mtn. Williamstown, Mass., one of 
the loftiest summits of the Green mtns. 

HoosACK, Hosick, orHoosick, p-t. Rensselaer 
CO. N. Y., 20 ms. n. Troy, 26 from Albany, and 
8 w. Beimington ; crossed nearly centrally by 
Hoosac r. ; land broken ; it has water ptivile- 
ges in abundance, supplied by Hoosac falls ; 
Bennington battle was fought here, and in Ben. 
nington and White Creek, Aug. 16, 1777 ; 
contains limestone, brick clay, and slate ; here 
are several nitrogen springs. Pop. 3,584. 

Hop Bottom, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. 

Hope, p-t. Waldo co. Me, 35 ms. n. e. Wis- 
casset. Pop, 1,541. 

Hope, t. s. e. corner Hamilton co. N. Y., 25 
ms. N. N. E. Johnstown ; land very broken. 
Pop. 719. 

Hope, v. V/arren co. N. J. 16 ms. s, Newton, 
10 N. E. Belvidere. 

Hope, p-v. Pickens co. Ala., by p-r. 43 ms. 
wstrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Hopewell, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 5 ms, e. 
Canandaigua village ; excellent land. Pop. 
2,198. 

Hopewell, t, Cumberland co. N. J. bndd. n. 
and E. by Cohansey cr., and s. w. by Greenwich. 
Pop. 1,953. 

Hopewell, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J., on Del. 
r., 11 ms. N. Trenton, 14 w. Princeton. Pop. 
3,151. 

Hopewell, p-t. tsp. Bedford co. Pa., in the n. 
E. part of the co., on Rayton branch of Juniata, 
by p.r. 110 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

Hopewell, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C, by 
P-r. 173 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Hopewell, p-v. York dist. S. C, by p-r, 64 
ms. N. Columbia. 

Hopewell, p-v. Rock Castle co. Ky., by p.r. 
83 ms. s. s. E, Frankfort. 

Hopewell, p-v. Muskingum co, O., by p-r. 
54 ms. estrd. Columbus. 

Hopewell, Cotton Works, p-o. Chester co. 
Pa. 

Hopkins, co. of Ky., bndd. e. by Pond r. sep. 
arating it from Mecklenburg; s. e. by Chris- 
tian ; s. w. by Trade water, separating it from 
Caldwell ; w. by Livingston ; n. w. by Union 
and Henderson ; and n. by Green r. separating 
it from Daviess, Length 35, mean width 20, 
area 750 sq, ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 
04' to 37° 34', and long. 10° 18' to 10° 52' w. 
W. C, The nrthestrn, and large section of this 
CO, slopes towards, and is drained into Green r,, 
whilst the sthwstrn, declines towards, and gives 
source to several creeks, flowing into Trade 
water, Cf, t, Madisonville. Pop. 1820, 5,322 ; 
in 1830, 6,763. 

Hopkinsville, p-v. st jus. Christian co. Ky., 
81 ms. N, w. Nashville in Ten. 33 w. Russell- 



HOR 



204 



H0U 



ville, and by p-r. 212 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 
Lat. 36° 52', long. 10° 35' w, W. C. 

HopKiNsviLLE, p-0. WarrcH co. O., by p-r. 88 
tns. s. w. by w. W. C. 

HopKiNTO.v, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 28 ms. 
N. Amherst, 7 w. Concord, 46 n. e. Keene, 30 
,6. E. Newport, 50 w. Portsmouth, and 65 n. n. 
w. Boston. Crossed in s. w. part by Contocook 
r. Pop. 2,474. 

HopKiNTON, p-t. Middlesex co. Ma9s»^ 32 ms. 
s. w. Boston. The main branch of Concord r. 
rises in this town, also branches of Charles and 
Blackstone rs. ; land, large swells, well waiter- 
ed, good for grazing and orcharding ; it con- 
tains two large manufacturing establishments, 
with a capital of $100,000 each. Pop. 1,809. 

HopKiNTON, p-t. Washington co. R. I., 30 ms. 
s. w. Providence. There is a seventh day Bap. 
tist society in this place. Pop. 1,777. 

HoPKiNTON, p-t. St- Lawrence co. N. Y., 40 
ms. E. Ogdensburg, 23 w. s. w. Malone ; heav- 
ily timbered with maple, beech, elm, bass, but- 
ternut, &c. Pop. 827. 

Hopper's Tan YAiin, and p-o. in the n. e. part 
Christian co. Ky., by p-r. 202 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. 

HoRLL Gatt, Hurl Gate, Hell Gate, a strait in 
East r. N. Y., 8 ms. from N. Y. city, between 
the islands of Manhattan and Parsell on the n. 
w., and L. 1. on the s. e. Here are numerous 
.little wnirlpools ; but vessels may nevertheless 
pass with the greatest safety, if well piloted. 
The proper name of this strait is Horll Gatt, a 
Dutch term signifying a whirlpool; but it is 
sometimes corruptly written and pronounced 
Hell Gate. 

Horn isl., a .long, low, and almost naked 
bank of sand in the gulf of Mexico, opposite the 
mouth of Pascagoula r. It is one of that chain 
of islands, which merely merge above high wa- 
ter, and range from the mouth of Mobile bay in 
a westerly direction, to the mouth of Pearl r. 
and are in fevj places half a mile wide. 

Hornbeck's, p-o. Pike co. Pa., by p-r. 242 ms. 
N. N. E. W. C. 

HoRNELLsviLLE, p-t. Stcubcn CO. N. Y., 20 
ms. w. Bath, 260 from Albany ; watered by the 
Canisteo, a boatable stream ; good land. Pop. 
1,365. 

HoRNTOWN, p-v. Accomac co. Va., situated 
on the road from Drummondtown to Snow Hill, 
26 ms. N. N. E. from the former, and 16 a little 
w. of N. from the latter place, and by p-r. 188 
ms. s. E. W. C. 

HoRKY, extreme estrn. dist. of S. C, bndd. s. 
by Georgetown ; w. and n. w. by Little Pedee 
r., separating it from Marion ; n. e. by Colum- 
bus CO. N. C. ; and s. e. by the Atlantic. 
Length 50, mean width 20, area 1,000 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 33° 34' to 34° 17', and 
long. 0° 44' to 1° 25' w. W. C. The declivity 
of this dist. is almost due s., and though having 
30 ms. of ocean border, none of its streams flow 
in that direction ; Waccamaw r. on the contrary 
entering from N. C, flows almost parallel to 
the oppoeing ocean coast, at from 8 to 15 ms. 
distance. The whole dist. is, with little ex- 
ception, a plain ; in a great part sandy and 
marshy. Staples, cotton and rice. Cf. t. Con- 
waysboro. Pop. 1820, 5,025, 1830, 5,348. 



Hoeseham, p-v. and tsp. Montgomery co. Pa.> 
20 ms. N. Phil. Pop. tsp. 1820, 1,081, 1830,- 
1,086. 

Horse Head, tavern and p-o. Prince George's 
CO., 35 ms. by p-r. sthestrdly. W. C. 

Horse Race, in the Highlands, 15 ms. below 
West Point, azig zag course in the Hudson, be- 
tween Anthony's Nose and Dunderberg. 

PIoRSE Shoe Bottom, p-v. Russell co. Ky., by 
p-r. 153 ms. s. Frankfort. 

Horse Shoe Bridge, and p-o. Colleton dist. 
S. C, by p-r. 105 ms. s. Columbia. 

Horse Well, tavern, cross roads and p-o. 
Barren co. Ky., 9 ms. ^. Glasgow, and by p-r. 
10b ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. 

Hoskinsville, p-o. Morgan co. 0., by p-r. 94 
ms. a little s. of e. Columbus. 

Hotel cr., in Riga, N. Y. runs into Black cr. 

Hot Springs, p-v. Bath co. Va., situated be- 
tween the Cow Pasture, and the eastern branch 
of Jackson's r., 40 ms. s. w. by w. Stanton, by 
p-r. 231 s. w. by w. W. C, and 183 n. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Hot Springs, co. Ark., as laid down by Tan- 
ner, lies in form of a parallelogram, 66 ms. from 
E. to w., breadth 30 ms., 1,980 sq. ms. ; bndd. by 
Crawford n. w., Pope n., Conway n. e., Pulaski 
E., Clark s., and Miller w. n. lat. 34°, and long. 
W. C. 16° 30' w. intersect near its sthestrn. 
angle. This co. occupies a part of the compar- 
atively elevated table land between the vallies 
of Arkansas and Red rs. ; the greater part, 
however, is in the latter physical section and 
slopes to the sthrd. The Masserne chain of 
mtns. traverse the nrthwstrn. angle from which 
issue many of the higher sources of Ouachitta 
r. The co. derives its name from a remarkably 
warm and abundant fountain, which in tempera, 
ture exceeds that of human blood. About 30 
years past these " springs'^ as they ate called, 
though only one is really deserving of the title, 
began to be resorted to, and their reputation of 
the water has increased from use. It has been 
found very beneficial especially in chronic com. 
plaints. The dryness and great elevation of 
the country render it a most desirable retreat 
from the burning and humid summer heats 
along the great rivers adjacent. By Tanner's 
U. S. map it is 47 ms. a little s. of w. from Little 
Rock to the p-v, at the springs, which is also 
the St. jus. N. lat. 34° 32', long. W. C. 15° 58' w. 

HouNSFiELD, t, Jefl^erson co. N. Y., lying on 
the E. side of Chaumont bay, of lake Ontario 
surface gently uneven ; soil principally clay or 
loam ; contains fine mill seats. In this town is 
Sackett's Harbor, the settlement of which was 
not commenced till 1801, but which came into 
general notice, and made a conspicuous figure 
during the last war between Great Britain and 
the U. States. It has a most excellent harbor, 
containing a depth of water sufficient for the 
largest ships of war ; on Navy Point, there is 
now the " largest ship of war on the stocks that 
ever was built." Here is laid up the U. S. 
squadron employed on lake Ontario during the 
last war, under Commodore Chauncey; and 
here Gen. BroviTi gathered his first laurels, by a 
brilliant and successful defence of the place 
against the British forces from Kingston. Pop. 
3,415. 



HUD 



205 



HUL 



Houston, co. Geo., bndd. by Dooley s, ; by 
Flint r., separating it from Marion w. ; by 
Crawford n. w. ; Tchocunno r., separating it 
from Bibb n. e. ; and the Ocmulgee r., sepa- 
rating it from Twiggs and Pulaski e. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 6° 32' to 7° 13' w. W. C. This 
CO. is in length along Dooley from Flint to Oc^ 
mulgee r. Pop. 7,369. 

Houston's, store and p^o. Rowan co. N. C, 
by p-r. 136 ms. westrd, Raleigh. 

Houston's store and p-o. Morgan co. Ala., by 
p-r. 114 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 

IIousTONviLLE, p.v. Iredell co. N. C. by p-r. 
172 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Howard, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 10 ms. w. 
Bath, 254 \v. s. w. Albany. Rough and broken ; 
9 schools, kept 6 months in 12. Pop. 2,464. 

Howard, p-t. tsp. on Beach cr., northern an- 
gle of Centre co. Pa. about 15 ms. n. Belle- 
fonte, and by p-r. 94 n. w. Harrisburg. 

Howard, co. Mo. bndd. n. w. by Chariton, n. 
E. by Randolph, e. by Boone, s. by Missouri r., 
separating it from Cooper, and by the Mo. r., 
separating it from Saline. Length 24 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 
38° 55' to 39° 17', long. 15° 21' to 15° 50' w. 
W. C. Slope sthrd. towards that part of Mis- 
souri r. which separates it from Cooper. Cf. t. 
Fayette. Pop. 10,854. 

Howakd's Race, p-o. St. Mary's co. Md. by 
p-r. 60 ms. s. e. W. C. 

Howell, isl. Monmouth co. N. J. bndd. e. by 
the sea, s. by Dover, w. by Freehold, n. by 
Shrewsbury. Pop. 4,141. 

Howell, p-o. Logan co. O. by p-r. 73 ms. n. 
w. Columbus. 

HowELLViLLE, p-v. Frederick co. Va. by p-r. 
74 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

HoYLESviLLE, p-0. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 
200 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

HoYsviLLE, p-v. Loudon co. Va.byp-r. 53 ms. 
w. W. C. 

HoTsviLLE, p-v. Loudon co, Va. 43' ms. n. w. 
W. C. 

Hubbard, p-v. and tsp. Trumbull co. O. By 
p-r. the p-o. is 285 ms. n. w. W. C, and 174 
N. E. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 1,085. 

HuBBARDSTOwN, p-t. N. w. part of Rutland co. 
Vt. 50 ms. s. w. Montpelier, and 50 n. Benning- 
ton. Surface uneven ; well watered ; well 
timbered with hard wood. Contains good mill 
seats. 9 school dists. A part of general St. 
Clair's army was here defeated on their retreat 
from Ticonderoga, July, 1777. Hubbardton r. 
which rises in Sudbury, passes through this 
town, and falls into E. bay in W. H'aven. Its 
length is about 20 ms. Pop. 865-. 

HuBBARDSTON, p.t. Worcester co. Mass. 60 
ms. w. Boston, 20' n. e, Worcester. Agreeably 
diversified with hills and valleys. Pop. 1,674. 

Hudson or North, r. of New York, is one of 
the finest navigable rivers of America, and is 
remarkable for its strait southerly course, from 
Sandy Hill to its mouth, a distance rising of 200 
miles. The entire length of this stream, from 
its sources to the city of N. Y. is 312 ms. ; and 
the tide flows 166' ms. of this distance, or to 
Troy, to which place it is navigable for sloops. 
It rises in the high, mountainous region w.lake 
Champlain, in Essex and Montgomery cos,, and 

27 



in its course has three large expansions. Tap- 
pan bay, Haverstraw bay, and another between 
Fishkill and New Windsor. The Mohawk is 
its principal tributary. It flows for the most 
part through a hilly and mountainous country, 
exhibiting much beautiful scenery, particularly 
the Highlands, the passage through which is 
charming and sublime. Several important towns 
lie upon its banks, of which the most consider- 
able are Albany, Troy, Hudson, Poughkeepsie, 
Newburg, and New York, at which place it 
unites with the waters of the bay. It is navi- 
gable to Hudson, 120 ms., for the largest ships ; 
and as it is the great channel of communication 
between the city of New York and the north 
and west, an immense business is done upon its 
waters. The Erie and Champlain canals con- 
nect the Hudson with lakes Erie and Champlain ; 
and the Hudson & Delaware, and Morris canals, 
with Delaware river. Beside numerous steam 
boats, great numbers of sloops and o^her craft 
navigate this river, 15, 20, or even 30' of which 
are often counted in a distance of 2 or 3 
miles. 

Hudson, p t. Hillsborough co, N. H., (former- 
ly Nottingham west) is 17 ms. s. e. Amherst, 
39 s. w. Portsmouth, 55 n. w. Boston, e. Merri- 
mack r. ; n. Mass., has good land, with rich 
meadows on the r., and a broken surface w. 
The timber is oak, pine, &c. Little Massabe- 
sick pond contains 200 acres, and Otternick 
pond 80. Settled 1710. Pop. 183'\ 1,263. 

Hudson, city, p-t., port of entry, and st. jus. 
Columbia co. N. Y. e. side Hudson r., which is 
navigable to this place for ships of the largest 
size, 120 ms. n. N. Y., 29 s. Albany. Claverack 
cr., which forms the e. boundary, aflbr Js excel- 
lent sites for water works, and Factory cr. 
which forms the boundary towards Kinderhook, 
has likewise mill privileges. It contains lime- 
stone, brick clay, lead, nitre, alum, &c. Its 
manufactures and commerce are considerable. 
The city is supplied with water brought in an 
aqueduct from a spring 2 ms. distant. It is 
pretty well laid out, the streets generally cros- 
sing each other at right angles and is very 
pleasantly situated, is a place of considerable 
business, which is increasing ; the whale fishery 
has recently been vmdertaken here. Pop. 
5,392. 

Hudson, p-v. in the n. w. part of Caswell co. 
N. C. by p-r. 86 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Hudson, p-v. and tsp. Portage co. 0. The 
p-o. is by P-r. 124 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 33'j 
N. w. W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 775. 

Hudson's p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 

Hudsonville, p-v. Grayson co. Ky. by p-r. 
113 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Huffersville, p-o. Greene CO: O:. by p-r. 59 
ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Hughe's p-o. Allen co. Ky. by p-r; 165 ms. s. 
s. w. Frankfort. 

Hughesville, p-v. Chester dist. S. C. by p.r. 
53 ms. N. Columbiar 

HuGHESviLLE, p-0. Loudoni CO. Va. 4 ms. from 
Leesburg, the co'. st. and by p-r. 36 ms. n. w. 
W. C. 

HuLiNGSBUEG, p-v. oti Piney cr. northeastern 
part of Armstrong co. Pa. 28 ms. a little e. of n. 
Kittanning, and 70 n. n. e. Pittsburg. 



HUN 



206 



HUN 



Huling's Ferry and p-o. Perry co. Pa. by 
p-r. 18 ms. northward Harrisburg. 

Hull, t. Plymouth co. Mass. s. side Boston 
harbor, on a peninsula 8 ms. long, and from 40 
rods to half a mile in width, connected with 
Hingham by a mill dam, 9 ms. e. Boston, 36 n. 
Plymouth, Pop. 198. 

Hull's Store and p-o. Pendleton co, Va. by 
p-r. 206 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Hdlmestille, p-v, on the left bank of Nesha- 
miny or. 4 ms. n. w. Bristol, and 20 n. n. e. Phil. 

Hulmesville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. 

Home, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 13 ms. n. w. 
Angelica, crossed s. e. by Genesee r. Has 
bog iron ore. Pop. 951. 

HuMMELSTowN, p-v. on the left bank of Swa- 
tara cr. Dauphin co. Pa. 10 ms. e. Harrisburg, 
and 94 n. w. by w, Phil, It is for its size a 
wealthy village, extending, in good substantial 
houses, principally in one street along the main 
road, from Reading to Harrisburg, 

Humphrey's cr, and p-o, in the northwestern 
angle of McCracken co, Ky, The creek falls 
into the Ohio r. about 12 ms. above the junction 
of that stream with the Misp. The p-o. is by 
p-r. 30 ms. n. w. by w, Wilmington, the co, st. 
and 309 ms, s. w. JDy w. i w. W. C. 

Humphrey's Mills and p-o. Monroe co. Ten, 
by p-r. 145 ms. s, E,by e. Nashville. 

Humphrey's Villa, p-o. Holmes co. O. by 
P-r. 66 ms. n. e, Columbus, 

HuMPHREYSviLLE, p-v, Derby, Conn. 10 nis. n. 
w. New Haven, 15 n. e. Bridgeport. It is a 
manufacturing village of some extent, and 
promises much more than it already is, being 
finely situated on the Naugatuck r. At this 
place merino sheep were first introduced into 
the U. S, by general Humphreys, in 1801, It 
is surrounded by lofty hills, covered with 
wood, and is considered by visiting strangers 
as one of the most beautiful and romantic pla- 
ces in the country, 

Humphreysville, p-v, Chester co. Pa. 

Humphries, co. of Ten. bndd. s. by Perry, w. 
by Carroll, n. w. by Henry, n. by Stewart, and 
E. by Dickson. Length 30, mean width 24, and 
area 720 sq, ms, Lat, 36°, long. 11° w. W. 
C, intersect about 5 ms. s. of the centre of 
this CO, Ten, r, enters the southern border, 
and about 3 miles within it receives Duck r. ; 
thence traversing the co. in a northern direction, 
divides it into two unequal inclined plains, the 
most extensive being on the e. towards Dickson 
CO. Cf. t. Reynoldsburgh. Pop. 1820, 4,067 ; 
1830, 6,189. 

Hunter, p.t. Greene co, N. Y., w. Kaats- 
berg, or Catskill mtns. 22 ms. w. Catskill, 58 
from Albany. It embraces the highest points 
of the Catskill mtns. The Kaaterskill falls, of 
about 300 ft. are in this town. Here is one of 
the most extensive tanneries in the U. S. Pop 
1,960, 

Hunterdon co, N, J. on Delaware r. bndd. n. 
w. by Warren, n. e. and e. by Morris, Somer- 
set and Middlesex, s. e. by Burlington, st. jus. 
Flemington. Trenton is the st. of government 
of the state, and st. jus. of the co. where there 
are several manufactories on the Assanpink. 
The remainder of the co, is principally agricul 
tural. Fop. 1820, 28,604 ^ 1830, 31,066, 



Hunter's Hall and p-o. Franklin co. Va, by 
p-r. 194 ms. s. w, by w, Richmond. 

Huntersville, p-v, and st, jus. Pocahontas 
co, Va. by p-r. 219 ms. s, w, by w. W, C, and 
186 N, w, by w. Richmond. Lat. 38° 12', long, 
3°. 1' w. W, C. It is situated on one of the 
higher branches of Green Briar r, between 
Green Briar and Alleghany mtns, at an eleva- 
tion above the Atlantic of upwards of 1,800 feet. 
Huntersville, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 
185 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Huntersville, p-v. Tippecanoe co. Ind, 6 
ms, estrd. Fayette, and by p-r, 64 ms, n, w. 
Indianopolis, 

Huntingdon, co. Pa. bndd. s. w. by Bedford, 
N. w. by Alleghany mtns., separating it from 
Cambria, n. by Centre, n, e. by MifHin, and s, e, 
by Tuscarora mtn,, separating it from Franklin. 
Length, diagonally from s, e, to n, w, 58 ms. 
mean breadth 22, and area 1,276 sq, ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 40° 03' to 40° 46', and in 
long, from 0° 44' to 1° 35' w. W. C. This co. 
is composed of lateral chains of mtns., ranging 
from s. w. to n e. with very fertile intervening 
vallies ; and it may be remarked that the de- 
clivity of its surface is estrd., and the central 
part south estrd., as evinced by the course of 
the rs. The whole co. is embraced in the 
valley of Juniata, and traversed along the 
channel of that stream, by the Pa. canal. The 
mean elevation of the arable surface of Hunt- 
ingdon must exceed 800 ft. At Frankstown in 
the western part of the co. the surface of the 
canal is 910 ft. above tide water in Del. r. 
This CO. abounds in iron ore of very superior 
quality. Cf, t, Huntingdon, Pop. 1820, 20,142, 
in 1830, 27,145. 

Huntingdon, p-v., borough, and st. jus. 
Huntingdon co.Pa. 50 ms,N. n. e. Bedford, 60 
in a direct line, though by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. by 
w. Harrisburg. Lat. 40° 31', and long. 1° 2' 
w. W. C. It is situated on the left bank of 
Frankstown branch of the Juniata, about 2 ms. 
above the junction of the latter, with the Rays- 
town or Main stream of Juniata. In 1820, this 
borough contained 841 inhabitants, but being 
situated on the Pa. canal, its pop. must rapidly 
increase. Not being given in the census tables 
(1830) separate from the tsp. in which it is sit- 
uated, the exact population cannot be given ; 
but supposed 1,200. 

Huntingdon, tsp. and p-v. on Huntingdon 
creek, in the extreme western angle of Lu- 
zerne CO. Pa, about 20 ms, n, w, by w. Wilkes- 
barre, and by p-r. 105 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Huntingdon, p-v. and st. jus. Carroll co. Ten. 
by p-r. 109 ms. w. Nashville. It is situated on 
the s. Fork of Obion r. Lat. 36° 02', long. 11° 
28' w. W. C. 

Huntington, t,, s. e, part of Chittenden co, Vt. 
20 ms, w. Montpelier, 15 s, e, Burlington, 
Principal stream, Huntington r,, which affords 
some good mill seats. Surface very uneven, 
consisting of high mtns, and deep gullies. Here 
is that celebrated peak of the Green mtns., called 
Camel's Rump, Soil in general gravelly and 
poor, 8 school dists, Huntingdon r. which 
rises in Lincoln, runs through this town, and 
joins Onion r, at Richmond, after a course of 
about 20 ms. Pop, 923. 



HUR 



207 



HUR 



Huntington, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., w. Ousa- 
tonic r. Surface uneven. Soil fertile. 18 school 
dists. 17 ms. w. New Haven. Pop. 1,371. 

Huntington, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y. on Long 
Isl. 40 ms. E. N. Y. bndd n. by Long Isl. sound. 
Has an academy and 24 school dists. together 
with a variety of manufactories. This is a place 
of resort for strangers in summer, for the pur- 
pose of fishing and fowling. Pop. 5,582. 

Huntington, p-v. Laurens dist. S. C. by p-r. 
64 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Hunttngton, p-v. Calvert co. Md. on the 
road from Prince Frederick to Annapolis, 3 ms. 
N. the latter, and by p-r. 57 ms. s. the former, 
and 94 s. e. W. C. 

Huntington, p-v. and tsp. Lorain co. 0. By 
p-r. the p-o. is lo6 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 
of the tsp. 169. 

Huntington, new co. Ind. bounded by Grant 
8. w., Wabash co. w., and on the other sides, 
boundaries uncertain. Length from s. to n. 24 
ms., breadth 15, and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 
40-^ 50', long. W. C. 8° 30' w. The general 
slope of this CO. is wstrd., though the Salamanic 
and Wabash proper traverse it in a n. w. di- 
rection, but the latter receives near the centre 
of the CO., Little r. from Allen co., flowing 
from the n. w., and some smaller confluents 
from the n. Below the junction of Wabash 
and Little r., the united streams fall over rapids, 
at the foot of which the r. becomes navigable. 
The centre of this co. is about 90 ms. N. n. e. 
Indianopolis. Pop. uncertain. 

Huntsburgh, p-o. Geauga co. O. by p-r. 173 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Hunt's Mills, (now Clinton,) v. Hunterdon 
CO. N. J. 

Huntsville, p-t. near s. w. angle of Otsego 
CO. N. Y. 25 ms. s. w. Cooperstown, embracing 
both sides of the Susquehannah r., whence rafts 
of timber descend to Baltimore. Pop. 1,149. 

Huntsville, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. by p-r. 125 
ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Huntsville, p-v. and st. jus. Surry co. N. C. 
situated on the right side of Yadkin r. in the s. 
E. part of the co. by p-r. 151 ms. n. w. by w. 
Raleigh. Lat. 36° 09', long. 2° 32' w. W. C. 
Huntsville, p.v. Laurens dist. S. C. 9 ms. 
s. E. Lawrenceville, and by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. 
Columbia. 

Huntsville, p.v. and st. jus. Madison co. Ala. 
101 ms. almost due s. Nashville in Ten. 
146 ms. by the common road, but on the p-o. 
list stated at 165 n. n. e. Tuscaloosa, n. lat. 
34° 44', long. 9° 35' w. W. C. This place has 
been called the capital of northern Ala. and is a 
very flourishing village ; by the census of 1820, 
the population stood, whites, 833 ; colored, 483 ; 
total, 1,316. The pop. of 1830 not given in the 
census. 

Huntsville, p-v. Butler co. O., by p-r. 93 ms. 
s. wstrd. Columbus. 

Huntsville, p-v. and st. jus. Randolph co. Mo. 
by p-r. 1,042 ms. wstrd. W. C, and 230 n. w. by 
w. St. Louis. 

Hurley, t. Ulster co. N. Y., 3 ms. w. King- 
ston, 68 s. Albany, 100 n. N, Y. There is an 
inexhaustible quarry of variegated marble in 
this town, composed of petrified sheila of a blu- 
ssh and reddish cast. Pop. 1,408. 



Huron, one of the five great lakes, which with 
many smaller ones, form the inland fresh water 
sea of North America, usually called the sea of 
Canada. Huron in its utmost extent has been, 
until the publication in 1829, of Tanner's map of 
the U. S., very inaccurately delineated. This 
extensive sheet of water is there laid down, ac- 
cording to its real natural divisions, into three 
parts, lake Huron Proper, lake Iriquois, and 
Manitou bay. Huron proper lies in form of a 
crescent, the middle curve of which stretches 
260 ms. from the Michilimakinak straits to the 
head of St. Clair r. With the exception of the 
Saginau, and someotherlesser bays, the outline 
approaches very nearly to a real crescent. Great- 
est breadth, independent of the bays, about 70 
ms. Superficial extent about 20,000 sq. ms. 
On the s. w. it is limited by the peninsula be- 
tween lake Huron and Michigan ; on the n. w. 
it has the peninsula between Huron and Superi- 
or ; and on the s. e. the peninsula of Upper Ca- 
nada. From the latter protrudes northwardly a 
smaller peninsula, called Cabot's Head, which 
is followed as part of the same chain by a series 
of isls. inflecting to the n. w. towards St. Mary's 
strait. These isls. retaining their Indian name, 
" Manitou (Great Spirit) isls." form with Ca. 
bot's Head so nearly a continuous land barrier 
as to divide lake Huron into two, and by the 
nthrn. protrusion of Great Manitou isl. into three 
bodies of water. To the n. estrd. of Huron 
Proper, and e. of Cabot's Head, spreads a sheet 
of water called lake /ro^Mois. This latter lake 
is in form of an ellipse : 140 ms. the longer, by 
70 the shorter axis. Allowing for the angles, 
the area is about 7,000 sq. ms. Separated from 
Huron Proper by Drummond's, and the Lesser 
and Greater Manitou isls., and from lake Iro- 
quois by the Great Manitou, stretches another 
sheet of water, called Manitou bay. This is 
in length from e. to w. 80 ms. with a mean 
breadth of 20, and area 1,600 sq. ms. Taken 
in all its extent with the islands between the 
sections, lake Huron fills a physical area of 
28,600 sq. ms. having a rude approach to a tri- 
angle of 240 ms. base. The main lake is ex- 
cessively deep, but similar to most part of all 
the other Canadian lakes ; the shores arc gene- 
rally shallow, though some fine harbors exist. 
Lake Huron is the common recipient of lake 
Superior, lake Michigan, lake Nippissing, lake 
Simcoe, and numerous small rs. It is in fact 
the lower depression of a basin, in form of an 
equilateral triangle of 300 ms. each side, or 
about 37,500 sq. ms. That part of the water 
of the H uron basin not abstracted by evaporation 
is poured to the sthrd. by the river or strait of 
St. Clair. The surface of the water at its mean 
height is about 600 feet above the Atlantic level. 
The boundary between the U. S. and Canada 
passes along the main Huron about 225 ms., 
and thence between Drummond's and Little 
Manitou islands, and over the wstrn. end of 
Manitou lake 25 ms., or along 250 ms. from the 
influx of the nthrn. branch of St. Mary's r. into- 
lake Manitou to outlet of St. Clair's r. from 
lake Huron. As a commercial link in the chaiu 
of inland navigation, Huron is of immense im- 
portance. In its natural state, the main lake 
opens a spacious channel into both Superios' 



HUR 



^08 



HUR 



and Michigan lakes. Being united to lake Sim. 
coe by Matcliadash r., a natural channel is thus 
extended from the extreme s. estrn. angle of 
lake Iroquois, by the Matchadash r., Simcoe 
lake, and the Trent r. and lakes, into the ex- 
treme N. estrn. angle of lake Ontario, with only 
a few intervening portages. This latter route 
has long attracted attention as one admitting, 
with moderate comparative expense in improve, 
ment, an abridgement of one half in distance 
from the head of St. Lawrence r. to the head of 
lake Huron. By the route of Ontario, Erie, 
Huron, and connecting rs., the distance is 800 
ms. ; whilst by the Simcoe, and lake Iroquois 
route it is only 400 ms. The actual execution 
of the Rideau canal is a practical illustration of 
what may be expected, in regard to the future 
artificial and direct union of Ontario and Huron 
lakes. 

Huron, a name given to several rs., one in 
the nthrn. part of the state of Ohio, rising in 
Richland co. but flowing nthrds. into lake Erie ; 
it drains the greatest part of, and gives name to, 
Huron co. Entire comparative course 40 ms. 
Another Huron r., of much greater length of 
course, and draining a greatly larger valley, falls 
into the extreme n. wstrn. angle of lake Erie, at 
the outlet of Detroit r. This second Huron has 
interlocking sources with those of St. Joseph's, 
Kalamazoo, and Grand rs. of lake Michigan, 
with those of Saginau r., and with a third Huron 
flowing into lake St. Clair ; and again to the 
sthrd. with those of the r. Raisin. With a com- 
parative course of 65 ms., Huron, or as it might 
be called, middle Huron, rises in Oakland, Ing- 
ham, and .Tackson cos., but drains nearly all 
Washtenaw and part of Wayne cos. The third 
or nthrn. Huron, has interlocking sources with 
those of Raisin, middle Huron, and Saginau rs. 
It is one of those rivers the breadth of which 
exceeds the length of course ; as across the 
stream it is 40 ms. but from head to mouth only 
about 33 ms. It drains a great part of Oakland 
and Macomb cos. Such a repetition of the same 
name applied to the same species of object is a 
serious inconvenience, which is in the present 
instance enhanced by two rivers of the same 
natne falling into lake Erie, depriving us of the 
remedy of distinguishing them by their recipi- 
ents. 

Huron, co. Ohio, bndd, e, by Lorain co., s. 
by Highland, s. w. by Crawford, w. by Seneca 
and Sandusky, and n. by lake Erie. Greatest 
length from s. to n. along the wstrn. border 48 
ms., the mean length is about 40 ms., breadth 
28 ms., and area 1,120 sq. ms. Lat. 40° to 40° 
38', long. 5° IS' to 5° 48' w. W. C, Vermillion 
r. of Erie flows northwardly along its estrn. bor- 
der. Sandusky r. after a nthm, course over 
Marion, Crawford, Seneca and Sandusky cos., 
inflects to the e., widens into a bay, the lower 
part of which traverses Huron co. and separates 
Sandusky point from the other parts ol the co. 
Huron r. however, from which the county takes 
its name, drains the much greater part of its sur- 
face. The whole area is an inclined plain fall, 
ing by gentle slopes nthwrd. towards lake Erie, 
The soil is generally fertile. Cf. t. Sandusky, 
though Norwalk is the st. jus. Pop. 1820, 6,675, 
1830, 13,341. 



HuKON, p-v. and tsp. at the mouth of Huron r., 
Huron co. 0. The p-v. is by p-r. 125 ms. a lit.; 
tie E. of N. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 480. 

Huron, territory of the U. S. This article is 
introduced to admit a general view of that re- 
gion of the U. S. extending wstrd. of lake Mich, 
to the Misp. r. A bill has been several times 
before Congress, to obtain a law for the forma- 
tion of a territory of the U. S. w. of that of Mich., 
and in choosing and imposing a general name, 
Huron and Ouisconsin have been alternately in- 
troduced j the latter will most probably be pre. 
ferred. According to information communis 
cated to the author of this article by Austin E. 
Wing, Esq. delegated from Michigan, that ter^ 
ritory when erected into a state, will, it is pro. 
bable, follow the middle of lake Mich., from 
the N. wstrn. part of Ind. to some distance w. of 
Michilimakinak strait, or about the 8th degree 
of long. w. W. C, and th«nce due n. to lake 
Superior. If this demarcation is adopted, ait 
immense territory will be left between it and 
the Misp. r. amounting to something above 
100,000 sq. ms. In regard to the recipients of 
its rivers, it is composed of three natural sec. 
tions ; which may be designated the Misp., 
Michigan and lake Superior slopes. The de^ 
clination of the Misp. slope of Huron, is to the 
s. w. very nearly at right angles to the general 
course of that part of the Misp. r. from the in. 
flux of the Riviere au Corbeau, (Crow river,) to 
the great bend, opposite the n. wstrn. angle of 
the state of Illinois. Down this plain, of 400 
ms. length and 140 mean breadth in descent, 
fall, besides many rivers of lesser size, the Ou* 
isconsin, La Croix, Black, Chippeway, St. Croix, 
Rum, Savannah and Meadow rs. Of these tri. 
butaries of the Misp., the largest in volume and 
most important as a commercial channel is the 
Ouisconsin. The breadth of the plain, dowa 
which these streams flow, restricts that of the* 
v.'strn, shore of Mich. It is rather remarkable 
that along the w. shore of the Michigan from 
Green bay sthwrd. no r. enters the lake, having 
a comparative length of 60 ms. (See Rock r. 
and Fox r. of Illinois.) To the nthwrd. of the 
two preceding slopes extends a third, that of 
lake Superior, stretching about 500 ms. along 
the sthrn. side of that lake. The latter plain is^ 
comparatively narrow, not having a meam 
breadth above 60 ms. The rivers are nume- 
rous, but brief in their length of comparative 
course. The whole surface is amongst the 
least inviting of the sections of the Huron re- 
gion. The estrn. section is a long narrow pen. 
insula enclosed between lake Superior, lake 
Huron, Green bay, and the nthrn. part of lake 
Michigan. In the interior it is wet and marshy, 
a character of country which applies in good 
measure to much of Huron. Along the line ot 
separation of the streams flowing into the basin 
of the Misp. from those discharged into the 
Canadian sea, the smaller lakes and swamps 
are numerous. The whole region is, it is true, 
not very minutely known ; but as far as ex- 
plored, if taken as a whole, does not appear so 
well adapted to agricultural settlement as the 
valley of 0. or the lower part of that of the 
Misp. proper. Flat, and of course in winter 
and spring, wet, prairies or eavannah.s are 



IBE 



209 



ILL 



common. Over Huron there are two routes 
along which nature has afforded a facility of 
w ter intercommunication. The lower and yet 
most frequented is that by Fox and Ouisconsin 
rs. from lake Mich, to the Misp. r. The di. 
rection of this route is s. w. by w., and the re- 
verse, about 400 ms. without calculating minute 
bends from the straits of Michilimakinak to the 
mouth of Ouisconsin. There is only a short 
portage between the Ouisconsin and Fox rs. to 
interrupt the passage of boats along the entire 
distance ; and so nearly is the actual water line 
complete, and so level the portage, that small 
craft are navigated at seasons of high water 
from one river to the other. The second route 
passes through lake Superior in its greatest 
length, to reach St. Louis r. By the channel of 
the latter and Savannah branch of the Misp. that 
great stream is reached above n. lat. 47°, and 
at no very great distance below its source. 
Independent of partial bends the distance of the 
two points of contact with the Misp. exceeds 
600 ms. That region from which originates 
the Misp., Rain Lake r., Red r., branch of Assi- 
tiiboin, and the St. Louis r. of lake Superior, is 
an immense elevated plain, from which the 
water flows slowly or stands stagnant, owing to 
the very near approach of the whole surface to 
the curve of the sphere. To the same physi- 
cal construction arises the many interlocking 
water courses, which in fact connect the conflu- 
ents of Hudson's bay, with those of the Gulf of 
Mexico. (See Assiniboin, Lake of the Woods, 
Rainy Laker. &c.) The section intended to be 
included under the name of Huron was by the 
census of 1830, given under the head of Mich- 
igan ; the COS. were. Brown, along both banks 
of Fox r. and around Green bay; loway, e. of 
the Misp. r., and between the nthrn. boundary 
of II. and Ouisconsin r. ; and Crawford co. ex- 
tending nthwrd. and above the Ouisconsin, and 
estrd, of the Misp. r. By the census of 1830, 
the population of Brown, including the ofiicers, 



privates, and other persons attached to Forts 
Winnebago and Howard, 1,356 ; Crawford, in- 
cluding Prairie du Chien, and military station at 
fort Crawford, 692; loway, 1,587; total, 3,635. 
The settlements are very scattered and much 
detached, and extends from s. w. to n. e. 250 
ms., with a mean breadth of about 100 ms. ; with 
an area of at least 25,000 sq. ms., or nearly 7 
sq. ms. to 1 white person. 

HuERiCANE, p-v. in the southeast part of 
Montgomery co. II. by p-r. 12 ms. n. w. Van 
dalia. 

Hurricane Shoals, p-o. Jackson county, 
Georgia, by p-r. 91 ms. n. n. w. Milledgeville. 

Hurts Cross Roads, Maury co. Ten., p.o, by 
p^r. 55 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 

HuTTONSViLLE, p.o. Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 
216 ms. w. W. C. 

HuTTSViLLE, p.o. Westmoreland co. Va. by 
p.r. s. W. C. 

Hyannis, p-v. and parish on the n. shore of 
Cape Cod, s. e. part of Barnstable and Yar- 
mouth. 

Hyattstown, p-v. on the wstrn. border of 
Montgomery co. Md. 33 ms. n. w. W. C, and 
11 s. s. E. Frederick. It is a small village of a 
single street along the main road. 

Hyde Park, p-t. s. w. part, of Orleans co. Vt. 
24 ms. N. Montpelier, 32 n. e. Burlington. Wa- 
tered by the Lamoille, Green r.. Little North 
Branch, and Town Hill brook ; which furnish 
numerous mill privileges. Soil generally good. 
Pop. 823. 

Hyde Pare, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. on the 
Hudson, 7 ms. n. Poughkeepsie. Excellent 
land, highly cultivated, and very wealthy. The 
village of Hyde Park is beautifully situated on 
a handsome plain, surrounded by highly culti. 
vated farms. Pop. 2,554. 

Hyde Park, p-v. Halifax co. N. C. by p-r. 82 
ras. N. E. Raleigh. 

Hydraulic Mills, and p.o. Albemarle co. 
Va. 86 ms. s. w. W. C. 



Iberville, upper mouth of the Misp. on the 
left. The outlet of Iberville only receives wa- 
ter from the main r. at high flood, and even 
when supplied with water is from obstructions 
of trees, of no navigable consequence until its 
junction with the Amite. The outlet of Iber- 
ville is at the bottom of a large bend of the Misp. 
14 ms. below Baton Rouge. After its efflux 
this stream is augmented by some swamp 
drains, but with little addition of breadth or 
depth for 20 ms. to where it meets with and is 
lost in the Amite. (See Amite r.) 

Iberville, parish of La. bndd. by Atcha- 
falaya r. s. w., the Bayou Plaquemine and Misp. 
r. separating it from W. Baton Rouge on the n. 
w., by E. Baton Rouge n., Amite r. n. e., and 
the parish of Ascension e. and s. e. Length 
35, mean width 10, anl area 350 sq. ms., ex- 
tending in lat. from 30° 03' to 30° 18', and in 
long, from 13° 50' to 14° 24' w. W. C. The 
surface very nearly an undeviating plain, simi- 
lar to other parts of the Delta, the margin of 
the streams only sufficiently elevated for culti- 



vation, What soil admits of agriculture, &c. 
is exuberantly productive. Staple, cotton. Cf. 
t. St. Gabriel. Pop. 1820, 4,414, 1830, 7,049. 

Icksburgh, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 42 ms. by p.r. 
Harrisburg. 

Ignatius Point, Chippeway co. Mich. This 
is the extreme sthrn. projection of that penin. 
sula between lakes Michigan, Superior and 
Huron, and which is nearly commensurate with 
Chippeway co. Point Ignace as named by the 
French, projects sthrd. towards the island of 
Michilimackinak, contributing to narrow the 
strait between lakes Michigan and Huron. 

Illinois, r. of the U. S. and great sthestm. 
confluent of the Misp. proper. From its rela. 
tive position the Illinois is a r. of great impor. 
tance as a connecting link in the chain of inter- 
nal navigable waters. The extreme nrthrn. 
source of Illinois is that of Fox r. of Illinois. 
This stream according to Tanner's late im. 
proved map, rises in Huron territory as far n. as 
lat. 43° 25', between the sources of Rock r. and 
those of Manawakee, and flowing thence e. s. 



ILL 



210 



ILL 



w. 160 ms. comparative course unites with the 
Illinois in Lasalle co. II. If length of course is 
considered as the deciding criterion, Fox r. is 
the main stream above their junction, though 
the name of II. commences with the union of 
the Plane and Kankakee rivers. Plane r. though 
more generally known is a far inferior stream 
to the Kankakee. The Plane is, however, from 
its position an important branch. Rising wstrd. 
and near the shore of lake Mich, and flowing 
s. nearly parallel to and about lO ms. of that 
lake, it has become at seasons of high water, a 
navigable stream 12 ms. from Chicago. Thence 
inflecting to the s. w. 40 ms. it joins the Kanka- 
kee to form Illinois. Kankakee r. is composed 
of two branches, Kankakee proper and Picki- 
mink rs. The former has its extreme source 
in St. Joseph's co. Ind. and by a general course 
of s. w. by w. about 100 ms. receives the Picki- 
mink from the sthestrd. The latter also has 
its source in Ind. from whence curving to the 
sthrd. but by a general wstrn. course joins the 
Kankakee. The two rivers are nearly of simi- 
lar volume and length. Below their union the 
water bends to n. n. w. 15 ms. to where it min- 
gles with that of Plane r. Both the Kankakee 
and Pickimink, have channels curving in a very 
remarkable manner with the outline of the 
southern part of lake Michigan. Below the un- 
ion of Plane and Kankakee, the Illinois flows 
about 60 ms. very nearly w. receiving the Fox 
river, from the n., and Vermillion from the s. 
and falling over rapids, inflects abruptly to the 
s. s. w. The upper part of the Illinois valley 
encircles the southern part of lake Michigan, 
about 2Q0 ms. A canal has been proposed to 
follow the Illinois and Plane, and thence over 
the intermediate space to Chicago on lake 
Mich. Nature seems to have done a great share 
of the necessary labor, to eflfect this improve, 
ment. The canal distance from the rapids to 
lake Michigan will be 100 ms. The rapids of 
Illinois are a mere shelf, uniting two plains of 
no considerable difference of elevation. Lake 
Michigan is elevated about 600 feet above tide 
water in the Atlantic ocean, and the higher part 
of the Illinois valley has but little more relative 
height. The surface of the country presents no 
considerable difference of elevation ; it is in 
great part a plain, and much of it naked of tim- 
ber. Below the great bend, the Illinois with a 
considerable western curve pursues a general 
s. s. w. course 200 ms. to its junction with the 
Mississippi. If measured by the channel of 
Fox river, the entire comparative length of Illi. 
nois, is very near 400 ms. Below the great 
bend it is augmented by Spoon river from the 
west, and by the much larger volume of San- 
gamon, and also from both sides by numerous 
creeks, or small rivers. The greatest breadth 
of the Illinois valley is 120 ms. from the eastern 
sources of Sangamon to the western of Spoon 
river, but the northern or rather northeastern 
part, branching into two long narrow arms, the 
mean breadth does not exceed 60 ms. The 
area about 24,000 square ms. Physically this 
fine valley has lake Michigan n. e., Rock river 
N. w., Mississippi w. and s. w., Kaskaskias 
river s. e., and the higher branches of Wabash 
river, N. e. Below the rapids, the character of 



the river itself approaches to that of a tortuous 
canal, in many parts widening into swells that 
appear similar to lakes. Politically a small 
section drained by the higher part of Rock riv- 
er, is in Huron, area about 700 square ms. 
Both branches of Kankakee rise in Indiana, 
draining about two thousand three hundred 
square miles leaving twenty one thousand 
square miles in Illinois. No circumstance 
could exhibit the immense extent of the vast 
basin of the Mississippi more forcibly than to 
compare it with the valley of Illinois. The lat- 
ter exceeding the fourth part of an area equal 
to the Rhine, does not amount to the fortieth 
part of the basin of which it forms a section. 
{See the tributary rivers, Fox, Kankakee, San- 
gamon, Spoon, &c. under their respective 
heads.) 

Illinois, one of the U. S. bndd. by the Misp, 
r. w. and s. w., by Huron territory n., lake Mi- 
chigan N. E., Indiana e., and Ohio r. separating 
it from Kentucky s. e. and s. The outlines of 
the state are as follows : commencing at the 
junction of Ohio and Misp. rs. and thence up 
the latter opposite the state of Missouri, to the 
mouth of Lemoine river, by comparative cours- 
es 340 miles ; continuing up the Mississippi to 
lat. 42° 30', 200 ms. ; thence due e. to lake Mi- 
chigan along the s. boundary of Huron, 167 ms.; 
along the s. w. part of lake Michigan 60 ms.; 
thence due s. along western boundary of Indi- 
ana to Wabash river 163 ms. ; down the Wa- 
bash, opposite Indiana to the Ohio river 120 
ms. ; down the Ohio river opposite Kentucky, 
to the Mississippi river, and place of beginning 
130 ms. ; having entire outline of 1,170 ms. 
This state, next to Virginia and Missouri, is 
the third in area amongst the United States ; it 
extends in lat. from 37*^ to 42° 30', and in long, 
from 10° 36' to 14° 30' w. W. C. The great. 
est length is exactly on a line with the extreme 
of its lat. or 382 ms. A similar feature is pre- 
sented by the extremes of its long, where the 
breadth is greatest, or 206 ms. Narrowing, 
however, towards both extremes, and the actu- 
al area lieing 53,480 square miles, the mean 
width is is about 140 miles. Embracing a zone 
of Sj degrees of lat. and with an area of 34,- 
227,200 acres, this state presents, as far as 
lat. is concerned, the most extended arable 
surface of any state of the United States. As 
a physical section it occupies the lower part of 
that inclined plain of which lake Michigan and 
both its shores are the higher sections, and 
which is extended into and embraces the much 
greater part of Indiana. Down this plain in a 
very nearly southwestern direction, flow the 
Wabash and confluents ; the Kaskaskias, the 
Illinois and confluents, and the Rock, and 
Ouisconsin rivers. (See article Huron Terri- 
tory.) The lowest section of the plain is also 
the extreme southern angle of Illinois, at the 
mouth of Ohio river, about 340 feet above tide 
water in the gulf of Mexico. Though the state 
of Illinois does contain some hilly sections, as 
a whole, it may be regarded as a gently incli- 
ning plain, in the direction of its rivers as al- 
ready indicated. Without including minute 
parts, the extreme arable elevation may be 
, safely stated at 800 feet above tide water, and 



ILL 



211 



ILL 



the mean height at 550. With all the uniform- 
ity of its surface and the moderate difference of 
its relative level, there still exists a great dif. 
ference in the extremes of its climate. Com. 
pared with the temperature on Rock river 
plains, that near the confluence of the Ohio and 
Mississippi rivers may be called warm. ( ot. 
ton can be cultivated to the southward, and the 
summers are often intense, but a very severe 
winter climate prevails over the whole state. 
From actual observation the thermometer of 
Fahrenheit has fallen frequently below zero, at 
New Harmony, opposite the southern part of 
the state. We may here observe, that in ma- 
king observations with the thermometer, they 
are made too often almost exclusively whilst 
the sun is above the horizon, and therefore 
give, not the mean of all the astronomical day, 
but that of day light, and consequently the far 
great number of places are represented as hav- 
ing a mean temperature altogether too high. 
If compared with other parts of the United 
Slates, (see that article,)it will be found very 
doubtful whether any part of Illinois has a mean 
temperature as high as 53° of the scale of Fah- 
renheit, and that the mean of the state falls as 
low, if not lower than 50°. 

Soil and Productions. Of the surface of Illi- 
nois, it is safe to state as much as 50,000 square 
ms. arable. In respect to soil, it bears some re- 
semblance to Ohio and Indiana, but has less bro- 
ken, sterile, and rocky, or of flat and wet land 
than either of the latter, even when the respec- 
tive superficies of the three states are compar- 
ed. The worst feature of Illinois, is the vast 
extent of its naked and level plains (prairies) 
and the consequent scarcity of timber and foim. 
tain water. It must not, however, be under- 
stood, that the prairies are uniformly level 
plains ; some are rolling and even hilly, and 
abound in good foimtains, but as a general char- 
acter they are plains in the true meaning of the 
term. In the article Louisiana the reader will 
observe that the prairies present all the ex- 
tremes from fertility to extreme barrenness. 
The word is French and signifies meadows, and 
not plains. They are, and with all their varie- 
ty of surface and soil, the same as the steppes 
of northern Asia. In Illinois as in Louisiana, 
many of the prairies present alluvial deposites, 
which prove them to have once been morasses, 
perhaps lakes. Whatever may have been their 
origin, the prairies constitute the most striking 
feature of Illinois, and extend in the general 
direction of its rivers from the Mississippi to 
lake Michigan, and indeed stretch south of 
lake Michigan over Indiana into the state of 
Ohio, lessening, nevertheless advancing east. 
ward. The wooded soil is generally produc- 
tive, and from what has been already observed, 
it must be obvious that the state in its vegetable 
productions assimilates with the northern and 
middle states, abounding in pasturage, and 
where cultivated with advantage, with small 
grain. Fruits common in the middle states 
grow and flourish, but it has been observed, 
that from the very great fertility of soil, they 
are comparatively vapid in taste and flavor. An 
abundance of fossil coal is found here ; many 
salt springs have been discovered, and some 
manufactures of salt have been established ; 



the most extensive are in the vicinity of Shaw- 
neetown. Sulphur, and Chalybeate springs 
also abound. The lead mines of the state are 
very extensive, and rich, and silver ore is sup- 
posed to exist in some of the southern cos. 

Commercial Facilities. In the articles lake 
Michigan, and the rivers Ijlinois, Sangamon, 
Kankakee, Fox, Kaskaskias, Rock, Mississip- 
pi, and Wabash, the prodigious natural chan- 
nels which bound, or traverse Illinois, will be 
seen. (See Rail Roads and Canals, art. III. 
and Mich. a. a.) Rich in a productive soil, and 
every where open lo navigable streams, it is 
not too much to say that ten millions of inhabi- 
tants will be far from its ultimate population. 

This fine natural section is subdivided into 
the following counties , to which we add the 
Pop. according to the census of 1830. Those 
left blank are not named in the census tables. 



Counties. 






Counties. 


Adams, 


2,186 


Macdonough & 


\ 1,309 


Alexander, 


1,390 


Schuyler, 


Bond, 


3,124 


Madison, 


6,229 


Calhoun, 


1,090 


Marion, 


2,021 


Clarke, 


3,940 


Mercer, 


26 


Clay, 


755 


Monroe, 


2,119 


Clinton, 


2,330 


Montgomery, 


2,950 


Cook, 




Morgan, 


12,709 


Crawford, 


3,113 


^'^^"^'-.^"SKnS 


Edgar, 


4,071 


Edwards, 


1,649 


Peoria, \ 


1,309 


Fayette, 


2,704 


Putnam, ( 


Franklin, 


4,081 


Perry, 


1,215 


Fulton, 




Pike, 


2,393 


Henry, ) 


2,156 


Pope, 


3,223 


Knox, \ 


Randolph, 


4,436 


Gallatin, 


7,407 


Rnck Island, 




Green, 


7,664 


Saint Clair, 


7,092 


Hamilton, 


2,620 


Sangamon, 


12,960 


Hancock, 


484 


Shelby, 


2,973 


Jackson, 


1,827 


Tazewell, 


4,716 


Jasper, 




Union, 


3,239 


Jetferson, 


2,555 


Vermillion, 


5,836 


Joe Daviess, 


2,111 


Wabash, 


2,709 


Johnson, 


1,596 


Warren, 


307 


Lasalle, 




Washington, 


1,674 


Lawrence, 


3,661 


Wayne, 


2,562 


Macaupin, 


1,989 


White, 


6,091 


McLean, 








Macon, 


1,122 








Total 




157,445 


Of the foregoing 


were white persons. 








Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of ag 


S) 


18,834 


17,429 


From .5 to 10, 




12,753 


12,000 


" 10 to 15, 




10,024 


9,246 


" 15 to 20, 




7,770 


8,053 


" 20 to 30, 




14,706 


12,461 


" 30 to 40, 




8,825 


6,850 


" 40 to 50, 




4,627 


3,750 


" 50 to 60, 




2,853 


2,047 


" 60 to 70, 




1,172 


812 


" 70 to 80s: 




384 


273 


" 80 to 90, 




90 


77 


" 90 to 100, 




6 


14 


" 100 and u 


pwards. 


4 


1 



Total, 82,048 73,013 

Of the above, are deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 23 ; 
14 to 25,27; 25 and upwards, 16; blind, 35. 
Colored population — free. 





Males, 


Females 


Under 10 years of age. 


277 


305 


From 10 to 24, 


251 


225 


" 24 to 36, 


136 


125 


" 36 to .55, 


119 


1D6 


" 55 to 100, 


40 


50 


" 100 and upwards. 


1 


2 



Total, 824 813 

Slaves — males, 347 ; females, 400 ; Colored persons, 

deaf and dumb, 0; blind, 4. 
Recapitulation. 

Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

. 155,061 1,637 747 157,445 



ILL 



212 



IND 



Progressive population has been truly rapid 
in Illinois. During the decennial period be- 
tween 1820, and 1830, this advanced at the rate 
of 185 per cent. (See dosing part of article 
Indiana.) In 1810 the pop. amounted to 
12,282; and in 1820, to 55,211. 

Constitution, government, judiciary. The 
constitution of Illinois was adopted at Kaskas- 
kias, 26th August, 1818. Art. 1. Sec. 1. The 
powers of the government of the state of Illi- 
nois, shall be divided into three distinct depart- 
ments, and each of them confided to a separate 
body of magistracy, to wit : those which are 
legislative, to one ; those which are executive 
to another ; and those which are judiciary to 
another. Sec. 2. No person or collection of 
persons, being one of those departments, shall 
exercise any power properly belonging to either 
of the others, except as hereinafter expressly 
directed or permitted. Art. 2. Sec. 1. The 
legislative authority of this state shall be vest- 
ed in a general assembly, which shall consist of 
a senate and house of representatives, both to 
be elected by the people. Sec. 3. No person 
shall be a representative who shall not have at- 
tained to the age of 21 years, who shall not be 
a citizen of the United States, and an inhabit- 
ant of this state, who shall not have resided 
within ihe limits of the county or district in 
which he shall be chosen, twelve months next 
preceding his election, unless absent on public 
business, &c. Sec. 6. No person shall be a 
senator who has not arrived at the age of 25 
years, who shall not be a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not have resided one year 
in the county or district in which he shall be 
chosen immediately preceding his election, &c. 
Art. 3. Sec. 1. The executive power of this 
state shall be vested in a governor. Sec. 2. 
The governor shall be chosen by the electors 
of the members of the general assembly, at the 
same places, and in the same manner that they 
e'uU respectively vote for members thereof. 
Sec. 3. The governor shall hold his office for 
four years, and until another governor shall be 
elected and qualified ; but he shall not be eligi- 
ble for more than 4 years in any term of 8 
years. Must be 30 years of age when elect- 
ed, a citizen of the United States, and 2 years 
next preceding his election a; resident of Illi- 
nois. Sec. 13i A lieutenant governor shall be 
chosen at every election for govemar, in the 
same manner, continue in office for the same 
time, and possess the same qualifications^ Sec. 
14. The lieutenant governor is speaker of the 
senate, &c. Art. 4. Sec. 1. The judicial 
power of this state shall be vested in one su- 
preme court, and such inferior courts as the 
general assembly shall, from time to time or- 
dain, and establish. Sec. 4. The justices of 
the supreme court, and the judges of the infe- 
rior courts, shall be appointed by joint ballot of 
both branches of the general assembly, and 
commissioned by the governor ; their offices 
during good behaviour. Removable by im. 
peachment or by address of two thirds of each 
branch of the general assembly. The govern. 
or has power to grant reprieves and pardon 
after conviction, except in cases of impeach- 
ment, and has farther the usual powers and 



duties to perform of governors of the other re- 
spective states. From any disability, death, 
&c. of the governor, the powers and duties of 
the office devolve on the lieutenant governor. 
By the general provisions of the constitution of 
Illinois, the right of suffrage is secured to the 
white male citizens above 21 years of age. 
No person can be imprisoned for debt unless 
on refusal to deliver up his property, or on 
strong suspicions of fraud. The right of trial 
by jury is to remain inviolate. By article 6th, 
section 1, neither slavery nor involuntary servi- 
tude is to be introduced into the state. All 
children born in the state, white or colored, 
become free, the males at 21, and the females at 
18. Liberty of the press, of public worship, 
limited only by the public peace. In December 
1832, the debt of the state of Illinois amount- 
ed to $266,612. Amount of the school fund 
$108,842- The annual revenue of the state 
was estimated at $50,000, in 1831, and its or- 
dinary expenses at ^28,000 ; the balance is ap- 
propriated generally to internal improvements. 

History. The early settlements of the French 
along the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, date 
back to 1673. The distant and feeble estab- 
lishments of that nation at any place within the 
chartered limits of Illinois, never arose to the 
dignity of colonies. At the close of the revo. 
lutionary war, and by the treaty of 1783, the 
country was claimed under the charter of Vir- 
ginia, and held by that state until ceded to the 
United States in 1787. It was then made a part 
of the territory n. w. of the Ohio river. When 
the now state of Ohio was made a separate 
territory in 1800, Illinois and Indiana remained 
united, and continued one territory, until 1809> 
when they were separated into two. Indiana 
lying eastward, and in- the direction of the- 
stream of emigration, preceded' Illinois, as a 
state ; the former reached that dignity in 1815, 
and the latter in 1813^ as may be seen by the 
date of her constitution. Since that epoch the 
history of the state merges in that of the Uni- 
ted States. 

Indepelmdence cr. N. Y. about 25 ms. in 
length, runs from Herkimer co. across Lewis 
CO. tO' the Black r. in Watson, midway between 
Beaver and Moose rs. 

Indefendence, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 18 
ms. s. E. Angelica. Watered by Crider's, 
Dike's, and Baker's creeks, good sized mill 
streams, which fall into the Genesee river. Tim- 
bered with deciduous trees of the various kinds. 
Land better for grass than grain. Pop. 877. 

Independence, t. Warren co. N. J. on Mus- 
conetcunk r., and the Sussex line, bndd. n. w. 
by Hardwick, s. w. by Mansfield and Oxford. 
Pop. 2,126. 

Independence, p-v. in-the northeastern part 
of Washington co. Pa. about 17 ms. n. w. 
Washington, the co. st. 

Independence, p-v Autauga co. Ala. by p-r. 
85 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Independence, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. 
Mo. It is not located on either Tanner's m'lp 
or p-o. list, but from the position of the co. is 
near the western boundary of the state, and on 
or near the Mo. r. The post distance 177 ms. 
wstrd. of Jefferson city. 



IND 



213 



IND 



India Ken, p-v. Ripley co. Ind. by p-r. 87 ms. 
8. E. Indianopolis. 

Indian r. Coos co. N. H. one of the principal 
and most northerly sources of Conn, r., rises in 
the Highlands near the n. limits of the state, and 
pursues a s. w. course to its junction, with the 
E. branch, flowing from lake Conn. 30 miles 
long. 

Indian r. N. Y. rises in Lewis co. winds 
across Jefferson co., runs through St. Lawrence 
CO. and joins the Oswegatchie, about 4 ms. 
above its mouth in the St. Lawrence. A very 
crooked stream, and runs in its whole course 
probably 100 ms. 

Indian r. small stream of Sussex co. Del. 
rises near, and to the sthrd. of Georgetown, 
and flowing estrd. falls into Rehoboth bay, 10 
ms. a little w. of s. Cape Henlopen. 

Indian r. of Flor. is properly a sound, com- 
mencing at lat. 28° 40', and stretching within 
cape Canaveral nearly parallel to the Atlantic 
coast, with a long, narrow, intervening reef of 
sand to n. lat. 27° 35', where it opens to the 
ocean by Indian r. inlet. 

Indian River, Hundred, of Sussex co. Del. 
on Indian r. Pop. 1820, 1,887. 

Indiana co. of Pa. bndd. by Armstrong w. and 
w. vv., by Jefferson n., Clearfield n. e., Cambria, 
E. and s. E., and by Conemaugh r., separating it 
on the s. from Westmoreland. Length 3,5, 
mean width 23, and area 800 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 40° 24' to 40° 56', and in long, 
from 1° 52' to 2° 30' w. W. C. This co. lies w. 
of the Laurel ridge, and its plane of descent is 
also wstrd. drained by the branches of the 
Conemaugh r. and of Crooked and Mahoning 
creeks. The descent of the declivity from the 
eastern to the wstrn. border of this co. is very 
rapid. By admeasurements made on the Pa. 
canal, the level of Conemaugh r. at the s. w. 
angle of this co. is 1,154 feet, and this point is 
the lowest part of the co., and of course the 
whole arable surface rises above an equivalent 
to a temperature of 3° of lat. Cf. t. Indiana. 
Pop. 1820, 8,882, 1830, 14,252. 

Indiana, p-v. and st. jus. Ind. co. Pa. 35 ms. 
N. E. Greenburg, 48 n. e. by e. Pittsburg, and by 
p.r. 180 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg. Lat. 40° 
40', long. 2° 12' w. W. C. 

Indiana, state of the U. S. bndd. e. by 0., s. 
by the O. r., separating it from Ky., w. by the 
state of 11., N. w. by lake Mich., and n. by the 
ter. of Mich. Indiana e-xtends along 0. r. op^ 
posite Ky. from the mouth of Great Miami to 
that of the Wabash 340 ms. Up the Wabash, 
opposite the state of II. to a meridian line, 
extending from lat. 39° 23', 150 ms. Along 
the above meridian line to southern part of 
lake Mich. 160 ms. Along lake Mich, accord- 
ing to Tanner, to lat. 41° 47' 40 ms. Dae e. 
along lat. 41° 47', to the n. e. angle of the 
state, 110 ms. Thence due s. to the mouth of 
Great Miami, and place of beginning, 190 ms. 
Having an entire outline of 990 ms. A diago- 
nal line drawn from the s. w. to the n. e. angle 
of Ind. measures 325 ms., but its greatest 
length from s. to n. along its western border, 
from the Ohio r. opposite the mouth of Green 
t. to lake Mich, is 272 ms. The mean length 
is very near 260, and mean breadth I40v with 

28 



an area of 36,400 sq. ms. Measured careful, 
ly by the rliomb, the area comes out 36,670 sq. 
ms., and the mean between the two methods is 
so near 36,000 sq. ms. as to justify the adoption 
of that superficial area. This state extends in 
lat. from 37° 50' to 41° 47', and in long. w. W. 
C. from 7° 48' to 11° 08'. Much of what has 
been said respecting the physical features of 
II. applies also to Ind. the two stales being in- 
cluded in the same physical section. The 
reader will find great sKare of the general 
features of lad. under the head ef Wabash r., 
that stream and its confluents draining fully the 
five sixtlis of the whole state. In features, soil 
and climate, Indiana forms a connecting link 
between O. and II. having the physiognomy of 
both the contiguous states. Less monotonous 
in surface than II., Ind. presents fewer bold and 
prominent marks than does O. Commencing 
on the Ohio r. we find a range of rough and 
abruptly rising hills, stretching along that great 
stream from the influx of Great Miami to near 
that of the Wabash, 'i hese hills, so imposino^ 
near the Ohio r. are in themselves a true geo. 
graphical deception. Passing along this river's 
verge, no creek is found flowing from them of 
any considerable magnitude. Ascending these 
heights they are discovered to be the mere 
relative elevations formed by the deep channel 
of Ohio, and discharge their waters to the 
northwstrd. into the sub-valley of White r. or 
into the valley of Wabash. At the great bend 
of Ohio r. opposite the mouth of Ky. r., the 
■fountains of White r. rise within 1 mile of the 
channel of Ohio. Traversing this range of 
hills the observer finds himself in the beautiful 
valley of the "Wabash, variegated by hill and 
dale, and presenting one of the finest natural 
sections of the earth. The surface of the 
country softens advancing northwardly over 
the numerous tributaries of White r., and over 
the main volume of Wabash. A real table 
land is now reached, flat, level, and wet, giving 
source to the Tippecanoe and Eel r. branches 
of Wabash, to the Kankakee and Pickimink 
branches of II. r., to the Elkhart, Pigeon and 
other southern branches of the St. Joseph's r. of 
lake Mich., and finally to the St. Joseph's 
branch of Maumee. From the preceding we 
find that Northern Ind. is a table land, dis- 
charging rivers in four, and nearly opposite di- 
rections, The settlements cease with the Wa- 
bash part, and a zone extending over the eleva- 
ted plateau from Lenawee and Hillsdale cos. in 
Mich, into II., and indeed almost to 11. r. re- 
mains in savage hands. The extreme northern 
section of Ind. drained into lake Mich, has been 
reclaimed and laid out into the cos. of La 
Grange, Elkhart, St. Joseph's and La Porte. 
Properly speaking, the great western plain of 
Indiana, commences on lake Erie, between the 
mouths of Maumee and Raisin rivers, and ex- 
tends to the junction of the Illinois with the 
Mississippi river, discharging to the n. w. the 
various confluents of St. Joseph's river of lake 
Michigan, and the Kankakee, Pickimink, Ver- 
million, Mackinaw, Sangamon, and other tribu- 
taries of Illinois r. ; and on the opposite side 
giving source to the innumerable branches of 
Wabash and Kaskaskias rivers. The length 



IND 



214 



IND 



of this plateau is from the mouth of the Raisin, 
to that of Illinois river 400 miles in a direction 
of s. w. by w. and n. e. by e. General charac- 
ter prairie, as noticed in the description of the 
state of Illinois. The surface and still, more so 
the sub-soil abound with marine and river 
shells, with embedded trees, and other memoria 
of having been once inundated. Prairies are 
not however confined to the northern section ; 
they abound over the " White River country," 
as it is called, and present all the varieties of 
dry, wet, level, rolling, and of great fertility 
and barrenness. They are generally however 
productive and are frequently most luxuriantly 
fertile. 

Soil and Productions. It would be mere 
repetition to give a detail under this head, after 
what has been said- respecting Illinois, the two 
states having such strong resemblance in both 
characters* A like remark applies to climate, 
with the exception that Indiana has less exten- 
sion north and south than Illinois, the former 
having nevertheless more variety of features, 
has also a perceptibly severer winter over its 
northern plains. Under the article Ohio^ the 
reader will find some remarks illustrative of the 
climate of the Ohio valley generally. 

Commercial Facilities. Indiana already en- 
joys a share of the benefits arising from the 
canal connecting the Ohio and Miami river at 
Cincinnati. A rail road has been projected 
from Indianopolis in a nearly northern direction 
to lake Michigan in La Porte co. The courses 
of Maumee and Wabash rivers, and the nature 
of the intermediate country between their 
sources, invite a canal of connection. The 
Ohio river borders the southern part of the 
state, and with the Wabash and confluents offers 
immense natural commercial channels. (See 
the various rivers under their respective heads, 
and Wabash and Erie canal, in art. Rail 
Roads and Canals, &c.) " 

Abstract, from the census of 1830, of the 
population of the counties and state of Indiana. 
Counties. Pop. Counties. Pop. 

Allen, 996 Lawrence, 9,234 

Bartholemew, 5,476 Madison, 2,238 

Boone, 621 Marion, 7,192 

Carroll, 1,611 Msrtin, 2,010 

Cass, 1,162 Miami, 

Clark, 10,686 Monroe, 6,577 

Clay, 1,616 Montgomery, 7,317 

Clinton, 1,423 Morgan, 5,593 

Crawford, 3,238 Orange, 7,901 

Daviess, 4,543 Owen, 4,017 

Dearborn, 13,974 Parke, 7,535 

Delaware, 2,374 Perry, 3,369 

Decatur, 5,887 Pike, 2,475 

Dubois, 3,778 Posey, 6,549 

Elkhart and ter. „„- Putnam, 8,262 

attached, -'•^^ Randolph, 3,912 

Fayette, 9,112 Ripley, 3,989 

Floyd, 6.361 Rush, 9,707 

Fountain, 7J619 Scott, 3,092 

Franklin, 10,190 Shelby, 6,295 

Gibson, ' 5,418 Spencer, 3,196 

Greene, 4,242 St. Joseph and ter. 

Grant, attached, 287 

Hamilton, 1,757 Sullivan, • 4,630 

Hancock, 1,436 Switzerland, 7,028 

Harrison, 10,273 Tippecanoe, 7,187 

Henry, 6,497 Union, 7,944 

Hendricks, 3,975 Vanderburgh, 2,611 

Huntington, Vermillion, 5,692 

Jackson, 4,870 Vigo, 5,766 

Jefferson, 11,465 Wabash, 

Jennings, 3,974 Warren, with ter. 

Johngon, 4,019 attached, 9,861 



Counties. 




Pop. 


Counties. 


Pop. 


Knox, 




6,525 


Warrick, 


2,877 


La Grange 


, 




Washington, 


13,064 


La Porte, 






Wayne, 


18,571 


Of the 


foregoing 


were 


white persons 
Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age. 




39,789 


37,505 


From 


5 to 10, 




28,692 


27,315 


" 


10 to 15, 




22,872 


21,072 


" 


15 to 20, 




17,653 


18,087 


" 


20 to 30, 




28,153 


26,702 


" 


30 to 40, 




17,904 


15,703 


" 


40 to 50, 




10,306 


9,028 


" 


50 to 60, 




6,004 


4,808 


11 


60 to 70, 




3,160 


2,275 


" 


70 to 80, 




1,059 


780 


" 


80 to 90, 




240 


312 


" 


90 to 100, 




49 


25 


" 


100 and upwards 


13 


4 



Total, 175,885 163,514 

Of the above are deaf and dumb, under 14 

years, 49 ; 14 to 25, 59 ; 25 and upwards 33 ; 

blind 150. 

Colored population — free, 





Males. 


Females. 


er 10 years of age. 


617 


594 


From 10 to 24, 


544 


5Ti 


" 24 to 36. 


307 


279 


•' 36 to 55, 


240 


215 


" 55 to 100, 


138 


107 


" 100 and upwards,. 


11 


4 



Total, 1,857 1,772 

There are three slaves only in Indiana, and 
these are females. Colored persons who are 
deaf and dumb, under 14 years, 1 ; 14 to 25, 2 ; 
blind 2. 
Recapitulation — * 

Whites, FreeCol'd, Slaves, Total. 

339,399 3,629 3 343,031 

The population of the state in 1800, amount- 
ed to 4,875 ; in 1810 to 24,520 ; in 1820 to 
147,178; and in 1830 (as above) to 343,031. 
The progressive population of Indiana was 132 
per cent, during the 10 years preceding the last 
census. We have seen that that of II. was still 
more in excess, being 185 per cent.. during the 
same term. The two states taken together, 
contain 89,880 square miles, equal to 57.,523,- 
200 statute acres. Their joint population 
amounts to 500,476. Thus on a physical sec- 
tion of 89,880 square ms., in 1830, the popula, 
tion amounted to a small fraction above 5^ to 
the square mile. Forty times such a distribu- 
tive population would only a little exceed 20 
millions, and fall even then far short of what 
has already comparatively accumulated on re- 
gions greatly less productive in every necessa- 
ry requisite to sustain a dense population ;■ such 
are the immense voids to be filled in the cen. 
tral United States. 

Constitution, government, judiciary. The 
constitution of Ind. was adopted on the 10th of 
June, 1816, and contains the following essen. 
tial provisions : Art. 1. Is a Bill of Rights con- 
taining 24 sections. Art. 2. The powers of 
the government of Indiana shall be divided into 
three distinct departments, and each of them be 
confided to a separate body of magistracy, to 
wit : those which are legislative to one ;. those 
which are executive to another; and; those 
which are judiciary to another ; and no person, 
or collection of persons, being of one of those 
departments, shall exercise any power, proper 



IND 



215 



low 



ly attached to either of the others, except in 
the instances herein expressly permitted. Art. 
3. Sec. 1. The legislative authority of this 
state shall be vested in a genera] assembly, 
which shall consist of a senate and house of 
representatives, both to be elected by the peo- 
ple. Sec. 3. The representatives shall be 
chosen annually, by the qualified electors of 
each county respectively, on the first Monday 
in August. Sec. 4. No persea shall be a rep- 
resentative, unless he shall have attained the 
age of 21 years, and shall be a citizen of the 
United States, and an inhabitant of this state ; 
and shall also have resided within the limits of 
the county in which he shall be chosen, one 
year next preceding his election, &c. Sec. 5. 
The senators shall be chosen for three years, 
on the first Monday in August, by the qualified 
voters for representatives. Sec. 7. No per- 
son shall be a senator, unless he shall have at- 
tained the age of 25 years, and shall be a citi- 
zen of the U. S., resided two years in the state, 
and the 1 .st year in the county from which elec- 
ted. Art. 4. Sec. 1. The supreme executive 
power of this state shall be vested in a governor, 
who shall be styled, the governor of the state of 
Indiana. Sec. 3. The governor shall hold his 
office during 3 years, or until a successor shall 
be chosen and qualified. Sec. 5. He is re- 
quired to be 30 years of age, a citizen of the 
United States 10 years, and have resided in the 
state 5 years next preceding his election. He 
has the usual power of governors of states. As 
in Illinois a lieutenant is chosen with the gov- 
ernor, and as in Illinois, the two officers have 
the same legal relation to each other. Art. 5. 
Sec. 1. The judiciary power of this state both 
as to law and equity shall be vested in one su- 
preme court, in circuit courts, and such other 
inferior courts as the general assembly may, 
from time to time, direct and establish. Art. 
6. Sec. 1. Every white male citizen of the 
United States, of the age of 21 years and up- 
wards, who has resided in the state one year 
immediately preceding such election, shall be 
entitled to vote in the county where he resides. 
All elections by ballot. Art. 11. Sec. 7. There 
shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servi- 
tude in this state. 

The other provisions of the constitution of 
Indiana, have the ordinary features of those 
charters in other states. 

History. The towTi of Vincennes is the cra- 
dle of Indiana, and was founded by the French 
about 1690. This remote village remained of 
little consequence, but was the scene of some 
interesting events in the revolutionary war. It 
was reached and taken by a British force, and 
again reached and retaken by a small army un- 
der the authority of Virginia and commanded 
by Col. Rogers Clarke, After the treaty of 
Grenville, 1795, settlements along the Ohio, 
Wabash and White rivers, began to extend. 
What is now Indiana, was severed from Ohio, 
in 1801, and Illinois constituted a territory. 
These two latter were separated in 1809, when 
each became a separate territory. In 1815, 
having attained the requisite population, India- 
Ea became a state, as may be seen in the sketch 
of its constitution. Since becoming an inde. 



pendent member of the Union, its history is 
merged in that of the United States. 

I:\DiANOP0Lis, p-v. and st. jus. for Marion co. 
and also st. of government for the state of In- 
diana, is situated on the right or w. bank of 
White r. by p.r. 573 ms. n. w. by w. -J w. W. 
C, 108 N. w. Cincinnati, and by the common 
road about 200 ms. n. e. by e. Vandalia, lat. 39'^ 
47', long. 9° 10' w, W. C. According to Flint 
it contains 200' houses and 1,200 inhabitants, 
with the usual co. and state buildings. These 
new capitals increase so rapidly as to annually 
antiquate the description of the year before. 
At high water White r. is navigable from Indi. 
anopoiis. This town is remarkably near the 
actual centre of the state, and stands in a coun- 
try presenting every advantage of soil, and sur- 
face. 

Indian Springs, p-v. in the southern part of 
Butts CO. Geo. by p-r. 55 ms. n. w. Milledge- 
ville. 

Indian Stream, t. Coos co. N. H. Pop. 30 1. 

Indiantown, p-v. at the head of North r. 

Currituck co. N. C. about 45 ms. a little e. of s. 

Norfolk Va. and by p-r. 231 ms. n. e. by e. Ra^ 

leigh. 

Indiantown, p-v. on Cedar cr. Williamsburgh 
dist. S. C. about 80 ms. direct, but by p-r. 127 
ms. s. e. by e. Columbia. 

Indiantown, p-v. Graves co, Ky. by p.r. 262 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Industry, p-t. Somerset co. Me. 13 ms. Wi 
Norridgewock. Pop. 902, 

Industry, p-v. Montgomery co. O. westward 
Columbus. 

Ingham, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 152 ms. 
nrthrd. Harrisburg. 

Ingham, co. Mich., bounded by Jackson s., 
Eaton w., Clinton x. w., Shiawassee n. e., and 
Washtenaw s. e. It is a square of 24 ms. each 
way, area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 35', long. W. 
C. 7° 24' w. Slope n. w., and drained by the 
two main and higher branches of Grand r. The 
central part 75 ms. n. w. by w. of Detroit. Pop* 
uncertain. 

Ingraham's Mills, and p-o.. Darlington distt 
S. C. by p.r. 83 ms. estrd. Columbia. 

Ingram's Store, and p-o. Randolph co. N, C. 
by p-r. 84 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Intercourse, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. 12 mst 
E. Lancaster, by the common road 48 ms. but 
by p-r. 54 s. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

Ionia, co. of Mich., bounded by Kent w., 
Barry s. w., Eaton s. e., Clinton e., and Mont^ 
calm N. Similar to Clinton and Kent cos., it is 
a square of 24 ms. each way, area 576 sq. mSi 
Lat. 43°, and long. W. C. 8° w.^ intersect in 
this CO. about 110 ms. n. w. by w. of Detroit* 
The slope is westward, and in that direction it 
is traversed by Grand r., the principal constit- 
uents of which unite near its eastern borden 
Chief t. Genereau. It is recently formed, and 
does not appear on the p.o. list, or census ta- 
bles. 

Iowa, co-. of Mich; or more correctly of Hu- 
ron, bndd. Si by Joe Daviess co, of II, the Misp, 
r, w,, Ouisconsin n,-, and with indefinite limits 
E, Lying between lat. 42° 36' and 43° 10', 
long, W, C, 12° to 14° 10'. These fimits are 
giverj from Tanner*s improved map. From tha 



IRE 



216 



ISL 



same authority it appears, that a range of high 
ground separates the lower valley of Ouiscon. 
ein from the sources of numerous streams, 
which flowing southward into the Misp. or 
Rock r., traversing Iowa co. fall into their re- 
cipients in Joe Daviess co. II. Limiting this 
CO. by a meridian line running s. from Fort 
Winnebago, it would have been a length of 
about 100 ms. with a breadth of 40, or 4,000 sq. 
ms. Cf. t. Cassville. Pop. 1,576. The prin- 
cipal seat of the Indian war, in 1832, was in the 
eastern part of this co. on Peektano r., Sugar 
cr., and Goosewehawn r. {See Ouisconsin and 
Rock rs.) 

lowAY, the name of two rs., called relatively 
Upper loway and Lower loway. Upper loway 
rises about lat. 44°, long; W. C. 174 w., inter, 
locking sources with those of Des Moines r., 
and with those of Blue Earth branch of St. Pe- 
ter's r., and flowing thence to the eastward 160 
ms., falls into the right side of Misp. r., at lat. 
43° 30', and about 40 ms. above Prairie du 
Chien, at the mouth of Ouisconsin r. Lower 
loway rises about lat. 43^, long. W. C 16° w., 
interlocking sources with those of the North 
Fork of Des Moines r.. and flowing thence s. 
E. by comparative courses 160 ms , falls into 
the right side of Misp. r., about 30 ms. below 
Rock Island rapids, and nearly opposite the s. 
w. angle of Mercer co. IL The Des Moines, 
and Lower loway rs., flow nearly parallel, and 
about 40 ms. asunder. 

Ipswich, the Agawam of the Indians, p-t. port 
of entry, and one of the shire towns of Essex 
CO. Mass. 27 ms. n. e. Boston. There is a 
large and compact village on both sides of 
Ipswich r. about 2 ms. from its mouth, which 
are united by an excellent stone bridge. Site 
uneven. Land in most parts of the town excel, 
lent. Ships of considerable burthen come lip 
to the lower part of the town, and the falls in 
the r. above furnish convenient and extensive 
water power. It contains a male and female 
academy ; the latter has a department for fe- 
male teachers It has long been noted for the 
manufacture of lace, which was formerly done 
by hand 5 but there is now a lace manufactory, 
with a capital of ^150,000. Pop. 2,949. 

Ira, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 47 ms. n. Benning- 
ton, 32 w. Windsor. Somewhat mountainous. 
Watered by Ira brook and Castleton r. 5 
school dists. Pop. 442. 

Ira, t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 24 ms. n. Auburn, 
11 ms. N. Erie canal. Poorly watered. Soil 
light. No marshes, swamps, or ponds. Pop. 
2,199. 

Irasbukgh, a post and shire town in the cen- 
tre of Orleans co. Vt. 40 ms. n. e. Montpelier. 
Gently diversified with hill and dale. Soil 
good, and easily cultivated. Watered by Black 
r. Near the centre of the town is a small vil- 
lage containing a court house, jail, &:.c. Pop. 
860. 

Iredel, CO. N. C. bndd. w. by Burke, n. w. 
by Wilkes, n. e. by Surry, e. by Rowan, s. by 
Mecklenburg, and s. w. by the Great Catawba 
r., separating it from Linco-ln. Length 40, 
mean breadth 20, and area 800 sq^ iris. Extend- 
ing in lat. 35° 32' to 36° 04', and in long. 3° 45' 
to 4° 14' w. W. C. Iredell, though bndd. by 



the Catawba, slopes in great part towards the 
eastward, is drained by the S. Yadkin. Cf. t; 
Slateville. Pop. 1820, 13,071, and in 1830, 
14,318. 

IrGndequot, cr. N. Y. waters W. Bloomfieldy 
Mendon, Victor, Pittsford, Perrinton, and Brigh. 
ton, where it enters the head of Irondequot or 
Teoronto bay, of lake Ontario, being about 20 
ms. in lengths It is a good mill stream. It 
crosses the Erie canal, on which there is a stu- 
pendous woEk in Pittsford and Perrinton, the 
great embankment. 

Irville, p-v. Muskingum co. O. 46 ms. estrd. 
Columbus. 

Irvine, p-o. Warren co. Pa. by p-r. 247 ms* 
N. w. Harrisburg. 

Irvine, p-v. and st. jus. Estill co. Ky. It is 
situated on Ky. r. 71 ms. n. e. by e. Frank- 
fort. Lat. 37° 43', long. W. C. 6° 53' w. Pop. 
91. 

Irwin, co. Geo. bndd. w. by Baker, n. w. by 
Dooly, N. e. by Ocmulgee r., separating it 
from Telfair, e. by the southern part of Telfair 
and the western of Appling, s. e. by Ware, s. 
by Lowndes, and s. w. by Thomas. Length 
along the southern border from e. to w. 63 ms., 
mean width 33, and area 2,079 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 31° 22' to 32°, and in long. 6° 
07' to 7° 10' Wi C. A very small section of 
the northeastern part of Irwin, is drained into 
the Ocmulgee, and another small triangle on 
the eastern side, by the extreme higher sour- 
ces of the Santilla. The southeastern and central 
part is drained by the Suwanne and its conflu- 
ents, whilst the southwestern section gives 
source to the Ocklockonne r. The general de- 
clivity is s. s. E. Cf. t. Irwin. Pop. 1,180. 

Irwin, c. h. and p-o. Irwin co. Geo. by p-r. 
143 ms. a little w. of s. Milledgeville. 

Irwine, r. of Va. and N. C. (.See SmitJi'sr.) 
Irwinton, p-v. and st. jus. Wilkinson co. Geo. 
24 ms. s. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 50', long. 
6° 18' w. W. C. 

Isabella, new co. of Mich., bounded by Mid^ 
land E., Gratiot s. e., Montcalm s. w., and by 
unappropriated territory on the other sides. It 
is a square of 24 ms. each way, area 576 sq. ms* 
It probably occupies a share of the middle ta. 
ble land cf the Michigan peninsula. The cen^ 
tral part is about 130 ms. in direct line n. \v, 
Detroit. Pop. uncertain. 

IsBELLViLLE, p-v. Todd CO. Ky. by p-r. 186 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

IscHUA, u Cataraugus co. N. Y. 11 ms. e.EI-- 
licottville. Crossed by Ischua cr. Soil and 
surface diverse. Timber principally maple, 
beech, elm, ash, butternut, &Ci 

IsiNG^LAss r. N. H. takes its rise from Long 
Pond in Barrington, and Bow Pond m Straffordj 
and after receiving the waters of several othef 
ponds, unites with the Cocheco, near the s. part 
of Rochester. 

Island Creek, p-v. Jefferson co. O., 156 ms. 
N. E. by E. Columbus. 

Island Ford, and p-o. Rutherford co. N. C.j 
by p-r. 198 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Island Grove, p-v. Sangamo co. IL, 91 ms. 
N. N. w. Vandalia. 

Isle au Haut, t. Hancock co. Me. Pop. 315* 
Isle Breville, p-v. Natchitoches parish. La., 



JAC 



217 



JAC 



between Alexandria of Rapides and the town of 
JNatchitoches. 

Isle of Shoals, small isls. 8 in number, be- 
longing mostly to Me., 3 leagues s. s. e. Ports, 
mouth, N. H. Hog isl., the largest, contains 
350 acres. Star isl. constitutes the town of 
Gosport, belonging to Rockingham co. N. H. 
The whole cluster is inhabited by about one 
hundred fishermen. Formerly, the population 
was much larger. 

Isle of Wight, co. Va., bndd. by Blackwater 
r., separating it from Southampton on the s. w., 
Surry w. and n. w., James r. n. e., and Nanse- 
mond E. and s. e. Length 37, mean width 11, 
and area 407 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 38' 
to 37° 07', and in long, from 0° 02' to 0° 36' e. 
W. C. This CO. is very nearly divided into two 
equal sections by two inclined plains, one run. 
ning s. w. towards Blackwater, and the other 
N. E. towards James r. Cf. t. Smithfield. Pop. 
1820, 10,139, 1830, 10,517. 

Isle of Wight, c-h. and p.o. Isle of Wight 
CO. Va., situated near the centre of the co. 35 
ms. a little n. of w. Norfolk, and by p-r 89 ms. 
s. E. by E. Richmond. 

IsLESBOROUGH, t. Waldo CO. Ms. on L. I. in 
Penobscot bay, 1 m. w. Castine. Pop. 674. 

IsLip, p-t. Suffolk CO. N. Y., s. side Long Isl- 
and, 44 ms. E. N. Y. city. It extends along the 
ocean 16 ms. and has a medium width of 7 ms. 
Has a pond 3 ms. in circumference, denominated 
Ronconcoma pond, which has neither inlet nor 
outlet, concerning which many curious particu- 
lars are related relative to a supernatural ebh 
andflowof its waters. Supplied with mill seats. 
Soil productive ; is a fine town for sea fowl oi 
Various kinds, and still produces wild deer. 
Pop. 1,653. 

Israel's r. N. H., formed by the waters which 
descend from mtns. Adams and Jefferson, and 
falls into the Conn, at Lancaster, A beautiful 
stream. 

Italy, p.t. Yates co. N, Y,, 15 ms. w. Penn 
Yan, 20 s. Canandaigua. Surface somewhat 
hilly. Soil good. Watered by Flint or, which 
furnishes mill seats. Pop, 1,092. 



Ithaca, p-t. and st. jus. Tompkins co. N. Y. 
170 ms. w. Albany, 37 s. Auburn, 45 s. e. Ge- 
neva. It lies at the s. end or head of Cavu^^a 
lake. Has a romantic appearance. Is abun.> 
damly watered by fine mill streams. Fall cr. 
descends 438 ft. within the space of a mile, and 
furnishes several stupenduous cataracts. These 
falls aro about three fourths of a mile n. of the 
village. The first is truly grand. The whole 
sheet of water is poured over the rock 116 ft. 
and the banks above are about ICO ft. more. 
Twenty rods above this, is a fall of 50 fi. ; and 
there is still another of 70 ft. I'he other streams 
are Cayuga inlet or Five Mile cr.. Six Mile cr., 
and Cascadilla cr. Soil good. On Fall cr. 2 
ms. from the village, hemp is dressed by ma. 
chinery, and on Six Mile cr. 3^ ms. from the 
village, is a cotton factory. No where can a 
finer site be found for commercial manufacto. 
ries. 12 school dists>, schools kept six months 
in 12. The valley of the lake is here hemmed 
in on three sides by huge hills 4 or 500 ft. in 
height. The village of Ithaca lies at the bot. 
torn of the valley, on the plain, 2 ms. from the 
lake, from vv^hich the Cayuga inlet is navigable 
to the village, for boats of 40 or 50 tons. It is 
handsomely built, and, among other public 
buildings, contains a Methodist college, and an 
academy. Ithaca and Owego rail road, which 
is now commenced, is to extend to the Susque. 
hannah. Pop. 5,270. 

Ivy, p-v. I'iUncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 2G0 ms. 
wstrd. Raleigh. 

Ivy Mills, and p-o. Del. co. Pa. 9 ms. Phila, 

Izard, co., Ark. as laid down on Tanner's 
map, is bndd. n. by the state of Mo., e. by Law. 
rence, s. e. by Independence, s. by Conway, 
and s. w. by Pope and w. by Washington cos. 
Extending in lat. from 35° 33' to 36° 30', and in 
long, from l4° 43', to 16° 43' w. W. C. Length 
E. to w. 112, with a mean width of 44 ms , and 
area 4,928 sq. ms. It is an extensive, and in 
great part unsettled region, traversed by tne 
main volume of White r. Pop. 1,266. 

Izard, c. h. p-o. Izard co. Ark. by p-r. 185 
ms. northward Little Rock, and 1,056 from W,C. 



Jacksboro', p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. 
Tennessee. {See Jacksonboro', sa?ne co. and 
state.) 

Jackson or Hitchcock, p.t. Waldo co. Me. 
25 ms. N. w. Castine. Pop. 493. 

Jackson, t. Coos co. N. H. (formerly Adams) 
has a romantic situation at the e. base of the 
White Mountains, is uneven and partly rocky, 
but has a rich soil. It contains Black, Bald, 
face and Thorn Mountains, and 2 branches of 
Ellis' r. which falls into Saco river. Pop. 515. 

Jackson, p.t. Washington co. N. Y. 6 ms. s. 
Salem, 40 n. e. Albany. Surface diversified. 
11 schools, kept 9 months in 12. Pop. 2,057. 

Jackson, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by p-r. 
181 ms. N. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Jackson, co. Va. formed from part of Mason, 
Kenhawa, and Wood, is bndd. by Mason s. w., 
Kehhawa co. s. and s. e.. Wood n. e. and n., 
and by Ohio r. separating it from Meigs co. O. 
W. Length 38, mean breadth 20, and°area 760 



sq. ms. Lat. 38° 33' to 39° 05', long. W. C 
4° 16' to 4° 54' w. General slope wstrd. to. 
wards Ohio r. though the extreme sthrn. angle 
is drained into Great Kenhawa by Pocotalico 
cr., and from the extreme estrn. angle issue 
some tributaries of Little Kenhawa leaving the 
CO. in a nrthrn. direction. The surface very 
hilly. The centre is about 30 ms. e. Point 
Pleasant at the mouth of Great Kenhawa. 

Jackson, p-v. Louisa co. Va. by p-r. 37 ms. n, 
w. Richmond. 

Jackson, co. of Geo. bndd. s. w. by Appa- 
lachee r. which separates it from Walton, w. 
by Gwinnett, n. w, by Hall, n. e. by Franklin, 
e. by Madison, and s. e. by Clark. Length 24, 
mean width 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Extend, 
in lat. 33° 53' to 34° 17', and in long. 6° 22' 
to 6° 50' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to 
the southeast, and drained by different branches 
of Oconee and Appalachee rs. Cf, t. Jefferson. 
Pop. 1820, 8,355, 1830, 9,004. 



JAC 



218 



JAC 



Jackson, p-v. and st. jus. Butts co. Geo. by 
p-r. 60 ms. though in a direct line only about 45 
N. w. by vv. Milledgeville ; n. lat. 32° 12', long. 
7° 02' w. W. C. It is situated on Towanbigan 
cr. a branch of Oconee r. 

Jackson, co. Ten. bndd. by Overton e., by 
White s.. Smith w., and Monroe co. in Ky. n. 
Length 30, mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 36° 10' to 36° 35', and 
in long. 8° 27' to 8° 49' w. W. C. Cumberland 
■ r. enters the nthestrn. angle, and traverses this 
■CO. diagonally in a sthwstrn direction. Cf. t. 
Williamsburg. Pop. 1820, 7,593, 1830, 9,G98. 

Jackson, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Ten. 
■situated on Forked Deer r. by p-r. 147 ms. s. 
w, by w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 36', long. W. C. 
•11° 54' w. 

Jackson, co. O. bndd. s. e. by Meigs, s. by 
Lawrence, s. \v. Sciota, w. by Pike, n. w. by 
Ross, n. by Hocking, and n. e. by Athens. 
Length 30, mean breadth 15, and area 450 sq, 
ms, Lat. 38° 50' to 39° 17', long. W. C. 5° 
16' to 5° 45' w. It is a table land, discharging 
creeks nrthwstrd. into Sciota r., sthrd. and 
sthestrd. into O. r. Surface extremely broken. 
Cf. t. Jackson. Pop. 5,941. 

Jackson, p-v. Wayne co. 0. by p-r. 98 ms. 
K. E. Columbia. 

Jackson, p-v. on Thompson's cr., E. Felici- 
anna parish of La., 6 ms. n. e. St. Francesville, 
and 26 a little w. of n. Baton Rouge. Here is 
located the College of Louisiana, founded, 1825. 
It has 3 instructors and about 50 students, — 
the latter chiefly in the preparatory school. 

Jackson, co Ind. bndd. s. e. by Scott, s. by the 
S. branch of White r , separating it from 
Washington, w. by Lawrence, n. by Bartholo- 
meM', and E. by Jennings. Length 30, mean 
breadth 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 47' 
to 39° 03', long. W. C. 8° 48' to 9° 18' w., 
slope s. w. and traversed by Driftwood, and 
other northern confluents of White r. Cf. t. 
■Brownstown. Pop. 4,870. 

Jackson, sthest. co. of Misp. bndd. s. by the 
"Gulf of Mexico, s. w. and w. by Hancock co. 
Misp., n. w. by Perry, n. by Greene, and e. by 
Mobile CO. in Ala. Length 42, mean width 35, 
and area 1,470 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 30° 13' 
to 30° 55' n., and in long. 11° 32' to 12° 28' w. 
W. C, This CO. embraces the lower part of the 
basin of Pascagoula, that river opening into 
Fascagoula sound about the middle of the co. 
Here the pine hills reach the coast of the sound, 
and with some but partial exceptions along the 
streams, a pine forest on sterile soil stretches 
over the whole surface. Staple, cotton. St. 
jus. Jackson c. h. Pop. 1820, 1,682, 1830, 
■1,792. 

Jackson, p-v. st. jus. Hinds co. and also seat 
of the government of the state of Misp. It is 
situated on the w. bank of Pearl r. about 100 
ms. N. B. Natchez, and by p-r. 1,035 ms. s. w. 
by w. W. C. lat. 32° 17', long. W. C. 13° 16' 
w. It is an inconsiderable place, and from its 
position will most likely remain so. 

Jackson, c-h. and p-v. Jackson co. Misp,, by 
p-r. 188 ms. s. e. Jackson the seat government 
for the same state, and by the common road 
about 180 ms. s. e. by e. Natchez. 

Jaokson, 'CO. 11., bndd. by Randolph, n. w. 



Perry n., Franklin e.. Union s. e., and the Misp-. 
r. separating it from Perry co. Mo. on thes. and 
s. w. Length 28, mean breadth 25, and area 
700 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 37' to 37° 58', long. 12° 
13' to 12° 46' w. W. C. Slope s. wstrd. and 
drained in that direction by Muddy cr. and 
branches. Cf. t. Brownsville. Pop. 1,828. 

Jackson co. Ala., bndd. by Madison co. in the 
same state w., by the sthrn. boundary of Ten. 
separating it from Lincoln co. in the latter state 
n. w., Franklin n., and Marion e.. and by Ten- 
nessee r. separating it from the Cherokee coun- 
try, s. e., s., ands. w. Length s.w. to n. e. 52, 
mean breadth 20, and area 1,040 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 34° 24' to 35°, and in long. 8° 
50° to 9° 30' w. W. C. Ten. r. as it passes the 
boundary between Ala. and Ten. assumes a s. 
wstrn. course, which it pursues about 52 ms. 
along Jackson co. and abruptly turns to n. w. by 
w., traverses Cumberland mtn. and again bounds 
Jackson 22 ms. to the mouth of Flint cr. Cum- 
berland mtn. leaving Ten. in the sthrn. part of 
Franklin co., ranges over Jackson co. in a s. s. 
w. direction, giving source along its wstrn. 
slope to Paint Rock r., which also traverses 
Jackson parallel to the mtn. chain. The gene- 
ral slope of the co. is to the s. s. w. It is a hilly 
and broken region, though with a considerable 
proportion of excellent land. Cf. t. Bellefonte. 
Pop. 1820,8,751, 1830, 12,700. 

Jackson, p-v. Clark' co. Ala., by p-r. 159 ms. r-m 
Tuscaloosa. 

Jackson, p-v. situated on the left bank of 
Tombigbee r., 65 ms. above and a little e. of n. 
Mobile, and by p-r. 132 ms. a little w. of n. 
Tuscaloosa. 

Jackson, co. Mo,, bndd. n. by Mo. r. separa- 
ting it from Clay, e. by Lafayette, on the s.. and 
on the w. by the w. boundary of the state. The 
breadth from e. to w, as laid down by Tanner, 
is 28 mr.,, but the sthrn. boundary being uncer- 
tain, the area cannot be even estimated. Cf. t. 
Independence. Pop. 2,823. 

Jackson, p-v. and st. jus. Cape ■Gitardeauco. 
Mo., about 120 ms. a little e. of s. St. Louis, 
and 10 ms. w. Bainbridge on the Misp., n. lat. 
37° 26', long. W. C. 12° 42' w. 

Jackson, co. Mich., bndd. s. e. by Lenawee, 
s, by Hillsdale, w. by Calhoun, n. w. by Eaton, 
N. by Ingham, and e. byWashtenau. Length 
from w. to e. 32, mean breadth 24, and area 768 
sq. ms. Lat. 42° 05' to 42° 26', long. W, C. 7° 
08' to 7° 45' w. Slope of the s. wstrn. section 
to the w. and drained by the confluents of Kala- 
mazoo r., and of the residue of the co. to the n. 
w. giving extreme source to the tributaries of 
Grand r. of lake Michigan. Cf. t. Jacksono- 
polis. Pop. unknown. 

.Tackson, CO. Ark. as laid down by Tanner 
in his improved map of the U. S., is bndd. by 
Independence n. w., Lawrence n., St. Francis 
CO. e., Monroe s. e., Pulaski s. w., and Conway 
w. Limits too vague to admit even an approx- 
imation to the area. The body of it lies be- 
tween lat, 35° and 35° 50', and between long. 
W, C. 14° to 15° w. The main stream of 
White r. traverses this co. from n. to s. the 
general slope being in that direction. Surface 
mostly flat and liable to annual overflow. The 
centa"e is about 80 ma. n. e. Little Rock. 



JAC 



219 



JAM 



Jackson, p-v. given as the st. jus. Lawrence 
CO. Ark. but is most probably the st. jus. of 
Jaclison CO. of the same territory. By p-r. 152 
ms. jv. E. Little Rock. 

Jacksonboro', p-v. and st. jus. Colleton dist. 
S. C. 3-1 ms. w. Charleston, and by p-r. s. s. e. 
Columbia. Lat. 32° 44', long. 3° 31' w. W. C. 
It is situated on the right bank of Edisto r. 
about 25 ms. above the mouth. 

Jacksonboro', p-v. and st. jus. Scriven co. 
Geo. situated on the forks of Brier cr. 62 ms. 
N. N. w. Savannah, and by p-r. 135 ms. s. E.byE. 
Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 43', long. 4° 33' w. W. C. 

Jacksonboro', p-v. and st. jus. Campbell co. 
Ten. situated at the sthestrn. foot of Cumber- 
land mtn. 36 ms. n. n. w. Knoxville,.and by p-r. 
152 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Lat. 36° 
22', long. 7° w. W. C. 

Jacksonboro', p-v. Butler co. 0. by p-r. 96 
ms. s. w. by w. Columbus, 

Jackson, c. h. and st. jus. Jackson co. 0. sit- 
uated near the centre of the co. 74 ms. a little 
E. of s. Columbus, and 387 by p-r. w. W. C. 
Lat. 39° 02'. Pop. tsp. 329. 

Jackson Hall, p-o. Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 
90 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Jacksonhaji, p-o. Lancaster dist. S. C. 

Jackson Hill, p-o. Davidson co. N. C. by p-r. 
96 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Jacksonopolis, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. 
Mich, by p-r. 77 ms. w. Detroit. 

Jackson River^ p-o. Alleghany co. Va. by 
p-r. 272 ms. s. w. by w, W. C, and 202 a little 
N. of w. Richmond. 

Jackson's r., the main constituent stream of 
James r., rises by two branches, the n. and s. 
forks in the sthrn. part of Pendleton co. Va. 
Flowing thence sthwstrd. and nearly parallel, 
and between lateral chains of mtns., the two 
branches traverse Bath co. and entering Alle- 
ghany, incline towards each other and unite, 
but the united stream still pursues a sthwstrn. 
course, receiving Dunlops creek from the w. 
and Potts cr. from the s. after a comparative 
course from the source of Pendleton of about 
50 ms. With the junction of Potts or. the 
whole stream inflects very abruptly to n. e. and 
flowing in that direction 15 ms. through rugged 
mtn. passes, unites with Cow Pasture r. to form 
James r. The valley of Jackson's r. is an 
elevated region. At Covington, the co. st. of Al- 
leghany CO. where Dunlops cr. falls into Jack- 
son's T:, the water surface is 1,238 ft. above 
the Atlantic level ; it is therefore probable that 
the far greatest part of the arable surface of 
the adjacent country exceeds a comparative 
height of 1,500 ft. Lat. 38°, and long. 3° w. 
W. C. intersect in the wstrn. part of Bath co. 
about 6 ms. n. the junction of the two main 
branches of Jackson's r. 

Jackson's Creek, p-o. Fairfield dist. S,G. about 
5 ms. w. Wumsboro', and by p-r. 31 ms. n. n. w 
Columbia. 

Jackson's Grove, p.o. in the s. wstrn. part of 
Abbeville dist. S. C, by p-r. 132 ms. wstrd. 
Columbia. 

Jacksonville, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Le- 
high CO. Pa., by p-r. 81 ms. n. e. Harrisburg, 
and by common road 20 ms. from AUentown, 
and 25 a little e. of n. Reading. 



Jackson\'ille, p-v. Wood co. Va., by p-r. 311 
ms. w. W. C. 

Jacksonville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 
by p-r. 119 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Jacksonville, p-v. Sumpter co. S. C. by p-r.. 
70 ms. Columbia. 

Jacksonville, p-v. and st. jus. Telfair eo. Geo^ 
by p-r. Ill ms. s. Milledgeville. Lat. 31° 55', 
Long. W. C. 6° 05' w. 

Jacksonville, p-v. and st. jus. Duval co. Flor., 
situated on the left bank of St. John's r., 45 ms. 
N. W.St. Augustine, and by p-r. 165 ms. a little 
s. of e. Tallahasse. Lat. 30° 15', long. 5° w. 
W. C. 

Jacksonville, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky., 45 ms. 
estrd. Frankfort. 

Jacksonville, p-v. Darke co. O., by p-r. 99 
ms. w. Columbus. 

Jacksonville, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co.Il., 
30 ms. E. Springfield, 22 w. Illinois r., and by p-r. 
115 from Vandalia. Lat. 30° 44', long. 13° 13' 
w. W. C. It is finely situated, the ground very 
gradually sloping irom it in every direction for 
a distance of ^ to J of a mile. In the centre of 
the village is a square of about an acre, the court 
house, a handsome building of brick, standing 
in the centre, on the heighth of ground. The 
streets are laid out at right angles. A mile w, 
of it, elevated a little higher, are the two build- 
ings of Illinois college, located here. One of 
these is a very neat building, of brick, 4 stories' 
high, with basement, 40 feet deep, and including 
wings, 100 ft. long. The other, which is appro, 
priated to the preparatory department, is also 
of brick, 3 stories high. It has a president, 2 
professors, a teacher in the preparatory depart- 
ment, and in the two departments, collegiate 
and preparatory, are about 100 students. A 
convenient philosophical apparatus has been 
procured, and a considerable fund raised for the 
purposes of the institution. It was founded 
1830. Pop. of the vil. about 1,100. 

Jacksonville, springs and p-o. in the n. estrn, 
part of Washington parish, La. about 70 ms. n. 
New Orleans. 

Jacobsburg, P-v. Belmont co. Ohio, by p-r. 134" 
ms. E. Columbus. 

Jacob's Staff, p-v. Monroe co. Ark. 84 ms. 
from Little Rock. 

jAcauES, or James r., a confluent of the Mo., 
rising between the latter and the Misp. about 
lat. 47°, and flowing thence by a general cours© 
to the sthrd. neary parallel to and about 60 ms. 
distant from theMo., into which it falls at lat.42o 
50', after a comparative course of something 
above 300 ms. 

Jaffrey, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 62 ms. n. w, 
Boston, 46 s. w. Concord. The Grand Monad, 
noc mtn. is situated in the n. w. part of this 
town and in Dublin. Well watered by streams 
issuing from the mtn. Contains red and yellow 
ochre, alum, vitriol, and black lead. Pop.l,354o 

Jakes Prairie, p-o. Gasconade co. Mo., 80 
ms. w. St. Louis. 

Jamaica, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 26 ms. n. e. 
Bennington, 3t s. w. Windsor. Watered by 
West r. and its numerous branches,- which sup- 
ply numerous and excellent- mill privileges. 
Surface broken and mountainous. Soil in gen- 
eral warm and productive. Contains limestone 



JAM 



220 



JAS 



and the micaceous oxide of iron ; 10 school 
dists. Pop. 1,523. 

Jamaica, p-t Queen's co. s. side Long Island, 
12 ms. E. N. York. Jamaica village has an 
academy. It a most charming place : 8 schools 
kept 11 monihs in 12. Here is the place se- 
lected by the jockeys for horse racing. Pop. 
2,376. 

Jamaica Plains, in Roxbury, Mass, remark- 
able for its beautiful scenery and elegant coun- 
try seats. 

James, r. of Virginia and sthrn. stream of the 
Chesapeake basin. For the two higher con- 
stituents of this fine r., see the respective arti- 
cles, Cow Pasture and Jackson rs. Below the 
junction of its two constituents, the united wa- 
ter is first known as James r., which, forcing a 
passage thro' between Potts and Mill mtns. en- 
ters Botetourt, and assumes a sthrn. course 10 
ms. to where it receives Craig's creek from the 
south, and inflecting to the s. s. e. flows in that 
direction 15 ms., thence abruptly turns to the n. 
E. by E. 20 ms. to the western foot of Blue 
Ridge, and the reception of North river from 
Augusta and Rockbridge counties. Assuming 
a s, E. course of 28 ms. James river, now a fine 
navigable stream, traverses a gap of Blue 
Ridge, about 15 ms. n. e. the Peaks of Otter, 
and in a distance of 30 ms. separating Amherst 
from Bedford and Campbell counties, and 
traversing another lateral chain of mtns. near 
Lynchburg, again turns to n. e. Continuing the 
latter course 40 ms. and separating Amherst 
and Nelson from Campbell and Buckingham 
COS. James river assumes a course of a little s. 
of E. 70 ms. by comparative course, having on 
the left the counties of Albemarle, Fluvanna, 
Goochland, and Henrico, and on the right the 
COS. of Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhattan 
and Chesterfield, to the head of tide v/ater and 
the lower falls at Richmond. Meeting the tide, 
James r., similar to most of the Atlantic rs. of 
the United States, generally widens, and pre- 
6t-;iting rather the features of a bay than those 
of a r. turns to a little e. of s. e. 90 ms. by com- 
parative courses, finally merges into Chesa- 
peake bay, between Point Willoughby, and Old 
Point Comfort. The entire length of James r. 
from its source in Pendleton to its efflux into 
Chesapeake, is 368 ms. but following the actual 
meanders it is probable that this stream flows 
not much if any less than 500 ms. The valley 
of James r., including ail its confluents, lies be. 
tween hit. 36° 40' and 38° 20', and in long, ex- 
tends near 1° e. to 3° 40' w. W. C. Drawing 
a line in a s. s. w. direction from Old Point Com- 
fort to the Alleghany mtn. will pass along very 
near the middle of this valley 225 ms. The 
broadest partis along the extreme sources, from 
the fountains of Jackson r. to those of Craig's 
cr. 90 ms., but the mean width amounts to about 
45 ms. and the area to 10,125 sq, ms. In the 
natural state James r. afibrds at, and for a few 
miles above its mouth, a depth of water for 
ships of any required draught, but this gradually 
shallows, so that only vessels of 130 tons can 
reach Rockets, or the port of Richmond. 
Though much has been designed above tide 
water in meliorating the navigation, little has 
been actually accomplished. A short canal 



connects the tide below, and the boatable water 
above the falls at Richmond. The following 
relative heights will show the gradual rise of 
the James river. Columbia at the mouth of 
Rivanna 178 feet ; Scottsville, at the southeast, 
em angle of Albemarle co. and below the south- 
east chain of the Appalachian system 255 feet ; 
Lynchburg, also below the southeast mtn. 500 
feet; Pattonsburgh, at the great bend above 
Blue Ridge, 806 feet ; Covington, at the junc. 
tion of Dunlap's creek and Jackson's river, 
1,222 fe<n ; highest spring tributary to Craig's 
cr. 2,498 feet. Those heights are only the ele- 
vation of the water, and at every point must fall 
short of that of the arable soil. Without any 
great risk of error, an allowance of winter tem. 
perature equal to 6 degrees of Fahrenheit may 
be made between the extremes of this valley on 
the same lat. 

James City, co. Va. bndd. by James r. which 
which separates it from Surry s., by Chicka- 
homina r. separating it from Charles City co. 
w., by N. Kent n. w., by York r. separating it 
from Gloucester n., by York n. e., and War- 
wick s. E. Length 23, mean breadth 8, and 
area 184 sq. ms., Extending in lat. 37° 09' to 37° 
25' N., and in long. 0° 03' to 0° 24' e. This co. 
is waving, rather hilly. Cf. t. Williamsburg. 
Pop. 1820, 3,161, 1830, 3,838. 

Jamestown, an insulated tsp. in Narraganset 
bay, Newport co. R. I, about 3 ms. w. New. 
port, 30 s. Providence, including the whole of 
Canonicut isl., being about 8 ms. in length from 
N. to s. and having an average width of nearly 
a mile, containing about 8 square ms. Soil 
rich and productive. It has two ferries, the 
one to Newport, the other to South Kingston.. 
Pop. 415. 

Jamestown, p-v. on Appomattox r. in the 
northeastern angle of Prince Edward co. Va. 
by p-r. 86 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Jamestown. It may be noticed as a curious 
fact that Jamestown, the first Anglo-American 
settlement, made on Powhatan's, now James r, 
has no name on the p.o. list. It stood on a 
point of land in the sthrn. part of James City 
CO. lat. 37° 12', long. 0° 14' e. W. C. 

Jamestown, p-v. Guilford co. N. C, by p-r. 
147 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh ; the real common 
road distance must fall short 100 ms. 

Jamestown, p-v. and st. jus. Fentress co.- 
Ten. by p-r. 77 ms. n. n. w. Knoxville, and 131 
ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. Lat. 36° 24'' 
long. W. C. 7° 50' W. 

Jamestown, p-v. and st. jus. Russell co. Ky. 
by p-r. 123 ms. s. Frankfort. 

Jamestown, p-v. Greene co. Ohio, 68 ms. n. 
w. by w. Columbus. 

Jamesville, p-o. in the sthrn. part of Sumpter 
dist., S. C. by p-r. 6 ms. s. e. Columbia. 

Jasper, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. Pop. 557. 

Jasper, co. Geo. bndd. by Ocmulgee r. sep- 
arating it from Butts w. ; it has Newton n. w., 
Morgan N. E„ Putnam e.,. and Jones s. Length 
30, mean breadth 16, and area 480 square ms. 
Extending in lat. 33° 09', to 33° 37' and in long. 
6° 36' to 6° 56' w. W. C. Cf. t. Monticello. 
Pop. 1820, 13,614, 1830, 13,131. The name of 
this CO. was a just tribute to real and humble 
merit ; it was to perpetuate the name of Ser- 



JEF 



221 



JEF 



geant Jasper, who replaced the United States 
eolors on the parapet of fort Moultrie at Sulli- 
van's island, near Charleston, S. C. when they 
were shot away by a British cannon ball, in the 
attack made on that feeble fortress July 28th, 
1776. 

Jasper, p-v. and st. jus. Marion co. Ten. sit- 
uated on the right bank of Sequache r., by p-r. 
120 ms. s. E. Nashville, lat. 35° 18', long. 8° 
31' w. W. C. 

Jasper, co. II. bndd. by Lawrence and Clay 
s., Effingham w.. Coles n., Clarke n. e. and 
Crawford e. it is nearly a square of 22 ms. 
each way, area 484 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 50' to 
39° 05', long. W. C. 11° 00' to 11° 21' w. It 
is traversed by the Embarras r. from n. to s. 
The centre of this county lies about 50 ms. a 
little N. of E. from Vandaha, 

Jay, p.t. Oxford co. Me. on the Androscog- 
gin, 20 ms. N. E. Paris. Fop. 1,276. 

Jay, t. Orleans co. Vt. 50 ms. n. Montpelier, 
50 N. E. Burlington. H'as some good mill seats. 
Being a town on the Canada frontier, its inhab- 
itants, consisting of but five or six families, 
nearly all left it during the late war with Great 
Britain. It is now settling slowly. Pop. 196. 

Jay, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 18 ms. n. w. Eliza- 
bethtown, 145 n. Albany ; e. and w. borders 
hilly and mountainous ; central part a vale, 
pleasant and fertile, through which runs Little 
Au Sable r. Water privileges in abundance, 
with timber and iron ore ; 7 schools kept 7 
months in 12. Pop. 1,629. 

Jaynesville, p-0. Covington co. Mich, about 
lOi) ms. E. Natchez. 

Jeanerett's p-o. St. Mary's parish. La. 161 
ms. wstrd. New Orleans. 

Jefferson, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 28 ms. N. e. 
Wiscasset. Pop. 2,074. 

Jefferson, p-t. Coos co. N. H. 77 ms. n. 
Concord. Pop. 495. 

Jefferson, co. N. Y. situated at the east end 
of lake Ontario, and on the St. Lawrence r. 
Bndd. N. w. by the St. Lawrence, n. e. by St. 
Lawrence co., e. by Lewis co., s. by Oswego 
CO., w. by lake Ontario, extending about 65 ms. 
along the lake and r.^ containing an area of 
600,000 acres. Watered by Black r. running 
across the centre in a westerly direction ; by 
the Indian r. winding over the e. and n. e- parts, 
and by Big Sandy cr. and some other mill 
streams, &c. in the a. w. These waters fur- 
nish some navigation, and numerous mill seats. 
A large proportion of the soil is of a rich and 
superior quality. Surface in general waving 
and undulating. Timbered with maple, beech, 
birch, oak, walnut, bass, ash, elm, hemlock, 
groves of pine, &c. It contains iron ore in 
the E. and s. e. parts. Climate mild and agree- 
able. Cf. t. Watertown, which lies on S. 
Black r. 4 ms. from navigable waters, 12 e. 
Sacket's Harbor. Pop. 1820, 32,952, 1830, 
48,493. 

Jefferson, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 20 ms. 
s. w. Schoharie, 48 w. Albany. Soil good for 
grass. Considerable grain is raised ; 11 schools, 
kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1,743. 

Jefferson, t., Morris co. N. J. bndd. n. w. by 
Sussex CO., N. e. by Bergen co., s. w. by Rox- 
bury, and s. e. by Pequanack. Pop. 1,551. 

39 



.Jefferson co. Pa. bndd. by Indiana s. Arm- 
strong and Venango w., Warren n. w., McKean 
N. e., and Clearfield e. and s. e. Length 46 
ms., mean breadth 26, and area 1,196 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. 40° 55' to 41° 36' n., and in 
long. 1° 41' to 2° 17' w. W. C. 'The declivity 
of this CO. is to the s. w. and drained in sue 
cession s. to n. by the branches of Mahoning, 
Redbank, Clarion, and Teomista rs. all flowing 
towards and finally entering Alleghany r. Sur. 
face rocky and hilly, and in part mountainous. 
Cf. t. Port Barnet. Pop. 1820, 561, 1830, 2,025. 

Jefferson, p-v. on the southern branch of 
Ten Mile creek, Greene co. Pa. 15 ms. s. w. 
Brownsville and 9 n. e. by e. Waynesburg. 

Jefferson, co. Va. bndd. by the Blue Ridge, 
separating it from Loudon s. e., by Frederick 
s. w., by Berkshire w. and n. w., and by Poto. 
mac r. separating it from Washington co. Md. 
N. E. Length 22, mean breadth 10, and area 
220 square ms. Extending in lat. 39° 10' to 
39° 28', and in long. 0° 43' to 1° 02' w. W. C. 
The Shenandoah r. enters the southern angle 
and traversing this co. in a n. n. e. course along 
its southeastern border, and parallel to the Blue 
Ridge, falls into Potomac at Harper's Ferry. 
The declivity of the co. is to the n. n. e. The 
water elevation at Harper's Ferry bemg 182 ft. 
above tide water, that of the arable soil of Jef- 
ferson must be greatly higher and cannot fall 
short of a mean of 400 ft., or an equivalent to a 
degree of lat. Though the face of this county 
is broken and even mountainous, it is a very 
productive tract in grain, pasturage and fruit, 
Cf. ts. Harper's Ferry, and Charleston. Pop. 
1820, 13,087, 1830, 12,927. 

Jefferson, p-v. on the right bank of James r. 
northern part of Powhatan co. Va. 84 ms. above, 
and n. n. w. Richmond. 

Jefferson, co. Geo. bndd. by Washington w., 
Warren n. w., Richmond n. e., Burke e., and 
Emanuel s. Length 33, mean width 20, and 
area 660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 32° 51' to 
33° 20', and in long. 5° 14' to 5° 46' w. W. C. 
It is traversed on the southwest side by Great 
Ogeechee, and bounded on the northeast by 
Brier or., both flowing to the s. e. in the direc. 
tion of the general declivity. Cf. t. Louisville. 
Pop. 1820, 7,058, 1830, 7,309. 

Jefferson, p-v. and st. jus. Jackson co. Geo, 
situated on one of the higher branches of Oco- 
nee, by p-r. 85 ms. a little w. of n. Milledgeville, 
lat. 34° 07', long. 6° 37' w. W. C. 

JPvFFERSON, new CO. of Florida— boundaries, 
location and pop. unknown. Formed 1833. 

Jefferson, co. Ala., bndd. s. by Bibb, s. w. 
by Tuscaloosa, w. by Lafayette, n. w. by Walk- 
er, N. by Blount, n. e. St. Clair, and s. e. by 
Shelby. Length s. w. to n. e. 52 ms., mean 
breadth 20, and area 1,040 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 33° 17' to 33° 52', and in long. 9° 37' to 
10° 32' w. W. C. This co. lies entirely in the 
valley of Tuscaloosa, the main volume of which 
entering the northeast border from Blount, flows 
over the co. in a s. w. direction, receiving near 
its exit from the southwestern angle Mulberry 
r. from the southwestv/ard. The main road 
from Tuscaloosa to the northeastern part of the 
state passes nearly centrically over Jefl^erson. 
Cf. t. Elyton. Pop. 6,855. 



JEF 



222 



JEF 



JefS'ersox, CO. Misp. bndd. by Claiborne n., 
Copiah E., Franklin s. e., Adams s. w., and the 
Misp. r., separating it from Concordia in Lou- 
isiana N. w. I^erigtli E. to \v: 35, mean width 
18, and area 630 sqv ms. Extending in lat. from 
■31° ;j7' to 31° 53', and in long, from 13° 50' to 
14° 28' w. W. C. Though bounding on the 
Misp. r. this co. is a real table land. The bluffs 
extending parallel to the general course of the 
Misp. range along the western j^art of Jefferson, 
leaning towards the Great r. some annually 
overflowed and level bottom. With the bluff's 
commences a very rolling country, to adopt an 
expressive figurative term. From this broken 
region issue wstrd. Fairchild's and Cole's 
creeks ; to the n. w. branches of the Bayou 
Pierre, and to the s. w. those of Homochitto r. 
The Misp. bottoms where capable of being pro- 
tected from flood, are extremely productive. 
The soil of the bluffland is also excellent ; but 
advancing estrd. the piiie woods gradually ex- 
pand, so that the two extremes of the co. are 
also extremes of fertility and the reverse. Sta. 
pie, cotton. Cf. t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 
6,822, 1830, 9,755. 

.Jefferson, parish, La. bndd, s. by the Gulf 
of Mexico, g. w. by the parish of La Fourche 
Interior, w. and n. w. by St. John Baptiste, n. 
by lake Pontchartrain, e. by the parish of New 
Orleans, and e. by that of Plaquemines. Length 
s. to N. between the Gulf of Mexico and lake 
Pontchartrain 60 ms., mean width 12, and area 
720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 29° 17' to 
30° 05', and in long. w. W. ( ^ from 12° 54' to 
13° 10'. The Misp. r. traverses the northern 
part of this parish, and with some strips on the 
sthrn. witer courses towards the Gulf of Mex- 
ico, affords the only land sufficiently elevated 
above the tide level to admit cultivation. Sta- 
ples, cotton, sugar and rice. Pop. 6,846. 

Jeffersox, CO. Ten. bndd. s. w. by Sevier, 
w. by Knox, n. by Granger, n. e. by Hawkins, 
E. by Greene, and s. e. by Cocke. Length 28, 
mean with 28, and area 356 sq. ms. Extend, 
ing in lat. from -35° 48' to 36° 11', and in long, 
from 5° 54' to 6° 24' w. W. C. This co is bndd. 
on the N. w. by Holston, and on the s. e. by the 
tFrench Broad, whilst a mountain ridge stretches 
over it from Knox into Hawkins. The course 
of the rs. and general slope is to the w. s. w., 
with a very rtigged surface. The soil where 
arable is productive. Cf. t. Dandridge. Pop. 
1820, 8,953, 1830, 11,801. 

Jefferson, p-v. Rutherford co. Ten. 21 ms. 
s. E. Nashville. 

Jefferson, co. Ky. bndd. by Oldham n. e., 
Shelby e., Spencer s. e., Bullitt s., Ohio r. 
which separates it from Harrison in Ind. w., 
and from Floyd and -Clark, Ind. n. Length 28, 
mean width 18, and area 504 sq. ms. Extend, 
ing in lat. from 38° 02' to 38° 22', and in long 
from 8° 25' to 8° 55' w. W. C. The slope of 
this CO. is sthwrd. giving source to some of the 
northeastern branches of Salt r. It is render- 
ed remarkable, as lying opposite the rapids of 
O., and as containing the canal of Louisville. 
Cf, t. Louisville. Pop. 1820, 20,768, 1830, 
23,979. 

Jefferson, eo. Ohio, bndd. n. by Columbiana, 
by the Ohio r. e. separating it from Brooke co. 



Va., by Belmont, Ohio, s., and Harrison w. 
Length 27, breadth 20, and area 540 sq. ms. 
Lat. 40° 10' to 40° 33, long. 3° 50 w. W. C. 
Slopes estrd. towards Ohio r., and in that direc- 
tion is drained by Yellow Cross and Short crs. 
Surface hilly, but soil fertile and abounding in 
bituminous mineral coal. Cf. t. Steubenville-, 
Pop. 182t!, 18,531, l}i30, 22,489. 

Jefferson, p-v. and st. jus. Ashtabula co. 0, 
by p-r. 191 ms. n. e Colum-bus, and 325 ms. n. 
w. W. C. Pop. 370. It is the most north, 
eastern co. town in the state. 

Jefferson, co. Ind. bndd. by 0. r. separating 
it from Gallatin co. Ky. s. e., Clarke s. w., Scott 
w., Jennings n. w., Ripley n., and Switzerland 
N. E. Length 25 by 15 mean breadth, 375 sq. 
ms. Lat. 38° 43', long. 8° 28' w. W. C, The 
features of this co. are remarkable ; though 
bounding pn Ohio r., it is drained almost from 
the margin of that stream, by crs. which flow 
directly from it into the valley of White r. 
The surface very broken ; soil fertile. Cf t. 
Madison. Pop, 1820, 8,038, 1830, 11,465. 

.Tbfferson, p-v. Clinton co, Ind, about 50 ms. 
N. w. Indianopolis. 

.Jefferson, co. II. bndd. by Franklin s., Perry 
s. w.. Washing-ton w., Marion n., Wayne n. e., 
and Hamilton s. e. It is a square of 26 miles 
each way ; area 676 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 09' to 
38° 30', long. 11° 48' to 12° 09' w. W. C. The 
eastern part slopes to the s. e., and gives source 
to Waynes fork of Little Wabash, the residue 
slopes sthrd. and gives source to Muddy cr. 
Cf t. Mount Vernon. Pop. 2,555. 

Jefferson, co. Mo, bndd, by the Misp. r., 
separating it from Monroe co. II. e., St. Gene. 
vieve co. s. e., St. Francis s., Washington s. w,, 
Franklin w., and St. Louis n. Lat. 38° to 38° 
30', long. 13° 13' w, W. C, It may be observ- 
ed as a curious feature in the geography of this 
CO. that the Big r. branch of Merrimack, trav. 
erses the western side to the nthrd. in direct 
opposition to the course of the Misp. along its 
eastern boundary. The surface is hilly and 
broken. Cf t. Mount Vernon. Pop. 2,592. 

Jefferson, co. Ark. bndd. by Arkansas co, 
s. e., Clark s. w., Pulaski w. n, w, and n., and 
Monroe e. Length from e, to w. 36 ms., mean 
breadth 18, and area 648 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 34° 15' to 34° 33' n., long. 14° 33' 
to 15° 12' w. of W. C. The main volume of 
Arkansas r. enters from the northward and in a 
direction of s. s. e. traverses the western sec- 
tion of the CO. The eastern part is drained and 
traversed by Big Meto r. General slope to s, 
s. e. Central part about 35 ms. s. E. Little 
Rock. 

Jefferson, co. Flqr, bndd. e. by Madison co. 
of the same ter,, s. by Appalachee bay of the 
Gulf of Flor., \v. by Leon co. and n, by Thom-» 
as CO. of Geo. Extending in lat. 30° to 30° 
42', and in long, 7° to 7° 16' w, W, C. Length 
48 ms., mean width 16, and area 768 sq. ms. 
Cf t. Monticello. Pop. 3,312. 

Jefferson Barracks and p-o. St. Louis co. 
Mo. 

Jefferson City, st. jus, for Cole co., and of 

the government of Mo, situated on the right 

bank of Mo. r, about 9 ms, above the mouth of 

by p-r, 134 ms. w, St, Louie, and 980 



JER 



223 



JOH 



ms. w. W. C. Lat. 89° 32', long. 15° 06' w. 
W. C. It is a new town containing 200 houses 
and 1,200 inhabitants, and next to Little Rock in 
Arlc, is the mostwstrn. state capital of the U.S. 
The two towns differ but little in longitude. 

Jeffersonton, p-v. near the right bank of the 
Rappahannoc r., and n. e. angle of Culpepper 
CO. Va. about 33 ms. n. w. Frederickburg, and 
by p-r. 62 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Jeffersonton, p.v. on Santilla r. Geo. 25 ms. 
N.w. St. Mary's in the same co., and by p-r. 
219 ms. s. s. e. Milledgeville. 

Jeffersontown, p-v. Jefferson co. Ky. 15 ms. 
s. e. Louisville, and by p r. 44 ms. w. Frankfort. 

Jeffersonville, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa. 

Jeffersonville, p-v. on the North Fork of 
Clinch r. Tazewell co. Va. 30 ms. n. w, by w. 
Evansham, and by p-r. 372 ms. s. w. by w. W. 
C, and 275 a little s. of w. Richmond. Lat. 
37° 05', and long. 4° 32' w. W. C. 

Jeffersonville, p-v. Clarke co. Ind. by p-r. 
119 ms. a little e. of s. Indianopolis. It is situ- 
ated on Ohio r. opposite Louisville in Ky. Pop. 
about 1,000. 

Jekyl, small isl. on the Atlantic coast of Geo. 
between Cumberland and St. Simon's isl. It is 
the s. E. part of Glynn co. 

Jemappe, p-v. Caroline co, Va, 69 ms. from 
Richmond. 

Jena, p-v. Jefferson co. Flor. {See Lipona.) 

Jenkinton, p-v. in the s. e. part of Montgom- 
ery CO. Pa. 10 ms. n. Phil. 

JEN^fERSVILLE, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 43 ms. s. 
w. by w. Phil. 

Jennings, co. Ind. bndd. by Jefferson s., Scott 
w., Jackson n. w., Bartholomew n. w., Deca- 
tur N., and Ripley n. e. Leng.;h 26, mean 
breadth 20, and area 520 sq. ms. Lat. 39° n., 
long. 8° 30' w. W. C, Slope s. w. Drained 
by numerous branches of White r. Cf. town. 
Mount Vernon. Pop. 3,974. 

Jenni.vg's Gap, over North mtn. and p-o. in 
the northern part of Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 
162 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Jericho, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. on Onion r. 
12 ms. E. Burlington, 26 j\r. w, Montpelier. 
Watered by Brown's r. and a great number of 
smaller streams, which furnish numerous mill 
privileges. 13 school dists. Pop. 1,655. 

Jeromesville, p-v. N. E. Wayne co. 0. 90 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. Pop. 133. 

Jersey, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 12 ras. e. Bath, 
223 w. Albany. A broken tsp. with some good 
land. Timbered with oak, chestnut, hemlock, 
beech, maple, &c. 7 schools, kept 6 months 
in 12. Pop. 2,391. 

Jersey, p-v. Jersey tsp. Licking co. 0. 17 ms. 
j:. ( olumbus. 

Jersey City, or Paulus Hook, p-v. Bergen 
CO. N. J. on the Hudson r. opposite New York. 

Jersey Settlement and p.o. in the south- 
western part of Rowan CO. N. C. by p-r. 133 ms. 
wstrd. Raleigh. 

Jersey Shore and p-o. on the left bank of the 
W. branch of Susquehannah r. below the mouth 
of Pine cr. 14 ms. above Williamsport, and by 
p.r. 108 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Jersey Town, p-v. near the centre of Colum- 
bia CO. Pa, 8 ms. a little e. of n. Danville, and 
by p-r. 86 ms.N. n. e. Harrisburg^ 



Jerusalem, p-t. s. line of Ontario co. N. Y.20 
ms. s. E. Canandaigua, 18 s. Geneva. Scene- 
ry, wild and romantic. Jemima Wilkinson, 
the founder of a sect denominated by herself, 
the Universal Friends, died here in 1819. 

Jerusalem, p-v. and st. jus. Southampton co. 
Va. situated on Nottaway r. 70 ms. s. s. e. Rich- 
mond. Lat. 36° 42', long. 0° 3' w. W. C. 

Jessamine, co. Ky. bndd. n. w. by Woodford, n. 
and n. e. by Lafayette, and on all other sides by 
Ky. r., which separates it on the s. b. from Mad- 
ison, s. from Garrard, and SaW. from Mercer. 
It lies nearly in the form of a square, and 
would average about 16 ms. each side. Area 
256 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37° 43' to 38° 
01', and in long. w. W. C. 7° 24' to 7° 43'. It 
IS almost an undeviating expanse of fertile soil, 
moderately level. Cf. t. Nicholasville. Pop. 
1820, 9,297, 1830, 9,960. 

Jetersville, P-o. Amelia co. Va. 35 ms. s. w, 
Richmond. 

JoBSviUjE, p-v. Stark co. 0. 15 ms. e. n. e. 
CantoHj and by p-r. 130 ms. n. e. by e. Colum- 
bus. 

JoE Daviess, extreme n. w, co. of II. as laid 
down by Tanner on his recently improved map 
of the U. S., is bndd. w. by Misp. r., n. by Iowa 
CO. of Huron, e. by La Salle co. II., s. e. by Rock 
r., and s. by Plum cr. separating it from Rock 
Island CO. II. It extends about 40 ms. from s. 
to n., but the outlines towards Rock r. are too 
undefined to admit an estimate of its superficial 
area. In lat. it extends from 41° 55' to 42^° 
n., and is traversed by long. 13° w. W. C, 
Peektano r., a branch of Rock r. rises in Iowa 
CO. Huron, and flowing s. e. by e., enters II., 
and joins the main stream in the northern part 
of La Salle co. Joe Daviess co. is composed of 
an inclined plain between the Peektano and 
Misp., and is traversed in the direction of s. w. 
Fever r., and by Apple and Rush crs., with oth-.' 
er smaller streams. Joe Daviess co. comprises 
the lead mines around the cf. t. Galena, a name 
imposed from the abundance of the galena ore 
of lead found in its vicinity. The same coun^ 
try has recently become painfully interesting as 
the seat of a desolating Indian war. Popula 
tion 2,111. 

Joe's Brook, or Merritt's r. Vt. rises near the 
n, line of Walden, and falls into the Passumsic 
in Barnet. A rapid stream, furnishing many 
good mill privileges. 

John's r. N. H., has its principal source in 
Pondicherry pond, Jefferson co., and falls into 
the Conn. r. about 60 ms. above the head of 
Fifteen Mile falls, where its mouth is about 30 
yards wide. 

John's r. or cr. rising in the Blue Ridge, and 
in the northern part of Burke co. N. C. flows s. 
into Great Catawba r. 

John's r. p-o. or John's r. Burke co. N. C, by 
p-r. 151 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Johnsburg, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. 30 ms. n. 
w. Caldwell. Surface hilly. Soil good for 
grass and grain. Well watered. Timber most- 
ly maple and beech. 9 schools, kept 5 months 
in 12. Pop. 985. 

Johnson, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 28 ms. n. w. 
Montpelier, 28 n. e. Burlington. Crossed by 
tlie river Lamoille, which in this town hqs a 



JOH 



224 



JON 



fall of 15 ft. called McConnel's falls, and a sin- 
gular kind of natural bridge. Surface uneven. 
Soil productive. 6 school dists. Pop. 1,079. 

.loiiNsoN, CO. N. C. bndd. n. w. by Wake, n. 
E. by Nash, Wayne e. and s. e., Sampson s., 
and Cumberland s. w. Length 30, mean width 
22, and area 660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 
15' to 35° 48', and in long. 1° 4' to 1° 40' W. 
C. Neuse r. winds over this co. in a s. s. e. 
direction, dividing it into two not very unequal 
sections. The n. e. part is also traversed by 
Little r. a branch of Neuse, and flowing on a 
similar course. Cf. t. Smithfield. Pop. 1820, 
9,607, and in 1830, 10,938. 

Johnson, p-v. Pendleton co. Ky. 66 ms. from 
Frankfort. 

Johnson, co. of Ind. bndd. by Bartholomew 
s., Morgan w., Marion n., and Shelby e. Length 
22, breadth 18, and area 396 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 
30', long. 9° w. W. C, lying between the Drift- 
wood Fork of White r., and the main Wabash. 
Cf. t. Franklin. Pop. 4,019. 

Johnson, co. of II. bndd. s. w. by Alexander, 
N. w. by Union, n. by Franklin, e. by Pope, and 
s. by the Ohio r. separating it from McCracken 
CO. Ky. Breadth 18, mean length 30, and area 
540 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 20', long. 12° w. W. C. 
Slope southward towards Ohio r. Cf. t. Vienna. 
Pop. 1,596. 

Johnson's cr. of lake Ontario, rises in Niaga- 
ry CO., N. Y. and falls into the lake at .Oak Or- 
chard, after a course of about 20 ms. A good 
mill stream. 

JoHNSONSBURG, V. Warren co. N. J. 9 ms. s. 
w. Newton, 16 n. e. Belvidere. 

Johnson's Landing, and p-o. Barnwell co. 3. 
C. 127 ms. w. Columbia. 

Johnson's Mills, and p-o. Dallas co. Ala. by 
p-r. 69 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Johnson's Springs, and p-o. Goochland co. 
Va. by p-r. 82 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

.ToHNsoNViLLE, p-v. Trumbull co. O. 180 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Johnston, t. Providence co. R. L 5 ms. w. 
Providence. Surface interspersed with hill 
and dale. Contains quarries of free stone suit- 
able for building, &c. It likewise contains 
limestone, and stone suitable for furnace hearths. 
Soil generally good. Watered by the Wanas- 
quetucket, the Powchasset and Cedar brook ; 
which streams afford numerous water privile- 
ges. 7 schools. Pop. 2,113. 

Johnstown, p-t. st. jus. Montgomery co, N. 
Y. 40 ms.N. w. Albany. Richland, agreeably 
undulated. 33 schools. The village of Johns- 
town is situated about 4 ms. n. of the Mohawk. 
It contains an academy. In this town was 
fought the battle of Johnstown, Oct. 25, 1781, 
in which the British and Indians, consisting of 
600, were defeated by the Americans under 
Col. Marinus Willett, consisting of 400 levies 
and militia, and 60 Oneida Indians. Pop. 7,700. 

Johnstown, p-v. on the point above the junc- 
tion of Stony cr. and little Conemaugh, in the 
sthvi^strn. part of Cambria co. Pa. 18 ms. s. w. 
Ebensburg, 60 ms. a little s. of e. Pittsburg, and 
by p-r. 171 ms. n. w. W. C. 

This village stands on ground where the 
water level of the two contiguous streams is 
1,154 ft, above that of the Atlantic tides, and 



is the point where the wstrn. extremity of the 
Pa. rail. road joins the Conemaagh section of 
the Pa. canal. Lat. 40° 20', long. 1° 55' w. 
W. C. 

Johnstown, p-v. Dicking co. 0. by p-r. 33 
ms.N. E. Columbus. 

JoHNSviLLE, p-v. Obion CO. Ten. by p-r. 179 
ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Jones, co. N. C. bndd. by Onslow s., Duplin 
s. w., Lenoir n. w., Craven n. and n. e., and 
Carteret e. and s. e. Length 38, mean breadth 
10, and area 380 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
34° 48' to 35° 12', and in long. 0° 08' to 0° 44' 
w. W. C. It is apart of a level and in great 
part marshy plain, traversed w. to e. by the small 
but navigable r. Trent. Cf. t. Trenton. Pop. 
1820, 5,216, 1830, 5,608. 

Jones, co. Geo. bndd. s. by Twiggs, s. w. by 
Bibb, w. by Ocmulgee r. separating it from 
Monroe and Butts, tf. by Jasper, n. e. by Put- 
nam, E. by Baldwin, and s. e. by Wilkinson. 
Length diagonally s. e. to n. w. 30 ms., mean 
width 12, and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. 32° .52' to 33° 10' and in long. 6° 28' to 6° 
53' w. W. C. This co. is composed of two in. 
clined plains, the wstrn. inclining sthwrd. is 
drained into Ocmulgee, and the estrn. sloping 
estrd. is drained into Oconee. Clinton, the st. 
jus. is situated near the centre of the co. 22 
ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. Pop, 1820, 
17,410, 1830,13,345. 

Jones, co. Misp. bndd. by Wayne e., Perry 
s., Covington w. and by the Choctaw country n, 
Length 28, mean width 24, and area 672 sq, 
ms. Extending in lat. 31° 27' to 31° 50', and 
in long.' 12° 05' to 12° 28' w. W. C. The sl6pe 
of this CO. is nearly due s. down which flow 
different branches of Leaf r. Cf. t. EUisville, 
Pop. 1,471. 

Jonesborough, p-t. Washington co. Me. 12 
ms. w. Machias. Pop. 810. 

JoNESBORo', p-v. Brunswick co. Va. by p.r. 
83 ms. sthwrd. Richmond. 

JoNESBORo', p. v. and st. jus. Washington co. 
Ten, situated on a branch of Nolachucky r. 26 
ms. s, w. by w. Elizabethtown, and about an 
equal distance n. e, by e. Greenville, and by p-r, 
260 ms, e. Nashville. Lat. 36° 17', and long. 
5°20'w. W. C. 

Jonesboro', p-v. and st. jus. Union co. II. by 
p-r. 154 ms. a little w, of s, Vandalia, and about 
40 ms, nrthrd. of the mouth of the 0, Lat, 27° 
28', 

Jonesboro', p-v. Saline co. Mo. about 200 ms. 
wstrd. St. Louis. 

Jonesboro', p-v. in the sthrn. part of Jefferson 
CO. Ala. on the road from Tuscaloosa to Elyton, 
42 ms. N. E. the former, and 10 s. w. the latter 
town. 

Jonestown, p-v. situated on the point at the 
confluence of the two main branches of Swata- 
ra, and in the nrthrn. part of Lebanon co. Pa. 
by p-r. 31 ms.N. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

Jonesville, p-v. and st. jus. Lee co. Va. situ- 
ated on a cr. of, and n. from Powell's r., 65 ms. 
N. e. Knoxville in Ten., 60 s. e. by e. Barbour- 
ville in Ky., and by p-r. 491 ms. w. s. w. W. C, 
and 394 s. w, by w. Richmond, Lat, 36° 40', 
long. 6° 02' w. W. C. It is the most wstrn. co 
St. of Va. 



KAL 



225 



KAN 



JoNESviLLE, p-v. Surry co. N. C. by p-r. 178 
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

JoNESviLLE, p-v. Union dist. S. C. by p-r. 112 
ms. N. N. w. Columbia. 

JoNESViLLE, p-v. Monroe co. O. by p-r. 154 
ms. estrd. Columbus. 

JoNESViLLE, p-o. Lenawee co. Mich, by p-r. 
103 ms. sthwstrd. Detroit. 

JoppA Cross Roads, and p-o. sthrn. part of 
Harford co. Md. on Gunpowder bay, 16 mS. n. 
E. Baltimore. 

JoKDANSviLLE, p-v. Mecklcnburg co. N. C, 
by p-r. 172 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Joy, t. Kennebec co. Me. 30 ms. n. Augusta. 

JuDDsviLT.E, p-v. Surry co. N. C. by p-r. 175 
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

JuNCTA, {See Watervliet, and the junction of 
Erie and Ckamplain canals.) 

Junction, p-v. Perry co. Pa. 17 ms. from Har- 
risburg. 

Juniata, r. of Pa. and the sthwstrn. branch 
of Susquehannah, is formed by 2 confluents, 
Raystown branch from Bedford, and Franks- 
town branch from Huntingdon co. These two 
confluent streams unite in Huntingdon co. (See 
the two articles Frankstown and Raystown 
branches.) After the junction of its forming 
branches^ Juniata assumes a sthestrn. course 
12 ms., breaking through several chains of 
mtns. to where it receives Aughwick cr. from 
the s., thence inflecting to n. e. flows 28 ms. 
parallel to the adjoining mtns. ; passes Lewis- 
town and turning to s. e. by e. 30 ms. general 
distance, but much more following the mean- 
ders to its junction with Susquehannah. Inclu- 
ding the whole valley of Juniataj it drains one 
half of Bedford, all Huntingdon, Mifflin, and 
about one third of Perry, and comprises an 
area of about 2,750 sq. ms. In all its parts it 
is a true mtn, r., having the remote sources of 



both the main branches in Alleghany mtn. at an 
elevation of upwards of two thousand it. above 
the ocean tides, and winding its numerous 
streams along deep mtn. vales or breaking di- 
rectly through the chains. In lat. this valley 
extends 39° 50' to 40° 50', and has now gained 
permanent interest amongst the streams of the 
U. S. affording a passage for the Pa. canal, 
through five considerable chains of mtns. 

Juniata, co. Pa. bndd. by Perry s., Hunting, 
don s. w. and w., Mifflin n. w. and n., and the 
Susquehannah r. separating it from Dauphin co. 
E. Length 50 ms-., mean breadth 14, and area 
700 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 18' to 40° 52'. The Ju- 
niata r. and the Pa. canal traverses this co. 
from w. to E. and in that direction is its general 
slope. The entire surface covered with mtn. 
chains and narrow intervening valleys, and 
containing in the latter much excellent soil. 
Cf. t. Mifflin. 

Juniata, p-v. and tsp. in the nrthrn. part of 
Perry co. Pa. 3l ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Juniata Crossings, and p-o. Bedford co. Pa. 
14 ms. e. Bedford, and 91 s. w. by w. Harris- 
burg. 

Juniata Falls, and p-o. nthestrn. part of 
Perry co. Pa. 21 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Junius, p-t. half shire of Seneca co. N. Y. n, 
end of Seneca and Cayuga lakes, on the Sene 
ca r. 185 ms. w. Albany. Surface level, soil 
good, and tolerably well watered. Here are 
limesttone, soft slate stone, and gypsum. The 
Seneca outlet or r. which runs along the s. bor- 
der of this town, is a very important stream for 
navigation and for hydraulic works. Its course 
from the n. end of Seneca lake to the n. end of 
Cayuga lake, is about 1 5 ms. In this town are 
the villages of Bridgeport, Seneca Falls, and 
Waterloo. 24 schools, kept 7 months in 12. 
Pop. 1,581. 



^ Kaatsbergs, or Katsberg, or Catskill mtns, 
rise boldly, w. side of Hudson r in Greene co. 
N. Y. to an elevation little short of 4,000 ft. 
{See Matteawan mtns.) 

Kaatskill, Katskill, or Catskill r, a large 
and good mill stream, rises in the s. e. of Scho- 
harie CO. and runs s. w. through Greene co. to 
the Hudson, near the village of Catskill. Its 
whole course may be 35 ms. 

Kalamazoo, r. of Mich, and confluent of lake 
Michigan, rises on the table land of the Mich, 
peninsula, about 80 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit. It 
has interlocking sources with those of Raisin, 
St. Joseph's branch of Maumee, and with those 
of St. Joseph's and Grand rs. of lake Mich. 
The general comparative course of the Kala- 
mazoo is about loo ms. to the n. w. by w. fall- 
ing into lake Mich, a little n. of w. Detroit, and 
about midway between the mouths of Grand 
and St. Joseph's rs. 

Kalamazoo, co. Mich, on Kalamazoo r. bndd. 
E. by Calhoun, s. by St. Joseph, w. by Van Bu. 
ren, n. w. by Allegan, and n. e. by Ionia. 
Length n. to s. 26 ms., and e. to w. 26, area 
(576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 42° 6' to 4£'= 
27', and in long. 8° 18' to 8° 46' w. W. C 



The Kalamazoo r. enters its nthestrn. border, 
and sweeping a large southern curve, leaves 
the CO. on its northwestern border. Some of 
the branches of St. Joseph's r. rise along its 
sthrn. and sthwstrn. sections and flow thence to 
s. w. The CO. is therefore divided into two in- 
clined plains ; one drained by the Kalamazoo, 
sloping to the n. w., and the other drained by 
the tributaries of St. Joseph, and sloping to the 
s. w. 

Kanawha, {See Kenhawa.) 

Kane, p-v. Greene co. II. by p-r. 98 ms. n. w. 
by w. Vandalia. 

Kankakee r. {See Illinois r.) 

Kansas, or Konsas, large r. of the U. S. ri- 
sing on the great desert plains between the 
vallies of Platte and Arkansas r. as far wstrd. 
as the 27th degree of long. w. W. C. The 
general course of the Kansas is from w. to e. 
and in that direction the two main branches 
flow by comparative courses upwards of 400 
ms., then unite, and thence flowing about 150 
ms. falls into the Mo. r. at the wstrn. border of 
the State of Mo. r. The valley of the Kansas is 
about 500 ms. from e. to w., but if any thing 
near correctly delineated on our maps, the mean 



KEE 



226 



KEN 



width does not exceed 70 ms., area 35,000 sq. 
ms. ; similar to the higlier coniiuents of Ar- 
kansas, Red r. of the Misp. and Platte r., the 
Kansas flows down the inclined and desert 
plains E. of the Chippewayan or Rocky mtns. 

Karthaus, p-v. on the left bank of w. branch 
of Susquehannah r. at the mouth of little or 
nthrn, Moshannon cr., in the estrn. part of 
Clearfield co. Pa. 20 ms. n. e. by e. Clearfield, 
and by p-r. 87 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Kasey's p.o. Bedford co. Va. by p-r. 142 ms. 
w. Richmond. 

Kaskaskia, r. of II. rises at lat. 41° inter- 
locking sources with those of the Sangamon, 
branch of II. r., and with those of the Vermil- 
lion, branch of Wabash, and flowing s. w, over 
the cos. of Vermillion, Edgar, Shelby, Fayette, 
Bond, Clinton, Washington, St. Clair, and Ran- 
dolph, falls into the Misp. after a comparative 
course of 180 ms. The Kaskaskias valley is 
narrow, about 30 ms. mean width; the higher 
part lying between those of the Wabash and 
Sangamon, and the lower between those of 
Wabash and Ohio estrd. and II. and Misp. 
westward. 

Kaskaskia, ancient village of II. and st. jus. 
Randolph co. is situated on Kaskaskias r. on 
the narrow neck between that stream and the 
Misp., by p-r. 95 ms. s. w. from Vandalia. The 
site is very fine, and contains a pop. of about 
1000, a bank, printing office, land office, and 
numerous stores. Lat. 37° 58', long. w. W. 
C. 13^. 

Katahdin, or Ktadne, mtn. Me. the highest 
mtn. in the state, supposed by some to be as 
high as the White mtns. in N. H. It lies be- 
tween the E. and w. braoches of Penobscot r. 
80 ms. N. Bangor. The Indians considered it 
the abode of supernatural beings. It is steep 
and rugged. It is almost isolated. By those 
who have visited it, this region is spoken of as 
scarcely rivalled in sublimity of scenery. 

Kayaderosseras mtns. an extensive range of 
nrimitive mtns. stretching n. n. e. across the n. 
w. part of Saratoga co. the e. part of Warren, 
and into Essex and Clinton cos. In the co. of 
Saratoga, the general elevation of this range 
from the adjoining plains may be estimated at 
300 to nearly 700 ft. Further n. near L. 
George, some of its summits may be 1200 ft. 
above the surtace of that lake. Their sides 
are very steep, masses of granite and gneiss, 
piled almost perpendicularly. 

Kearsargie mtn. Hillsborough co. N. H. be- 
tween Sutton and Salisbury, extending into both 
towns. It rises 2,461 ft. above the level of the 
sea, being the highest mtn. in the co. 

Keating, p-v. McKean co. Pa. by p-r. 186 ms. 
N. w. Harrisburg. 

Keene, p.t. and half shire of Cheshire co. 
N. H. on a tongue of land between the two 
principal branches of the Ashuelot, 14 ms. s. 
Walpole, 43 from Windsor, 55 w. s. w. of Con- 
cord, 95 w. Portsmouth, 79 w. n. w. Boston. 
The village is very pleasantly situated ; the 
land on which it is located is level, and at a 
little distance it is surrounded by high hills. 
The streets are level, wide, and the principal 
one is a mile in length, ornamented with fine 
trees. There is a court house, and bank here. 



The buildings are many of them neat. This is 
a place of considerable business. A newspa- 
per is published here, and there are two glass 
factories in the town. It was first settled, 1734, 
and incorporated, with its present name, 1753.. 
Keene was a irequent sufferer during its early 
settlement, from the Indians. Pop. 2,374. 

Keene, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 12 ms. west 
Elizabethtown, 138 n. Albany. Surface diver- 
sified with mtns., hills, valleys and plains. In 
the south part, the La Sable or Sandy mtn. 
rises to a great height, rugged and uncommon, 
ly bold. In this town are the extreme sources 
of the Hudson r. The Saranac lake, 15 ms. in 
circumference, is on the west line of the town. 
Well supplied with water privileges. There 
are extensive iron and steel works. It has 
some iron ore. Lake Saranac is* remarkable 
for the size and abundance of its trout, many 
having been caught weighing 40 lbs. A barrel 
has been filled with them in one hour, taken 
by the hook and line. Pop. 787. 

Keene, p-v. Coshocton co. Ohio, by p-r. 89- 
ms. N. e. by e. Columbus. 

Keener's Mills, p-o.- Adams co. Pa, 81 ms. 
N.W. C. 

Keesville, p-v. situated on both sides of the 
Great Au Sable, s. part of Peru, Clinton co. N. 
Y. 3^ ms. w. Port Kent, 16 ms. from Platts- 
burgh, and about 4 from the w. shore of lake 
Champlain. It abounds in iron ore of various 
qualities, with forests, mtns. and fine streams 
of water. 

Kelley's cr., village and p-o. in the n. e. an. 
gle of Shelby co. Ala. by p-r. 87 ms. n. e. by 
E. Tuscaloosa. 

Kelley's-ville, p-v. Ohio co. Ky. by p-r. 153 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Kellogsville, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 207 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Kelly's Ferry, and p-o. Rhea co. Ten. by 
p-r. 137 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Kellyvale, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 36 ms. n. 
Montpelier, 42 n. e. Burlington. Land pro- 
ductive, timbered mostly with hard wood. At 
the grist mill near the centre of the town the 
r. passes through a hole in the solid rock, Con- 
tains serpentine, chlorite and chlorite slate, 
bitter spar, talc and magnetic iron, pudding 
stone, &c. Pop. 314. 

Kellysville, p-v. Marion co. Ten. by p.r. 
120 ms. s. e. Nashville. 

Kelso, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind.. by p-r. 85 ms. 
s. E. Indianopolis. 

Kempsville, p-v. Princess Ann co. Va. on the 
E. branch of Elizabeth r. 10 ms. s. e. by e. Nor- 
folk, n; lat. 36° 48', long. 0° 56' e. W. C. 

Kenansville, P-v. Duplin co. N, C. by p-r. 83 
ms. s. e. Raleigh. 

Kendall's Store, Montgomery co. N. C. by 
p-r. 130 ms. southwestward Raleigh. 

Kenhawa, Great, (as formerly written, but 
recently generally written Kanawha), a river of 
N. C. and Va. has its most remote source in 
Ashe CO. of the former, between the Blue 
Ridge and main Appalachian chain, there 
known by the name of Iron mtn. The two higher 
branches, after draining the northern part of 
Ashe, unite near the boundary between North 
Carolina and Virginia, and ccmtinuing their ori- 



KEN 



227 



KEN 



ginal course to the northeast by north, enters 
Orayson co. of the, latter state, breaks through 
:-tho Iron mtn. between Grayson and Wythe ; 
winds over the latter and Monlgomery; thence 
inflecting to the n. n. w. traverses Walker's 
and Peter's mtns. -Below the latter chain, the 
course oI'n. n. w. is continued to the mouth of 
Gauley r. having received also from the north, 
east Green Briar. Above Gauley r. the main 
volume of Kenhawa is called New r. ; but re- 
ceiving the Gauley and turning to n. w. this 
now large stream, known as the Great Ken- 
hawa, is still farther augmented from the n. by 
Elk r. and from the s. by Coal r., falls into Ohio 
river at Point Pleasant, after a comparative 
course of 280 ms., 10J above Walker's mtn., 
100 from the pass thro' Walker's mtn. to the 
mouth of Gauley r. and 80 from the mouth of 
•Gauley to the Ohio. The higher branches of 
New r. have interlocking sources with those of 
'Catawba and Yadkin on the s. e., and with those 
of Watauga and Holston to the northwest. Be- 
low the Iron mtn. the interlocking sources are 
vwith those of Clinch and Sandy to the w., those 
of Roanoke to the e. and those of James r. n. 
-E. as far down as the gorge of Peter's mtn. 
^vstrd. of the latter pass. Green Briar, coming 
>in from the n. has its sources in the same re- 
gion with those of the Potomac on the north- 
east, and with those of the Monongahela to the 
northward. The valley of Kenhawa proper, 
'below Gauley r. lies generally between the val- 
ley of Guyandot on the s. w. and that of Little 
Kenhawa n. e., tho' the sources, of Elk r. also 
reach the vicinity of those of Monongahela. 
The entire valley of Great Kenhawa, including 
that of New r. extends lat. 36° 15' in Ashe co. 
N. C. to 38° 52' at the junction of Kenhawa and 
'Ohio, and in long. 2° 43' at the higher source 
of Green Briar, to 5° 08° w. W. C. The length 
of this valley from the Blue Ridge between Pat- 
rick and Montgomery cos. Va. in a n. w. direc- 
tion is 180 ms., the utmost breadth from the 
sources of New r. to those of Green Briar is 
180, but the mean width is about -60, and the 
area may be stated at:10,800 sq. ms. The most 
■remarkable feature in the valley of the Great 
Kenhawa, as a physical section, is relative 
height. At the mouth of Sinking cr., between 
Walker's and Peter's mtns. 120 ms. by compar. 
ative courses below the sources, the water'level 
is 1,585 ft. above the Atlantic tides, at the 
mouth of Green Briar 1,333, and at the mouth 
into Ohio 525 feet. Comparing the fall from 
Sinking creek to the mouth of Green Briar 252 
feet in 30 ms. direct, that above Sinking cr. 
must be 900 feet at least, consequently, the 
higher branches of New r. in Ashe co. must 
rise at a comparative height of upwards of 2,500 
feet. 

Kenhawa, Little, r. Va. rising in Lewis co. 
and flowing n. w. by w. enters Wood and falls 
into the Ohio at Parkersburg, after a compara- 
tive course of 90 ms. The valley of this r. is 
nearly commensurate with Wood and Lewis 
cos. and has that of Great Kenhawa s.. Middle 
Island cr. to the n. and that of Monongahela 

N. E. 

Kenhawa, co. Va. bndd. by Logan s.. Cabell 
s. w., Mason w., Jackson n. w., Wood Nm Lew- 



is N. E., and Nicholas e. Length 60, mean width 
37, and area 2,220 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
37° .53' to 38° .S3', and in long, -o 55' to 5° w. 
W. C. Great Kenhawa river receives Gauley 
r. on the eastern boundary, and thence travers- 
ing this CO. in a northwestern direction, re. 
ceives within it Elk and Pocatalico r. from the 
N. E. and Coal r. from the s. e. TJie general 
slope is to the n. w. with the Great Kenhawa. 
The surface very broken, and in pan mountain- 
ous. Some excellent soil is contrasted with 
much more of an opposite character. Cf. t. 
Charleston. Pop. 1820, 7,000, '1830, 9,326. 

Kenhawa, c. h. (See Charleston, same co.) 

Kenhawa Saline, p-o. Kenhawa co. Va. by 
p-r. 320 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. and 300 a little 
N. of w. Richmond. 

Kennebec, r.. Me. next to Penobscot the 
largest in the state. It has two principal 
branches, the e. rising in Moosehead lake, at 
the base of the height of land, the w. called 
Dead r. rising in the highlands which separate 
Me. from Canada, and uniting with the e. 
branch about 20 ms. below Moosehead lake. 
Whole course about 300 ms., navigable for ships 
12 ms. to Bath ; for sloops 45 ms. to Augusta, 
at the head of the tide ; and for boats 60 ms. to 
Waterville, where the navigation is interrupted 
by Teconic falls. This r. during its whole 
course descends about 1,000 feet. The lands 
are fertile and well adapted to pasturage. On 
the w. side of the upper part of its course are 
high mtns. It flows in a great valley, with Pe- 
nobscot and St. John's rs. 120 ms. long, and 
ahout 20 wide. The valley of the Kennebec 
proper is varied with moderate hills s., mtns. N. 
Below Somerset co. the hills rise from the 
banks ; above, there are flats ; near Dead r. the 
valley is broken ; at Moosehead lake it ex- 
pands. Here is nearly the level of the sources 
of the Penobscot and John's rs. Salmon re- 
main in deep holes in the Kennebec most of the 
year. In the towoi of Strong, they have been 
taken in winter from Pierpdles holes in Sandy 
r. They abound until the spring freshet. 

Kennebec, co. Me. lies on both sides of 
Kennebec r., and is bounded n. by Somerset, e. 
by Waldo, s. and s. e. by Lincoln, and w. by the 
Androscoggin r. and Oxford co. It lies with 
lat. 44° and 45°, and long. 7° 17' e. W. C. 
passes thro' the centre of the co. Cf. t. Au- 
gusta, which is also the seat of government 
of the state. Pop. 1820,40,150, 1830, 52,484. 

Kennebunk, p-t. and port of entry, York co. 
Me. mouth of Kennebunk r. which aflbrds a 
good harbor, 10 ms. s. Saco, 25 s. \v. Portland. 
A place of considerable commerce. Pop. 
2,233. 

Kennedy's p-o. Brunswick, co. Va. by p-r. 75 
ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Kennedy's p-o. Garrard co. Ky. by p-r. 57 ms. 
s. E. Frankfort. 

Kennet's Square, and p.v. Chester co. Pa. 
35 ms. s. w. by w. Philadelphia, and 18 n. w. 
Wilmington in Delaware. 

Kensington, town, Rockingham co. N. H. 13 
ms. s. w. Portsmouth, 40 from Concord, 45 from 
Boston. Surface pretty even. Pop. 717. 

Kensington, p-v. Philadelphia co. Penn. lies 
on the Delavfare n. e. of the Northern Liber- 



KEN 



228 



KEN 



ties, and is incorporated ; it has numerous ship 
yards and manufactories. In this town is the 
spot where Wm. Penn made his treaty with the 
Indians, and the Elm tree under which the con- 
ference was held was not long since standing. 

Kent, co. R. I. is an agricultural and manu- 
facturing CO. centrally situated, on the w. shore 
of the Narraganset. Bndd. n. by Providence 
CO., E. by the Narraganset r.,, s. .by Washington 
CO., w. by Connecticut. Average length near- 
ly 20 ms., breadth more than 9, comprising an 
area of 186 sq. ms. Surface generally une- 
ven; soil in general strong and productive. 
Forests, deciduous trees. A large portion of 
N. w. section of the county is watered by the 
Pawtuxet river and its branches. This r. is a 
beautiful mill stream, unrivalled for its advan- 
tageous sites for manufacturing establishments, 
and other hydraulic works. The cotton manu- 
factures of this CO. claim the first rank. Cf. t. 
Warwick. Pop. 1820, 10,228, 1830, 12,789. 

Kent, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn, on the Ousa- 
tonic, 45 ms. w. Hartford. Mountainous. Con- 
tains iron ore and iron manufactories. Soil va- 
rious. Timber, oak, chesnut, walnut, ash, &c. 
Watered by the Ousatonic and its numerous 
branches, which afford many valuable sites 
for water works ; 10 school dists. Pop. 
2,001. 

Kent, p-t. Putnam co, N. Y. 20 ms. s. e. 
Poughkeepsie. Much broken by high hills and 
mtns. Timber, oak, chesnut, &c. Well wa- 
tered and healthy. Pop. 1,931. 

Kent, co. Del. bndd. by Duck cr. separating 
it from New Castle co. n., by the Del. bay e., 
by Sussex co. of Del. s., and by Caroline, Queen 
Ann, and Kent cos. of Md. w. Length 32, 
mean breadth 20, and area 640 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 38° 50' to 39° 20', and in long. 
1° 18' to 1° 50' E. W. C. With a very slight ex- 
ception along the wstrn. border, on which rise 
the sources of Choptank and Nantikoke rs., the 
slope of Kent co. of Del. is estrd. towards Del. 
bay, and drained by Mispillion, Mother Kill, 
Jones, and the two Duck creeks. The surface 
is level or moderately waving. Soil of Mid- 
ling quality. Cf. t. Dover. Pop. 1820, 20,793, in 
1830, 19,913. 

Kent, co. Md. bndd. s. w. and w. by Chesa- 
peake bay, n. by Sassafras r. separating it from 
Cecil, e. by New Castle, and KEnt cos, Del., 
and s. e. and s. by Chester r. separating it from 
Qeeen Ann. Length 30, mean width 8, and 
area 240 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 39° 01' to 
39° 23', and in long. 0° 45' to 1° 18' e. W. C. 
This CO. is composed of a peninsula curving 
from the wstrn. boundary of Del. between Sas- 
safras and Chester rs. with the convexity nrth- 
wstrd. towards Chesapeake bay. General slope 
wstrd. Surface moderately hilly, and soil of 
varied quality. Cf. t. Chester. Pop. 1820, 
12,453, in 1830, 10,501. 

Kent, new co. of Mich., bounded e. by Ionia, 
s. E. by Barry, s. w. Allegan, w. Ottawa, and n- 
Oceana. It is a square of 24 ms. each side, 
area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 43°, and long. 8° 36' w, 
The main volume of Grand r. enters on the 
estrn. border, and winds wstrd. over the co., 
but by a very circuitous channel, receiving 
within it Rouge and Flat rs. from the n. e., jmd 



Apple r. from the s. The body of the co. is 
about 150 ms. n. w. by w. of Detroit. Pop. un=. 
certain. 

Kentontown, p-v. Harrison co, Ky. 47 ms. 
N. E. Frankfort. 

Kentucky, Indian name Cutawa, r. Ky. from 
which the name of the state has been derived, 
rises in numerous branches from thenrthwstrn. 
slope of Cumberland mtn. interlocking sources 
with those of Sandy, Powell's and Cumberland 
rs. Assuming a nrthwstrn. course, the various 
confluents from Pike and Perry cos. unite in 
Estill, where inflecting to wstrd., and separa- 
ting Madison from Clarke, wind to s. w. be- 
tween Madison and Lafayette, and between 
Jesamine and Garrard ; receives Dick's r. from 
the s. E. and finally bends to its ultimate n. n. w. 
course, which is continued to its junction with O. 
r. at Port William. The general course is very 
ne.'.rly s. e. to n. w. The valley drained by 
this r. lies in lat. between 37° and 38° 40', and 
in long, between 5° 40' and 8° 10' w. W. C. 
Length 175 ms., mean width about 40, and area 
7,000 sq. ms. or a small fraction above the one 
sixth part of the whole state of Ky., and com- 
prising all or part of Gallatin, Henry, Owen, 
Scott, Franklin, Anderson, Woodford, Jessa- 
mine, Mercer, Lincoln, Garrard, Madison, La- 
fayette, Clarke, Montgomery, Estill, Clay, Per- 
ry and Pike cos. The channel of Ky. is a 
deep chasm, yet steamboats of 300 ton^ bur- 
then ascend this r. to Frankfort, at times of 
high water, and at similar seasons, itjs naviga- 
ble for down stream boats from Estill co. ; simi- 
lar to other streams of the same physical sec- 
tion, it is without direct falls, though the cur- 
rent is rapid, and bed rocky. 

Kentucky, state of the U. S., bndd. s. by the 
state of Ten., s. w. by the Misp. r. separating 
it from Misp., w. by Ohio r, separating it from 
II., N. w. by Ohio r. separating it from Ind., n. 
by Ohio r. again separating it from the state of 
Ohio, and e. Sandy r. and Cumberland mtns. 
separating it from Va. The longest line that 
can be drawn in Ky. is 431 statute nis. declining 
from the meridians 80° 33' and extending from 
the s. w. angle on Misp. to the passage of Sandy 
r. through Cumberland mtn., or the extreme 
estrn. angle of the state. The broadest part is 
along the meridian 7° 45' w. W. C, extending 
from the n. w. angle of the state, between Cin. 
cinnati and the mouth of Great Miami, through 
148 minutes of lat. or 171^ statute nis. nearly; 
in lat. Ky. extends 36° 30' to 39° 06', and in 
long. 5° 03' to 12° 3S' w. W. C. The area of 
Ky. has been generally underrated. On Tan- 
ner's U. S., the extent in sq. ms. is given at 
40,500, and carefully measured by the rhombs 
on the same map., the superficies come out 
40,590, so that we may safely assume 40,500 
sq. ms. equal to 25,920,000 statute acres as the 
area of Ky. As a physical section Ky. lies en- 
tirely in the valley of Ohio, and is a part of an 
immense inclined plain falling from Cumberland 
mtns. towards and tei minating in the Ohio r. 
In its extent from Sandy r. to the Ten. inclusive, 
the direction of descent is to the n. w. The 
physical section indeed of which Ky. is a part, 
extends to and includes Ten. r. If we glance 
over a general map of this part of the U. S. we 



KEN 



229 



KEN 



perceive the rs. at their sources inclining to w. 
or s. w., and following their courses, we find 
■them curving to the nthrd. and finally joining 
their common recipient, the Ohio, in a n. n. w. 
direction. This uniformity of course is percep- 
tible in Ten., Cumberland, Green r. Salt r., Ky. 
r. and Licking, and even the Ohio itself, from 
the mouth of Sandy to that of Great Miami, 
conforms to this remarkable inflection. The rs. 
•flow in channels, more or less deeply scooped 
from the rocky base of the plain, but with a reg- 
ularity of course demonstrative of a common 
cause. The relative elevation of the lower 
and higher margins of Ky. has never been, it is 
probable, very accurately determined, but com- 
. pared with the determined elevations on Great 
Kenhawa, the arable soil of the higher part of 
Ky., Pike, Perry, and Harland cos. must be at 
least 1,200 ft. above the ocean tides. The ex- 
treme s. wstrn, CO. Hickman on Misp. r. is not 
generally elevated above 350 ft. above the Gulf 
of Mexico; therefore, without regarding mtn. 
ridges, the cultivatable surface of Ky. has a de- 
scent of between 800, and 900 ft. Continuing 
the difference of level, with that of lat. it is ob- 
vious, that the extremes of the state must have 
a very sensible difference of climate and mean 
'temperature. These extremes of season are 
still farther widened by the peculiar features of 
the country. The rivers in their descent, have 
abraded the plain, and flow in enormously deep 
'vales, a feature which the Ohio partakes with 
its confluents. These chasms receiving the 
"rays of the sun, in various inclinations following 
local exposure, produce also local climate. The 
state is divisible into 3 sections, which, how- 
ever, so imperceptibly pass into each other as 
to preclude any very definite lines of separation. 
Descending from the foot of Cumberland mtn. 
N. wstrd. down the streams, to a distance of 
about 100 ms. the country is hilly or rather 
mountainous. This broken section includes at 
least one third part of the state and stretches 
from the state of Ten. to the Ohio r. Drawing 
a line from the Ohio r. opposite the mouth of 
Sciota to the heads of Big Barren, branch of 
^reen r., it will extend almost exactly parallel 
to the general course of Ohio r. between the 
mouths of Great Miami and Salt r. ; and again if 
the latter course is continued, it will leave Ky. 
very nearly where the sthrn. boundary is crossed 
by Cumberland r. These two lines, with the 
course of Ohio r. from the mouth of Sciota to 
that of Great Miami, and the boundary between 
Ky. and Ten. will enclose a rhomb of 90 ms. in 
width, and 200 mean length, or comprising an 
area of 18,000 sq. ms. This rhomb is nearly 
commensurate with the central hilly section of 
Ky. It is very remarkable nevertheless, that 
the general surface of this great section is much 
more broken into hills at its opposite sides to. 
wards the Ohio r. or Cumberland mtn. than in 
the middle line between the extremes. The 
whole of this great middle region, may be com- 
paratively regarded as a table land, with a sub- 
stratum of limestone. The soil in general in a 
high degree productive, but similar to all other 
places where carbonate of lime prevails, an un- 
equal distribution of fountain water is amongst 
the asperities opposed to comfortable human 

■30 



residence. The s. wstrn. section of Ky., the 
least extensive, presents a physiognomy very 
distinct from either of the preceding. The 
strong bold scenery, so prominent in the two 
higher regions, is now succeeded by a monotony 
of feature which advancing wstrd. sinks into a 
country, which, though not absolutely level, 
presents relative elevation faintly. Reversing 
our survey; if we leave the banks of the Misp. 
we set out from a plain over which the eye in 
vain seeks relief from hill and dale. Proceed 
ing obliquely over the vallies of Tennessee, 
Cumberland, and'Green rs., the face of nature 
very gradually breaks into indentations which 
terminate in all the rich variety of hill and river 
scenery. The hills indeed are not abrupt, but 
rounded into swells, or terminating in plains or 
furrowed by the excessively deep chasms along 
which the rivers wind their devious way. On 
the right towards Ten. spreads the tract so very 
improperly called "The Barrens." Here the 
hills are isolated knobs, wooded with oak, ches- 
nut and elm. The hills are rounded, and pre- 
sent a striking contrast to the common ridge 
character of a hilly country. The soil is far 
from barren, though much of the timber has a 
stunted appearance. Advancing n. estrd. the 
same substratum of limestone continues, but 
in its natural state the central section of Ky. 
was remarkable for the excessive growth ot 
forest timber, and undergrowth of reed cane. 
The surface comparatively level, except the 
channels of the streams, which were, as has 
been observed, deep and with abrupt banks. 
Turning the river estrd. however, towards the 
sources of Licking, Ky., and Cumberland rs., 
the ground rises into hills, sharp, steep and 
rocky. The soil, particularly in the vales, de- 
teriorates. Fountain water becomes more 
equally distributed. Taken as a whole, Ky. 
may be regarded as not only a political, but 
physical section, presenting distinct structure 
and features. The physiognomy of this tract, 
in connection with other parts of the valley, will 
be more particularly noticed under the head of 
Ohio r. 

Politically Ky. is subdivided into the follow- 
ing counties. 







Pop. 


Pod. 




sa- ms. 


1820. 


1830. 


Adair 


'800 


8,705 


8,217 


AllGIl 


500 


5,372 


6,485 


Anderson 






4,520 


Barren 


900 


10,328 


15,079 


Batli 


340 


7,960 


8,799 


Boone 


300 


6,542 


9,075 


Bourbon 


176 


17,664 


18,436 


Bracken 


264 


5,280 


6,518 


Breckenridge 




7,485 


7,345 


Bullitt 


.■500 


5,831 


5,652 


Butler 


825 


3,083 


3,058 


Caldwell 


800 


9,022 


8,324 


Callaway 






5,164 


Campbell 


320 


7,022 


9,883 


Casey 


360 


4,349 


4,342 


Cliristian 


1,050 


10,459 


12,684 


Clarke 


200 


11,449 


13,565 


Clay 


1,400 


4,393 


3,184 


Cumberland 


1,034 


8,058 


8,624 


Daviess 


600 


3,876 


5,209 


Edmondson 






2,642 


Estill 


700 


3,507 


4,618 


Fayette 


264 


23,254 


25,098 


Fleming 


569 


12,186 


13,499 


Floyd 


3,000 


8,207 


4,347 


Franklin 


270 


11,024 


9,254 



KEN 



230 



KEN 









Pop. 


Pop. 




eq. ms. 




1820. 


1830. 


Gallatin 


350 




7,075 


6,074 


Garrard 


220 




10,851 


11,S71 


Grant 


260 




1,805 


2,986 


Graves 








2,504 


Praysbn 
Greene 


400 




4,055 
11,943 


3,880 
13,138 


Greenup 


537 




4,311 


5,852 


Hardin 


1,100 




10,498 


12,849 


Harlan 


560 




1,961 


2,929 


Harrison 


330 




12,278 


13,234 


Bart 


320 




4,184 


5,191 


Henderson 

Henry 

Hick'.nan 


600 
400 




5,714 
10,816 


6,0.56 
11,387 


675 






5,198 


HopUiiis 


750 




5,322 


0,763 


Jefferson 


520 




20.768 


23,979 


Jessamine 


170 




9,297 


9,960 


Knox 


840 




3,661 


4,315 


Lawrence 








3,900 


Lewis 


530 




3,973 


5,229 


Lincoln 


450 




9,979 


11,002 


Livingston 


720 




5,824 


5,971 


Logan 


630 




14,423 


13,012 


Madison 


'570 




15,954 


18,751 


McCrackeii 








1,297 


Mason 


250 




13,588 


16.203 


Meade 








4,131 


Mercer 


350 




15,537 


17,694 


Monroe 


700 




4,956 


5,340 


Montgomery 


420 




9,587 


10,240 


Morgan 








2,857 


Muhlenburg 


580 




4,979 


5,3-10 


Kelson 


510 




16,273 


14,932 


Nicholas 


360 




7,973 


8,834 


Ohio 


G40 




3,379 


4,715 


Oldham 
Owen 


240 




2,031 


9,588 
5,786 


Pendleton 

i'errry 

Pike 


340 

1,000 
750 




3,086 


3,863 
3,330 

2,677 


Pulaski 


800 




7,597 


9,500 


Rockcastle 

Russell 

Scott 


380 
170 




2,249 
14,219 


2,865 
3,879 
14,677 


Shelby 
Simpson 


520 
400 




21,047 
4,852 


19,030 
5,815 
B,812 
8,680 


Spencer 
Todd 


450 




5,089 


Trigg 
Union 
Warren 


450 




3,874 


5,916 


540 




3,470 


4,704 


700 




11,776 


10,949 


Washington 


550 




15,987 


19,017 


Wayne 
Whitley 
Woodford 


870 

160 




7,951 

2,340 

12,207 


8,685 
3,806 
12,273 


Total, 






564,317 


'687,917 


Of which were wl 


lite persons ; 










Males. 




Females. 


Under 5 years of age, 




54,116 




50,835 


From 5 to 10, 




41,0?;! 




39,439 


" 10 to 15 




34,2^-2 




32,197 


" 15 to 20 




39,017 




29,623 


" 520 to 30 




45,913 




41,936 


" 30 to 40 




26,289 




23,463 


" 40 to 50 




15,960 




15,476 


" 50 to 60 




10,843 




9,499 


" (iO to 70 




6,253 




5,315 


" 70 to 80 




2,585 




2,195 


" 80 to 90 




fe19 




575 


«' 90 to 100 




119 




97 


" 100 and upwards, 




28 




14 


Total 


267,123 




250,664 



Of these were deaf and dumb under 14 years 
of age, 100; of 14 and under 25,113; and of 
25 and upwards, 90 ; total deaf and dumb, 303. 
Blind 169. 

Of colored persbns there were, 

Free colored. Slaves. 

Males. Females. Males. Fern. 



tJnder 10 years Of age, 764 


638 


31,500 


30,995 


From 10 to 24, 584 


505 


27,449 


27,346 


" 24 to 36 410 


351 


13,520 


13,854 


" 36 to 55 484 


398 


7,499 


8,107 


" 55 to 100 402 


369 


2,280 


2,572 


" 100 and upwards, 8 


9 


61 


50 


2,652 


2,283 


82,309 


82,994 



Deaf and dumb, colored, 46 ; blind, 83. 
Recapitulation — 

Whites. Free Col'd. Slaves. Total.^ 

517,787 4,917 165,213 687,917 

At former periods, the population of Kentuc- 
ky was as follows ; in 1790, 73,677 ; 1800, 220,- 
959; 1810,406,511; and in 1820, 564,317. 

Note. — The area annexed to the respective 
counties in this table, will not, in all cases, be 
found to correspond vv'ith the text under the co. 
heads. The frequent subdivisions of cos. in a 
few years derange any admeasurement of area ; 
the numbers were left, however, as they give a 
general view. 

History. In 1755, Lewis Evans of Phil, pub^ 
lished a map of the middle British colonies in 
N. America. An edition of this map, vrith a 
statistical account of the regions it represented, 
was published by J. Almon, London, March 25; 
1776. Both the map, and attending volume, is 
now lying before the writer of this article. The 
map reaches as far s. as n. lat. 35'^ 30', and as 
far wsti^d. as the meridian of 10° 30' w. "W. C, 
and from the delineations it would appear that 
at the period, 1752 to 1776, settlements had 
reached the sources of Great Kenhawa, Roan- 
oke, Clinch, and Holston, as this region is tol- 
erably well represented, and it is noted on the 
map, that this was the boundary of white settlei 
ment. Receding to the wstrd. are laid down, 
relatively correct, Big Sandy, Licking, Cataba, 
or Ky. rs. and Bear-GraSs cr.j but the s. w. an- 
gle of the riiap is blank, demonstrating, that in 
1776, Ky. might be regarded, as in great part, 
unknown. In 1767, this country was visited by 
John Finley, from N. C, and was followed in 
1 769, by Daniel Boone, and some others. Boone 
remained there until 1771. In '75, the same 
brave spirit conducted a small band and effected 
the first actual civilized settlement. Ky. was 
truly planted with sweat, and watered with 
blood and tears. So distressed were the set- 
tlers in 1780, as to excite a plan of abandon- 
ment, but other adventurers arriving, and aided 
as they were by the great military talents of 
Rogers Clark, they laid aside their purpose. 
In 1777, the legislature of Va. had made ita co. 
and in 1782, a supreme court was established. 
With tiie American war the worst difficulties 
of the inhabitants terminated. Settlements 
were rapidly formed, and as early as 1785, 
projects of separation from Va. were formed, 
but from yarious causes not efiected until De- 
cember 1790, when Ky. became independent 
of Va., and June 1st, 1792, was admitted into 
the Union. The existing constitution of Ken- 
tucky was ratified at Frankfort, August 17, 
1799 ; since which epoch, the history of the 
state has been merged in that of the United 
States. 

Government. The legislature is composed 
of a general assembly, and governor, and the 
assembly is divided into a senate and house of 
representatives. To be eligible for governor, 
the person must be a citizen of the U. States ; 35 
years of age, and six years next preceding his 
election, an inhabitant of the state. " The 
governor," says the constitution, " shall be 
elected for the term of four years, by the citi- 
zens entitled to suffrage, at the time and place 



KEN 



231 



KEW 



where they shall respectively vote for repre- 
sentatives." " The governor shall be ineligible 
for the succeeding 7 years after the expiration 
of the time for which he shall have been elect- 
ed." The powers of the governor of Ky. are 
ample ; he is commander of the army and navy 
of the state, and of the militia, except when 
called into the actual service of the U. States. 
He has the power of nomination, and by and 
with consent of the senate the appointment of 
most ofRcers of the state ; he has power in the 
.recess of the legislature to hll all vacancies, 
by granting commissions which shall expire at 
the end of the next session. He has power to 
remit fines and forfeitures, grant reprieves and 
.pardons, except in cases of impeachment. In 
cases of treason, he shall have power to grant 
reprieves until the end of the next session of 
the general assembly, in which the power of 
pardoning shall be vested. The lieutenant 
governor, bears nearly the same relation to the 
legislature, and governor of Ky., as does the 
vice president of the U. S, to the senate and 
president. Senators are chosen for four years, 
and divided into four classes, whose seats are 
filled annually, so that one fourth shall be cho- 
sen every year. " No person shall be senator, 
who, at the time of his election, is not a citizen 
of the U. S. and who hath not attained to the 
age of 35 years, iand resided in this state six 
years next preceding his election, and the last 
.year thereof in the district from which he may 
.be chosen." Members of the house of repre- 
sentatives are elected for one year ; and, "no 
person shall be la representative, who, at the 
time of his election, is not a citizen of the U. 
S. and hath not attained to the age of 24 years, 
and resided in this state two years neyt prece- 
ding his election, and the last year thereof in 
the CO. or town for which he may be chosen." 
The judiciary power, both as to matter of law 
and equity, is vested in one supreme court, 
styled the court of appeals, and in inferior 
.courts created and established by the general 
assembly. Judges both of the supreme and in- 
ferior, are appointed by the governor and sen- 
ate, and hold their offices during good beha- 
viour ; but for any reasonable cause, which 
shall not be sufficient ground of impeachment, 
jtjie governor shall remove any of them on the 
address of two thirds of each house of the 
general assembly. The right of suff'rage is 
vested in free white males, who have attained 
the age of 21 years, and resided in the state 
two years, or in the co. or town, in which they 
offer to vote, one year next preceding the elec- 
. tion. 

Staple 'productions, — Kentucky is essentially 
a grain country, though hemp and flax of ex- 
cellent quality are produced, and in the extreme 
southwestern part some cotton is cultivated. 
An immense quantity of flour, spirits, salted 
provisions, and live stock are exported, down 
the Ohio, and inland to the estrd. Manufac- 
tures of cloth, cordage, &c. have been cayried 
to considerable extent, but the state commer- 
cially remains dependent in a great measure 
on foreign supply, for most articles of domestic 

use. Education In promoting the requisite 

institutions to advance learning and science, 



Kentucky has more than pieserved her priority 
over the other central states which she gained 
by anterior settlement. Transylvania universi- 
ty was founded, and most correctly named, at 
an early stage of settlement ; organized in 
1798 and by a report of the professors dated 
Feb. llth, 1822, then contained " all the means 
requisite for a complete course of medical ed- 
ucation, conducted in the usual academical 
form." {See Lexington.) Several colleges 
also, will be found under the heads of the towns 
in which they are located. A considerable 
number of academies, and schools of a high 
character are scattered over the state. The 
literary fund of Kentucky amounts to nearly 
,f 150,000. 

In 1831, the real and personal estate in Ken. 
tucky amounted to ^111,756,438. During the 
same year, the receipts into the treasury 
amounted to $214,000, and the expenditures to 
$182,450. Amount of the state debt, Oct, 
1832, $147,534. The internal improvements 
in this state are considerable in extent. The 
Maysville and Lexington turnpike, about 65 
ms. in length, and ^yhich is to be completed the 
present year, (1833,) and the Louisville and 
Bardstown road, now in progress, are both to 
be McAdamlzed. These will rank among the 
first class ot roads in this country. For other 
improvements, rail roads, canals, &c. the read- 
er is referred to art. Rail Roads and Canals. 

Kemzua. {See Kinzua.) 

Keowea, p-v. in the eastern part of Pickens 
dist. S. C, by p-r. 128 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Kernesville, p-v, on a small cr. of Lehigh r. 
Northampton co. Pa. 12 ms. n. n. w. Bethle. 
hem. 

Kersey's p-o. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 184 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Kershaw, dist. S. C. bndd. by Richmond s. 
w., Fairfield w., Lancaster n., Chesterfield n. 
E., Darlington e., and Sumpter s. e. and s. 
Length 33, mean width 24, and area 792 square 
miles. Extending in lat. 34° 05' to 34° 35', 
and in long. 3° 16' to 3° 50' w. W. C. The 
Catawba, or as there called, the Wateree r., 
traverses the wis.stern part of Kershaw, and the 
eastern is bndd., by Lynch's cr. ; both streams 
s. of s. s. E., of course the slope of the dist. is 
in that direction. Cf. t, Camden. Pop. 1820, 
12,442, 18.30, 13,515. 

Kewenaw, bay, lake, and Point. About 
midway of the sthrn. shore of lake Superior, 
that coast is protruded in an angular cape far 
into the body of the lake, forming a low cape 
or peninsula, which together with a bay to its 
sthestrd. and a lake by which it is nearly insu. 
lated, is known by the name Kewenav/. The 
bay extends from the body of the lake gad to 
the s. E. of the point, in a s. s. w. direction 30 
ms. with a width from one to ten or twelve ms. 
From the bay a small inlet leads northward into 
Kewena lake. The latter is a shallow sheet of 
about 30 ms. from s. to n., mean breadth about 5 
ms. From the lake a portage, of one or two 
ms, leads into the wstrn. part of lake Superior. 
This inner passage enables those navigating 
small craft to avoid the long and dangerous 
.-route round Kewena Point. The extreme cape 
of Kewena is at n. lat- 47° %%', and very nearly 



KIN 



232 



KIN 



equidistant from the estrn. and wstrn. extremi. 
ties of the lake, 200 ms. from each. 

Ketsville, p-v. on the head of Meherin r. 
Charlotte co. Va. by p-r. 96 ms. s. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Key West, small island of Florida, in the 
Gulf of Mexico, one of the Florida Keys. 

KiAMECHE r. (final e pronounced) r. of the 
wstrn. territory of the U. S. and one of the 
nthrn. branches of Red river, rises in the Mas- 
se rne mtns. interlocking sources with those of 
the South Fork of Canadian r., those of Poteau 
branch of Arkansas r. and with those of Little 
r. of the North branch of Red r. The extreme 
sources of Kiameche are in Miller co. Ark. 
from whence flowing wstrd. 60 ms. inflects to s. 
E. 60 ms. and finally enters Red r. at n. lat. 33° 
.55', long. W. C. 18° 08' w. and 10 ms. s. Can- 
tonm.ent Towson. The mouth of the Kiame- 
che is about 220 ms. s. w. by w. Little Rock, 
and in a direct line about 80 ms. n. w. the north- 
western angle of La. 

KiDZiEs Grove, and p-o. Lenawee co. Mich. 
70 ms. s. w. Detroit. 

Kilkenny, t. Coos co. N. H. 8 ms. n. e. Lan- 
caster. A poor tract of country, unfit to be in- 
habited. Pop. 27. 

KiLLiNGLY, p-t. Windham co. Conn, on the 
Quiiinebaug, 25 ms. w. Providence, 45 e. Hart- 
ford. Surface uneven, but no portion moun- 
tainous. Contains several quarries of freestone, 
and extensive forests, the trees being of the 
deciduous species. Supplied with' numerous 
water privileges. Shad and salmon are taken 
in the Quinaebaug. This is a manufacturing 
town; 21 school dists. Pop. 3,257, 

KiLLiNGTON Peak, Vt. a summit of the Green 
mtn. s. part of Sherburn, 3,924 ft. above tide 
water, 10 ms. e. Rutland. 

KiLLiNGwoETH, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn, on 
Long Isl. sound, 26 ms. e. New Haven, 38 s. e. 
Hartford, 26 w. New London. Surface and 
soil various. Its most considerable streams 
are the Hammonassett and the Menunketesuck. 
There is a harbor in the s. part of the town ; 
15 school dists. and an academy. Pop. 2,484. 

Kills (The.) {See Newark Bay.) 

KiLMAMOCK, p-v. on a small creek of Chesa- 
peake bay, Lancaster co. Va. by p-r. 115 ms. n. 
E. by E. Richmond. 

KiMBERTON, p-v. on French cr., in the n. e. 
part of Chester co. Pa. about 27 ms. n. w. Phil- 
adelphia. 

KiMBLES, p-v. Lawrence co. Ohio, 139 ms. s. 
s. E. Columbus. 

KiNCANNON, iron works, and p-o. Surry co. N. 
C. by p-r. 139 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

KiNDERHooK, cr., ouc of the best mill streams 
in the U. S. is formed by numerous branches, 
that spread over N. e. of" Columbia co. N. Y. 
and the s. corner of Rensselaer co. which uni- 
ted, run to the s. w. through the town of Kin- 
derhook, where the stream takes its name, 
which it continues to its junction with Claver- 
ack cr. near the Hudson r., when the united 
streams lose their name for Factory, or Major 
Abram's cr. 

KiNDERHooK, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. 10 ms. 
N. Hudson, 20 s. Albany, w. of the Hudson, 
enjoying the navigation of said r. and having 



several landings, with stores, sloops, &c. Soil- 
in general good. Surface pretty level. Timber 
scarce. Contains iron ore, limestone, slate and 
various kinds of clays. Some red oxides of 
iron are found. There are a great number of 
mills of various kinds, watered by Kinderhook 
cr. ; 10 school houses and 2 academies. Kin- 
derhook village stands on an extensive and 
beautiful plain near the centre of the town 
west of the cr., where is Kinderhook landing. 
Columbiaville, another village of the town, is 
on the line between this and Hudson Pop. 
2,706. 

King and Queen, co. Va. bndd. by Caroline 
N. w., Essex N. E., Piankatank r. separating it 
from Middlesex e., Gloucester s. e., James r. 
s., and Matapony r. separating it from King 
Williams, w. and w. Length 40, mean width 
11, and area 440 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37*^ 
27' to 37° 56' and in long. 0° 18' e. to 0° 13' w. 
W. C. The surface sloping southward towards 
Matapony r. or southeastward towards Pianka. 
tank. Cf. t. Dunkirk. Population 1820, 11,798, 
1830,11,644. 

King and Queen, c. h. and p-o. {See Dun. 
kirks, same co.) 

King, cr. and p-o. in the extreme southern an. 
gle of Barnwell dist. S. C. by p-r. 90 ms. s. s. 
w. Columbia. 

King George, co. Va. bndd. w. by Stafford, 
N. and E. by Potomac r. separating it from 
Charles co. in Md., s. e. by Westmoreland, and 
s. by Rappahannoc r. separating it from Caro- 
line. Length 18, mean breadth 10, and area 
180 square ms. Extending in lat. 38° 11' to 
38° 23', and in long. 0° 03' e. to 0° 19' w. W. 
C. This CO. occupies a hilly region between 
the two bounding rs. with a varied soil. Cf. t. 
Hampstead. Pop. 1820, 6,116, 1830, 6,397. 

King George, c. h. and p-o. near the centre 
of King George co. Va. by p-r. 81 ms. a little 
w. of s. W. C. and 87 ms. n. n. e. Richmond. 

Kings, mtn., a ridge or hill, Lincoln co. N, 
C. and York dist., S. C. It was on this mtn. 
and within York dist., that, Oct. 7th, 1780, a 
body of British and tories under Col. Ferguson 
were defeated, their commander slain, and 
nearly the whole body killed or captured by 
three regiments of U. S. militia-. 

Kings, co. N. Y. comprises a very small area 
of the w. end of Long Island, immediately op* 
posite N. Y. Bndd. n. by East r., e. by .lamai. 
ca bay, and Queens co., s. by the, Atlantic, w._ 
by N. York bay, and the communication of the 
Hudson r. with the Atlantic. It contains about 
8li sq. ms. or 52,160 acres, the whole area 
not equalling that of a tsp. 10 ms. sq. Soil in 
general very good. Cf. t. Flatbush. Pop. 1820^ 
11,187, 1830, 20,535. 

Kings gap, and p-o. Harris co. Geo. 126 ms. 
westward Milledgeville. 

KiNGSBRiDGE, village, N. Y. on Haerlem r. 
which separates the co. of Westchester from N. 
Y. isl., ]6ms. N. N. Y. city. ' 

Kingsbury, p-t. and half shire town of Wash- 
ington CO. N. Y. e. Hudson r. 55 ms. n. Albany. 
General surface very level. Pretty good for 
farming. Contains fine groves of pine. Kings- 
bury v. is situated near the centre of the town, 
about 2 ms. from which is the spot where Put- 



KIN 



233 



KIT 



nam was defeated by the Indians. The village 
of Sandy Hill is in the s. w. corner of the town, 
close on the margia of the Hudson, immediate- 
ly above Baker's falls. The whole descent of 
these falls, is 7G ft. within 60 rods. There is 
no perpendicular cataract. Here are a number 
of mills, with a chance of many more. At this 
village and Salem, are alternately holden the 
courts of Washington co. The Champlain ca- 
nal traverses this town from n. e. to s. w. It 
has 11 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Contains 
an academy. Pop. 2,606. 

KiNGSESsiNG, p-o. Kingsessing tsp. Phila. co. 
Pa. 6 ms. s. s. w. Phila. This tsp. is the extreme 
southern part of the co. lying between Darby 
or., and the r. Schuylkill. Pop. 1820, 1,188, 
1830, 1,068. 

King's Ferry, (over Monongahela r.) and 
p-o. in the southern part of Monongalia co. Va. 
15 ms. by land above Morgantown, and by p-r. 
204 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

KiNGSFiELD, p4. Somerset co. Me. 40 ms. n. 
w. Norridgewock. Pop 1830, 554. 

Kingsley's p-o. Crawford co. Penn. 313 ms. 
N. w. W. C. 

Kingsport, p-v. on the road from Kno.^ville 
in Tenn. to Abington in Va. situated on the 
point above the jimction of the two main 
branches of Holston r. and in the n. w. part of 
Sullivan co. Tenn. 90 ms. by the road n. e. 
Knoxville, 42 s. w. by w. Abingdon, and by p-r. 
246 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Kingston, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 20 ms. 
s. w. Portsmouth, 37 ms. from Concord, 6 from 
Exeter. Contains an academy, some bog iron 
or.e, and red and yellow ochre. This was the 
residence of Josiah Bartlett, a governor of the 
state, and one of the signers of the Declaration 
of Independence. Pop. 929. 

Kingston, t. Addison co. Vt. 22 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 42 n. w. Windsor. White r. is form- 
ed here by the union of several branches, on 
one of which is a fall of 100 ft, 50 of the lower 
part of which are perpendicular. A consider- 
able portion of the t. is mountainous ; 3 school 
dists. Pop. 403. 

Kingston, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 32 ms. s. 
E. Boston. Watered by Jones' r. Has some 
manufactories of cetton and woollen. Here also 
are iron works. Soil fertile. Surface agreea- 
bly diversified. Pop. 1,321. 

Kingston, formerly Esopus, p-t. and st. jus. 
Ulster CO. N. Y., v-r. Hudson r., 100 ms. n. New 
York, 65 s. Albany. Soil good. Almost all 
the houses are built ef limestone, which is plen- 
tiful here. Well supplied with mill privileges 
by Esopus cr., which waters this town. Has 
several landings on the Hudson, and is a place 
of very considerable business ; 9 school dists. 
Kingston village lies on the s. side of Esopus 
or., 10 ms. s. of its mouth in the Hudson, and 
3- w. of the Hudson, at Kingston landing. It 
has an academy. It was burnt by the British 
under Vaughan, in 1777. It has an elegant 
courthouse, which cost f 40,000. Pop. 4,170. 

Kingston, vil., Middlesex and Somerset co. 
N. J. on the Millstone r. and main p-r. 3 ms. n. 
E. of Princeton, 13 ms. s. w. New Brunswick. 
The Delaware and Raritan canal passes through 
this village. 



Kingston, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa. (See Wyo. 
■ming .) 

Kingston, p-v. southern part of Somerset co. 
Md. byp-r. 152 ms. SoE. W. C. 

Kingston, p-v. Morgan co. Geo. 33 ms. n. n. 
w. Milledgeville. 

Kingston, p-v. Adams co. Misp. 

Kingston, p.v. and st. jus. Roane co. Ten. 
situated on the point above the junction of 
Cliach and Holston rs. 43 ms. s. w. by w. Knox- 
ville, and by p-r. 130 ms. a little s. of e. Nash- 
ville, lat. 35° 53', long. 7° 26' w. W. C. 

Kingston, p-v. Hopkins co. Kentucky, by p-r. 
216 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Kingston, p-v. Ross co. Ohio, by p-r. 36 ms. 
s. Columbus. 

Kingstree, p-v. and st. jus. Williamsburg 
district, S. C, situated on Black river, 43 ms. 
N. w. Georgetown, and 71 a little e. of n. 
Charleston, lat. 33° 37', and long. 2° 55' w. 
W. C. 

King William, co. Va. bndd. by Caroline n., 
by M'attapony r. separating it from King and 
Queen n. e. and e., and by Pamunkey river 
separating it from New Kent s., and Hanover 
w. Length 38, mean width 14, and area 532 
square ms. Extending in lat. 37° 30' to 37° 
57' and in long. 0° 09' e. to 0° 19' w. W. C. 
Cf. p-o. King William c. h. Pop. 1820, 9,697. 
1830, 9,812. 

King William, c. h., and p-o. King William 
CO. Va. by p.r. 40 ms. n. e. Richmond, and 136 
ms. a little w. of s. W. C. 

Kingwood, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. on the Del. 
extends n. e. to the south branch of Raritan. 
Pop. 2,898. 

Kingwood, p-v. and st. jus. Preston co. Va. 
situated w. Cheat r., 23 ms. s, e. Morgantown, 
and by p-r. 172 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 
39° 27', long. 2° 45' w. W. C. 

KiNNicoNicK, cr., and p-o. eastern part of 
Lewis CO. Ky. 100 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Kinsman's p-o. Trumbull co. Ohio, by p-r. 184 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

KiNzuA, or Kenjua, p.v. on the left bank of 
Alleghany r. in the n. e. part of Warren co. Pa. 
12 ms. by land above Warren and by p.r. 226 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

KiRBY, t., Caledonia co. Vt. 30 ms. n. New- 
bury, 36 n. e. Montpelier. Surface uneven, and 
in many places, ledgy or swampy. Well wa. 
tered with springs and brooks. Pop. 401. 

Kirksey's Cross Roads, and p-o. Edgefield 
dist., S. C. 15 ms. n. n. w. the v. of Edgefield, 
and by p-r. 65 ms. a little s. of w. Columbia. 

Kirks, Mills, and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 46 
ms. E. Harrisburg. 

Kirtland, Mills, and p-o. Geauga co. O. by 
p-r. 151 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Kiskiminitas, r. of Pa. the southeastern and 
largest confluent of Alleghany r. This stream 
is more commonly known und6r the name of 
Conemaugh. {See the latter article.) 

Kiskiminitas, post tsp. in the northern part of 
Westmoreland co., Pa. about 10 ms. n. Greens, 
burg, and 25 ms. e. Pittsburg. 

Kite's, Mills, and p-o. Rockingham co. Va. 
by p-r. 141 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Kittanning, p-v. and st. jus. Armstrong co, 
Pa. situated on the left bank of Alleghany r., 40 



Kir 



234 



KNO 



ais. N. E. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 214 nis. n. w. 
by w. Han-isburg, lat. 40° 51', long. 2° 33' w. 
Pop. 1820, 318,1830,520. 

KiTTATiNNY, mtns., an extensive and impor- 
tant chain of the Appalachian system. In Pa. 
the Kittatinny is very definite and with an inter- 
vening valley between their ranges parallel to 
the Blue Ridge. It is the same chain, however, 
which first becomes definite in the state of 
New York, w. of the Hudson, and there known 
as the Showangunk, and extending s, w. over 
the upper part of New Jersey, enters Fa. at 
the Delaware Water gap. Thence inflecting 
to w. s. w. is traversed by the Lehigh at the Le- 
high Water gap, by the Schuylkill above Ham- 
burg, and by the Susquehannah, 5 ms. above 
-Harrisburg. From the latter point the chain 
again inflects still more to the westward, be- 
tween Cumberland and Perry cos. At the west- 
em extremity of those two counties, the chain 
abruptly bends to a nearly southern course, be- 
tween Franklin and Bedford cos., enters Md. by 
the name of Cove mtn. being traversed by the 
Potomac r. between Williarasport and Han- 
cockstown, and stretches into Virginia, as the 
Great N. mtn. over Virginia from the Potomac 
to James r. between Rockbridge and Allegha- 
ny cos. This chain tho' broken remains dis. 
tinct ; a similar character prevails from James 
r. to New r. between Wythe and Grayson cos. 
After being traversed by New r. the chain again 
assumes complete distinctness, leaves Virginia, 
and under the local name of Iron mtns. Bald 
mtns. Smoky mtns. and Unika mtns. separates 
N. C. and Ten. to the Unika turnpike on the 
western border of Macon co. of the former 
state. Thence continuing a little w. of s. w. 
crosses the n. \v. angle of Geo. enlers Ala. and 
separating the sources of the creeks of Middle 
Ten. r. from those of Coosa, merges into the 
hills from which rise the numerous branches of 
Tuscaloosa. Thus, defectively as the Kitta- 
tinny, called expressly by the Indians Kataatin 
Chunk, or the Endless mtns. are delineated on 
Gur maps, it is in nature a prominent and indi- 
vidual chain, xv. lat. 31° 31' to 41° 30', and 2° 
45',E. to 10° w. long. W. C. Ranging through 
7° of lat. and almost 13 degrees of long, stretch- 
ing along a space exceeding 900 statute ms. and 
varying in distance from the Blue Ridge, be- 
tween 15 to 25 ms. generally about 20, though 
in some places the two chains approach, as at 
JIarrisburg, to within less than 10 ms. from 
each other. In relative height the Kittatinny 
exceeds the Blue Ridge, but as regards the 
plain or table land on which they both stand, it 
irises gradually from tide water in Hudson r. to 
en elevation of 2,500 feet in Ashe co. of N. C. 
Prom James r. to the Hudson, the chain ranges 
along the Atlantic slope, and is broken by 
streams flowing through it on their course to- 
wards the Atlantic ocean, but passing the high- 
er valley of James r. the Kittatinny winds over 
the real dividing line of the waters, and is 
thence traversed by New r., Watauga, Nole- 
chucky, French Broad, and Ten. rs. 

Kittatinny Valley, in the most extended 
sense of the term, is in length commensurate 
with the mtn. chain from- which the name is de. 
jivedf therefore extends frorn Hudson r. to the 



northern part of Ala. varying in width 8 to 25 
ms. with generally a substratum of limestone 
towards the Blue Ridge and of clay slate on the 
side of the Kittatinny. Some of the most flour- 
ishing agricultural districts of the U. S. are in- 
cluded in this physical section. The co. of 
Orange in N. York, Sussex and Warren in New 
Jersey are nearly all comprised within its lim- 
its. In Pa. it embraces the greater part of the 
lower section of Northampton ; nearly all Le- 
high, Berks, and Lebanon, the lower part of 
Dauphin with the greater share of Cumberland 
and Franklin. In Maryland the eastern and left 
part of Washington. In Va. a large part of 
Berkley, Jefferson, Frederick, Shenandoah, 
Rockingham, Augusta, Rockbridge, Botetourt, 
Montgomery and Grayson, and in N. C. the 
cos. of Ashe, Buncombe, Haywood, and Macon. 
The lat. and relative elevation of this great 
zone has already been shown in the preceding 
article, and the peculiar features of its parts 
may be seen under the respective heads of the 
cos. it embraces, in whole or in part. 

KiTTERY, p-t. York CO. Me., at the mouth of 
the Piscataqua, opposite Portsmouth, N. H., 5 
ms. s. York. Pop. 2,202. 

KuNESviLLE, p-v. in the n. estrn. part of Berks 
CO. Pa., 74 ms. n. e. by e. Harrisburg. 

Klingerstown, p-v. in the estrn. part of 
Schuylkill co. Pa., 81 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Knowlton, t. Warren co. N. J. on Del. r. s. e, 
of the Blue mtn. Pop. 2,827. 

Knox, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 25 ms. n. w. Cas- 
tine. Pop. 666. 

Knox, p-t. Albany co. N. Y., 20 ms. w. Al. 
bany, on the height of land between Albany 
and Schoharie. Pop. 2,189. 

Knox, co. of Ten., bndd. by Blount s., Roane 
s. w., Anderson n. w., Campbell n.. Granger 
N. E., Jefferson e., and Sevier s. e. Xength 48, 
mean width 18, and area 864 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 85° 48' to 36° 15', and in long. 6° 11' to 
7°12'w. W.C. Holston r. enters the estrn. 
border, and winding s. w. by w. receives the 
French Broad r. from the s. e. and leaves the 
wstrn. part of the county between Roane and 
Blount. The nthrn., n. wstrn. and s. estrn. parts 
are mountainous, but the central vallies of Hol- 
ston and French Broad afford extensive tracts of 
highly productive soil. Cf. t. Knoxville. Pop. 
1820, 13,034, 1830, 14,498. 

Knox, co. Ky., bndd. by Whiteby w., Laurel 
N. w., Clay N. and n. e., Harlan e., and Clai- 
borne and Campbell cos. of Ten. s. Length 33, 
mean width 15, and area 495 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. 36° 34' to 37° 02', and in long. 6° 20', 
to 7° w. W. C. This co. is traversed and 
drained by Cumberland r., slope to the wstrd. 
Cf. t. Barbourville. Pop, 1820, 3,661, induct 
ii:g what is now Laurel co. In 1830, Knox 
contained 4,315 inhabitants. 

Knox, co, Ohio, bndd. s. by Licking, Dela- 
ware w., Marion n. w., Richland n., Holmes n. 
E., and Coshocton e. Length 30, mean width 
21, and area 630 sq. ms. Lat 40° 14' to 40° 
32' long. W. C. 5^ w., slope s. estrd., and 
drained by the sources of Mohiccon cr. Cf. t. 
Mount Vernon, Pop, 17,085, 

Knox, p-v. Knox co. Ohio, by p-r. ,''6 ms, >n. n= 
F„ Columbus. 



LAF 



233 



LAF 



Knox, co. Ind., occupying the lower part of 
the peninsula between the Wabash and White 
rs. opposite Wabash and Lawrence cos. Illinois, 
and having Sullivan and Green cos. of Ind. n. 
Length from the junction of White and Wabash 
rs. to the n. e. angle on the latter 50 ms., mean 
breadth 10, and area 500 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 40'. 
long. W. C. 10° 30'w. Cf. t, Vincennes. Pop. 
1820, 5,437, 1830, 6,525. 

Knox, co. II. bndd. by Fulton s., Warren w., 
Henry n., and Peoria e. Length 28, breadth 
24, and area 572 sq. ms. Lat. 41° n., long. 
13° 10' w. W. C. Slopes sthrd. and is travers- 
ed and drained by Spoon r. This co. is com- 
prised in the military bounty land. Cf. t. Hen- 
derson. Pop. 274. 

Knox, c. h. p-v. Knox co. II. by p-r. 188 ms. 
N.N. w. Vandalia. {See Henderson, same co.) 

Knoxville, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 165 
ms. nthwrds. Harrisburg. 

Knoxville, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. Geo. 
situated on a cr. of Flint r. 65 ms. s. w. by w. 
Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 41', long. 1° 10' w. W. C. 

Knoxville, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co. Ten. 
situated on the right bank of Holston r., 26 ms. 
by land above its junction with Ten,, 61 ms. a 



I little s. of w. Greenville, and 178 ms.a little s. 
' of w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 56', long. 6° 43' w. 
W. C. This t. has been regarded as the capi. 
tal of E. Ten. An academy has been long in 
operation, and the general government has lent 
its aid towards the formation of a college in 
Knoxville. Pop. 1820, about 2,000, 1830, 3,000. 

Knoxville, p-v. Jefierson co. O. by p-r. 160 
ms. N. E. by E. Columbus. 

Knoxville, p-v. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 53 
ms. N. N. w. W. C. 

KoRTRiGHT, p-t. Del. CO. N. York, 6 to 12 
ms. E. and n. Delhi, Hilly or mountainous. 
Soil strong, capable of producing good crops. 
17 schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 2,870. 

Kreidersville, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 12 
ms. N. N. w. Bethlehem, and 14 ms. e. Easton. 

KuTZTOwN. (See Cootstown.) 

Kyaderosseras cr., a good mill stream of 
Saratoga co. N. Y. rising in Corinth and 
Greenfield, and falling into Saratoga lake in the 
t. of Saratoga Springs. 

Kykendall's P'.o. Henry co. Ten. by p-r. 121 
ms. w. Nashville. 

Kylersville, P-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 
168 ms, N. w, Harrisburg. 



li. 



Lackawannoc, r. of Pa. rises in Wayne and 
Schuylkill COS. between the Lackawannoc and 
Tunkhannoc chains, and flowing s. 20 ms. turns 
to s. w. 25 ms., falls into Susquehannah r. 9 
miles above Wilkesbarre, The valley of 
Lackawannoc is, in reality, the continuation to 



Lafayette, parish La. bndd. by MermentaU 
r. w., bayou Queue Fortue, separating it from 
St. Landre n., by St. Martin's parish n. e., by 
Vermillion r. separating it from St. Mary's e,, 
and by the Gulf of Mexico s. ; greatest length 
along the Gulf 55 ms., mean width 30, and 



the K. E. of the Wyoming valley, and equally! area 1,650 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 29° 30' to 



remarkable for the great abundance of mineral 
coal. 

Lackawannoc, ridge of mtns. in Luzerne and 
Wayne cos. Pa. the continuation of Wyoming 
mtn. E. of Wilkesbarre. It ranges in a north- 
estrn. direction between the sources of Lacka- 
waxen and Lackawannoc rs. The now re- 
markable Moosuck mtn. traversed by a rail-road 
between Carbondale and Honeydale, is the n. 
E. par? of the Lackawannoc. 

Lackawaxen, r. of Pa. rising principally in 
Wayne co., but after the union of its main 
branches forming the boundary between Wayne 
and Pike cos. This comparatively small 
stream has gained importance from a canal 
constructed along its valley, which commences 
on the Del. r. at the mouth of Lackawaxen 
creek, and following the valley of the latter 24 
ms. to Honeydale, where it joins a raiUroad 
over Moosuc mtn, {See articles Honeydale 
and Carbondale.) 

Laconia, p-v. Harrison co. Ind. 21 ms. s. 
Corydon, and 145 ms. s. Indianopolis. 

Lacy's Spring and p-o. Morgan co. Ala, by 
p-r. 149 ms. n. k. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Lady Washington, sign of, and p-o. Mont- 
gomery CO. Pa. 22 ms. from Phil. 

Lafayette, p-t. Onondaga co. N, Y. 134 ms. 
W.Albany. Pop. 2,566. 

Lafayette, p-v. McKean co. Pa. by p-r. 178 
ms. N. w, Harrisburg. 

Lafayette, p-v. Montgomery co. Va. by p-r, 
208 ms. a little s. of w. Richmond. 



30° 06'. The whole surface of this large pa- 
rish is a plain, the far greater part a marsh. The 
very small lines of soil along the Vermillion, 
and Queue Fortue, with still less on Mermen, 
tau, are the only parts admitting cultivation. It 
is also, with very slight exceptions, an unwood- 
ed prairie. The narrow lines of wood along 
the streams composed of black oak, white oak, 
live oak, &c. cease before reaching the Gulf. 
Clumps of live oak are seen rising on shell 
and sand banks from the marsh. Cf. t. Moun- 
tenvilie. Pop. 5,653. 
Lafayette, co. Ten. {See Fayette co. Ten.) 
Lafayette, co. Ind. {See Fayette co. same 
state.) 

Lafayette, co. of Mo. having the Mo. r. n., 
and extending s. indefinitely to Osage r. ; it is 
mostly uninhabited. Cf. t. Lexington. Pop. 
2,912. 

Lafayette, c. h. and p-o. Layfayette co. Ark. 
182 ms. s. w. Little Rock. 

Lafayette, p-v. and st. jus. Tippecanoe co. 
Ind. 70 ms. n. w. Indianopolis. It is situated 
on Wabash r. about 10 ms. below the mouth of 
Tippecanoe r. 

Lafayette, southwestern co. of Ark,, the 
limits of which are yet but vaguely defined; on 
Tanner's map of the U. S., it has Hempstead 
in Ark. on the n., and the parish of Claiborne 
in La. s., extending e. and w. Washitau river to 
the western boundary of the Ter. Length along 
La. 130 ms., mean width about 35, and area 4,550 
sq. ms. It is traversed by Red r. Pop. 748. 



LAK 



236 



LAK 



Lafayktte¥ille, p-v. Oldham co» Ky., 43 ms 
nthwrd. Frankfort. 

Lafourche, (The Fork,) r. of La., a mouth of 
the Misp. This outlet, about 80 yards wide at 
its efflux from the main stream, issues at and 
above Donaldsonville, and though remarkable 
as receiving no tributary water in all its length 
of, by comparative courses, 90 ms., the stream 
widens and deepens as it approaches its dis- 
charge into the Gulf of Mexico. The general 
course is very near s. i:., and though presenting 
on a smaller scale, similar features with the 
Misp., the bends of Lafourche are compara- 
tively less numerous and abrupt in the Lafourche. 
It enters the Gulf over a bar of 9 ft. water, at n. 
lat. 29° 12', and long. 13° 09' w. W. G. 

Lafourche Interior, parish of La., bndd. by 
Assumption n. w., St. John Baptiste n., St. 
Charles and the Gulf of Mexico s.e., and the 
parish of Terre Bonne s. and w. Length 70, 
mean width 15, and area 1,050 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 29° 12' to 29° 57', and in long. 
13° 07' to 14° 15' w. W. C. The Lafourche r. 
winds through this parish in the direction of its 
greatest length, and containing on its banks the 
far greatest part of the arable soil of its surface. 
The whole, indeed, as part of the delta, is an 
almost undeviating plain ; the banks of the 
streams rising but little above the interior 
marshes. The arable margins of the streams 
contain also most of the timbered land. Where 
the soil, however admits cultivation, it is highly 
productive. Staples, sugar and cotton. Of. t. 
Thibadeauxville. Pop. 1820, 3,755, 1830, 5,503. 

La Grange, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. Pop. 
2,044. 

La Grange, p-v. Chester dist. S. C., by p-r. 
77 ms. N. Columbia. 

La Grange, p-v. and st. jus. Troup co. Geo., 
situated on a small cr. of Chattahooche r., by 
p-r. 133 ms. very nearly due w. Milledgeville. 
Lat. 33° 05', long. 8° 10' w. W. C. 

La Grange, p-v. Franklin co. Ala. by p-r. 110 
ms. N. N. w. Tuscaloosa. 

La Grange, p.v. Fayette co. Ten., by p-r. 242 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

La Grange, p-v. Oldham co. Ky., marked in 
the p-o. list as the st. jus. in the list of offices, 
though in the list of cos. which precedes the of- 
fices, Westport is annexed to Oldham, as the co. 
St. Lafayetteville is not inserted on Tanner's 
map, but in the p-o. list stated at 43 ms. from 
Frankfort, 

La Grange, t. Loraine co. 0., by p-r. 119 ms. 
rr. Columbus. 

La Grange, new co. of Ind., bndd. by Elk- 
hart CO. w., St. Joseph CO. Mich. n. w. and n., 
Branch co. Mich. n. e., other boundaries un- 
certain. Length from w. to e. 30 ms., breadth 
18, and area, 540 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 40', long. 
W. C. 8° 30' w. Slope n. w. by w., and in that 
direction drained by Pigeon r. and other conflu- 
ents of St. Joseph's r. of lake of Mich. The 
central part is about 140 ms. a little e. of n. In- 
dianopolis. Pop. uncertain. 

La Grange, p-v. Cass co. Mich. 178 ms. a lit- 
tle s. of w. Detroit. 

Lairdsville, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa., by p-r. 
92 ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Lake George, a beautiful body of water. 



about 33 ms. long, and nearly 2 wide, princi- 
pally m the cos. of Warren and Washington, 
N. Y. It dischargfis itselfinto lake Champlain 
at Ticonderoga. The outlet is little more than 
3 ms. long, and is said to descend 157 ft. This 
lake is surrounded by high mtns. and is sur- 
passed in the romantic by no lake scenery in the 
world. The water is deep and clear, abound- 
ing with the finest fish. The lake abounds 
with small isls. It is a fashionable place of re- 
sort in summer. In consequence of the extra- 
ordinary purity of the waters of this lake, the 
French formerly procured it for sacramental 
purposes ; on which account they denominated 
it Lac Sacrament. Roger's rock is on the w. 
side of the lake, 2 ms. from its outlet. It rises 
out of the water at an angle of more than 45° to 
the height of 300 or 400 ft. It received its 
name from Major Rogers, who, to evade his 
Indian pursuers, ascended the rock on the land 
side with snow shoes ; and throwing his pack 
down the precipice on the water side, turned 
his feet about on his snow shoes, and travelled 
back with them, they being heel foremost ; thus 
leading the Indians to suppose that two persons 
had ascended the rock, and precipitated them- 
selves into the lake. This lake was conspicu- 
ous during the French and revolutionary wars, 
forming the most convenient connexion between 
Canada and the Hudson ; hence the establish, 
ment of the forts at the head of the lake, and 
also in part of fort Ticonderoga. 

Lake-of-the-Woods. {See Assiniboin r.) 

Lake Pleasant, p-t. Hamilton co. N. Y. 70 
ms. N. w. Albany. It is a wild waste of moun- 
tain and swamp lands, abounding with small 
lakes ; so poor in general that nobody inclines 
to settle in it. The lakes are very numerous 
and produce immense quantities of very fine 
large trout. Lake Pleasant is said to be 4 ms. 
long, with a fine sandy beach. Pop. 266. 

Lake Port, p-v, Chicot co. Ark. by p-r. 200 
ms., but by direct distance only 130 s. e. Little 
Rock, 

La Porte, new co, of Ind., bounded by St, 
Joseph's CO. Ind. e., Berrien co, Mich, n., lake 
Michigan n, w,, and the Indian country to the 
s. of lake Mich, on the other sides. It is, with 
the exception of the n. w. angle, a square of 24 
ms. each side, area about 560 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 
35', long. W. C. 9° 42' w. The extreme source 
of Kankakee r. branch of Illinois r, rises in St, 
Joseph's CO. Ind., and traversing the southern 
part of La Porte co, gives it a western slope. 
The northwestern section declines n, w^ to- 
wards lake Michigan, Surface generally a 
plain. The port on lake Michigan, from which 
this county is named, is by direct line about 
140 ms, N, N. w. from Indianopolis. Over this 
space a rail.road has been projected. Pop. un- 
certain. 

Lake Providence, and p-o. northeast part of 
the parish of Washitau, La. The p-o. is about 
100 ms. N. Natchez. The lake in every re- 
spect similar to Fausse Riviere, lakes Concor- 
dia, St. Joseph, and Grand lake, is evidently 
the remains of an ancient bend of Mississippi. 
Lake Providence is entirely omitted on Tan. 
ner's U. S. 

Lake Rain. See Assiniboin r. 



LAN 



237 



LAN 



Lamberton, village, Burlington co. N. J. on 
the Del. 2 ms. below Trenton. 

Lambertsville, village, Hunterdon co. N. J. 
on the Del. 16 ms. above Trenton, connected 
by a bridge vv^ith New Hope. 

Lamington, (Indian, Alamatunk,) v. Som- 
merset co. N. J. 

Lamoille, r. Vt. formed by the union of sev- 
eral streams, in Greensborough, and falls into 
lake Champlain at Colchester. 

Lamoresville, p-v. Carroll co. Ten. 118 ms. 
vf. Nashville. 

Lampeter, tsp. and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. 
The tsp. lies between Pequea and Mill crs.,- 
and the p-o. is about 6 ms. s. e. the city of Lan- 
caster. Pop. tsp. 182 >, 3,278. 

Lamprey, r. N. H. rises on the w. of Saddle- 
back mtn. in Northwood, and meets the tide 
about 2 ms. above the Great bay at Durham. 

Lampton's, Clark co. Ky., by p.r. 53 ms. s.e. 
Frankfort. 

Lancaster, p-t. and st. jus. Coos. co. Ni H., 
on the s. e. bank of Con. r., 110 ms. w. Portland, 
130 N. Portsmouth, llO almost due n. from Con- 
cord, and 75 above Dartmouth college. Wa- 
tered by Con. r., Israel's r., and several smaller 
streams ; situated near lofty mtns. Pop. 1,187. 

Lancaster, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., the 
oldest town in the co., 35 ms. ^. w. Boston, 15 
^•. E. Worcester. Finely situated on both sides 
of Nashua r. Here are found slates of a good 
quality, andalusite, earthy marl, phosphorate of 
lime, and several other minerals. Map print- 
ing, and comb making, are here carried on, 
upon an extensive scale. Here is an academy. 
Pop. 2,014. 

Lancaster, co. Pa., bndd. by the estrn. Cone- 
wago cr. separating it from Dauphin w., by 
Lebanon co. n. w., Berks n. e., Chester e., Coe- 
cil CO. of Md. s., and Susquehannah r. separating 
it from York co. s. w. Lines drawn over this 
CO. from its s. e. angle on Octarara cr. a little 
w. of N. to its extreme nthrn. angle on Lebanon 
and Berks, or n. w. parallel to Susquehannah r. 
to its extreme wstrn. angle at the mouth of Con- 
ewago, are very nearly equal and 43 ms. in 
length, and the area being within a trifle of 1,000 
sq. ms., the mean width will be about 23 
ms. Extending in lat. 39° 42' to 40° 19' and 
in long. 0° 19' to 1° 10' e. W. C. The slope of 
this fine co. is towards the Susquehannah, and 
in a direction of s. s. w. The central and best 
parts are drained by the Conestoga, but the 
Conewago and Chiques in the wstrn. angle, and 
Pequea and Octarara crs. in the s. estrn. are 
crs. of some size, watering excellent land. 
Lancaster is one of the best cultivated cos. 
of Pa. and produces large quantities of live 
stock, salted meat, hides, leather, grain, flour, 
fruit, particularly apples, cider, whiskey, 
&,c. Cf. t. Lancaster. Pop. 1820, 68,336, 
1830, 76,631. 

Lancaster, city of, p.t. and st. jus. Lancaster 
CO. Pa., situated in the fine fertile and well cul- 
tivated valley of Conestoga, about one mile 
wstrd. of that stream, 62 ms. from Phil, and 36 
from Harrisburg ; n. lat. 40° 03', and long. 0° 
41' E. W. C. This city was laid out in streets 
at right angles. The central part is v/ell and 
iCiosely built. The c. h, is the central edifice, 

31 



standing at the intersection of the two main 
streets. The commerce and manufactures of 
the place are flourishing. Pop. 1810, 5,405, 
1890, 6,633, 1830, 7,704. 

Lancaster, co. Va. bndd. n. w. by Richmond} 
N. e. and E. by Northumberland, s. e. by Chesa- 
peake bay, and s. and s. v. by Rappahannoc r,, 
separating it from Middlesex. Length 24, mean 
width 8, and area about 200 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 37° 35' to 37° 55', and in long. 0° 22' to 
0°40'e. W, C. On the Potomac border, it is 
deeply indented by small but convenient bays. 
Pop. 1820, 5,517, in 1830,4,801. 

Lancaster, c. h. and p-o. Lancaster co. Va., 
situated near the middle of the co., by p-r. 85 
ms. N. E. byE. Richmond, and 152 s.s. e. W. C. 
Lat. 37° 46', long. 0° 30' e. W. C, 

Lancaster, dist. S. C, bndd. by Lynches cr. 
separating it from Chesterfield s. e,, by Kershaw 
s., by Catawba r. separating it from Fairfield, 
Chester and York w., and by Mecklenburg co. 
N. C. N. Length s. to n. parallel to Catawba r. 
44 ms. ; the sthrn. part is about 23 ms. wide, 
but to the nthrd. the breadth is reduced to less 
than 5 ms. ; the mean width may be assumed at 
12, and area 524 sq. ms. The general slope is 
sthrd. Cf. t. Lancaster. Pop. 1820, 8,716, 183j, 
10,361. 

Lancaster, p-t., and st. jus. Lancaster dist. 
S. C. situated near the centre' of the dist. 38 
ms. a little w. of n. Camden, and 63 ms. e. of 
N. Columbia. Lat. 34° 42', long. 3° 47' w, 
W.C. 

Lancaster, p-v.. Smith co. Ten., by p.r. 58 
ms. N. E. Nashville. 

Lancaster, p-v. and st. jus. Garrard co. Ky., 
37 ms. s. Lexington, 10 a little s. of e. Danville, 
and 52 s. s. e. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 37', bag. 
7° 30' w. W. C. 

Lancaster, p-v. and st. jus. Fairfield co. 0., 
by p-r. 28 ms. s. e. Columbus, and 372 n. w. by 
w. i w. W. C. This is one of the finest inte- 
rior villages ofO., containing from 250 to 300 
houses, by the census of 1820, 1,037, but by 
that of 1830, 1,530, and at present at least 1,600 
inhabitants. According to Flint, it contains the 
common co. buildings, an academy, several 
private schools, 4 churches, 12 stores, 2 print- 
ing offices, issuing a weekly English, and weekly 
Germair paper; a bank, and is united to the 
great central canal of O. by a side cut. Lat. 
39° 45'. 

LA^'CASTJ:R, p-v. Jeflierson co. Ind., by p-r. 76 
ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Landaff, t. Grafton co. N. H., 12 ms. e. Ha. 
verhill corner, 9 from Concord. Watered by 
Wild Ainonoosuck and Great Amonoosuck rs. 
Landaff" mtn.. Cobble hill, and Bald hill, are the 
principal elevations. Soil in some parts very 
fertile. Pop. 949. 

Landgrove, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 33 m.s. 
N. E. Bennington, 70 s. Montpelier. Watered 
by head branches of West r. 3 school districts. 
Pop. 385. 

Landisburg, p-v. on the waters of Sherman's 
cr. Perry co. Pa., 12 ms, n. n. w. Carlisle, and 
by p-r. 32 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisbui-g. 

Landsfo-rd, p-v. in the n. e. part of Chester 
dist, S. C. 10ms. n. e. Chesterville-, and by p-r,- 
92 ms. N. Columbia. 



LAU 



238 



LAU 



Lane's p-o. Mason co. Va., by p-r. 36G ms. 
wstrd. W. (". 

Lanesborough, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 5 
ms. from Pittsfield, 14 n. Lenox, 135 from Bos- 
ton. Part of the waters of this town descend to 
Long Island sound, and part to the Hudson. 
Soil, a fine loam. Contains great quantities of 
white marble, which are very valuable and ex- 
tensively wrought. Pop. 1,192. 

Lanesbo'ro', p-v. Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 154 
ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Lanesboro', p-v. Susquehannah co. Fa. by p-r. 
187 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Lanesville, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. by 
p-r. 178 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Lanesville, p-o. Floyd co. Ky. by p-r. 154 
ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Langdon, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 17 ms. from 
Keene, 50 w. Concord. Watered by a branch 
of Cold r. It was named in honor of Gov. 
Langdon. Pop. 666. 

Langhorn's Tavern, and p-o. Cumberland co. 
Va. by p-r. 60 ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Langsbury, p-v. Camden co. Geo. by p-r. 199 
ms. s. s. E. Milledgeville. 

Lansing, t. Tompkins co. N. Y., having Lud- 
lowville p-o. on the e. side, near s. end of Cay- 
uga lake, 7 ms. n. Ithaca, 160 w. Albany. Soil 
of the best quality. Watered by Salmon cr. 
which has falls. 20 school dists. Pop. 4,020. 

Lansingbukgh, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. e. 
Hudson r., 4 ms. n. Troy, IC n. Albany. There 
is an elegant bridge across the Hudson, be- 
tween this place and Waterford, the first as 
we ascend from the ocean. Here is a very ex- 
tensive nursery. Epsom salts, and stone for 
building are found here. The village of Lan- 
singburgh is 2 ms. long, and half a mile wide, 
being regularly laid out in blocks, or oblong 
squares 400 by 260 ft. It has a flourishing aca- 
demy. A dam 1,100 ft. long, and 9 ft. high, is 
built across the r. below the village, by which 
the water has been made sufficiently deep for 
sloops throughout the season. Vessels ascend 
through a sloop lock 30 feet wide, and 114 long. 
Cost of the dam and lock, $92,270. Lansing- 
burgh employs in trade about 12 sloops. Pop. 
2,663. 

Lapeek, CO. Mich. bndd. s. by Oakland, s. w. 
Shiawassee, n. w. Saginaw, n. Sanilac, e. St. 
Clair CO., and s. e. by Macomb, Lat. 43°, long, 
7° 15' w., slope N. w., and drained by Flint r. 
branch of Saginaw. It lies n. n. w. about 60 
ms. from Detroit. 
Larkin's Fork, and p-o. Jackson co. Ala. about 
170 ms. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

La Salle, co. Illinois, along both sides of Il- 
linois r. from the junction of the Kankakee 
and Plane rs. down to below the mouth of Ver- 
million r. It would be useless to offer a delin- 
eation of this CO. as it contains, as laid down by 
Tanner, 110 ms. from s. to n. with a breadth of 
50, of course must be rapidly subdivided. That 
part along the Illinois near the rapids, will prob. 
ably retain the title. {See Ottawa, Fox river 
of Illinois, &c.) 

Lauderdale, northwestern co. of Ala. bndd. 
on the N. by the cos. of Hardin, Wayne and 
Lawrence in Ten., e. by Limestone, Ala., s. by 
Ten. r. separating it from Lawrence and Frank- 



lin, Ala., s. w. by Ten. r. separating it from the 
Chiclcasaw territory, in Ala., and w. again by 
Ten. r. separating it from the Chickasaw terri- 
tory, in the state of Misp. Length e. to w. 56 
ms., mean width 12, and area 672 square ms. 
Extending in lat. 34° 43' to 35°, and in long. 
10° 16' to 11° 15' w. W. C. Elk river enters 
Ten. about the middle of the Muscle shoals, 
and in the extreme southeastern angle of Lau- 
derdale co. The general declivity is south- 
ward towards Ten. down which flow Blackwa- 
ter. Shoal, Cypress, Second and other crs. The 
surface is broken and soil excellent. Cf. t. 
Florence. Population 1820, 4,963, 1830, 11,. 
781. 

Laughert, p-v. Ripley co. Ind. situated on a 
creek of the same name in the s. e. part of the 
CO. by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Laughlintown, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa.. 
26 ms. e. Greensburg, and 43 n. w. by w. Bed. 
ford. s 

Laughbidge, p-v. Gwinnett co. Geo. by p-r. 
99 ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Laurel, p-v. southern part of Sussex co. 
Del. 58 ms. southward Dover. 

Laurel Furnace, and p-o. Dickson co. Ten, 
by p-r. 44 ms. westsvard Nashville, 

Laurel Hill, or Laurel mtns., a local name 
given to several of the western chains of the 
Appalachian system, an absurdity productive of 
no small share of confusion. The chain in Pa. 
extending from the Conemaugh to Youghiogha- 
ny r., and which separates Cambria co. from 
V/estmoreland, and Somerset from Westmore- 
land and Fayette, is there called " The Laurel 
Hill," whilst another chain westerly and with 
an intervening valley of 10 ms. wide is called 
" The Chestnut Ridge.'" Both chains are con- 
tinned out of Pa. into Va. southwestward of the 
Youghioghany, but the names are reversed, 
and the Chestnut ridge of Pa. is the Laurel 
ridge of Va. Such is the wretched delineation 
of the Appalachian system on all our maps, that 
no adequate idea of the respective chains can 
in many instances be obtained by their assist- 
ance. The two chains mentioned in this arti- 
cle, though not so represented, preserve their 
identity, similar to the Blue Ridge from the 
state of N. Y. into Ala. 

Laurel Hill, p-o. Somerset co. Pa. by p-r. 
162 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Laurel Hill, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. by p-r. 
112 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Laurel Hill, p.v. Richmond co. N. C. by 
p-r. 97 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Laurel Hill, p-v. w. Feliciana parish. La. 
20 ms. from St, Francisville. 

Laurel Spring, p-v. Fluvanna co. Va. by p-r. 
61 ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Laurence, co. Ala. bndd. e. by Morgan, s. by 
Walker, w. by Franklin, n. w. by Ten. r. sepa- 
rating it from Lauderdale, and n. e. from Ten. 
r. separating it from Limestone. Length from 
N. to s. along its water boundary 38 ms., the 
breadth 24, mean length 34, and area 816 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat from 34° 18' to 34° 48', 
and in long. 10° 13' to 10° 36' w. W. C. The 
southern border extends into the higher rim of 
the valley of Mulberry r., branch of Black 
Warrior, and slopes southwardly, butthe central 



LAW 



239 



LAW 



and northern sections, cojnprising full two thirds 
of the whole surface, declines northwardly to- 
wards Ten. r. That part of the latter stream 
which forms the northern boundary of Law- 
rence, is known as the Muscle shoals. Cf. t. 
Moulton. Pop. 14,984. 

Laurens, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. w. 
Cooperstown, 78 w. Albany. Surface broken 
by hills of a moderate height. Soil a rich loam. 
Timber, pine, oak, chesnut, walnut, &c. Con- 
tains a mineral spring ; 14 schools, kept 8 
months in 12. Pop. 2,231. 

Laurens, dist. of S. C. bndd. by Newbury s. 
E., the Saluda r. ' separating it from Abbeville 
s. w., Greenville n. w., and the Ennoree r. sep- 
arating it from Spartanburg n., and Union n. e. 
Length 33, mean width 28, and area 924 square 
miles. Extending in lat. 34° 12' to 34° 45', and 
in long. 4° 37' to 5° 18' w. W. C. The slope 
of this CO. is very nearly southeastward with 
the course of Ennoree and Saluda rs. Cf. t. 
Laurensville. Pop. 1820, 17,682, 1830,20,263. 

Laublns, CO. Geo. bndd. by Montgomery e. 
and s. E., Pulaski s. w. and w., Wilkinson n. w., 
Washington n., and Emanuel n. e. The great- 
est length from the southern to northern angles 
40 ms., and as the area is about 800 square ms. 
the mean width will be 20 ms. In lat. it extends 
32° 12' to 32° 45', and in long. 5° 40' to 6° 18' 
w. W. C. Oconee r. traverses this co. in a s. 
s. E. direction, dividing it into two unequal sec- 
tions, two thirds to the right and one third to 
the left of the r. Cf. t. Dublin. Pop. 1820, 
5,436, 1830, 5,589. 

Laurensville, p.v. and st. jus. Laurens dist. 
S. C. situated near the centre of the dist., about 
75 ms. almost due n. Augusta in Geo. and by 
p-r. 81 ms. N. w. by w. Columbia, lat. 34° 31', 
long. 5° w. W. C. 

Lausanne, tsp. and p-o. Northampton co. Pa. 
by p-r. 13 ms. Mauch Chunck and 132 n. e. 
Harrisburg. In this tsp. are situated the vast 
strata of anthracite coal near Mauch Chunck. 

Lawrence, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 230 
ms. N. w. Albany. Pop. 1,097. 

Lawrence, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. lies n. e. 
of Taunton, and extends to Somerset and Mid. 
dlesex. Pop. 1,433. 

Lawrence, co. of Ten. bndd. by Wayne w., 
Hickman n., Giles e., and Lauderdale co. in 
Ala. s. It is a square of 28 ms., area 784 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat 35° to 35° 24', and in 
long. 10° 17' to 10° 45'. This county occupies 
a table land ; from the southern and larger sec- 
tion, the waters flow southward, over Lauder- 
dale CO. into Ten. r., whilst the northern dis- 
charges to the Nt w., the sources of the Buffalo 
branch of Duck r. Cf. t. Lawrenceburg. Pop. 
1820,3,271, 1830, 5,411. 

Lawrence, co. of Ky. bndd. by Floyd s., 
Licking r. separating it from Morgans, w., and 
Bath w., Fleming n. w., Greenup n., and Sandy 
r. separating it from Cabell co. Va. e. Length 
w. to E. 60, mean width 26, and area 1,560 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 37° 53' to 38° 22'. This 
CO. occupies a table land, from which the crs. 
flow s. w. into Licking, n. towards Ohio, and 
N. E. into Sandy r. Cf. t. Louisa. Pop. 3,900. 

Lawre\ce, extreme southern co. of Ohio, 
bndd. by Sciota co. n. w., .lackson n., Gallia n* 



e., s. e. by O. r. separating it from Cabell co. 
Va., and s. w. by O. r. sepaiating it from Green- 
up CO. Ky. Length 30, mean breadth 13, and 
area 390 sq. ms. It lies directly opposite the 
mouth of Big Sandy r. slopes southward, and 
in that direction is drained by Symme's cr., 
and some smaller streams. Cf. t. Burlington. 
Pop. 1820, 3,499, 1830, 5,367. 

Lawrence, co. Ind. bndd. s. by Orange, Mar- 
tin s. w., Greene n. w., Monroe n., Jackson e., 
and Washington s. e. It is about 22 ms. sq., 
area 464 sq. ms. Lat. 39° n., long. 9° 40' w. 
W. C. It is traversed from east to west by the 
main volume of the South fork of White r. Cf. 
t. Bedford. Pop. 9,234. 

Lawrence, co. of Misp. bndd. w. by Frank- 
lin, N. w. by Copiah, n. by Simpson, e. by Co. 
vington, s. e. by Marion, and s. w. by Pike. 
Length e. to w. 42, mean width 20, and area 840 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. 31° 24' to 31° 47' 
N.. and in long. 12° 58' to ]3° 40' w. W. C. 
This CO. is traversed in a s. s. e. direction by 
Pearl r., the western part is, however, a table 
land ; from which flow, northwards, the head 
waters of Bayou Pierre, westward those of the 
Homochitto, and southward, those of the Bogue 
Chitto. The surface generally a barren soil, is 
covered with pine timbers. Staple, cotton. Cf. 
t. Monticello. Pop. 1820, 4,9 16, 1830, 5,293. 

Lawrence, co. II., bndd. by Wabash co. s., 
Edwards s. w., Clay w., Jasper n. w., Crawford 
N., and Wabash r. separating it from Knox co. 
Ind. e. It is 20 by 25 ms., area 500 sq. ms. 
Lat. 38° 45', long. W. C. 11° w., slope s. and 
traversed by Embari:as r. Cf, t. Lawrenceville. 
Pop. 3,668. 

Lawrence, co. of Ark. as laid dovra on Tan- 
ner's United States, is bndd. s. by St. Francis 
CO., s. w. by Independence, w. by Izard, n. by 
Wayne, co. of Misp., e. by St. Francis r. sepa- 
rating it from New Madrid co. of Misp., and s. 
E. by Crittenden co. in Ark. Length from St. 
Francis r. to the eastern boundary of Izard co. 
86 ms., the greatest breadth is near 70, but the 
mean breadth about 50, area 4,300 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 35° 30' to 36° 30', and in long, 
13° 10' to 14° 40' w. W. C. The large tract 
included under the name of this co, comprises a 
very diversified surface. The estrn. section 
near the St. Francis is flat, and in greatpart lia- 
ble to annual submersion. Approaching the 
centre the surface rises into hill and dale, pre- 
senting a fine country and congeries of conflu. 
ent rs. The Black and Current rs. flowing down 
in fine copious navigable streams from 
southern Misp., here unite and at Davidson, 
ville, the seat of justice, receives from the 
northwestward FJleven Points and Spring rs. 
Cf. t. Davidsonville. Pop. 1820, 5,602, 1830, 
2,806. 

Lawrenceburg, p-v. on Alleghany r. and in 
the N. w. angle of Armstrong co. Pa. about 50 
ms.N. N. E. Pittsburg and by p-r. 1^5 ms. n. w. 
by w. Harrisburg. 

Lawrenceburg, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence 
CO. Ten. situated in the forks of Shoal creek, 
28 ms. N. n. e. Florence, in Ala. and by p-r. 88 
ms. R. s. w. Nashville, lat. 35° 08', long. 10° 35' 
w. W. C. 

Lawkenceburoh, p-v. and st* jus. Dearborn 



LEA 



240 



LEB 



CO. Ind. situated on Ohio r. immediately below 
the mouth of Great Miami, and by p-r. 98 ms. 
s. E. Indianopolis, and 23 below Cincinnati. 
Lat. 39° 04'. ' 

LvwRENCEBURG HoTEL, and p-o.in the village 
of Lawrertceburg, Anderson co. Ky. 10' ms. s. 
Frankfort. 

Lawrenceville, village, Hunterdon co. N. 
J. 6 ms. N. E. Trenton. 

Lawrenceville, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 
151 ms. northrd. Harrisburg. 

Lawrenceville, village, on the left bank of 
Alleghany r. Alleghany co. Pa. This place is 
only two ms. above the nrthrn. Liberties of the 
city of Pittsburg. It is the seat of an arsenal 
and U. S. military depot. 

Lawrenceville, p-v. and st. jus. Brunswick 
CO. Va. situated on a branch of Meherin r. by 
p-r. 72 ms. a little w. of s. Richmond. Lat. 36° 
48', long. 0° 50' w. W. C. 

Lawrenceville, p-v. and st. jus. Montgome- 
ry CO. N. C, situated on the right bank of Yad- 
kin r. by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Lat. 
35° 25', long.3° 11' w. W. C. 

Lawrenceville, p-v. and st. jus. Gwinnett co. 
Geo. situated near the extreme source of Oc- 
muloee r. by p-r. 87 ms. n. w. Milledgeville, 
Ltit."33° 58', long. 7° 05' w. W. C. 

Lawrenceville, p-v. Madison co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 23 ms. wstrd. Columbus. 

Lawrenceville, p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence 
CO. II. situated on Embarras r. by p-r. 84 ms, a 
little s. of E. Vandaha, and 10 miles w. Vin- 
cennes in Ind. n. lat, 38° 45', long. W. C. 10° 
45' w. 

Lawson's, p-0. Logan co., Va. by p-r. 239 ms. 
Nvstrd. Richmond. 

L4\vsviLLE, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Sus- 
quehannah co. Pa. about 20 ms. from Montrose, 
and by p-r. 179 n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Leacock, p-v. and tsp. of Lancaster co. Pa. 
The p-o. is 7 ms. estrd. Lancaster. Pop. tsp. 
1820,2,882,1830, 3,315. 

Leading cr.,' and p-o. nrthrn. part of Lewis 
CO. Va. by p-r. 233, ms. almost due Wp W. C. 

Leadsville, p-v. Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 
218ms.w.W. C. 

Leaf, r. wstrn. branch of Pascagoula r. This 
stream, frequently called from its principal con- 
stituent branch, Chickisawhay r. rises in the 
Choctaw countiy, state of Misp., and flowing 
thence in a sthrn. direction over Covington and 
Jones COS. gradually bends to s. E., unite in 
Perry, from which the united waters enter 
Greene and fall into Pascagoula, a short dis- 
tance below N. lat. 31°. The general feature 
of the valley of Leaf r. is that of sterile pine 
woodland, 

Leaf r. p.o. {See Greesboro\ Greene co.Misp.) 

Leakesville, p-o. on the right bank of Dan 
f . northern part of Rockingham co. N. C. 5 ms* 
K. Wentworth, and by p-r. 105 n. n. w. Raleigh. 

Leakesville, p-o. Laurens dist^ S. C. by p-r. 
92 ms. nthwstrd. Columbia. 

Leakesville, p-v. Newton co. Geo. by p-r. 50 
ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Leakesville, p-v. and st. jus. Green co. 
Misp.by p-r. 152 ms. s. e. Jackson. Pop. 200. 

Leasburg, p-v. Caswell co. N. C. by p-r. 85 
ms. N. w, Raleigh. 



Leavenworth, p-o. Crawford co. 126 miles 
sthrd. Indianopolis. 

Lebanon, p-t. York co. Me. on the Piscata, 
qua, 28 ms. n. w. York. Pop. 2,391 . 

Lebanon, p-t. Grafton co, N. H. e. Conn, r, 
4 ms. below Dartmouth college. Watered by 
Conn, and Mascomy rs. Contains many valu- 
able mill seats. Timbered with white pine,, 
oak, sugar maple, birch, beech, &c. There 
are falls in the Conn, in this town, which are 
locked and canalied. Lyman's bridge, across 
the Conn, connects this town with Hartford., 
Vt. 'J'he principal village is situated on a 
plain near the central part, at the head of the 
falls of Mascomy r. Li this town is a medi, 
cinal spring. Here are also a lead mine, and a 
vein of iron ore. Pop. 1,868. 

Lebanon, p-t. New London co. Conn. 30 ms, 
s. E. Hartford. Moderately hilly. Soil a rich, 
deep, unctuous mould, very fertile, and pecu, 
iiarly adapted to grass. Timbered principally 
with chestnut, walnut, and oak. Well watered 
with brooks and rivulets, some of which afibrd 
mill sites. 17 school dists. Pop, 2,554. 

Lebanon, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 35 ms. s. 
w. Utica. Surface hilly. The Chenango r, 
runs through the e. part. Soil light. Timber, 
ed with maple, beech, birch, ash, &c. 13 
schools, kept 8 months in 12, Pop. 2,249. 

Lebanon, village, Columbia co. N. Y. a beau- 
tiful village, famous for its springs, the water of 
which issues in great a'jundance from the side 
of a high hill, and being remarkably clear, soft 
and tepid, is much used for bathing. The 
houses of accommodation are excellent, and it 
is a place of great resort in the summer 
months ; 27 ms. e. Albany ; 31 n. e. Hudson. 

Lebanon, t. Hunterdon co. N. J. bndd. s. w. 
by Bethlehem and Kingwood, n. v.'. by the Mus- 
conetcunk, n. e. by Morris co. and Jewksbury,. 
s. F.by Readingtown. Pop. 3,436. 

Lebanon, co. Pa. bndd. by Dauphin w. and 
N. w., Schuylkill n., Berks n. e. and Lancaster 
s. E. The greatest length of Dauphin is a dia- 
gonal 29 ms., the estrn. to the wstrn. angle ;■ 
mean width 12, and area 348 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. 40° 1 1' to 40° 32' and in long. 0° 20' 
to 0° 51' E. W. C. The estrn. angle of this co. 
gives source to the Tulpehockeiij and to the 
nthwstrn. branches of Conestoga ; from the 
extreme sthrn. pare flows the estrn. Conewago, 
but more than three fifths are included in the 
valley of the Swatara, and slopes s. s. wstrd. 
The whole co. is included in the fine valley of 
Kittatinny, and similar to other parts of this 
physical region, the side next the Blue Ridge 
is based on limestone, and that tovi'ards the 
Kittatinny on clay slate. Soil generally excel, 
lent. The surface though bounded by the Kit- 
tatinny N. w., and Blue Ridge s. e. is not even 
very hilly, no part is however level. To the 
many natural advantages of Lebanon, may be 
added the artificial r., the Union canal. This 
work, pursuing the valley of the Tulpehocken, 
that of the Quitapahilla, into Swatara, and down 
the latter into Susquehannah r., passes over the 
central part and divides Lebanon into two not 
very unequal sections. Staples are every agri- 
cultural product of that part of the middle 
states of the U. S. included in the same zone 



LEE 



241 



LEE 



of lat., with immense quantities of cast and 
hammered iron. Cf. t. Lebanon. Pop. 18a>0, 
16,988, 1830, 20,557. 

Lebanon, p-t., boro', and st. jus. Lebanon co. 
Pa., situated near the centre of the co. on the 
Union canal, and on one of the head branches 
of the Quitapahilla cr., 24 ms. a little n. of e. 
Harrisburg, 133 n. n. e. W. C, and 77 ms. n. w. 
by w. Phil. Lat. 40° 20', long. 0° 35' e. W. C. 
This is a very neat, well built, and flourishing 
town ; situated on the limestone part of the Kit. 
tatinny valley, with a well cultivated and fertile 
vicinity. Pop. 1820, 1,437, ISSil, 3,555. 

Lebanon, p-v. and st. jus. Russell co. Va. 
situated on a branch of Clinch r. about 130 ms. 
N. E. by E. Knoxville in Ten., and by p-r. 430 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 36° 53' and long. 
.5° 03' w. W, C. 

Lebanon, p-v. Washington co. Geo. 21 ms. 
from Milledgeville. 

Lebanon, p-v. and st. jus. Wilson co. Ten. 
situated on a cr. of Cumberland r. 23 ms. a lit- 
tle N. of ,E. Nashville, and 24 a little s. of w. 
Carthage; lat. 36° 12^ and long. 9° 21' w. 
W. C. 

Lebanon, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. O. by 
p-r. 83 ms. s. w. Columbus, 28 s. Dayton, and 
.31 N. E. Cincinnati. Lat. 39° 25', long. W.C. 
7° 12' w. It contains the common co. buildings, 
a printing office and bank. Pop. 1,165. 

Lebanon, p-v. in the nrtheslrn. part of St. 
Clair CO. II. It is situated on Silver cr. 8 ms. 
N. E. Belleville, and by p-r. 59 ms. s. w. Vanda- 
lia. 

Lebanon, p-v. on Chaplin's fork of Salt r. 
Washington co. Ky. by p-r. 56 ms. s. s. w. 
Frankfort. 

Ledyard, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. on Cayuga 
lake, 19 ms.s. w. Auburn. Pop. 2,427. 

Lee, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. ISms. n. w. 
Portsmouth. Watered by Lamprey, Little, 
North, and Oyster rs. Pop. ],009'. 

Lee, P-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 5 ms. s. e. 
Lenox, 120 w. Boston. Finely situated on both 
sides of the Housatonic r., which is here a 
large and powerful stream, and affords great 
facilities for manufacturing purposes. Here 
are six paper mills which annually consume 
500 tons of rags. Here too are marble, lime- 
stone, and iron ore in abundance. Pop. 1,825. 

Lee, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. Rome. 
Well watered and supplied with HrtlT sea,ts. 
Land rich. Most excellent for flax. 10 school 
houses. Pop. 2,514. 

Lee, extreme sthwstrn, co. of Va. bndd. n. 
E. by Russell, e. by Scott, s. and s. w. by Clai. 
borne co. Ten., and by Cumberland mtns. 
which separates it from Harlan co. Ky. n. w. 
and Pike co. Ky. n., length along Cumberland 
mtn. 60ms., mean width about 10 ms., and area 
600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 30' to 37° 
06', and in long. 5° 35' to 6° 30' w. W. C. 
This CO. occupies the higher part of Powell's 
valley, extending from Cumberland to Powell's 
mtn. The extreme sources of Powell's r., are 
in Russell, but they unite and form a river in 
Lee CO., which, flowing sthwstrd. divide it into 
two narrow but steep inclined plains. Cf. t. 
Jonesville. Pop. 1820, 4,256, 1830, 6,461. 
Lee, CO. Geo, bndd. by Baker s., Randolph 



w., Marion n., and Flint r. separating it front 
Dooley e. Lenarth 43 ms., mean width 30, area 
1,290 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 31° 42' to 3-^*^ 
18', and in long. 7° 8' to 7° 42' w. W. C. The 
slope of this CO. is to the s. e. towards Flint r. 
Cf. t. Pindertown. Pop. 1,680. 

Lee, p-v. Athens co. O. by p-r. 82 ms. s. e. 
Columbus. 

Leechbukg, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. 227 ms. 
N. w. W.C. 

Leech Lake, one of the higher tributaries of 
Misp. r. lies about 25 ms. w. of Packagama 
Falls, and at nearly mid-distance between Rice 
Lake of Red r. of Assiniboin and the main 
stream of Misp. r. By Leech Lake and its 
outlet, with a short intervening portage, a ca- 
noe navig;ation is in actual operation between 
Misp. and Red rs. 

Leech's Stream, rises in Avertll, Vt. and 
falls into Conn, r., where it is about 2 rods 
wide. 

Leeds, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. on the Andros- 
coggin r. 20 ms. s. w. Augusta. Pop. 1,685. 

Leeds, vil., Gloucester co. N. .1. on the At- 
lantic, s. of Great Bay, at the mouth of Mul- 
leins r. 

Leeds, p-v. Westmoreland co. Va. by p-r. 82 
ms. s. s. E. W. C. 

Leedsville, P-v. Randolph co. Va. situated 
on Tygarts valley r. at the passage of that 
stream through Laurel mtns., 10 ms. n. n. e. 
Beverly, by p-r. 200 ms. w. W. C. 

LeEsboro', p-o. Montgomery co. Md. by p-r. 
31 ms. from W.C. 

LEesBURG, p-v. and st. jus. Loudon co. Va. 
by p-r. 35 ms. n. vv. W. C, and 158 n. Rich- 
mond. Lat. 39° 07' long. 0° 33' w. W. C. It 
is a well built and neat village, situated near a 
minor ridge of mtns. l^he environs are waving, 
well cultivated and delightfully variegated by 
hill and dale. Pop. about 1,500. 

Leesburg, p«v. Washington co. Ten. on the 
r. between Greenville and Jonesboro', 18 ms. 
N. E. by e. the former, and 9 s. w. the latter, and 
by p-r. 250 ms. e. Nashville. 

Leesburg, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Harrison 
CO. Ky. 10 ms. s. w. Cynthiana, and 30 n. e. by 
e. Frankfort. 

Leesburg, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 44 
ms. estrd. Harrisburg. 

Leesburg, p-v. Highland co. 0. by p-r. 62 
ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Leesville, p-v. and manufacturing village 
Mid. Haddam, Middlesex co. Conn. 15 ms. s. 
E. Middletown. 

Leesville, p-v. Campbell co. Va. by p-r. Il9 
ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

LEf:syiLLE, p-v. Robeson co. N. C, by p-r. 
101 ms. s. s. w. Raleigh. 

Leesville, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Lexing- 
ton dist. S. C, 31 ms. a little s. of w. Columbia. 
Leesville, p-v. Tuscarawas co. 0. 123 ms. 
N. e. by e. Columbus. 

Leesville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind. by p-r. 76 
ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Leetown, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Jefferson 
CO. Va, 30 ms. w. Harper's ferry, and byp-r. 84 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

LuE Valley, p.v. Hawkins co. Ten. by p-r. 
277 ms. estrd. Nashville. 



LEH 



242 



LEI 



Legrand's store and p-o. Anson co. N. C. 
140 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Legro, p-v. Randolph co. Ind. by p.r. 87 rns. 
N. E. by E. IndianopoliR. 

Lehigh, r. of Pa. a branch of Del. having its 
most remote sources in the sthrn. part of 
Wayne, and the southeastern of Luzerne near 
VVilkesbarre. The general course of its high- 
er constituents, is sthwstrd. to their junction 
below Stoddartsville, and between Luzerne 
and Northampton COS. It thence flows 10 ms. 
by a general s. w. course, but curving to the 
wstrd. enters Northampton, and turning to 
nearly a sthrn. course 15 ms. to Lehighton, 
having in the latter part of its course received 
numerous mtn. creeks from both sides, and 
passed the now noted coal depot, Mauch Chunk. 
Below Lehighton the stream inflects to s. e. 10 
ms. to its passage thro' the Kittatinny chains by 
" The Lehigh Water Gap." Inflecting below 
" The Gap," to s. s. e. 20 ms. to the reception 
of Little Lehigh, and n. -vv. side of the Blue 
Ridge. Turned by the latter mtns. to n. w. 
the now beautiful Lehigh flows down its base 
I5ms. to Easton, where it is lost in the Del. 
The Lehigh drains a small sthrn. section of 
Wayne ; the sthest. part of Luzerne ; the 
wstrn. angle of Pike, more than two thirds of 
Northampton ; small sections of Schuylkill 
and Berks, and seven eighths at least of Le- 
high. From the intricacy of its course through 
numerous ridges of mtns. the real length of 
this r. is difficult to determine. The valley 
from s. E. to N. w., and from the Blue Ridge to 
the mtns. e. of Wilkesbarre, is about 50 ms., 
the mean breadth is at least 25, and area 1,250 
square miles. To the truly romantic and ever 
varying landscapes on this stream, it has now 
gained great celebrity from having become part 
of the channel of intercommunication from the 
great coal strata near Mauch Chunk, and the 
Atlantic tide water. In a distance following 
the stream 47 ms. from Easton to Mauch 
Chunk, the rise is 3fi4 ft. This relative eleva- 
tion is obviated by 57 locks, and 8 dams, as the 
chain is formed by alternate canals, and slack 
water ponds. The canals are 60 ft. at top, and 
45 at bottom, with 5 ft. depth of water. Locks 
22 ft. by 100 ft. From the termination of the 
canal chains at Mauch Chunk, a rail-road of 9 
ms. reaches the great mass of anthracite coal, 
lying upwards of 1,000 ft. above the Lehigh at 
the village. The following relative heights 
will exhibit the rise of the Lehigh valley above 
the tide water in Del. r. Easton— level of the 
water at the confluence of Del. and Lehigh rs. 
above tide water, 170 ft. Ascent from Easton 
to Mauch Chunk, 364 ft. Ascent from Mauch 
Chunk to Stoddartsville, 850 ft. Total 1,384 ft. 
The Lehigh has interlocking sources to the n. 
with the Lackawannoc, and sthrn. confluents of 
Lackawa-Yen, to the sthrd. it embosoms the 
sources of'Broadheads cr. To the wstrd. the 
sources of Bear cr., branch of Lehigh, rise 
within 10 ms. from the Susquehannah at Wilkes. 
barre, and finally curving from the sources of 
Nesquehoning, to those of Saucon cr., the 
confluents of Lehigh are embosomed by those 
of the Schuylkill. 

Lehigh, co. Pa., bndd. by Schuylkill co. w., 



by Northampton n. w., n. and n. e., and by 
Bucks s. E. Length 28, mean width 13, and 
area 364 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 40° 25' to 
40° 46', and in long. 1= 1 1' to 1° 43' e. W. C. 
The s. estrli. partis a narrow valley between the 
Blue Ridge and South mtn., containing the two 
tsps. of Upper Milford, and Upper Saucon. 
This truly beautiful vale, or that part contained 
in Lehigh, is about 10 ms. by 4, or 40 sq. ms. 
The residue, or the 8-9th of the whole co., lies 
in the Kittatinny valley, and very nearly subdi- 
vided into equal portions by the limestone and 
slate formations. The soil of the valley is more 
productive, and the surface less broken on the 
former rock, but the co. taken as a whole, is 
amongst the most productive in Pa., in grain, 
fruit and pasturage. The general elevation 
above tide water in Del. from about 350 U 500 
feet. The highest water level of Lehigh river 
at the Water gap, 375 ft. Cf. t. AUenton or 
Northampton, Pop. 1820, 18,895, 1830, 22,-. 
256. 

Lehighton, or Lehightown, p-v. of North, 
ampton co. Pa., on the road from Bethlehem to 
Mauch Chunck, 36 ms. n. w. the former, and 'i 
lower down the Lehigh than the latter. It is a 
small village situated on a fine acclivity rising 
from the Lehigh, and about one fourth of a mile 
on the right of that stream. A little distance 
below the present village, stood the old Mora- 
vian town of Gnadenhutten, on the Lehigh 
above the mouth of Mahoning cr. This es.j 
tablishment was made about 1742, and here in 
July, 1752, a treaty of Amity was held between 
the Moravian brethren and Shawnese Indians. 
On the 24th of Nov. 1755, the settlement was 
surprised, and the whites mostly massacred by 
a party of French and Indians. A large grave 
stone, with a very pathetic inscription recording 
the fact, and the names of the sufferers, was lying 
on the ground of the old burial place, to the s. e. 
of Lehighton, when the author visited the place 
in 1821, and 1823. 

Lehigh Water Gap, tavern and p-o. on the 
left bank of the Lehigh, at the mouth of Aquan. 
shicola cr., and immediately above the passage 
of the Lehigh through the Kittatinny mtn. 20 
ms. N. w. Bethlehem. 

Leicester, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 9 ms. s. Mid- 
dlebury, 36 s. w. Montpelier. Principal streams, 
Otter cr. and Leicester r. Soil a rich sandy 
loam, interspersed Avith some flats of clay. 5 
school dists. Pop. 638. 

Leicester, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 6 ms. 
s. w. Worcester, 46 w. Boston. An uneven 
town. It occupies an elevated position, its wa- 
ters running both to the Conn, and Blackstone 
rs. Soil deep and strong ; clay predominates. 
Here are manufactures of various kinds, espe- 
cially that of cotton machine cards, of which 
,^200,000 worth are manufactured annually. 
This manufacture was introduced here by Pliny 
Earle, the first manufacturer of this article in 
the U. S. Here is a large and flourishing aca- 
demy. A society of Jews once resided in this 
town, who came from Newport, R. I. to avoid 
the dangers of the war. None are now re- 
maining. Pop. 1,782. 

Leicester, t. Livingston co. N. Y. w. Gene- 
see r., 5 ms. w,' Geneseo. Good land, supplied 



LEO 



243 



LEW 



with mill seats. 11 schools, kept 8 months in 
12. Pop. 2,042. 

LeictHton, p-v. Lawrence co. Ala. byp-r. 104 
ms. nthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Leipersville, p-o. Del. co. Pa. by p-r. 97 ms. 
N. E. W. C. 

Leipersville, p-o. Crawford co. O. by p-r. 
75 ms. nthrd. Columbus. 

LErrERSBURG, p-v. in the extreme western part 
of Washington co. Md. by p-r. 98 ms. n. w, W. C. 
Lemay's Cross Roads, and p-o. Granville co. 
N. C. 26 ms. N. Raleigh. 

Lemington, p-t. Essex co. Vt. G4 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, w. Conn. r. On a brook in this t. 
is a cascade of 50 ft. The Monadnock mtn. of 
Vt. lies in the n. e. corner of this t. 2 school 
dists. J'op. l83. 

Lempstee, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 40 ms, w. 
Concord, 90 from Boston. Surface in general 
uneven, w. part mountainous. Soil moist, bet- 
ter for grass than grain. Well watered with 
small streams. Has some water privileges. 
Pop. 999. 

Lenoir, co. N. G. bndd. s. w. and w. by Du- 
plin, N. w. by Wayne, jj. by Greene, n. e. by Pitt, 
E. by Craven, and s. e. by Jones. Length 26, 
mean width 15, and area 390 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. 35° to 35° 23', and in long. 0° 33' to 
0° 50' w. W. 0. The slight declination of this 
CO. is estrd., the nthrn. part traversed in that 
direction by Neuse r., whilst the sthrn. gives 
source to the small r. Trent, flowing also to the 
estrd. into the Neuse. Cf. t. Kingston. Pop. 
1820, 6,800, 1830, 7,723. 

Lenoirs, p-o. Roane co. Ten. by p-r. 143 ms. 
estrd. Nashville. 

Lenox, p-t. and shire town of Berkshire co. 
Mass. 6 ms. s. Pittsfield, 125 w. of Boston. 
Contains a court house, jail, and an academy. 
It is surrounded by romantic mountain scenery, 
and the soil is excellent. It contains iron ore 
in great abundance, and has a furnace for cast- 
ing hollow iron ware. This vicinity abounds 
with primitive white limestone, and white mar- 
ble is so plentiful as to be used for door steps 
and foundations. Pop. 1,359. 

Lej^ox, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. about 25 ms. 
w. Utica on Oneida lake. Soil productive. The 
Erie canal runs through this town. Near the 
centre, 10 rods from the canal, is a salt spring. 
Limestone, iron ore, water lime, or water ce- 
ment, and gypsuin are found in abundance ; 15 
schools, kept 10 months in 12. Pop, 5,039. 
Lenox, p-v. Susquehannah co. Pa. 
Lenox, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 190 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Lenox Castle, and p-o. Rockingham co. N. 
C. by p-r. 105 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Leominster, p-t. Worcester co. Mass, 46 ms. 
w. Boston, 19 N. Worcester. Watered and sup- 
plied with ihill privileges by a principal branch 
of Nashua r. Pretty level, soil excellent. 
Contains good stone for building, and good clay 
for bricks. Combs to the value of $100,000 
per annum, are manufactured here. Contains 
numerous mills and manufactories. Population 
1,861. 

Leonardstown, P-v. and st. jus. St. Mary's co. 
Md. situated on a small tide water creek of Po- 
tomac, called Britton's r. 25 ms s. e. Port To. 



bacco, and by p-r. 62 ms. s. s. e. W. C. and 72 
a very little w. of s. Annapolis, lat. 38° 18', and 
lone. 0°24'e. W. C. 

Le Ray, p-t. .Jefferson co. N. Y. 5 ms. n. e. 
Watertown, 156 n. w. Albany. Population 
3,43!. 

Le Raysville, p-v. Susquehannah co. FennsyU 
vania. 

Leroy, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 10 ms. e. 
Balavia, 38 w. Canandaigua, 17 s. Erie canal. 
Good land, watered by Allan's cr. ; 13 schools, 
kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 3,902. 

Leroy, p-v. Medina co. Ohio, by p-r. 109 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Letart Falls, and p-o. Meigs co. Ohio. Ihe 
p-o. is by p-r. 109 ms. s. e. Columbus. The 
falls of Letart are merely rapids, entirely cov, 
ered at a' moderate rise of the Ohio r., the navi- 
gation of which except at very low water, they 
but little obstruct. 

Levant, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 10 ms. n. w, 
Bangor. Pop. 747. 

Leverett, ' p-t. Franklin co, Mass. 10 ms. s. 
E. Greenfield, 85 w. Boston, Pop, 939, 

Lewis cr. Vt. rises near the n. line of Bristol, 
and falls into lake Champlain in Ferrisburgh, a 
short distance n. of the mouth of Little Otter cr. 
The mill privileges on this stream are numer- 
ous, and many of them excellent. 

Lewis, co. N. Y., bndd. n. e. by St. Lawrence 
CO., E. by Herkimer co.; southerly by Oneida 
CO., westerly by Oswego and Jefferson cos. 
Greatest length n, and s. 54 ms., greatest width 
33, containing about 1,008 sq. ms. or 645,120 
acres. Watered centrally by Black r., e. by 
Beaver and Moose crs., and several other small 
streams,- w, by Deer cr, and some other small 
streams, n, by some branches of Indian and Os- 
wegatchie rs. and Fish cr. and Salmon r,, w. 
part a good tract of country, Cf, t, Martins, 
burgh. Pop, 15,239. 

Lewis, p-t, Essex co. N, Y., 4 ms, n. EHz"- 
bethtown, 130 n, Albany, Broken by high 
mtns. Timbered with maple, beech, some oak 
and walnut, ash, elm, &c. Apples grow abun- 
dantly. Well watered, and tolerably supplied 
with mill sites. Mount Discovery is in this 
town, from the summit of which the view is 
sublimely grand. It is supposed to be 2,000 ft, 
in height. Iron ore abounds ; seven schools 
kept? months in 12. Pop. 1,305. 

Lewis, p-v. Sussex co, Del,, by p-r, 127 ms. 
n. e. by E. W, C. 

Lewis co, Virginia, bndd. s. by Nicholas, s. 
w, by Kenhawa, w, by Wood, n, by Harrison, 
and E. and s. by Randolph. Length diagonally 
70 ms., mean width 21, and area a small frac- 
tion above 1,600. sq.ms. Extending ir. lat. 38° 
38' to 39° 12', and in long. 3° to 4° 17' w. W. C. 
This CO. is composed of two inclined plains, the 
dividing ground between which is very nearly a 
diagonal from the s. estrn. to the n, wstrn, 
angles. Southwestardly the slope inclines 
wstrd. and is drained by Little Kenhawa, whilst 
the N. estrn. plain gives source to the two main 
branches of Monongahela and slopes to the 
nthwrd. The whole surface is rocky, hilly, 
and even in part rather mountainous. Cf. t. 
Weston, Pop, 1820, 4,247, 1830, 6,241, 
Lewis, ,go.. Ky, bndd, by a ridge of hills, 



LEW 



244 



LEX 



separating it from Greenup e. and s. e., by Flem- 
ing s. w., Mason w., and by Ohio r. which sepa. 
rates it from Adams and Scott cos. Ohio, n. 
Length diagonally 35 ms., mean width 11, and 
area 375 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 38° 22' to 
38° 42', and in long. 6° to (5° 35' w. W. C. The 
general slope of this co. is n, estrd. towards 
that part of Ohio r. by which it is bounded. Cf. 
t. Clarksburg. Pop. 1820, 3,973, 1830, 5,229. 

Lewis, p-v. Brown co. Ohio, by p-r. 122 ms. 
s. s. w. Columbus. 

Lewis Bay, Mass., puts up from Hyannis har- 
bor, between Barnstable and Yarmouth on Cape 
Cod. 

Lewisberry, p-v. in the nthrn. part of York 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 13 ms. sthwrd. Harrisburg. 

Lewisburg, p-v. on the right bank of Susque- 
hannah r. below the mouth of Buffalo cr. Union 
eo. Pa. 8 nis. above, and on the contrary side of 
the river from Northumberland, and 65 above 
Harrisburg. 

Lgwisburg, p-v. and st. jus. Greenbriar co. 
Va. by p-r. 263 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. and 
263 ms. w. Richmond. It is situated near the 
southern border of the co. on a branch of Green- 
briar r. lat. 37° 48', long. W. C. ;i° 26' w. 

Lewi.slukg, p-v. on the left bank of Green r. 
and in the norrhern part of Muhlenburg co. Ky. 
10 ms. N. Greenville, and by p-r. 167 ms. s. w. by 
W. Frankfort. 

Lewissurg, p-v. Preble co. Ohio, by p-r. 90 
ms. westward Columbus. 

Lewjsport, p-v. in the northwestern part of 
Harrison co. Va. about 20 ms. northward Clarks- 
burg, and 247 a little n. of w. W. C. 

Lewiston, town, Lincoln co. Me. on the An- 
droscoggin, at the Falls, 30 ms. w. of Wiscas- 
set. Po°p. 1,549. 

Lewiston, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y. 27| ms. n. n. 
w. Buffalo, 7 s. fort Niagara, 16 w, Lockport. 
Traversed by the mountain ridge. Land toler- 
ably good. Contains gypsum. Here is a vil- 
lage of the Tuscarora Indians. This tribe came 
from North Carolina about 1712, and joined the 
confederacy of the Five Nations, themselves 
making the sixth. The village of Lewiston was 
laid waste during the last war between Great 
Britain and the U. S., and likewise the Indian 
village before mentioned. Lewiston was de- 
serted of its inhabitants from Dec. 181 3, to 
April 1815. It lies on Niagara r. opposite 
Queenston in Upper Canada. It is situated at 
the head of navigation, and steamboats ply be- 
tween this place and Ogdensburgh. Pop. 1,528. 

Levvistoi\, p-v. and st. jus. Fulton co. II. 
about 130 ms. n. w. Vandalia. It is situated on 
the table land betv/een the Illinois and Spoon 
rs. on the military bounty lands. 

Lewistown, p-v. usually called Lunenburg c. 
h. Lunenburg co. Va. by p-r. 103 ms. s. w. Rich- 
mond, lat. 36° 58', long. 1° 16' w. W. C. 

Lewistown, p-v. at st. jus. MifHin co. Pa. sit- 
uated on the left bank of the Juniata r. on the 
point above the mouth of Kishicoquillas creek, 
56 ms. by the land road above and n. w. Harris- 
burg, lat. 40° 36', long. 0° 37' w. W. C. Pop. 
1820, 600 ; 1830, 1,480. 

Lewistown, p-v. and v. of Sussex co. Del. 
situated on Del. bay, 3 ms. westward cape Hen- 
lopen, and opposite the Del. break water, It is 



laid down by Tanner at lat. 38° 46', long. 1° 
54' E. W. C. 

Lewistown, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery co. 
Mo. 74 ms. N. w. by w. ^ w. St. Louis, and by 
P-r. 67 ms. n. e. by e. Jefferson city, lat. 38° 51*, 
long. W. C. 14°2l' w. 

Lewisville, p-v. Brunswick co. Va. by p-r. 82 
ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Lewisville, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Chester dist. S. G. 10 ms. n. e. Chesterville, 
and by p-r. 72 n. Columbia. 

Lexington, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 ms. 
N. w. Boston. Surface uneven. Here was 
shed the first blood in the American revolution. 
There is a monument on the spot where fell the 
first victims. Pop. 1,543. 

Lexington, p-t. Greene co. N. Y. 30 ms. w. 
Catskill, 43 from Albany. Rough and broken. 
Watered by the Schoharie and Albion crs. and 
by several other mill streams. A great amount 
of leather is made at two very extensive taa- 
neries in this town. Pop. 2,548. 

Lexington Heights, p-v. in the foregoing 
town. 

Lexington, p-v. western part of Erie co. Pa. 
22 ms. s. w. the borough of Erie, and 25 n. n. 
w. the borough of Meadville. 

Lexington, p-t. and st. jus. Rockbridge co. 
Va. situated on the right bank of North r., 
branch of James r., about 35 ms. n. w. Lynch- 
burg, and by p-r. 156 ms. a little n. of w. Rich- 
mond, lat. 37° 44', long. 2° 21' w. W. C. The 
following account of this village was remitted 
to the author of this article in 1821. It has no 
doubt both increased in pop. and improved in 
other respects ui the intervening 9 years. It is 
distant about half a mile from North r., contains 
120 dwelling houses, and 766 inhabitants. 
Many of the houses are constructed of brick. 
Beside the ordinary county buildings, and 
houses of public worship for Presbyterians and 
Methodists, it contains a state arsenal, in which 
are deposited about 20,000 stand of arms. 
This town has become noted for its literary es- 
tablishments. Washington college, located in 
this place, was founded in 181^2, and was en- 
dowed by Gen, Washington with 100 shares of 
the stock of James river company, producing 
(1821) an annual income of f 2,400. The two 
college halls, which are built of brick, are ca- 
pable of accommodating from 50 to 60 students, 
and additional buildings are about to be erect- 
ed. The faculty are a president, 3 professors, 
and a tutor. The library, and philosophical ap- 
paratus, are tolerably ample. Students, 1832-3, 
46 ; Commencement 3d Wednesday in April. 
Andrew Smith's academy, for the education of 
young ladies, occupies a large and handsome 
edifice in which are teachers of all the requisite 
branches of such an institution. 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Davidson co. N, 
C. situated on Abbot's cr. on eastern branch of 
Yadkin r. by the common road 109 but by p-r. 
136 ms. w. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 49', long. 3° 18' 
w. W. C. 

Lexington, dist. S. C. bndd. by Edgefield w., 
Newberry n. w., by Broad r. separating it from 
Fairfield n. and Richland n. e., by Congaree r. 
separating it from Richland e., and by Orange, 
burg s. E. and s. wv Length diagonally from s. 



LEX 



245 



LIB 



to N. 45, mean width 20, and area 900 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. 33° 40' to 34° 15', and in long. 
3° 50' to 4=34' w. W. C. Tiie Saluda r. trav- 
ersesin an eastern dir-ection the northern part 
of this district, falling into or joining Broad r. 
at Columbia to form the Gongaree. From the 
southern part flow the higher branches of North 
Edisto. The general slope of the whole sur- 
face is southeastward towards the Broad and 
Congaree rs. Cf. town Granby. Pop. 1820, 
8,083 1830, 9,065. 

Lexington, c. h.,, and p-o. Lexington district, 
S. C. by p.r. 15 ms. w. Columbia. 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Oglethorpe co. 
Geo. 76 ms. n. w. by w. Augusta, and 65 a little 
E. of N, Milledgevi!le,,lat. 33'° 53', long. 6° lo' 
w. W. C. 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Henderson co. 
Ten. situated on Beech cr., a small western 
branch of Ten. r, 44 ms. s. s. w. Reynolds- 
iJurg, and by the p-r. 114 ms. s. w.. bv w.. Nash- 
viile, lat. 35° 38', long. 11° 25' w. W. C. 

Lexington, city, and st. jus. Fayette co. Ky. 
one of the principal towns in the state, is situa. 
ted on the head waters of Town creek, a branch 
of Elkhorn r., 24 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort, 77 
a little s. of e. Louisville, about 85 ms. very 
nearly due s. Cincinnati, and by p-r. 517 ms. a 
little s. of w. W. C. lat. 38° 03', long. 7° 28' 
w. W. C. Lexington was one of the earliest 
settlements in Kentucky ; in 1785 it had assu- 
med the appearance of a village, but its early 
growth was much impeded by Indian warfare, 
80 that in 1795 it contained but about 50 houses, 
and at most 350 inhabitants. Its name was 
§iven to it by some hunters who were on the 
spot on which the city now stands, when the 
news of the battle of Lexington was brought 
to them, and who immediately decided to give 
it the name of that place where the struggle for 
liberty first commenced. Lexington is delight- 
fully situated ; it is surrounded by a highly 
fertile and beautiful country, and its environs 
are under excellent cultivation. It was long 
the metropolis of the state ; and is naw not 
only a place of much commercial enterprise 
and extensive business, but also of large and 
increasing manufactures. The streets are 
very regularly laid out, several of them are 
paved, and the principal one exceeds a mile in 
fength, and is 80 ft. broad ; in the centre of the 
town is a public square. Among the most con- 
spicuous public buildings, are a court house, 
bank, masonic hall, state lunatic asylum, mark, 
et house, and 11 churches, for Presbyterians, 
Methodists, Episcopalians, Baptists, Seceders, 
and Roman Catholics. Many of these are 
spacious, and some of them are very handsome, 
and in fine taste ; the houses are generally 
well built, and among them are some large and 
elegant edifices. The most important manu- 
factures in this place are of the various kinds 
of cordage, and cotton bagging ; the average 
manufacture of the latter is about 1,000,000 
yds., and of the former about 2,000,000 lbs. 
annually. The woollen, cotton, and paper 
manufactures, and those of machinery, (for 
which there are several shops,) are also very 
important. Other manufactures are of copper,, 
tin,-and-iron- wares, and- there are also brewe- 

32. 



ries, distilleries, and tanneries in the place. 
Lexington sustains a high reputation i%r its 
seminaries and schools of learning. Besides 
several of these of a high character, among 
which are the Collegiate Institute, the Shelby 
female academy, and a classical school for 
boys, (with which an infant school is connect- 
ed,) it is also the seat of Transylvania Univer. 
sity, which was founded in 1798, and which; 
was also re-organized, and placed under its ex- 
isting regulations in 1818. The buildings are 
on an eminence contiguous to the town, and are 
generally commodious. According to the En- 
cyclopedia Americana, there were in 1830, 
' 143 undergraduates in the academical depart, 
ment, 62 in the preparatory school, 9D0 medi- 
cal, and 19 law students ;' there are 12 profes- 
sors and tutors, in the different departments. 
The libraries of this institution are said to con., 
tainover 14,000 vols. ; of which, 4,500 belong 
to the medical department. Commencement is, 
on the last Wednesday in Sept. The value of 
taxable property, real and personal, within the^ 
city limits, in 1833, according to the return of 
the city assessors, is tf 2,258,403. P>om the 
same statement it appears that there were then 
63 stores, of all descriptions in the place, and- 
that the white population amounted to 3,740 ;; 
free black, to 269 ; and the slave to 2,374, 
total 6,383. In 1830, the pop. was 6,087. The', 
roads in the vicinity of Lexington are general, 
ly excellent, and several of them are MacAd. 
amized to some distance from the city, A new- 
turnpike is constructing from this place to Mays- 
ville, a distance of 64 ms., which is to be 60- 
ft. wide, and 20 ft. of whichjs to be MacAd. 
amized a depth of 9 inches.. This road is to. 
be completed during; the p:--esent }5ear,- and the 
estimated cost is rising of .^'300,000; Another- 
very important channel of communication with- 
this place will be the Lexington and Ohio rail- 
road, 66 ms. in length, whicJristo pass through- 
Frankfort to the Ohio, 2 ms. below Louisville. 
This road was incorporated in 1830, and com- 
menced in 1831. (See Art. K. Roads ^ Canals.), 

Lexington, p-v. in the eouthern part of Rich- 
land CO. Ohio, by p-r. 7.1 miles from Columbus. 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus, Scott co. Ind. 
situated in the eastern angle of the co. 30 ms. 
N.Louisville in Ky., and 89 ms. s..s. e. Indian. 
opolis, lat. 38° 40', long. 8° 40' w. W. C, 

Lexington, p-v. and st. jus. Lafayette co. Mo. 
situated on Mo. r. by p-r. 133 ms. above Jeff"er... 
son city, and 272 above St. Louis, lat. 39° 05' 
long.W. C. 16°44' w. 

Leyden, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 117 msi. n,. 
w. Boston, 6 N. w. Greenfield. Pop. 796, 

Leyden, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y.. 33, ms- Hi-of 
Utica, w. of Black r.. Surface somewhat un- 
even. Well watered by small springs. Soil 
better adapted to grass than to. grain. Lime- 
stone abounds ; 6 school dists. Pop. 1,502. 

Liberia, p-v. Prince William co. Va. by p.r 
33 m. s. w., W. C. 

Liberty, t, Waldo co. Me. Pop. 676. 

Liberty, p.t. Sullivan co. N. Y. 22 ms. n. w. 
Monticello. Watered by the Mongaup and the 
CoUakoon, with their branches. Timbered with 
beech, raaple, ash, &c. Six schools kept C- 
months inns; Pop. 1,277. 



Lie 



246 



LIM 



Liberty, p-tsp. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 123 ms. 
northward Harrisburg. 

Liberty, p-v. and st, jus. Bedford co. Va. on 
a branch of Otter r. 26 ms. a little s. of w. Linch- 
burg, and by p-r. 140 ms. s. w. byw. Richmond, 
lat. 37° 17', long. 2° 29' w. W. C. 

Liberty, co. Geo. bndd. by Mcintosh s., Ala- 
tamaha r. separating it from Appling s. w., Tat- 
nall w. and n. w., Bryan n. and n. e., and the 
Atlantic ocean s. e. This co. lies in the singu- 
lar form of a curve or half moon, from St. Ca- 
tharine's island inclusive to Alatamaha r. em- 
bosoming Mcintosh CO. 66 ms., mean width 10, 
and area 660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 31° 26' 
to 32° 04', and in long. 4° 16' to 5° 08' w. W. C. 
That part of this co. bordering on the Atlantic 
is low and intersected by interlocking tide water 
courses. The northern part traversed by the 
most southern branches of Cannouchee r. rises 
something higher than the ocean border, but 
the whole co. maybe regarded as flat. Riceboro' 
is the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 6,695 ; 1830, 7,233. 

Liberty, p-v. eastern part of Talbot co. Geo., 
by p-r. 105 ms. westward Milledgeville. 

Liberty, p-v. Smith co. Ten. by p-r. 59 ms. 
K. E. by E. Nashville. 

Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Casey co. Ky. situ- 
ated on Green r. 68 ms. very nearly due s. 
Frankfort, lat. 37° 20', long. 7°. 50' w. W. C. 

Liberty, p-v. Montgomery co. Ohio, by p-r. 
74 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Liberty, p. v. and st. jus. Union co. Ind. by 
p-r. 77 ms. e. Indianopolis, and 54 n. n. w. Cin- 
cinnati, lat. 39° 40'. 

Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Amite co. Misp. 
situated on Amite r. 50 ms. s. e. Natchez, and 
by p-r. 112 ras. s. s. w. Jackson, lat. 31° 10', 
long. 13° 58'. Pop. 400. 

Liberty, p-v. Clark co. Ala. about 140 miles 
southward Tuscaloosa. 

Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Clay co. Mo. by p-r. 
190 ms. N. w. by w. .Jefferson city, and 324 ms. 
above, and by the land road westward St. Louis, 
lat. 39° 10', long. W. C. 17° 17' w. 

Liberty Corner, p-v. Somerset co. N. J. 2 
ms. s. w. Baskenridgc, 7 ms. s. Morristown. 

Liberty Hall, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by p-r. 
121 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Liberty Hall, p-v. Morgran co. Geo. by p-r. 
45 ms. N. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Liberty Hill, p-v. Iredell co. N. C„ by p-r. 
154 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Liberty Hill, p-v. Kershaw dist. S. C. by 
p.r. 40 ms. n. e. Columbia. 

Liberty Hill, p-v. Dallas co. Ala., by p-r. 
Il4 ms. sthwrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Liberty Pole, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa., 
by p-r. 81 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Liberty Town, p-v. Frederick co. Md., 10 
ms. N. E. from the city of Frederick, and by p-r. 
55 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 

Lick, creek, p-o. Greenbriar co. Va., by p-r. 
293 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Licking, r. a stream of Ky., rising in Floyd 
CO., interlocking sources with those of the w. 
branch of Sandy, and with those of the n. estrn. 
branches of Ky. r., and flowing thence by a 
general course very nearly n. w. between the 
vallies of 0. and Ky. rs. passing through or 
touching the cos. ©f Floyd, Morgan, Fleming, 



Lawrence, Bath, Nicholas, Harrison, Bracken, 
Pendleton and Campbell, falling into Ohio r. 
between Covington and Newport, and directly 
opposite the city of Cincinnati, after a compara- 
tive course of about 175 ms. The valley of 
Licking is narrow, compared with its length, 
the greatest width falling short of 50 ms., and 
the mean breadth fully estimated at 20, and area 
at 3,500 sq. ms. {See Kentucky river.) 

Licking, small but important r. of Ohio. This- 
stream has interlocking sources with those of 
the various estrn. branches of Sciota on the s. w. 
and w., and with those of Owl or. branch of 
White Woman's r. on the n. The crs. which 
form Licking, drain Licking co. uniting at New. 
ark, and flowing thence e. into M'askingum co. 
inflect to s. e. to the main Muskingum r. at 
Zanesville. Comparative length 75 ms. {See 
Licking co. Ohio.) 

Licking, co. Ohio, bndd. s. e. by Perry, s. 
Fairfield, s. w. Franklin, n. w. Delaware, n» 
Knox, n. e. Coshocton, and e. by Pduskingum.. 
It is 30 ms. from e. to w. and 24 broad, and area 
720 sq. ms. ; lat. 40° 10', long. 5° 30'. The slope 
is estrd. and the whole surface very nearly 
commensurate with the higher part of the valley 
of Licking cr. or more correctly r. The great 
central Ohio canal enters this co. on its sthrn. 
border near Hebron, sweeping a nthrn. curve 
past Newark, the st. jus. ; this work passes 
down the Licking valley and leaves the co. near 
the middle of its estrn. side. Though a level 
country, it is a rather elevated table land ; the 
level of the canal at Newark is 834 ft. above 
mean level of the Atlantic ocean, and 219 ft. 
above that ofthe Ohio r.. at the mouth of Sciota 
r. The arable land of the co. is from 900 to 
1,100 ft. above the ocean tides. The excellence 
ofthe soil is shewn by its progressive population. 
Cf. t. Newark. Pop. 1820, 11,861, 1830, 20,714. 
Licking, p-v. Floyd co. Ky., by p-r. 120 ms. 
s. E. Frankfort. 

Licking, creek, and p-o. s. estrn. part of Bed- 
ford CO. Pa., about 25 ms. s. e. from Bedford, 
and 10 N. Hancockstown, Washington co. Md. 

Licking Forge, and p-o. Bath co. Ky. by p-r. 
73 ms. eastward Frankfort. 

Licking Forge, and p-o. eastern part of Bath 
CO. Ky. 13 ms. e. Owingsville, and by p-r. 85 
ms. E. Frankfort. 

LicKviLLE, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Greenville district, S. C. by p-r. 116 ms. n. w. 
from Columbia. 

LiGONiER, p-v. on the r. from Philadelphia to 
Pittsburg, at the western foot of Laurel hill, and 
in the eastern part of Westmoreland co. Pa. 19 
ms. a little s. of e. Greensburg, and by p-r. 151 
ms. w. Harrisburg. 

Lilesville, p-v. Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 112 
ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Lilly, p-o. Brown co. Ohio, by p-r. 90 ms. s. 
s. w. Columbus. 

Lilly Point, p-o. King William co. Va. by 
p.r. 36 ms. n. e. Richmond. 

Lima, pt. Livingston co. N. Y. 13 ms. n. e. 
Geneseo, 18 w. Canandaigua. Soil good; 9 
schools, kept 8 months in 12. Pop. 1,764. 

Lime, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 6 ms. s. Orford, 
54 from Concord. Smart's mtn. lies in the n. 
E. part of the town. Pop. 1,804. 



LIN 



247 



LIP 



LiMKKicK, p-t. York CO. Me. 35 ms. n. York, 
30 N. w. Portland. Contains a flourishing acad- 
emy. Pop. 1,425. 

Limerick, p-o. and tsp. Montgomery co. Pa. 
lying E. Pottstown, and 24 ms. n. w. Phil. Pop. 
1820, 1,577,1830, 1,744. 

Limestone, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. by p-r. 
241 mp, N. w. W. C. 

Limestone, p-v. Buncombe co. N. C. by p-r. 
245 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Limestone, co. Ala. bndd. by Madison e.. 
Ten. r. separating it from Morgan s., and Law- 
rence s. vv., by Lauderdale vv., and by Giles co. 
of Ten. N. Length 30, mean breadth 20, and 
area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 34° 33' to 
35°, and in long. 9° 52' to 10° 18' w. W. C. 
Elk r. entering the northern border traverses 
the N. v/estern angle of this co. flowing to the 
s. w. The general slope is a little w. of s. down 
which fli)w into Ten. r. several bold fine crs. 
Cf. t. Athens. Pop. 1820, 9,871, ISiSO, 14,807. 

LiMiNGTON, p-t. York CO. Me. on Saco r. 40 
ms. N. Saco. Pop. 2,317. 

LiNEANK, p-v. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 48 
ms. N. Raleigh. 

Lincoln, co. Me.bndd.N. by Kennebec, n. e. 
by Waldo, e. by Penobscot bay, s. by the At- 
lantic, and w. by the Androscoggin river, 
which separates it from Cumberland. It is di- 
vided by Kennebec r., and the whole southern 
and s. E. part is composed of numerous isls., 
and long peninsulas, extending into the ocean. 
Within the co. are numerous bays and rs. The 
surface of the co. in the interior is finely diver- 
sified, and soil productive in grain and pastu- 
rage. Cf. ts. Wiscasset, Warren, and Topham. 
Pop. 1820, 53,189, 1830, 57,181. 

Lincoln, t. Penobscot co. Me. 27 ms. n. w. 
Castine. Pop. 404. 

Lincoln, t. Grafton co. N. H. 70 ms. n. Con- 
cord. Watered by the middle branch of the 
Pemigewasset. In the n. part of the t. are two 
large gulfs, made by an extraordinary discharge 
of water from the clouds in 1774. Pop. 50. 

Lincoln, t. Addison co. Vt. 21 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 28 s. e. Burlington, Considerably 
uneven. West part watered by New Haven r., 
which is formed here ; east part by several 
small branches of Mad r. Timber principally 
hard wood ; 4 school dists. Pop. 639. 

Lincoln, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 ms. n. 
w. Boston. Rather uneven and encumbered 
with rocks. Pop. 709. 

Lincoln, co. N. C. bndd. by York dist. S. C. 
s., Rutherford co. N. C. w., Burke n. w. and 
N., and by Catauba river which separates it from 
Iredell n. e., and MecklenbergE. Length south 
to north 48, mean width 25, and area 1,200 
square ms. Extending in lat. 35° to 35° 49', 
and in long. 4° to 4° 33' w. W. C. This co. is 
very nearly commensurate with the valley of 
Little Catauba, for though bndd. in all its 
length, by the Great Catauba, the crs. generally 
enter the former. Cf. t. Lincolnton. Pop. 1820, 
18,147, 1830, 22,455. 

Lincoln, co. Geo. bndd. by Little r. separa- 
ting it from Columbia s., by Wilkes w.. Broad 
r. separating it from Abbeville dist. S. C. n. e., 
and from Edgefield S. C. e. Length 22, mean 
width 10, and area 220 sq. ms. Extending in 



lat. 33° 40' to 33° 56' and in long. 5° 16' to 5° 
38' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is to a lit- 
tle N. of E. Cf. t. Lincolnton. Pop. 1820, 6,458, 
1830, 6,145. 

Lincoln, co. Ten. bndd. by Giles w., Bedford 
N., Franklm e., Jackson co. Ala. s. e., and 
Madison co. Ala. s. Length 26, mean breadth 
25, and area 650 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 
to 35° 24'. and in long. 9° 16' to 9° 40' w. W. 
C. This is composed of two inclined planes, 
being the opposing slopes of Elk r. valley, 
which stream traverses it flowing s. w. by w. 
Cf. t. Fayetteville. Pop. 1820, 14,761, 1830, 
22,075. 

Lincoln, co. Ken. bndd. by Casey s. w. and 
w., Mercer N. w., Garrard n. e., Rock Castle s. 
E. and Pulaski s. Length 27, mean width 16, 
and area 432 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37° 17' 
to 37° 38', and in long. 7° 23' to 7° 44' w. W. 
C. This is amongst the central cos. of the 
state, and occupies a table land, from which 
flow crs. towards Cumberland r. s., the extreme 
sources of Salt and Green rs. w., and Dicks r. 
northward into Kentucky river. Cf. t. Stan- 
ford. Pop. 1820, 9,979, 1830, 11,002. 

Lincoln, co. Mo. bndd. s. by St. Charles, s. 
w. and w. Montgomery, n. w. and n. Pike, and 
on the E. by Misp. r. separating it from Calhoun 
CO. II., very nearly a sq. of 24 ms., area 576 
sq. ms. Lat. 39,° long. 14° w. Slope south- 
estrd. and traversed by Cuivre r. by which it is 
principally drained. Cf. t. Troy. Pop. 4,059. 

Lincolnton, p-v. and st.jus. Lincoln co. N. C, 
situated on Little Catauba, 45 ms. n. e. by e. 
Rutherfordton, and by p-r. 166 ms, a little s. of 
w. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 28', long. 4° 16' w. W. C. 

Lincolnton, p-v. and st.jus. Lincoln co. Geo., 
situated near the centre of the co. 40 ms. n. w. 
Augusta, and by p-r. 91 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. 
Lat. 33° 44', long. 5° 28' w. W. C. 

LiNcoLNsviLLE, p-t. Waldo CO. Me., w. side 
Penobscot bay, 16 ms. w. Castine. Pop. 1,702. 

Linden, p-v. and st. jus. Marengo co. Ala., by 
p-r. 78 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 20', long, 
10° 56' w. W. C. 

Lindsay's Cross Roads and p-o. Fluvanna co. 
Va., 80 ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Lindsey's store and p-o. Albemarle co. Va., 
76 ms. w. Richmond. 

Line cr. p-o. wstrn. part of Greenville dist. 
S. C. N. w. from Columbia. 

Line cr. and p-o. Montgomery co. Ala., by 
p-r. 145 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Line Lexington, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., about 23 
ms. from Phil. 

Line Mills and p-o. Crawford co. Pa,, by p-r. 
278 ms. N. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Linglestown, p-v. Dauphin co. Pa., 8 ms, 
N. e. Harrisburg. 

Linklean, p-t. Chenango CO. N. Y., 110 ms. 
w. Albany. Pop. 1,425. 

Linville, cr. and p-o. Rockingham co. Va., 
by p-r. 142 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

LiNNViLLE cr. and p-o. wstrn. part of Burke co. 
N. C. The p-o. is about 10 ms. wstrd. Mor- 
gantown, and by p-r. 215 ms, w. Raleigh. 

LioNvii^LE, p-v. Chester co. Pa., about 20 ms, 
N.w. Phil 

LiPONA, formerly Jena, p-v Jefferson co; Flor., 
20 ms. E, Tallahasse, 



LIT 



^48 



LIT 



Lisbon, t. Lincoln co. Me., on the Andros- 
coggin, 23 ms. w. Wiscasset. Pop. 2,423. 

Lisbon, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 20 ms. n. e. 
Haverhill, 28 ms. n. n. e. Lancaster. Contains 
29,130 acres, is crossed by Ammonoosuc r. and 
other streamSj with ponds, rich meadows, good 
uplands, and poor plains. Maple sugar is 
Ijiade, and iron ore, used in the Franconia fur- 
naces, is dug in the E. part of this town. Pop. 
1,485. 

Lisbon, p-t. New London co. Conn., at the 
junction of Qjiineb?,ug and Shetucket rs., 7ms. n. 
Norwich, 45 s. e. Hartford. Uneven and some- 
what hilly. Timbered with oak, walnut, ches- 
nut, &c. Soil fertile. Here are several fishe- 
ries of shad and salmon. Has several manufac- 
tories. Pop. 1,161. 

Lisbon, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., on St. 
Lawrence r., 2 itts. below Ogdensburgh. Soil 
very excellent. In this town is a small Indian 
village, fop. 1,891. 

Lisbon, p-v. Ann Arundel co. Md., situated 
on the turnpike road from Baltimore to Frede- 
ric, 34 ms. N. W. C. It is a small village of a 
single street along the road. 

LisBURN, p-v. on Yellow Breeches cr. s. estrn. 
part of Cumberland CO. Pa., '12 ms, s. w. Har- 
risburg. 

Lisle, p-t.'Bi'oome co. N. Y., T8 ms. n. Che.- 
nango Point, 130 from Albany. Watered and 
abundantly supplied with mill seats by Tiough- 
pioga, Otselic, and Nanticoke crs. Soil in gene- 
»al good. Surface uneven. 29 schools kept 
11 months in 12. Pop. 4,378. 

Litchfield, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 25 ms. n. w. 
Wiscasset, 10 from Hallowell. Pop. 2,308. 

Litchfield, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. a small 
fertile tsp. on the e. bank of Merrimack r. 8 ms. 
from Amherst, 30 s. Concord. 3 school dists. 
Pop. 494. 

Litchfield co. Cotih., &n extensive agricultu- 
ral and manufacturing co, bndd. n. by Berkshire 
CO. Mass., E. by Hartfold and New Haven cos., 
-B. by New Haven and Fairfield cos., w, by N. Y. 
Average length 33 ms. from k. to s., average 
width, nearly 27 ms., containing about 885 sq. 
ms., being the largest co. in the state. Princi- 
pal part of the co. elevated and mountainous. 
Prevailing soil a gravelly loam, strong and fer- 
:tile. Watered abundantly by the waters of the 
Ousatonic and Tunxis rs. The iron manufac- 
ture is carried on more extensively in this co. 
than in any ot'«er section of the state. The ore 
is obtained within the co. Cf. t. and st. jus. 
Litchfield. Pop. 1820, 41,267 ; 1830, 42,858. 

Litchfield, p-t. and st. jus. Litchfield co. 
Conn. 30 ms. w. Hartford, 36 n. w. New Haven, 
iOO from N. Y. An elevated tsp. diversified 
with hill and dale. Mount Tom is in the w. 
part of this town ; height 700 ft. above the mar- 
gin of Naugatuck r. Contains a quarry of in- 
ferior slate stone, and a good quarry of free 
stone. Prevailing soil, a dark colored gravelly 
loam, deep, strong, and fertile. Well supplied 
with forests, consisting of sugar maple, "beech, 
button wood, oak, birch, &c. Well watered 
and supplied with excellent hydratilic privileges, 
by the Naugatuck and ShepaUg rs., slid the Ban. 
tam waters. Litchfield great pond, the largest 
ta ths state, js a baautiful sheet of water, Pom. 



prising about 900 acres. At its outlet are nu- 
merous and valuable mill seats. The manufac^ 
ture of iron is here carried on on. an extensive 
scale. 26 school districts, and a most respect, 
able academy. Contains a roeaicinal spring. 
Litchfield V. is delightfully situated on an eleva- 
ted plain, surrounded with interesting scenery 
and charming landscapes. Here is a very 
celebrated law school. A manual labor high 
school has recently been incorporated here. 
Pop. 4,458. 

Litchfield, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 11 ms. s. 
w. Herkimer, 11 s. Utica. Situation elevated. 
11 school dists., schools kept 8 months in 12. 
Pop. 1,750. 

Litchfield, p-v. Bedford co. Pa. by p-r. 153 
ms. w. Harrisburg. 

Litchfield, p-v. and st. jus. Grayson co. Ky, 
69 ms. s. s. w. Louisville, 26 s. w. Elizabeth- 
town, and by p-r. 105 s. w. by w, Frankfort, 
Lat. 37° 28', long. 9° 15' w. W. C. 

Litchfield, p-v. .Tackson co. Ark. 

LiTiiopoLis, p-v. Fairfield co. O. 10 ms. n. w. 
Lancaster, the co. st., and 18 s. e. Columbus. 
Pop. 161. 

LiTiz, small but neat p-v. 7 ms. n. the city of 
Lancaster, Pa. This village was founded by 
the United Brethren or Moravians in 1757. 

Little, is a name given to numerous rivers 
in the United States. Little r. one of the branch- 
es of Pedee. Little r, branch of Savannah r. 
which falls into its recipient, 30 ms. above Au-. 
gusta, after having drained a part of Wilkes, 
Warren, Columbia and Lincoln cos. Geo. Lit. 
tie r. also in Geo., falls into Oconee from the 
westward, 12 ms. above Milledgeville. Little 
r. of Trigg and Christian cos. Ky., falling into 
Cumberland r. below Cadiz. Little r. of the 
south, as it is there called, a small stream fall-. 
ing into Red r. from the westward in the south- 
western angle of La. Red r. of the north, an. 
other, and much more considerable branch of 
Red r., joining that stream between Sevier and 
Hempstead cos. Ark. Red r. of the north, is a 
stream of some size, having a comparative 
length of upwards of 100 ms. There are some 
other rivers bearing the same title, but of too 
little consequence to merit particular notice. 
The Ocatahoola r. La. is frequently in that 
country called Little r., above its lake and be- 
low the mouth of Dugdomony r. 

Little r. small r. of Montgomery co. Va. ri- 
ses in the western vallies of the Blue Ridge, 
and flowing to the n. w. about 25 ms. compara. 
tive course, falls into New r.:, 12 ms. s. w. by 
w. Christiansburg. 

Little r. inlet, a small opening at the mouth 
of an inconsiderable creek of the Atlantic 
Ocean, but gaining importance from forming 
the limit on the Atlantic Ocean between N. and 
S. Carolina. 

Little r. S. C. rises on the border between 
Anderson and Abbeville dists., between the Sa- 
luda and Savannah rs., and flowing sthrd. drains 
by its confluents the central and larger part oi 
Abbeville, falling into Savannah r. opposite Lin-- 
coln CO. Geo. 

'Little r. Geo. risitig by numerous branches 
between Ocmulgee and Oconee rs., and drain, 
ing part of Morgan, Jasper, .Tones, Putnam anl 



LIT 



249 



LIT 



Baldwin, falls into Oconee r. between the two 
latter cos. 

Little -r. ^La. rises in the parishes of Chii- 
borne, andOuachitta, flows s. s. e. into Rapides 
.parish and falls into Ocatahoola lake. The val- 
ley of Little River lies between those of Red 
■and Ouachitta. 

Little r. of the north, rises in Texas, and 
flowing s. E. enters the Ter. of Ark. and falls 
into Red r. between Hempstead and Sevier cos., 
draining by its confluents the greatest part of 
Miller and Sevier cos. 

Little T, Ky. rises in Christian co. flows into 
Trigg, and falls into Cumberland r. below Ca- 
diz. 

Little Ee.wer bridge and p-o. eastern part 
of Columbiana co. 0. by p-r. 169 ms.N. e. by e. 
Columbus. 

Little Bjritain, extreme southern p-tsp. of 
Lancaster co. Pa. The p-o. is situated 22 ms. 
s. s. E-Lancaster, and by p-r. 58 ms. s. e. Har- 
risburg. 

•Little Cape Capon cr. and p-o. Hampshire 
CO. Va. 188 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Little Compton, p-t. Newport co. R. I. situ- 
ated in the s. e. extremity of the co. and state, 
■SO ms. s. E. Providence. Soil, a deep, rich 
loam. Surface pleasantly diversified. 7 schools. 
Top. 1,378. 

Little Falls, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. on the 
Mohawk, derives its name from the falls in the 
river at this place, which descend in the course 
■of about a m., 42 ft. For about half a mile, it 
passes through a fissure in the rocks, whichrise 
on each side 500 ft. and seem formerly to have 
been united, and have constituted the barrier of 
a lake extending far to the w. Here is a canal 
on the N. side of the r. round the falls, three 
quarters of a mile long, through an uncommon- 
ly hard rock. This canal is now connected 
with the Erie canal, on the opposite side of the 
r. by an aqueduct 170 ft. long, and 30 above the 
stream. The Erie«anal here descends 40 feet 
in 1 mile. The village of Little Falls stands on 
this canal, and is T2 ms. w. Albany, and 22 e. 
Utica. It is the centre of one of the best grain 
and grazing districts in the state. It is large 
and well built. Materials for the erection of 
factories, &c. are on -the premises in large 
quantities. No other place in the Union com- 
bines greater advantages for the economical 
and profitable operation of all kinds of machine- 
ry. Pop. t. 1830, 2,539, vil. 1833, 1,.500. 

Little Flat Rock, p-o. Rush co. Ind. by p-r. 
57 ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. 

Little Gunpowder cr. and p-o. eastern part 
of Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 16 ms. n. e. by e. 
Baltimore. 

Little Hockhocking, small stream and p-o. 
in the southwestern part of Washington co. O. 
7 ms. below Belpre, and by p-r. 104 ms. s. e. 
Columbu'5. 

LiT'rLE Miami, r. of O., has-its extreme sourc- 
es in Clark CO. interlocking with those of Mad 
r., and with those of Deer and Paint cr. branch- 
es of Sciota, and flowing thence by compara. 
tive courses 120 ms. to the s. s. e. to its en. 
trance into Ohio r. about 10 ms, by water above 
■Cincinnati. The course of the Little Miami is 
wery nearly parallel to that of-Great Miami, tlis 



former deriving its principal tributaries from the 
eastward and draining great part lof Groen, 
Clinton, Warren, Clermont, with parts of Brown, 
Clark, and Hamilton cos. Rising on a com- 
paratively elevated tract, the fall is rapid, ren. 
dering this river one of the best in Ohio for 
mills. 

Little Missouji-i is tiie name of two small, 
and from each other, distant rs. One is a branch 
of Mo., and the next of any consequence from 
the southward below the Yellow Stone r. As 
laid down 'by Tanner, Little Mo. rises ;d lat. 
45°, about 200 ms. s. w. of the Mandan vil- 
lages, and has thence a course of n. n. e. 20O 
ms. nearly parallel to and about 60 ms. distant 
from Yellow Stone r. 

Little Missouri is the name also of the prin- 
cipal western confluent of Ouachitta r. The val- 
ley of this stream lies between that of Ouachitta 
proper, aYid -Red r. It drains part of Hemp- 
stead and Clark cos. Ark. 

Little Pedee, r. of N. and S. Carolina. {See 
Pedee and Lumber rs.) 

Little Piney, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. 
Mo. by p-r. 97 ms. s. s. e. Jefferson City, and 
about an equal distance s. w. St. Louis. Little 
Piney cr. is an eastern branch of Gasconade 
river. 

Little Plymouth, p v. in the sthrn. part of 
King and Queen co. Va. by p-r. 56 ms. n. e. by 
e. Richmond. 

Little Red River, p-v. Pulaski co. Ark. 11 
ms. wstrd. Little Rock. 

Little River, p-v. or p.o. on Little r. Henry 
dist. S. C. 120 ms. n. e. Charleston, and by p-r. 
179 E. Columbia. 

Little River, p-v. wstrn. part of Burke co. N-. 
C. by p-r. 220 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

iLiTTLE River, p-o. Marion co. Misp. about 1 \Q 
ms. s. E. by E. Natchez. 

Little Rock, p-v. and st. jus. Pulaski co. and 
of the government Ark. Ter. situated on the 
right hank of Arkansas t. and about 120 ms. 
by land above the mouth of that stream. Lat. 
34° 42', long. 15° 15' w. W. C. The course 
and distance between W. C. and Little Rock by 
a mercator's calculation, is s. 71° 10' w. 98i) 
statute ms. ; the p-r. as stated on the p o. list 
gives a distance of 1,111 miles. It was in- 
tended to give the name of Acropolis to Little 
Rock, but the people of the country playfully 
called it by its present name from the enormous 
rocks in the vicinity. The site is a high rocky 
bluff" on the right bank. Steamboats are safely 
navigated thus high, about 300 ms. from the 
Misp. by the bends of Ark. r. 

Little Sandusky, p-v. nthrn. part of Crawford 
CO. 0. by p-r. 71 ms. nthrds. Columbus. 

Little Sandy, p-v, on Little Sandy r. in the 
sthrn, part of Greenup co. Ky. by p-r. 132 ms. a 
little ^. of E. Frankfort. The p-o. is at the salt 
works, 20 ms. above the mouth of Little Sandy 
at Greenupsburg. 

Littleton, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. on Conn. r. 
at the Fifteen Mile falls, 18 ms. below Lancas- 
ter, 30 from Haverhill corner, 100 n. Concord. 
Timbered with sugar maple, beech, birch, bass, 
&c. Amonoosuclc t. waters the s. part, oe 
which, in this town, is the pleasant village of 
Glynville, where there are falls. Fop. 1,433. 



LIV 



25'J 



LOD 



Littleton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 28 ms. 
N. w. Boston, 10 N. w. Concord. Pop. 947. 

Littleton, p-v. Sussex co. Va. by p-r. 3G ms. 
sthrd. Richmond. 

Littleton, p-v. Warren co. N. C. by p-r. 67 
ms. N. N. E. Raleigh. 

Little Valley, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. on 
the Alleghany r., 1-2. ms. s. w. Ellicottville. 
.Land in general ot a superior quality, moderate- 
ly uneven, timbered with hickory, oak, cheanut, 
&c. Top. 33f;. 

Little Yaukin, p-v. in the nthwstrn. part of 
Stokes CO. N. C. by p-r. l67 ms. N. w. by w. 
Raleigh. 

Little Yadkin, r. N. C. and one of the wstrn. 
confluents of Great Yadkin, rises in Iredell co. 
most of which it drains, having its remote 
sources within 3 ms. from Great Gatauba, 
though flowing from it estrdly. towards the 
Yadkin over Iredell and Rowan cos. 

Little York, p-v. Hardin co. Ky. sthwstrd. 
Frankfort. 

Little York, p.v. nrthestrn. part Montgom- 
ery CO. 0. by p-r. 74 ms. wstrd. Columbus. 

LivERMORE, p-t. Oxford CO, Me. on the An- 
droscoggin, 18 ms. N. E. Paris, 78 from Port- 
land. Pop. 2,453. 

LivERMORE, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa. 22 
ms. s. E. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 172 ms. w. Har- 
risburg. 

Liverpool, p-v. on the tight bank of Susque- 
hannah r. in the nrthestrn. part of Perry co. Pa. 
29 ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Liverpool, p.v. Medina co. O. by p-p. 124 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Liverpool, p-v. Yazoo co. Misp. about 20 ms. 
N. N. E. Natchez. 

Livingston, co. N. Y., situated on Genesee 
r. bndd. n. by Genesee and Munroe cos., e. by 
Munroe and Ontario cos., s. by Steuben and Al- 
leghany COS., w. by Alleghany and Genesee cos.; 
containing 460 sq. ms. or 294,400 acres. Wa- 
tered by Genesee r. on the w., Canasaragaand 
Cashque crs. s., Honeoye cr. &,c. e. and n. Sur- 
face a pleasing variety. Limestone and clay slate 
abound. Soil a good variety. Iron ore is found 
almost everywhere, not in beds, but in lamps, 
in the soil or sub soil. Cf. t. Geneseo. Pop. 
1820, 19,195, 1830, 27,719. 

Livingston, p-t. Columbia co. N. Y. on the 
Hudson, 12 ms. be-low Hudson. Pop. 2,087. 

Livingston, p-t. Essex co. N. J. adjoins Pas- 
saic r., 54 ms. n. e. Trenton. Pop. 1,150. 

Livingston, co. Ky. bndd. n. e. by Tradewater 
r. separating it from Union, e. by Hopkins, s. 
E. by Caldwell, s. w. by Ten. r. separating it 
from McCracken, by 0. r. separating it from 
Posey CO. II. w., and again by O. r. separating 
it from Gallatin II. n. ; length from n. e. to s. 
w. 40 ms. ; mean width 20, and area 800 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 04' to 36° 30', 
and in long. 10^ 52' to 11° 35' w. from W. C. 
In a navigable point of view this county is in a 
peculiar manner advantageously placed, beside 
Ten., Ohio, and Trade water rs. by which it is 
bounded. Cumberland r. traverses the sthrn. 
part falling into O. at Smithland. The surface 
of the CO. is mostly level or moderately hilly, 
with fertile soil. Cf. t. Salem. Pop. 1820, 
5,824, 1830, 5,971. 



Livingston, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. 
Misp., N. N. E. Natchez. Pop. 250. 

Livonia, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y. 8 ms. e. 
Geneseo. Land pretty good. Contains some 
small streams. 12 schools, kept 9 months in 
12. Pop. 2,665. 

Livonia, p-v. Washington co. Ind. by p-r. 103 
ms. s. Indianopolis. 

Lloyd's, p-o. Essex co. Va., by p-r. 84 ms. n. 
■E. Richmond. 

Loch Rauza, p-v. Montgomery co. Ala. by 
p-r. 82 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Locke, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 21 ms. s. s. e. 
Auburn, 152 w. Albany. Excellent land, hand, 
somely diversified with easy swells, hill and 
dale, and extensive alluvial flats. Well water- 
ed with springs and brooks. 13 schools kept 
6 months in 12. Pop. 3,310. 

Lockport, p-t. and st. jus. of Niagara co. 
one of the results of the Erie canal, 31 ms, 
by that canal n. e. Buffalo, at the e. extremity 
of the Buffalo level, 20 ms. e, Lewiston, 63 w. 
Rochester. When the coute of the canal was 
established in 1821, this place was a wilder- 
ness. It is now a large and flourishing town! 
The canal here descends the terrace called the 
Mountain ridge, or Ontario Heights, by 5 dou- 
ble locks, each of 12 ft. descent, to the Genesee 
level. These locks being double, one line of 
boats can ascend while another descends. 
Above the locks, the canal is cut through rock 
to the depth of 20 ft. for the distance of three 
ms. The Genesee level extends eastward 
from this place to the distance of 65 ms. The 
locks at Lockport are the only ones from lake 
Erie to Genesee r. which by the canal route is 
a distance of 96 ms. The descent of the canal 
down the Mountain ridge at this place, is truly 
a fine spectacle. This is the same ridge over 
which roll the torrents of Niagara, constituting 
the Niagara falls. Pop. 3,823. 

Lock's, village, and p-o. Franklin co. Misp. 
about 25 ms. e, from Natchez, and by p.r. 86 
from Jackson. 

Locust, r. Ten. the nthestrn. branch of Black 
Warrior, rising from the table land between 
the basins of Mobile and Ten., and within 1& 
ms. from the great bend of the latter, where it 
traverses Cumberland mtns., draining the estrii. 
part of Blount and five sixths of Jeff'erson cos., 
and flowing to the s. w. by comparative courses 
75 ms. it joins the Mulberry to form the Black 
Warrior. (.See Mulberry r.) 

Locust, cr. p.o. formerly Chinquipin Grove, 
Louisa CO. Va. 101 ms. St w, W. C. 

Locust Dale, p-v. Culpepper co. Va. by p.r. 
86 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Locust Grove, p.o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 
81 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Locust Grove, p-o. Perry co. Ten. by p-r. 
99 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Locust Hill, p.o. Butler co. Ala. by p-r. 160 
ms. s. E.Tuscaloosa. 

Locust Shade, p-o. Overton co. Ten. by p-r. 
81 ms. N. e. by e. Nashville. 

LoDi, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 175 ms. w. Al- 
bany. Pop. 1,786. 

LoDi, t. Bergen co. N. J. between the Hack- 
ensack and Passaic rs., s. of New Barbadoes 
and Saddle r. Pop. 1,3,56, 



LON 



251 



LON 



LoDi, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. G. by p-r. 86 ms. 
N. w. by w. Columbia. 

LoDi, p-v. Washtenau co. Mich, by p-r. 47 
nis. w. Detroit. 

LoDiMONT, p-v. wstrn. part of Abbeville dist. 
S. C. 

Logan, p-v. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 92 ms. 
wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Logan, co. Va. bndd. by Cabell n. w., Kon- 
hawa CO. n., Great Cherry Pond mtn. separating 
it from Fayette n. e.. Great Flat Top mtn. sepa- 
rating it from Giles e. and Tazewell s. e., by 
the western part of Tazewell s., and by the e. 
Fork of Great Sandy r. separating it from Floyd 
CO. Ky. w. Length 70, mean breadth 30, and 
area 2,100 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 13' 
to 37° 10', and in long, from 3 ' 50' to 5° 22' w, 
W. C. The surface of this very broken and 
extensive co. is from the Great Flat Top. mtn. 
to N. N. w., along Sandy r. Logan is drained 
by Guyandot and Coal rs. Cf. t. Logan. Pop. 
3,680. 

Logan, c. h. and p-o. Logan co. Va. by p-r. 
338 ms. w. Richmond. 

Logan, co. Ken. bndd. by Todd w., Muhlen- 
burg N. w., Butler n., Wayne e., Simpson s. e., 
and Robertson co. Ten. s. Length 30, mean 
breadth 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 36° 36' to 37° 02', and in long, from 
9° 33' to 10° 03' w. W. C. Logan occupies a 
part of the table land between the vallies ot 
Cumberland and Green rs. From the sthrn. 
section flow the nthrn. branches of Red r. of 
Cumberland, and from the nthrn. part flow crs. 
towards the n. into Green r. Cf. t. Russell, 
ville. Pop. 1820, 14,423, 1830, 13,012. 

Logan, co. Ohio, bndd. s. by Champaign, w. 
Shelby, n. w. Allen, n. Hardin, and e. Union, 
lat. 40° 25', long. 6° 45' w., slope southward 
and principally drained by Sandy or. branch of 
Great Miami and the sources of Mad r. Cf. t. 
Bellefontaine. Pop. 6,440. 

Logan, p-v. and st.jus. Hocking co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 47 ms. s. e. Columbus. It is- situated on 
Hockhocking r., near the northeastern angle of 
the CO., lat. 39° 33^ long. W. C. 5° 24' w. Pop. 
97. 

Loganspokt, p-v. and st. jus. Cass co. Ind. 
by p-r. 113 ms. a little w. of n. Indianopolis. 
It is situated at the junction of the main Wa- 
bash with Eel r., lat. 4J° 45', long. W. C. 9° 
20' w. 

Loganville, p-v. York co. Fa. by p-r. 89 ms. 
northward W. C. 

Log House Landing, p-o. southern part of 
Beaufort CO. N. C. by p-r. 170 ms. a little s. of 
E. Raleigh. 

Log Lick, p-o. eastern part of Clark co. Ky. 
by p-r. 51 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. 

LoMBARDY, p-v. Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 50 ms. 
s. w. Richmond. 

LoMBARBY, p-v. Columbia CO. Geo. by p-r. 64 
ms. N. E. by E. Milledgeville. 

LoMBAKDY Grove, p-o. Mecklenburg co. Va. 
by p-r. 81 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

London, p-v. formerly Hazel Patch, st. jus. 
Laurel co. Ky. by p-r. 102 ms. s. e. Frankfort. 
It is situated on a tributary of Rock Castle, 
branch of Cumberland r., lat. 37° 13', long. 6'=' 
56' w. Pop. 15. 



London, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 27 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus, lat. 39° 
50', long. 6° 28' w. Pop. 249. 

London Bridge, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Princess Ann co. Va. 15 ms. a little n. of e. 
Norfolk, and 8 ms. s. w. Cape Henry. 

London Grove, post tsp. Chester co. Pa. be- 
tween New Garden and Oxford. The p-o. is 
about 40 ms. s. w. by w. from Phila. 

Londonderry, p.t. Rockingham co. N. PI. 35 
ms. w. Portsmouth, 25 s. e. Concord, and 38 n. 
w. Boston. It contains very little waste land ; 
the soil is generally fertile, and much of it is 
excellent, particularly on the streams in the 
town. There are no hills, but the surface is 
rolling. The most considerable stream is Bea- 
ver river, and theie are several ponds in the 
town, of which Beaver is the principal ; this is 
300 rods in diameter. Pinkerton academy was 
named_after Maj. John Pinkerton, who founded 
it by a donation of $14,000. The town was 
first settled in 17 19. The early settlers were 
farmers from the n. of Ireland, and the potatoe 
was introduced here by them immediately after, 
being the first cultivated in N. England. Mat- 
thew Thornton, one of the signers of the Dec 
laration of Independence, resided here. This 
place is noted for the longevity of several of 
its inhabitants. Pop. 1,467. 

Londonderry, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 30 ms. 
N. e. Bennington, 27 s. w. Windsor. Watered 
by West and Winhall rs. Utley brook and 
another considerable mill stream. Mill priv- 
ileges are numerous. Contains a bed of very 
fine clay, two villages, and 9 school dists. Pop. 
1,302. 

Londonderey, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 
102 ms. eastward Columbus. Pop. 54. 

Long Bottom, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, by p-r. 
102 ms. s. e. Columbus. 

Longbeanch, Monmouth co. N. J. The sea 
shore about 6 ms. s. of Shrewsberry river, a 
place of great resort for sea bathing and fish- 
ing, having several large and well kept board- 
ing houses, 30 ms. s. New York. 

Long Creek Bridge, and p-o. New Hanover 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 128 ms. s. e. Raleigh. 

Long Falls cr., and p-o. Daviess co. Ky. by 
p.r. 165 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Long Hollow, p-o. Sumner co. Ten. by p.r. 
14 ms. N. E. Nashville. 

Long Island, N. Y. extends from the nar- 
rows, below New York city, in an easterly di- 
rection, 140 ms. to Montauk Point. Its average 
width is 10 ms., and it contains 1,400 sq. ms. 
It is divided into 3 cos.. Kings, Queens, and 
Sufiblk, and belongs wholly to the state of N. 
Y. It is bounded s. by the Atlantic, and is 
separated from Connecticut on the n. by Long 
Island Sound, and by the East r. from the s. e. 
extremity of N. Y. on the main. Much indent, 
ed with tays. There is a rocky ridge denom- 
inated the spine of Ijong Island, extending from 
the w. end to River Head, the highest point of 
which is 319 ft. above the level of the tide, sit- 
uated in N. Hempstead. The land on the n. 
side of this ridge is rough and hilly, on the s. 
side it is level and sandy. The waters are 
stored with a vast abundance and variety of 
fish, and the island has long been celebrated 



LOR 



252 



LOU 



for its wild fowl, and various forest game. A 
beach of sand and stones runs along tiie s. side 
of the island 100 ms., with various inlets, ad- 
mitting vessels of 60 or 70 tons. The long 
narrow bay formed by the boach is in the- wi- 
dest places 3 ms. broad. 

Long Island Sound, an inland sea, from 3 to 
95 ms. broad, and about 140 long, dividing 
Long Island from Conn. It communicates with 
the ocean at the n. end, and with N. York Har- 
bor at the s., and affords a very safe and con- 
venient passage. 

Long Lick, p-o. Scott co.. Ky., 23 ms. estrd. 
Frankfort. 

Long Meadow, p-t. Hampden co. Mass., e. 
Gonn. r., 6 ms. s. Springfield, 97 s. w. Boston ; 
beautifully situated ; soil fine. Pop. 1,257. 

LoNGMiEs, store and p-o. Edgefield dist. S. C, 
76 ms. s. w. by w. Columbia. 

Long Old Fields, p-o. Prince George's co. 
Md., 14 ms. estrd. W. C, and 26 wstrd. An- 
napolis. 

Long Pond, Me., chiefly in Bridgetown, 10 
ms. long and 1 broad, connected by Sungo r, 
vv.ith Sebago lake. 

Long Pond, lake on the line between N, Y. 
and-N. .L, principally in the former ; disciiarges 
through Long pond and Pompton rs. into the 
Passaic. 

Long Prairie, p-o. Hempstead co. Ark., by 
p-r. 175 ms. s. w. Little Rock. 

Long Run, p-o.. Jefferson co. Ken., by p-r. 25 
ms. w. Frankfort, and about 17 e. Louisville. 

Long's Bridge, and p-o. Hancock co. Geo., 
10 ms. N. E. Milledgeviile. 

Long's Mills, and p-o. Orange co., N. C, by 
P-r. 81 ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

Long Street, p-v. Moore co. N. C. 

Long Street, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C, by 
p^r. 64 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. 

Long Swamp, p-tsp. Berks co. Pa., situated on 
the head waters of Little Lehigh. The p-o. is 
1-8 ins. N. E. Reading. 

Tjongtown, p^v. Davidson co. N. C, by p-r. 
15:i ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

LoNGWOOD, p-v. Albemarle eo. Va., by p-r. 86 
ms. n. w. by w. Richmond, and 151 ms. s. vv.. 
W. C. 

Loop, p.v. Logan co. Va., by p-r. 320 ms. s. w.. 
by w. ^ w. W. C. 

Lorain, co. O., bndd. n. e. by Cuyahoga co., 
E.. Medina, s. e. Wayne, s. w. Richl-and, w. Hu- 
ron, and n. Lake Erie. From s. to n. 40 ms., 
mean breadth 15, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 
L5', long. 5° 10' w. Slope almost due n., and 
drained by Black r. and some smaller streams. 
Gf. t. Elyria. Pop. 5,686. 

LoREJz, Store and p-o. Lewis co. Va., by p-r. 
2.61. ms. w. W. C. 

LoRETTo, P-V. Cambria co. Pa., 7 ms. n. e. 
Ebensburg, 75 ms. estrd. Pittsburg, and by p.r. 
116 ms. N. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Lorrai.ve, p-t. .Teff'erson co. N. Y., 16 ms.. s. 
w. Watertown, ]50 w. n. w. Albany, 9 e. lake 
Ontario. Healthy, and well watered' by a num- 
ber of small crs. of a tolerable size for mill 
streams, and a great variety of small springs 
andfrivulets. Pop. 1,727. 

LG--TIETT0, p-v. Essex CO Va.., by p-r. 8Lms. 
N. E. Richmond. 



Lost r., local name of the higher part of 
Great Cacopon r. of Va. 

Lost RivDR, p-o. on Lost r., estrn. part of 
Hardy co. Va., by p.r.'130 ms. w. W. C. 

Lost Prairie, p-o. Lafayette co. Ark. by p-r.. 
152 ms. s. w. Little Rock. 

Lott's mills and p-o., Copiah co. Misp. about' 
75 ms. N. e. Natchez, and 39 s. .Jackson. 

Lottsville, p-v. Warren co. Pa., by p-r. 235 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Loudon, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 7 ms. n. e. 
Concord ; furnished with valuable mill privileges 
by Soucook r. ; timbered with sugar maple, 
beech, pine, oak, and chesnut. Pop. 1,642. 

Loudon, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Franklin co. 
Pa., 15 ms. a little s. of w. Chambersburg, and 
63 s. w. by w.. Harrisburg. 

Loudon, co. Va. bndd. s. e. by Fairfax ; s. by 
Prince William; s. w.- by Fauquier; by the 
Blue Ridge, separating it from Frederick w. ; 
and Jefl'erson n. w. ; and by Potomac r. separa- 
ting it from Frederick co. in Md. n., and Mont, 
gomery co. Md. n. e. Length from s. e. to n. 
w. 22, mean breadth 21, and area 462 sq. rns. 
Extending in lat. 38° 49' to 39° 18' n., and in 
long. 0° 20' to 0° 54' w. W. C. The declivity 
of this CO. is to the n. e. towards the Potomac ; 
surface broken, and even in part mountainous ; 
much of the soil excellent. Cf. t. Leesburg. 
Pop. 1820,22,702; 18.30, 21,939. 

Loudonville, p-v. Richland co. 0., by p-r. 67 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Louisa, co. Va., bndd. by Hanover s. e. ; 
Goochland s. ; Fluvanna s. w. ; Albemarle w. ; 
Orange n. ; and Spottsylvania n. e. Length 36,^ 
mean breadth 16, and area 576 sq. ms. extend- 
ing in lat. 37° 45' to 38° 6', and in long. 0° 48' 
to 1' 28' w. W. C. The declivity of this co. 
is towards the s. e., down which flow numerous 
branches of N. and S. Annanvers. Cf. t. Louisa 
c. h- Pop. 1820, 13,746; 1830, 16,151. 

Louisa, p-v. and st. jus., Lawrence co.Ky., 
by p-r. 127 ms. e. Frankfort; lat. 38° 12', long., 
6°. w. Pop. -87. 

Louisa, usually called Louisa c. h., p-v. and 
St. jus., Louisa co. Va., by p-r. 110 ms. s. w. W= 
C, and 54 ms. n. w. Richmond; and on Tan- 
ner's map U. S. exactly on the intersection of 
lat. 38° and 1° w. W. C, 

LouisBURGJi, p-v. and st. jus., Franklin co. N. 
C, 30 ms. N. N. E, Raleigh ; lat. 36° 06', long. 
1° 18'. 

Louisiana, state of the U. S., bndd. s. by the 
Gulf of Mexico ; e. and n. e. by the state of 
Misp. ; N. w. by the ter. of Ark. ; and w. by the 
Mexican province of Texas. Louisiana, with-- 
out including the partial indentations of the 
coast, extends along tlie Gulf of Mexico 400 ms. ; 
up Sabine r. from the mouth of that stream, to ■ 
where intersected by n. lat. 32°, 190 ms.; thence 
along one drgree of lat. 32° to 33°, 69ims. ;■ 
thence due e. along lat. 33°, to the right bank of 
Misp. r, 168 ma.,; thence down the latter r. tO' 
where it is crossed by lat. 31°, 220 ms. ; thence 
along lat. 31° from the Misp. to Pearl r. 105* 
ms. ; thence down Pearl r. to the mouth, 60 ms. ; 
having an entire outline of 812^ ms. The long- 
est line that can be drawn over La., is a diago-- 
nal from the s. pass of Misp. to the n. w. angle, ■ 
380 ms., and the area being 48,32 Osq. ins., the 



LOU 



253 



LOU 



mean breadth is about 127 ms. In lat. this state 
extends 28° 56' to 33°, and in long. 11° 55' to 
17° 25' w. W. C. In regard to natural features, 
and to the intrinsic qualities of soil, La. is divisi- 
ble into four distinct sections. The Delta, is 
the first which is indefinitely connected with 
the great prairies of Attac-apas and Opelousas. 
The latter is followed by the immense pine and 
oak forests of the nrthwstrn. part of the state. 
The fourth, though the least extensive, is in 
many "respects the most interesting section of 
La.; that is the fine slope formerly part of west 
Floriaa, between the Pearl and Misp. rs., and 
s. ©flat. 31°, In a general view, the Misp. r. 
is the most conspicuous and imporiant feature 
in the topography of La. By a very winding 
channel, that great river forms a boundary be- 
tween the states of Misp. and La. between lat. 
3l° and 33°, but below the former lat. enters en- 
tirely into La. Assuming a course of a little e. 
of s. E., but still with a very sinuous channel, 
the Misp. winds over La., embracing by its 
numerous inlets or mouths, an alluvial region, 
to which in nature, and even in outline, the name 
of Delta is not unaptly applied. Between lat. 
31° and 33°, the general course of the Misp. is 
along the bluffs, or wstrn. margin of a compara- 
tive table land. Here it receives numerous 
small streams from the left, whilst on the right 
stretches a narrow, annually inundated tract. 
When swelled by spring floods, the superabund- 
ant water of the Misp. flows out by innumerable 
channels, which are discharged into the Ten- 
saw, Black, arid Red rs., and by the latter borne 
back into the main stream. But, as if disdain- 
ing to receive into its bosom the rejected water, 
less than 1^ mile below the mouth of Red r., the 
Atchafalaya is discharged to the left, forming 
the upper mouth of the Misp. ; below which on 
that side, the adjacent surface of the land being 
lower than that of the surcharged r., all water 
which escapes from the main stream returns to 
it no more, but slowly seeks a recipient in the 
Gulf of Mexico. On the estrn. or left, the blufl^s 
are continued on or near the Misp. to a few 
ms. below Baton Rouge, where the outlet of 
Iberville terminates high land, and commences 
the Delta on that side also. If we regard the 
efflux of Atchafalaya, as its head, and the Gulf 
of Mexico as its base, the Delta stretches 
over two degrees of lat. and three degrees of 
long. The utmost length from the outlet of 
the Atchafalaya, to the mouths of the Misp., 
220 ms. Its widest part from the Point Tim- 
ballier to the Pass of Manchar, between lakes 
Pontchartrain and Maurapas, 100 miles. The 
breadth, however, varies from 10 miles to the ut- 
most width. From the generally well defined out- 
line, the limits of the Delta are distinct ; but from 
the great indentations of that outline, the area 
is difl[icult to estimate accurately, but amounts 
to at least the one fourth of the state, or 12,000 
sq. ms. The loweT, or sthrn. and s. estrn. part of 
the Delta, is with very trifling exceptions sea 
marsh, naked of timber, and flooded with every 
flow of the tide, and with very few spots or 
strips of arable soiL Advancing n. westwardly 
up the streams, the surface very slowly rises, 
and the arable borders along the rivers increase 
in width, and become more continuous. The 



unwooded sea marsh is followed by a dense 
forest, but which stands on a plain in a great 
part annually inundated by the spring floods of 
the Misp., Ouachitta, and Red rs. The very 
gradual and trifling acclivity of the Delta, is 
demonstrated by the fact, that in autumn, when 
the rivers are reduced to their lowest level, the 
tides of only about two ft. mean height, are sen. 
sible in Atchafalaya and Iberville. I have my- 
self seen the current of the former flowing into 
the Misp. West from the Delta, the sea marsh 
is continued, and the pr-airie or grassy plains 
rise from the great forest overflow of Atchafa- 
laya. The acclivity from the sea marsh of 
Opelousas and Attacapas is so much more ab. 
rupt as to raise the surface of the prairies above 
annual overflow, but even here the rise is very 
gradual and so small as to admit the tides in 
autumn, as high as Demell's landing, on Courta. 
bleau r. From actual observation I doubt 
whether a single spot of s. wstrn. La. below 
lat. 31° is elevated 50 ft. above high tide ; the 
far greater part is, I am confident, under 10 ft. 
comparative elevation. The surface of the 
prairies of La. has been very greatly overrated, 
and these plains have also been confounded with 
the sea marsh. Though contiguous, and similar 
in the single feature of being void of timber, in 
all other respects these two sections differ from 
each. The prairies though approaching a dead 
level, are composed of solid and arable soil. 
If an eye sufficiently elevated could scan the 
whole surface from the Gulf of Mexico to the 
forests of Red and Sabine rs., the streams would 
be seen issuing from those forests and carry, 
ing lines of woods along their banks, and which 
wooded borders gradually narrowing would 
terminate at different distances from the sea 
coast, in most cases about the line of separation 
between the prairie and sea marsh, small 
wooded spots isolated from the great forest 
would be seen dotted along the sea marsh, the 
timber of which, composed in part of live oak, 
retaining leaf throughout the winter. But on 
the sea margin of the Sabine and Calcasiu, even 
the live oak ceases, and the great grassy marsh 
expands. The western sea marsh of La. may 
be regarded as extending from the Atchafa- 
laya to the Sabine 160 ms., the mean breadth 
about 25, and area 4,000 sq. ms. The prairie 
section reaches from the junction of Teche and 
Atchafalaya, to the Sabine, 160 ms. along the 
sea marsh, but lies in form of a triangle, the 
apex at the head v/aters of Mermentau, per, 
pendicular 60 ms. and area 4,800 sg. ms. In 
the latter superficies are, however, included 
large bodies of woods ; the real prairie does 
not exceed the sea marsh in extent, and the 
aggregate of both may be safely assumed at 
8,000 sq. ms. Lying northward from the prai- 
ries of Opelousas, and wesward of the inunda- 
ted margin near the Misp, spreads what may, 
from its prevailing timber, be called the pine 
section of La. This extensive region, embra- 
cing about 24,000 sq, ms. is watered by Oua- 
chitta, Red, Calcasiu and Sabine rs. The sur. 
face oonsideraljly broken into hills, though of 
moderate elevatioc. In this tract some rocks 
and eyen water falls appear. The low grounds 
near streams are clothed with various species 



LOU 



254 



LOU 



of oaks, elms, hickory, sweet gum, honey, 
locust, and cypress, but leaving the water 
courses, pine prevails to such an extent, that 
from five to twenty ms. may be travelled over 
in one unbroken pine forest. The river soil on 
Red and Ouachitta, generally productive ; fer- 
tile water margins occur in other places, but 
the general character of the soil is sterility. 
The fourth and least extensive natural section of 
La. is that of the former W. Florida. In gen- 
eral character, the latter beats a very exact re- 
semblance to that of the northwest. Pine be- 
comes again so much the prevailing timber, that 
at least nine parts in ten of , the whole surface 
is covered with this tree. The arable soil is 
on or near the streams and confined in extent. 
Taken as a whole. La. is composed of inunda- 
ted and noninundated land. The tract of soil 
liable to annual submersion is narrow, above 
Red river, but widening below that stream, ex- 
pands like a fan, and finally embraces the whole 
gulf border. What soil is of adequate eleva- 
tion for cultivation within the inundated region, 
is of the very best quality, and towards the 
gulf, the climate admits the very profitable 
growth of sugar cane. The Gulf's grassy 
border is followed inland, by a forest which, 
from the peculiar nature of the soil, must re- 
main many ages but partially disturbed. Of 
forest, in point of relative quantity, pine, oak, 
sweet gum, and hickory predominates, but ad- 
mixed with an indefinite number of other trees, 
such as niaple, liriodendron, cypress, black 
gum, ash, persimon, black walnut, honey, lo- 
cust, elm, dog wood, &c. On the margin of 
overflow, immense brakes of reed cane rise 
amid the forest, but this gigantic grass, contra- 
ry to common opinion, never flourishes where 
the surface is liable to periodical submersion. 
Where the cane abounds, so do various species 
of grape vine and smilax, rendering those for- 
ests most diflicult to penetrate. Below lat. 31° 
and on land partially liable to overflow, are ex- 
tensive brakes of palmetto, or dwarf palm. 
The latter vegetable, though capable of support- 
incr the inundations longer than the reed cane, 
cannot, however, exist where the ground is 
liable to deep and annual overflow. In the lat- 
ter case indeed the ground produces few weeds, 
and the lofty trees are the only vegetables of 
any consequence which rise from the saturated 
earth. 

Climate and seasons. — In a country where 
the extremes of latitude are only 4 degrees, and 
those of height perhaps less than two hundred 
feet, it might be supposed that very little difler- 
ence of seasons, would be perceptible, but with 
both these causes of equality, the mean and ex- 
treme temperature of the Delta, and that of the 
northwestern section difiers far teyond what 
could be expected. The relative temperature 
is more decisively shown by indigenous vege. 
tables than by observations made with a ther- 
mometer. Amongst those vegetable indicia 
the live oak affords the most conclusive data. 
This tree is found to abound most in the lower 
part of the Delta, and to decrease ascending to 
the N. w. It would appear from places where 
this tree flourishes, that its existence must de- 
pend more on the relative temperature than on 



soil. From the bay of Mobile westward to the 
Teche, the live oak is limited northward by n. 
latitude 30° 25' very nearly. Passing the Te. 
che, where the northwestern winds have free 
access over the prairies, live oak ceases in 
great part above lat, 30°, and on the Calcasiu 
and Sabine does not exist. On the Atlantic 
coast of the U. S. the live oak is found as far 
N. as 34°. The cultivation of sugar cane ceas- 
es in La. at about lat. 30° 10', but on the At- 
lantic coast can be made a profitable crop two 
degrees higher. Similar remarks apply to the 
orange tree and some other exotic trees, which 
are restricted on the Delta of the Misp. and 
contiguous places between two and three de- 
grees lower than on the Atlantic coast. At 
Natchez, lat. 31° 33' the thermometer has fall- 
en to 12° above the zero of Fahrenheit. I have 
myself seen the creeks and ponds of La. at New 
Orleans, frozen, and once, January 1812, saw 
snow at Opelousas 11 inches deep. These 
phenomena are rare, but their occurrence exi 
hibits a severity of climate much greater than 
is experienced on similar latitudes along the 
Atlantic ocean. In regard to staple produc- 
tions, sugar and rice in La. will, it is probable-, 
be always restricted to the lower sections, 
whilst cotton can be cultivated over the whole 
surface, as may be maize, tobacco, and indigo; 
Of fruit trees, the peach and fig are those v.'hich 
seem most congenial to the climate. The ap- 
ple can be cultivated, but not to advantage ; the 
cherry is utterly unproductive. The latter cir- 
cumstance is the more curious as the wild 
cherry tree grows to the size and elevation of a 
forest tree of large magnitude, not unfrequent- 
ly of 50 or 60 It. shaft, and from 2 to 3 ft. di- 
ameter. If we assume New Orleans as a sta- 
tionary point, and allow a mean temperature of 
60° Fahrenheit, probably rather too high, we 
have a temperature very nearly similar to that 
of Charleston, S. C. (See the latter article.) 
By recurring to Dr. Lovell's tables of relative 
mean temperature, and comparing the mean 
range of thermometer at Canionment Jessup, 
on the Sabine, Baton Rouge, Pensacola, Tawpa 
Bay, St. Augustine and Charleston, we find the 
curious result, that the lowest depression at 
Cantonment Jessup was plus 7, Baton Rouge 
plus 18, Pensacola plus 11, and at Charleston 
plus 19°. In brief, combining vegetable physi- 
ology with the thermometrical results, the sea- 
sons of Charleston, lat. 32° 42', are milder than 
at New Orleans, lat. 30°. 

Political Geography. — Louisiana is divided 
into the following parishes, to which is ad- 
ded the population of each, with their chief 
towns:— 

Chief Towns. 
Doiialdsouville, 
Assumption, 
Marksville, 

Harrisonburg, 

Russelville, 

Concordia, 

Baton Rouge, 

Jackson, 

Iberville, 

Coquille, 

Vermillionville, 

Thibadenuxville, 

Natchitncbes, 

New Orleans, 



Parishes. 

Ascension, 

Assumption, 

Avoyelles, 

Catalitiola, 

Claiborne, 

Concordia, 

East Union Rouge, 

East Filiciana, 

Iberville, 

Jolferson, 

Lafayette, 

Lafourche Fnterior, 

Natchitoches, 

Orli;ans, 



Pop. 1830. 

5,426 

5,009 

3,484 

2,581 

1,764 

4,662 

6,698 

8,247 

7,049 

,846 

,653 

5,503 

7,905 

4;),838 



LOU 



LOl! 



Parishes. 


Chief row7is. 


Pop. 1830. 


Piaquemiiies, 


Plaquemines, 


4,489 


Point Coupee, 


Point (Joupee, 


5,936 


liapides, 


Ale.xandria, 


7,575 


Sl. Bernard, 




3,356 


St. CJiarles, 




5,147 


St. Helena, 


St. Helena, 


4,023 


t^t. James, 


liriugier's. 


7,646 


St. Joliii Bapti.st, 


Dubouy's, 


5,677 


St. ],andry, 


St. Landrv, 


12,591 


St. Martins, 


St. Maitinville, 


7,205 


St. Mary's, 


Dutch Settlement, 


6,442 


St. Tammany, 


(Covington, 


2,864 


i'erre Bonnej 


Williamsburg, 


2,121 


VVashitau, 


Monroe, 


5,140 


West Baton Rouge, 


Mt. Pleasant, 


3,084 


W. Feliciana, 


St. Francisville, 


8,629 


Washington, 


Franklinton, 


2,286 


Total population of Louisiana, 1830, 


215,589, 


of which are white persons, 






Blales. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of ag 


3, 8,553 


7,800 


From 5 to 10 


6,402 


6,193 


" 10 to 15 


5,134 


5,140 


" 15 to 20 


4,325 


4,709 


" S2n to 30 


10.9.58 


6,930 


" 30 to 40 


7,777 


4,204 


" 4U 10 50 


4,304 


2,310 


" 50 to 60 


2,023 


1,257 


" 60 to 70 


896 


660 


" 70 to 80 


317 


222 


" 80 to 90 


78 


~73 


.» SIO to 100 


24 


17 


." 100 and upward 


'> 9 


1 



Total, 



39,516 



Of which were deaf and dumb, under 14 years 
of age, 15; from 14 to 25, 15; 25 and up- 
wards, 19. Blind, 3.6. Aliens, 1,713. 
The colored population was as follows 



Free Colored. 



Male 
Under 10 y'rsofage, 2,.503 



from 10 to 24 
■ 24 to 36 
36 to 55 
55 to 100 
100 and over 



2,296 

1,208 

828 

384 

U 

7,230 



Females. 
2,640 



1,927 
1,402 



Slaves. 
Males. Fem. 



29 

9,480 



13,627 
17,926 
15,784 
8,443 
2,089 
42 



13,687 
16,613 
13,.534 
6,249 
1,552 
42 



Total, 
Of the colored population 
dumb, under 14 years of age, 



57,911 51,677 

were deaf and 

from 14 to 25, 



5 ; 25 and upwards, 9. Blind, 77. 
•Recapitulation — 

Whites. Free Colored. Slaves. Total. 

89,291 16,710 109,588 _ 215,589 

The population of the two territories, Orleans 
and Louisiana, in 1810, was 97,391; the for- 
mer then contaiiied 76,556, and the latter 20,- 
845 inhabitants. In 1820, the population of 
Louisiana was 153,407. 

Principal towns. — The only citj^ of conse- 
quence, is New Orleans, which see. Donald- 
sonville. Baton Rouge, St, Martins, St. Lan. 
dry, Alexandria, and Natchitoches, are small 
villages, which will be found noticed under 
their respective heads. Donaldsonvilie is at 
present the seat of legislation. 

Constitution of government. — The legisla- 
tive power is vested in a senate and house of 
representatives. To be eligible to the senate 
demands a landed estate, in full right of 
,'§1,000. The members of the senate shall 
be chosen for the term of 4 years. Senators 
divided by lot into two classes ; the seats of 
the senators of the first class, shall be vacated 
at the expiration of the second year, and of the 
second class at the expiration of the fourth 
year ; so that a rotation shall be chosen every 
year, and one half thereby be kept up perpetu- 
ally. No persoa shall be a senator, who, at 



the tmie of his election, is not a citizen of the 
United States, and who hath not attained the 
age of 27 years, resided in this state four years 
ne.xt preceding his election, and one year in the' 
district in which he may be chosen. No person 
shall be a representative, who, at the time of 
his election, is not a free white male citizen of 
the United States, and hath not attained the age 
of 21 years, and resided in the state two years 
next preceding his election, and the last year 
thereof in the county of which he may be cho- 
sen, and who must hold landed property to the 
value of 500 dollars, according to the tax list 
in the county or district for which he is chosen. 
The supreme executive power is lodged in the' 
hands of a governor, chosen for 4 years, and in- 
eligible for the succeeding 4 years after the ex- 
piration of the time for which he shall have 
been elected. He shall be at least 35 years of 
age, and a citizen of the United States, and 
have been an inhabitant of this state, at least 
SIX years preceding his election, and shall hold 
m his own right a landed estate of .'1^5,000 value, 
agreeably to the tax list. No member of con!' 
gross, or person holding any office under the 
United States, or minister of any religious soci- 
ety, shall be eligible to the office of governor. 
The general powers of the governor of La. in 
extent and limitation, are very similar to those 
of the president of the United States. The 
judiciary power is vested in a supreme and in. 
ferior courts. The supreme court having ap. 
pellate jurisdiction only, extending to alf civil 
cases where the matter in dispute shall exceed 
the sum of $300. The supreme court shall 
consist of not less than three judges, nor more 
than five ; the majority of whom° shall form a 
quorum. The legislature is authorized to es- 
tabhsh such inferior courts as may be conven- 
ient to the administration of justice. The judg- 
es, both of the supreme and inferior court's, 
shall hold their offices during good behaviour. 
Removeable by address of both houses of the 
legislature, or by impeachment by the lower 
house before the senate, and in both cases a 
concurrence of two thirds requisite for removal 
orconviction. To enjoy the right of suffrage, 
It is requisite to be a free white male citizen°of 
the United States, to have attained the age of 
21 years, resided in the county where he offers 
to vote, one year next precedmg the election, 
and within the last six months prior to the said 
election, have paid a state tax. No person, 
while he continues to exercise the functions of 
a clergyman, priest, or teacher of any religious 
persuasion, society, or sect, shall be eligible to 
the general assembly, or to any office of profit 
or trust under this state. 

History. — The term Louisiana, once so com- 
prehensive, including all Arkansas, Missouri, 
the undefined regions on the waters of Misp. 
and the region now included under the name 
of La., was imposed by the French in honor of 
Louis XIV. Confining therefore this brief no- 
tice to the state to which the name is now ex- 
clusively appropriated, we may observe that M. 
de la Salle, a French officer, made its first 
known civilized discovery, in 1683. In 1699 
M. d'lberville laid the foundation of the first 
French colony. The local knowledge of the 



LOU 



256 



LOU 



country was so defective, that the first settle- 
ments were very injudiciously made along the 
barren coast east and west from Mobile,, and so 
slow was the advance, that in 1712, the inhabi- 
tants amounted to only 400 whites, and 20 ne- 
groes. Hitherto a royal colony, in 1712, La. 
was ceded to Crozet, who after abortively ex- 
pending large sums, in 1717 surrendered the 
government to the Misp. company. In the lat- 
ter year the permanent base of the colony was 
laid by the foundation of New Orleans. LFnder 
the Misp. company La. flourished, though ulti- 
mately ruinous to the company itself, who in 
1731, ceded their powers to the crown. Again 
a royal colony, La. slowly augmented in popu- 
lation and wealth, but until its cession to Spain 
by France, in 1762, and its being taken into ac- 
tual possession by the former in 1769, the colo- 
ny afforded no important matter for history. 
France after her cession of La. regretted the 
step, and by a secret treaty with Spain, signed 
Oct. 1st, 1800, La. was receded to her former 
parents. The reacquisition of the colony avail- 
ed nothing to France in the accomplishment of 
its original intention, but it enabled her to ne- 
gociate a sale to the United States in considera- 
tion of 60,000,000 of francs. These negocia- 
tions were consummated April, 1803. In the 
following December, the Spanish commission- 
ers transferred the country to France ; the au- 
thorities of the latter duly transferred it to the 
United States. By an act of Congress, passed 
March, 1804, La. was definitely subdivided; 
the northern part above lat. 3l° was named 
" The Territory of Misp." the lower section, 
" The Territory of Orleans." The latter in 
1811 was authorised to form a constitution of 
government, and that part of West Florida, 
west of Pearl river, subsequently annexed. 
Thus bounded as noticed in the first part of this 
article. La. in 1812, was formally received into 
the Union as a sovereign state. A powerful 
British fleet and army invaded La. December, 
1814, but after some partial actions, the army 
was utterly defeated, January 8th, 1815, and the 
seige of New Orleans raised. This event gave 
to La. a classic interest in the history of the 
United States, and left her to the peaceable pur- 
suit of the arts of social life, and the cultivation 
of her soil. 

Louisiana, p-v. eu the right bank of the Misp., 
at the mouth of Salt r. Pike co. Mo., 12 ms. n, e. 
Bowling Green, and 90 ras. n. n. w. St. Louis. 

Louisville, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., on 
St. Lawrence r., 30 ms. below Ogdensburgh. 
Soil a rich loam, gently uneven, well watered 
with Racket and Grass rs. Has vast forests of 
pine, cedar, &c. Williamsburgh in Canada, 
where was fought the battle of Williamsburgh, 
Nov. 11, 1813, lies opposite this town. 10 
schools, kept 7 months in 12. Pop. 1,076. 

Louisville, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
Geo., situated on or near the left bank of Great 
Ogeechee r., 58 ms. a little s. of e. Milledgeville, 
and 43 ms. s. w. Augusta. Lat. 33° 02', long. 
5° 22' w. W. C. 

Louisville, a city, and port of entry, Jefferson 
CO. Ky., is situated on the s. side of the Ohio r., 
about i of a mile above the rapids. It is built 
upon a plain, elevated by a gentle acclivity, 75 | 



ft. above the low water level of the river. It 
lies in lat. 38° 17', long. 8° 45' w. W. C, and is 
53 ms. a little n. of w. Frankfort, 77 n. of w. 
Lexington and is 1,500 ms. distant from New 
Orleans, 1,200 from St. Louis, 500 from Nash- 
ville, 150 from Cincinnati, and near 700 from 
Pittsburgh. The city is handsomely laid out, 
with broad streets, eight of which are parallel 
with the river, and are intersected by 20 others 
running from the river to the s. Its length is 
more than 3 ms. measured on the river, and 
from N. to s. it extends upwards of IJ ms. The 
place was settled in 1778, at which time and 
for a few subsequent years, it was constantly 
harrassed by Indian hostilities. In 1780 it was 
made a town by an act of the Virginia legisla- 
ture, it being then a part of Kentucky co. Va. 
In 1781 a fort was built and garrisoned, and- a 
check given to Indian depredations. For many 
years from its settlement the town was infested 
with fevers, but since 1822 no town of its size 
in the western country has been more free from 
disease. The soil is alluvial, the adjacent coun- 
try flat, and yields in abundance the common 
products of agriculture. There are in the city 
1 woollen, and 2 cotton factories, 2 potteries, 2, 
founderies, 3 breweries, 2 white and sheet lead 
factories, 4 rope walks and bagging factories, 
1 fire and marine insurance company, 1 mer- 
chants' insurance company, a public school, a 
theatre, l3 houses of public worship, a marine 
hospital, a city hospital, a court house and jail. 
In 1830, soon after the incorporation of the city, 
the council establishe-d a public school, which 
was declared when it was founded to be en- 
tirely free ; but since a small sum has been ex- 
acted of those able to pay, for tuition. There 
are now about 350 scholars in the school ; but it 
is clearly inadequate to the wants of the com- 
munity, from some defects in its organization. 
It is believed however, that proper steps will 
soon be taken to remedy all deficiencies. The 
Louisville marine hospital is a fine edifice, 
erected by the munificence of the legislature, 
by several appropriations in the the^i currency 
of the state, viz. commonwealth paper. These 
appropriations amounted to ^40,000. The in. 
stitution is supported in part by a tax of 2 per 
cent, on auction sales within the city, and by an- 
nual grants from the marine hospital fund of 
the United States. The most skilful physi- 
cians of the city give their services to the hos- 
pital. A medical school has lately been char- 
tered, and it is confidently believed from its lo- 
cal advantages, and the ability of its professors, 
that it will tend greatly to advance the cause of 
medical science in the west. There is here a 
temperance society containing about 600 mem- 
bers, a lyceum, 12 or 14 excellent private 
schools, 3 daily papers, one weekly literary pa- 
per, and a weeHy price current. There are 50 
licenced hacks, and 150 drays and carts. Mail 
coaches daily arrive from every direction. 
Several good turnpike roads, leading to Frank- 
fort, Portland, &c. are finished ; and several 
more to other places are in progress. The 
Lexington and Ohio rail road (see Rail Roads 
and Canals) is to pass through the city on its 
way to Portland, a village 3 ms. below, at the 
foot of the falls. A branch of the U. S, baak 



LOV 



257 



LOW 



was established here in 1817, with a capital of 
$1,250,000, and has for the last ten years done 
a safe and profitable business. Another bank 
has been recently incorporated with a capital of 
$2,000,000, .$1,500,000 ofwhich was subscribed 
(March, 1833) in three days, and the books 
were closed. It is expected to commence bu. 
siness immediately. A saving bank has like- 
wise been incorporated, to go into operation 
soon. The Louisville and Portland canal is a 
work of great promise, being designed for the 
passage of steam boats of the first class, and 
thus bringing the lower navigation over the ra- 
pids to Louisville. It is 2i ms. long, and cost 
$750,000. It was completed in January, 1831, 
and has already done much to increase the 
prosperity of the city, and to make it one of the 
most important commercial places at the west. 
In 1830 an appropriation of ^150,000 was made 
by Congress, for the improvement of the Ohio 
r. ; by which the obstructions will be so far re- 
moved as to leave 4 ft. of vs'ater in the channel, 
and over the shallowest spots in it, during the 
dryest season, from its mouth to Pittsburg. In 
excavating for the canal, were found at the 
depth of 30 ft., skeletons, and some works of 
art, the relics of a former age. Abundance of 
stone for hydraulic, or water lime, was like- 
wise discovered. Louisville exports tobacco, 
whiskey, cotton bagging and baling, hemp, flour, 
pork, bacon, lard, and other productions of the 
fertile country which surrounds it. Its com. 
merce is carried on by upwards of 200 steam 
boats of various sizes, some of which are almost 
hourly arriving either from New Orleans, St. 
Louis, Nashville, Frankfort, Cincinnati, or the 
intermediate towns, on the Mississippi, Ohio, 
Cumberland, Kentucky, and other rivers of the 
vast plain of the west. Pop. in 1830, 10,341 ; 
in 1833 it was estimated at 16,000. 

Louisville, p-v. Blount co. Ten. by p-r. 168 
ms. a little s. of e. Nashville. 

Louisville, p-v. Pike co. Ala. by p-r. 144 ms. 
s. E. byE. Tuscaloosa. 

LouTRE, {Otter) isl., and p-o. sthrn. part of 
Montgomery co. Mo., 75 ms. wstrd. St, Louis, 
and by p.r. 59 ms. estrd. Jefferson City. 

LouTRE Lick, and p-o. Montgomery co. Mo. 
.78 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

LovELL, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 20 ms. n. Paris. 
In this town are Lovell falls, which have been 
discovered within a few years, and are an object 
■of great natural curiosity. Where the water 
makes over into the tremendous basin below, it 
falls perpendicularly 40 ft. Above the falls, 
there is a chain of 8 ponds, partly in Lovell, and 
partly in Waterford, connected by small natu- 
ral dams one or two rods in width, through 
which there are sluice-ways, which will admit 
the passage of a common sail boat. The 
scenery of the mountains and ascending lands 
in tlie vicinity, is rural and beautiful. Pop. 
697.. 

LcvfiLL's PoND, N. H., the head of the e. 
branch of the Piscataqua. 

Lovely, co. of Ark. This co. is named in 
the p-o. list, but if it exists, it has been omitted 
on Tanner's U. S. 

Lovettsville, p-v. Loudon co. Va. in the n.. 
w. part of the co. by p-r. 56 ms. n. Vf. W C. 



LovEviLLE, p-v. New Castle co. Del. 103 ms. 
N. E. W. C. 

LoviNGTON, p-v. and st. jus. Nelson co. Va. 
situated on a branch of Tye r. by p-r. 94 ms. a 
little N. of w. Richmond, and 171 ms. s. w. W. 
C. Lat. 37° 44', and long. 1° 52' w. W. C. 

Lowell, the American Manchester, situated 
at the confluence of Merrimack and Concord rs. 
Middlesex co. Mass. This place is undoubt- 
edly destined to be a manufacturing city. Its 
growth for a few years past has been almost un. 
paralleled. The foundation of the second fac- 
tory was laid here in 1822, at which time, the 
territory now included in the town, exclusive of 
one factory establishment, contained less than 
100 inhabitants. There are nov/ (1832) 8 
manufacturing cos. viz. the Merrimack manu- 
facturing company, having a capital of $1,500- 
000, 5 large brick factories, containing 26,000 
spindles, and about 1090 looms. These em- 
ploy from 3 to 400 males, and 8 to 900 fe- 
males, using 5,000 bales of cotton, or about 
1,500,000 lbs. annually, and manufacturing, 
bleaching and printing 6,500,000 yards yearly. 
The Hamilton and Lawrence manufacturing 
companies have each a capital of $1,200,000. 
The Lowell manufacturing company $600,000 ; 
Appleton, Middlesex-, and Tremont, $500,000 
each; Suffolk $450,000. In 1831, when only 
five manufactories were in operation, from 12 
to 14 millions yards of cloth were manufactured 
in a year, equal to one yard per second. The 
Lowell company make carpets, which are equal 
to the imported. The Lowell Daily Journal 
states (1833) that the "amount of capital now 
invested in tha:t place in manufacturing is 
$6,150,000. The number of large mills (5 
stories high,) in actual operation, 19 ; the num. 
ber of spindles, 84,000 ; looms, 3,000. The 
whole number of operatives is about 5,000, of 
which 3,fi00 are females. 27 millions yards of 
cotton goods are annually manufactured from 
20,000 bales of cotton ; 150^000 yards of cassi- 
meres ; and 120,000 yards of ingrained, brus- 
sels, and other carpeting ; for all which, the 
workmen receive $1,200,000 per annum. 
There are in the place 200 machinists, who 
work up 600 tons of iron, annually, into ma- 
chinery. It is computed that upwards of 5,000 
tons of anthracite coal are annually consumed, 
besides great quantities of other fuel." The 
Lock and Canal company, who own and dispose 
of the water privileges, have a capital invested 
of ^600, 000. This company own a machine 
shop 150 ft. by 40, and 4 stories high, in which 
are employed about 200 hands. The stock of 
this CO. is 160 per cent, advance. The great 
water power is produced by a canal a mile and 
a half long, 60 ft. wide, and 8 ft. deep, from its 
commencement above the head of Pawtucket 
falls on the Merrimack, to its termination in 
Concord r. The entire fall is 32 ft. The wa- 
ter is taken from this canal by smaller canals, 
and conveyed to the factories, and thence into 
the Merrimack. There are room and water 
power sufEcient for 50 huge additional facto- 
ries ! There are 15 houses of public worship, 
in Lowell, and 3 newspapers are published 
there, one of them daily. 200 houses were 
built betv/e^ii. April and November, 1831. In 



LOW 



258 



LUM 



that year land advanced 100 per cent, and rents 
are now as high as in any other town in New 
England. Lowell communicates with Boston 
by means of the Middlesex canal, and a rail 
road between the two places is in progress. It 
lies S5 ms. n. w. Boston. The village of Belvi- 
dere, on the opposite side of Concord r. has 
grown up along with Lowell, and, from its con- 
tiguity, seems but a part of the latter place. 
Lowell continues rapidly to increase, and is be- 
comino- a rival of the manufacturing towns of 
England. Pop, in 1830, 6,474, and in 1832, 
10,254. There is a canal round the falls of the 
Merrimack, 90 feet wide and 4 deep ; which 
however is no longer used for boat navigation. 
On the Concord r. about one m. from the town, 
are powder works, at which powder of a very 
superior quality is made. 30,000 kegs, 25 lbs. 
each, are made annually. 

Lower Beaver, p-v. wstrn. part of Beaver co. 
Pa. about 26 ms. n. w. Pittsburg. 

Lower Blue Lick, and p-o. Nicholas co. Ky. 
by p-r. 65 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Lower Ciianceford, p-v. York co. Pa. 20 
ms. nthstrd. the boro' of York, 16 s. s, w. Lan- 
caster, and 36 s. e. Harrisburg. 

Lower cr. p-o. Burke co. N. C. 14 ms. n. e. 
Morgantown, and by p-r. 219 ms, wstrd. Ra- 
leigh. 

Lower Mablboiiough, p-v. on the left bank of 
Patuxent r. in the nthwstrn. part of Calvert co. 
Md. by p-r. 49 ms. s. s. W. C, and about a sim- 
ilar distance s. s. w- Annapolis, 

Lower MEEioi>f, p^v. Montgomery co. 14 ms. 
nthrds. Phil. 

Lower Peach Tree, p-o. Wilcox co, Ala. by 
P-r. 129 ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Lower Salem, p-v. Washington co. O. by 
p-r. 118 ms. s. e. Columbus. 

Lower Sandusky, p-v. and st. jus. Sandusky 
CO. 0. by p-r. 103 ms. n. Columbus. Lat, 41° 
21', long. 6° 10' w. Pop, 351. 

Lower Saucon, p-v. and tsp. sthrn. part of 
Northampton co. Pa, by p-r. 51 ms. nthrd. Phil. 
97 ms. estrd. Harrisburg, and 187 ms. n, e. W. 
C. Pop. tsp. 2,3&8. 

Lower Smithfield, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 
by p-r. 15 ms. n. n. e. Easton. 

Lower Three Rums, p-o. southern part of 
Barnwell dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms.s. w. Columbia. 

Lowe's p-o. Robertson co. Ten. 23 miles 
nthrd. Nashville. 

LowHiLL Port, p^v, eastern part of Lehigh 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 76 ms. n. e. by e. Harrisburg, 
and 179 n. n. e. W. C. 

LowMAN, P-V. in the northern part of Lewis 
CO. Va. by p.r. 256 ms. w, W. C. 

Lowndes, co. Geo. bndd. w. by Thomas, n. 
by Irwin, e. by Ware, s. by Hamilton co. in 
Flor., and s. w. by Madison co. Flor. Length 
from s. to N. 52, breadth 40, and area 2,080 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 30° 38' to 31° 22', and in 
long. 6° 6' to 6° 46'. The slope of this co. is 
almost directly s., and is entirely drained by 
various confluents of Suwanee r. Pop. 2,453. 

Lowndes, c. h. and p-o. Lowndes co. Geo. 
by p-r. 165 ms. s. Milledgeville. 

Lowndes, co. Ala. on Ala. r. bndd. n. e. and 
E. by Montgomery, s. e. by Pike, s. by Butler, 
s. w. by Wilcox, w. and n. w. by Dallas, and n. 
by Ala. r. separating it from Autauga. Great 



est length diagonally from s. e. to n. w. 50 ms., 
mean breadth 32, and area 1,600 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 31° 51' to 32° 23', and in long. 
9° 21' to 10'-^ 04'w. W. C. The general slope 
of this CO. is to the n. n. w. towards the Ala. r. 
Cf. t. L.owndes c. h. Pop. 9,410. 

Lowndes, co. Misp. bndd. by Battahatche r. 
separating it from Monroe on the n. w., by La- 
fayette, Ala. N. E., by Pickens, Ala. s. e., and 
Tombigbee r. separating it from the ter. of the 
Chickasaws s. w. and w. Length along Ala. 
line 38 ms., mean breadth 9, and area 324 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 32° 18' to 50° 54' n., 
and in long. 11° 21' to 11° 36' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is wstrd. towards Tombigbee 
r. Cf.t. Columbus. Pop. 3,173. 

Lowndes, p-v. Rankin co. Misp. by p-r. 118 
ms. N. e. Natchez, and 6 from .Tackson. 

Lowrey's Mills and p-o. Chesterfield dist. S. 
C. by p-r. 143 ms. n. e. Columbia. 

Lowville, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y. 35 ms. n. 
Utica, 150 from Albany, w, Black r. Well 
watered. Eligibly situated. 10 school dists. 
Contains an academy and a handsome village. 
Pop. 2,334. 

LoYALsocK, small r. of Pa. rising in the sthrn. 
part of Bradford county, interlocking sources 
with Mahoopenny and Towanda crs. Entering 
Lycoming co. and flowing s. w. between the 
vallies of Muncy and Lycoming crs. it falls in- 
to the w. branch of Susquehaniiah r. 4 ras. be- 
low the boro' of Williamsport. 

LuBEc, p-t. and port of entry, Washington co. 
Me. in Passamaquoddy bay, lying however on 
the main land, and possessing a spacious harbor, 
sheltered from every wind, and never closed 
by ice. The first settlement was made here no. 
longer ago than 1815. A valuable lead mine 
has recently been discovered at this place. 
Pop. 1,535. 

Lucastown, p-v. Limestone co. Ala. by p-r. 
132 ms. a little e. of n. Tuscaloosa. 

LucASViLLE, p-v. Sciota CO. O. by p-r. 79 ms. 
s. Columbus. Pop. 45. 

Ludlow, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 16 miles w. 
Windsor, 61 s. Montpelier. Watered by Black 
and Williams rs. Mountainous. Well situa- 
ted for trade with the surrounding country. 
Land in general well timbered. Amethyst in 
crystals has been found here, three fourths of 
an inch long, and an inch in diameter. 12 
school dists. Pop. 1,227. 

Ludlow, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 90 ms. s. 
w. Boston, 10 N. E. Springfield. Watered by 
the Chickapee and several smaller streams. 
Here is a glass manufactory, with a capital of 
$40,000. Pop. 1,327. 

LuBLow, Morgan co. O. {See Olive Green.) 
The office is now called permanently Ludlow, 
and is situated by p-r. 85 ms. s. e. by e. Colum- 
bus. 

LuDLOwviLLE, p-v. {See Lansing.) 

Lumber, r. of N. and S. C, rises in Mont- 
gomery and Moore cos. of the former, the 
boundary between which it for some distance 
forms, flowing in a s. s. e. course. Thence as- 
suming a southern course between Richmond 
and Cumberland, and between Richmond and 
Robeson. Turning to s. e. and entering and 
traversing Robeson, it once mors inflects to s. 
s. w-} and separating Robeson and Columbia 



LUZ 



259 



LUZ 



COS. finally enters S. C. between Marion and 
Horry dists. joins little Pedes after a compara- 
tive course of about 100 ms. Lumber r. is the 
northeastern and main branch of Little Pedee. 

LuMBERF.AND, t. SulUvan CO. N. Y. 14 ms. s. 
w. Monticello, on Del. r. It is well named, 
being in reality lumber land. Pop. 953. 

LujiBERTON, p-v. and st. jus. Robeson co. N. 
C , situated on the left bank of Lumber r. 32 
ms. s. s. w. Fayetteville, 33 w. Elizabethtown, 
and by p-r. 92 ms. s. s. w. Raleigh. Lat. 33= 
41', long. 2° 10' w. W. C. 

LuMBERViLLE, p-v. on the right bank of Del. 
t. Bucks CO. Pa. 10 ms. n. e. Doylestown, and 
35 N. Phil. 

Lumpkin, co. Ga. This co. has been recent- 
ly formed out of that part of what was the ter- 
ritory of the Creek Indians, now called " The 
Gold Region." It lies westrd. of Chestatee r. 
which separates it from Habersham, and oc 
cupies part of that elevated country giving 
source to the Coosa, Chattahooche, and Hiwas- 
see rivers, n. lat. 34° 30' and long. W. ('. 7° 
w. intersect in the estrn. part of " The Gold 
Region," at about 150 ms. by the road w. n. w. 
Milledgeville. Cf. t. Auraria. 

Lumpkin, formerly called Randolph c. h.', p-v. 
and St. jus. Randolph co. Geo. by p-r. 170 ms. 
s. w Milledgeville. 

LuNE.N'BURGH, p-t. Esscx CO. Vt. 45 ms. E. N. 

D. Montpelier. Some parts very stony. Tim- 
ber generally hard wood. Conn. r. waters the 
s. E. part, besides which the town is watered by 
Neal's and Catbow branch, which are consider- 
'abla mill streams. 9 school dists. Pop. 1,054. 

Lunenburg, p-t. Worcester Co. Mass. 45 ms. 
N. w. Boston, 26 n. Worcester. Watered by 
several branches of Nashua r. Pop. 1,317. 

Lunenburg, co. Va. bndd. by Meherin r. 
separating it from Mecklenburg s., by Charlotte 
w.. Prince Edward n., Nottaway r. separating 
■it from Nottaway co. n. e., and by Brunswick 

E. Length 26, mean width 16, and area 416 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. 36° 46' to 37° 04', 
and in long. 1° 8' to 1° 32' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is to the s. e. by e. Cf. town, 
'Lewistown. Pop. 1820, 10,662, 1830, 11,957. 

Lunenburg, c. h. and p-o. {See Leicistown, 
Lunenburg co. Va.) 

Luney's cr. and p-o. Hardy co. Va. 10 ms. 
wstrd. Moorfields, and by p-r. 133 westward 
W. C. 

LuRAY, p-v. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 132 
ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Lusk's Ferry and p-o. Livingston co. Ky. by 
p-r. 254 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

LuTHERSBURG, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 
212 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Luzerne, p-t. Warren co. N. Y. e. Hudson r. 
at Hadley falls, 12 ms. s. w. Caldwell, 12 w. 
Sandy Hill. Pop. 1,362. 

Luzerne, co. Pa. bndd. by Columbia s. w., 
Lycomingw., Bradford n. w., Susquehannah n,, 
Wayne n. e., Pike e., Northampton s. e., and 
Schuylkill co. s. Length s. to n. 50 ms., mean 
breadth 36, and area 1,800 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 40° 56' to 41° 43', and in long. 0° 40' to 
1° 36' E. W. C. This is perhaps the most di- 
versified CO. in the U. States. The n. e. branch 
of Susquehannah enters it from Bradford at the 



N. w. angle, and pursuing a s. e. course forces 
its passage through numerous mountain chains, 
by comparative courses 35 ms. to the entrance 
of Lackawannoc r. from the n. e. It here en- 
ters Wyoming valley, and turning at right an. 
gles, flows down the mountain vallies again 35 
ms. to the mouth of Nescopeck creek, where 
it leaves Luzerne and enters Columbia. The 
peculiar features of Susquehannah r. will be 
seen under its own head. It is evident from 
the course of Susquehannah r. thfough Lut 
zerne, that the western part of the co. is inclu- 
ded in a concavity of that stream, and vice 
versa, on the opposite side. In the eoncave 
section the creeks are small, but on the convex 
side two streams of considerable comparative 
magnitude enter from the n. e., the Tunkhan- 
noc and Lackawannoc. Below the latter, and 
eastward from Wilkesbarre, the higher sources 
of Lehigh r. are within 5 ms. from the Susque- 
hannah bank. Luzerne is composed of narrow 
vallies and intervening mountain chains, both 
extending fromN. e. to s. w. That part of the 
Susquehannah valley above the entrance of 
Lackawannoc being the only exception to the 
foregoing arrangement. The vallies of Lu- 
zerne are narrow, but contain the great body of 
the population. The central and principal val- 
ley is that of Wyoming, between Bullock and 
Shawaney mtns. The distance from ridge to 
ridge about 5 ms., but the real arable part of 
the valley less than 2 on an average. This fine 
vale commences about 15 ms. below Wilkes- 
barre, and extending to the n. e. is continued 
by the Lackawannoc into Wayne co., and be- 
sides the great fertility of soil in most of its 
length, this great valley abounds in intermina- 
ble strata of mineral coal, both along the Sus- 
quehannah and Lackawannoc. Tunkhannoc 
valley in the northern part of the co. is narrow, 
not exceeding 1 mile ; also very irregular, but 
extends into Susquehannah co. Nescopeck 
valley is in the extreme southern part of the 
CO. ; this valley abounding in excellent soil, it 
is remarkable, is detached from the Susque- 
hannah r. ; the Nescopeck cr., after winding 
about 20 ms. to s. w. by w. turns abruptly n., 
leaves the arable valley by passing through a 
mountain chain. On the concave or western 
part of Luzerne, the two principal vallies are 
those of Mohoopenny and Bowman's. Of the 
whole surface of this large co. about one forti- 
eth is perhaps already cultivated, and at most 
one third admits of being so ; in pasture more 
might be made useful, but more than one half 
is irreclaimable. In mineral coal this co. is pe. 
culiarly affluent. The writer has himself visit- 
ed many of the mines already opened. The 
quantity seems to admit of indefinite supply, 
and more recent and deeper examinations have 
given enlarged expectations of the value and 
abundance of this mineral treasure. The 
mountain timber of Luzerne, similar to that of 
most other parts of the Appalachian system, is 
gigantic in the vallies, and diminishing in size 
ascending the mountain heights. In the north- 
western section, in the vallies, beech and sugar 
maple abound, admixed with hemlock of very 
large growth. The hemlock is indeed the pro- 
duction of all varieties of soil, and ascending 



LYM 



260 



LYN 



the Susquehannah, commences to be found in 
large quantities in Luzerne. In the southern or 
lower part of the co. the prevailing trees are, 
yellow and white pine, oaks of several species, 
beech, hickory, and more rare, black walnut 
and sycamore. The staples of this co. are 
coal, lumber, grain and flour. Chief towns, 
Wilkesbarre, Kingston and Stoddartsville. 
Pop. 1820, 20,027, 1830, 27,380. 

Lycoming, co. Pa. bndd. by Clearfield s. w., 
McKean w.. Potter n. w., Columbia s. e., and 
Union and Centre s. Length from e. to w. 
106 ms., and the area being 2,332, the mean 
breadth must be 22 ms. Extending in lat. 41° 
04' to 41° 36', and in long. 1° 18' w. to 0° 45' 
E. W. C. The junction of the w. branch of the 
Susquehannah r., with the large confluent from 
the N. w., the Sineiiiahoning is formed in the 
western part of Lycoming. The united waters, 
now a fine navigable r., winds eastwardly over 
the CO. about 80 ms, by comparative courses to 
Pennsboro' where it winds to the sthwrd., leav- 
ing Lycoming between Union and Northumber- 
land cos. In its passage over Lycoming, the 
w. branch receives from the n. Pine cr., Ly- 
coming, Loyalsock and Muncey crs. and from 
the s. Bald Eagle creek. The face of this co. 
is very broken, and similar to Luzerne, travers- 
ed by several mountain chains stretching from 
s. w. to N. E. Though the general slope is 
estwrd. the western part of Luzerne actually 
declines towards the Appalachian system. In 
general features the resemblance is very strong 
between LHzerne and Lycoming ; the arable 
part of both being narrow river or mountain 
vallies. The proportion of good soil in Ly- 
coming is perhaps rather more, comparatively, 
than in Luzerne. In 1820, Lycoming contain, 
ed 13,517 inhabitants, and in 1830, 17,63G. 
Of. t. Williamsport. 

Lycoming, tsp. and p-v. Lycoming co. Pa., 
extending from the W. Branch up Lycoming cr. 
The p-o. by p-r. 6 ms. nthwstrdly. Williamsport, 
and 101 N. N. w. Harrisburg. {See Frozenrun.) 
Lyell's, store and p-o. Richmond co. Va., by 
p-r. 60 ms. s. s. e. W. C. 

Lyman, p-t, York co. Me., 25 ms. n. York. 
Pop. 1,503. 

Lyman, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., e. Conn, r., 13 
ms. above Haverhill, 90 from Concord, 155 from 
Boston; prevailing forest trees are pine and 
hemlock ; contains a considerable elevation, 
called Gardner's or Lyman's mtn. Pop. 1,320. 
Lyme, N. H. {See Lime.) 
Lyme, p-t. New London co. Conn., e. Conn. r. 
at its mouth, opposite Saybrook, 40 ms. s. e. 
Hartford, and about the same distance e. New 
Haven ; it is a maritime town ; surface striking- 
ly diversified ; prevailing soil, a gravelly loam ; 
timber, deciduous trees ; among the vegetable 
productions are ginseng and Virginia snake 
root ; waters abundant ; the town is accomoda- 
ted with several good harbors ; the fishing bu- 
siness is carried on extensively. Pop. 4,084. 

Lyme, p-t. Jeflerson co. N. Y., s. e. St. Law- 
rence r., s. Chaumont bay, w. lake Ontario,; 
predominant soil, clay or marl ; timber, a lofty 
growth, consisting of white pine, white oak, 
beech, sugar maple, hickory, &c. ; 6 school 
dists., schoals kept 6 months in 12. The fish- 



eries of Chaumont bay are important ; excellent 
white fish are here taken in abundance. Pop. 
2,873. 

Lyme, p-v. nrthm. part of Huron co., 0., by 
p-r. 103 ra. n. Columbus. 

Lyme Range, a branch of the White mtns., 
commencing a little below Northampton, Mass. 
and running s. along the e. bank of Conn, r., at 
the distance of 8 or 10 ms., till it terminates at 
Lyme on Long Island sound. 

Lynchburg, large and flourishing p-t. Camp- 
bell CO. Va., situated on the right bank of James 
r., at the great bend below the southestrn. chain 
of the Appalachian system. By p-r. ]U8 ms. a 
little s. of w. Richmond, and 206 ms. s. w. W. C. 
lat 37° 19', long. 2° 05' w. W. 0. This town 
was incorporated in 1805, and has risen to the 
rank and importance of a flourishing commer- 
cial mart. James r. being navigable for batteaux 
for a considerable distance above, and below to 
tide water, gives to Lynchburg the advantages 
of a seaport. The buildings, public and private, 
are substantial and elegant. In addition to nu. 
merous stores and groceries, there are in this 
town four book stores, and a marble manufac- 
tory, marking the advance of wealth, intelligence 
and taste. Pop. 4,630. 

Lynchb0kg, p-v. southern part of Lincoln co. 
Ten., by p-r. 70 ms. southwardl y from Nash 
ville. 

Lynch'b cr., one of the numerous misnomers 
so disgraceful to our nomenclature. It is a 
river of N. and S. Carolina, rising in Mecklen. 
burg and Anson cos. of the former, between 
Yadkin and Catawba rs., and flowing thence en- 
ters S. Carolina between Lancaster and Ches- 
terfield dists. ; countinuing a s. e. course, sepa- 
rates Kershaw from Chesterfield and Darling- 
ton, Sumpter from Darlington, and Williams- 
burg from Marion, and falls into Great Pedee, 
after a comparative course of about 120 ms. ; 
more than one half of which course it is navi- 
gable. 

Lynchwood, p-v. in the northern part of 
Chesterfield dist. S. C, by p-r. 55 ms. n. n. e. 
Columbia. 

Lyndenborough, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 
10 ms. from Amherst, 35 s. Concord ; divided 
by a mtn. from e. to w. ; soil deep and strong, 
excellent for grazing. Pop. 1,147. 

Lynden, or Marengo, p-v. and st. jus. Ma. 
rengo co. Ala., situated on Chickasaw or., by 
p-r. 72 ms. a little w. of s. from Tuscaloosa ; 
lat. 32° 22', and long. 10° 51' w. W. C. 

Lyndon, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 34 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier ; watered by Pasumpeic r. At the 
Great Falls in this r. near the s. part of the town, 
the water descends 65 ft. in the distance of 30 
rods ; at the Little Falls, one mile above, the 
water descends 18 ft., affording excellent wa- 
ter privileges ; agaric mineral is found in this 
town ; it is a tolerable substitute for chalk, and 
a good one for Spanish white ; this is a valua- 
ble township ; soil a -rich loam, easy to culti- 
vate ; 14 school dists. Pop. 1,822. 

Lyndon, t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 271. 

Lynesville, p-v. northern part of Granville 
CO. N.,C., by p-r. 60 ms. n. Raleigh. 

Lynn, p-t. Essex co. Mass., on the coast, 10 
ms. N. E. Boston^ 6 s. w. Salem ; it has long 



MAC 



261 



MAC 



been noted for the manufacture of ladies shoes ; 
the number of shoes manufactured in this place 
annually, is from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 ; they 
are sent in large quantities to the southern 
states, and to the West Indies. The first tan- 
ning and shoemaking in New England, was 
done here ; in 1661, calfskin shoes were made ; 
and an English maker of ladies shoes, introdu- 
cedthat branch here in 1750. There are now, 
(1832) 60 or 70 larg<; manufactories of shoes, 
in which 1,50J men, and as many females are 
employed. Here is a manufactory of lasts, 5 of 
morocco, and 4 tanneries; and a Printing Com- 
pany, which colours and prints cloths, and silks. 
Here are also 6 churches — 2 Congregational, 2 
Methodist, 1 Baptist, and 1 for Friends ; a town 
house also, and an academy. Lynn beach con- 
nects Nahant with the main land, and is a fa. 
vorit-8 place of resort in the summer. Lynn 
has a small and convenient harbor, and soil of 
the fijst quality. Pop. 6,138. 



Lynn Camp, p-v. northwestern part of Knox 
CO. Ky., by p-r. 112 ms. s. e. Frankfort. 

Lynn Creek, p-o. southwestern part of Giles 
CO. Ten., by p-r. 112 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 

Lynnfield, t. Essex co. Mass., 10 ms. w. 
Salem, 12 n. e. Boston. Pop. 617. 

Lynnville, on the p-o. list, (but Linville on 
Tanner's maps), p-v. northwestern part of Le- 
high CO. Pa., 20 ms. n. w. Allentown, and 3 a 
little E. of N. Reading. Pop. Lynn tsp. 1820, 
1,064, 1830, 1,747. 

Lyons, p-t. and st. jus. Wayne co. N. Y., 16 
ms. N. Geneva, 205 from Albany ; soil good ; 
has an abundance of mill seats ; situated on the 
Erie canal, which here crosses the r. Clyde by 
an aqueduct of 90 ft. ; contains 20 school dists. 
Pop. 3,603. 

Lysander, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 15 
ms. N. N. w. Onondaga, 24 s. s. e. Oswego j 
watered by Seneca r. ; 10 school dists. Pop.. 
3,228. 



Note. — Under the letter M, those names 
which usually begin with the abbreviation Mc, 
are in this work given in their proper place, 
and spelled at full length. 

MacAllister's, cross roads and p-o, Mont- 
gomery CO. Ten., by p-r. 67 ms. n. w. Nashville. 

MacAllistersville, p-v. MifHin co. Pa., by 
p-r. 42 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

MacArthurstown, p-v. Athens co. 0., by 
p-r. 71 ms. s. e. Columbus. 

Macaupin, cr. of II., rising in and giving 
name to Macaupin co., flows a little s. of w. 
over Montgomery co., and falls into IL r. near- 
ly opposite Gilead, in Calhoun co. 

Macaupin, co. II., bndd. s. by Madison; w. 
Greene ; n. w. Morgan ; n. e. Sangamon ; and 
B. Montgomery. Length 38, mean width 25, 
and area 350 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 20', long. 13° 
w. W. C. The southern part slopes s., and is 
draiiied by the sources of Cahokia cr. ; but the 
body of the co. slopes southwestvvard, and is 
drained by the numerous- fountain streams of 
Macaupin cr. Cf. t. Carlinville. Pop. 1,990. 

Macaupin Point, p-o. western part of Mont- 
gomery CO. II., 51 ms. wstrd. Vandalia. 

MacCall's, cr. and p-o. Franklin co. Misp. 
about 40 ms. e. Natchez. 

MacClellandstown, p-v. in the western part 
of Fayette co. Pa., 8 ms. w. Uniontown, and 10 
8. Brownsville. 

MacClellansville, p-v. Camden co. Geo., 
by p-r. 219 ms. s. s. e. Milledgeville. 

MacConnelsburg, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Bedford co. Pa., on the r. from Chambersburg 
to Bedford, 18 ms. w. the former, 31 a little s. 
of E. the latter place, and by p-r. 70 s. w. by w. 
harrisburg. 

MacConnelsville, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan 
CO. O., situated on a branch of Muskingum r., 
30 ms. N. N. w. Marietta, 70 ms. s. e. by e. Co- 
lumbus, and 30 ms. s. s. e. Zanesville ; lat. 39° 
40', long. W. C. 4° 46' w. Pop, 267. 

MacCracken, CO. Ky., bndd. by Calloway s. 
E. ; Graves s. ; Hickman s. w. ; the Misp. r. 
separating it from Scott co. Mo , w. ; Ohio r. 

34 



separating it from Alexander co. ef H. n, 
w. ; Johnson co. of II. n. ; and Posey co. of 
II. N. E. , and by Ten. r. separating it from 
Livingston and Caldwell cos. of Ky. e. Length 
along 37th deg. of n. lat. from the junction of 
Ohio and Misp. rs., to the eastern border of 
Ten. r. 54 ms. ; mean width 14, and area 75& 
sq. ms. ; lat. 37°, and long. 12° w. W. C. in- 
tersect in the southwestern part of this co.. 
The surface is generally level, part annually 
submerged, but the soil, where suitable for cul- 
ture, highly productive. Cf. t. Wilmington. 
Pop. I,y97. 

MacCullough's p-o. Jefferson co. O. by p.r. 
140 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Macdonough, t. Chenango co. N. Y. 11 ms. 
N. Norwich. Named in honor of Com. Mac- 
donough. Soil good. Heavily timbered with 
maple, beech, basawood, elm, &c. Well wa- 
tered by springs and brooks, and a branch of 
the Chenango r. Pop. 1,232. 

Macdonough, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. Geo. 
situated on Towanligan cr., a branch of Oc. 
muigee, 67 ms. by p-r. n. w. by w. Milledge. 
ville. Lat. 33° 26', and long. 7° 17' w. W. C. 
Macdonough, co. of II., bndd. by Fulton e., 
Schuyler s., Hancock w., and Warren n. It is 
a square of 24 ms. each way, area 576 sq. ms. 
N. lat. 40° 35', long. W. C. 13° 38' w. Slope s. 
w., and drained by numerous branches of Crook- 
ed r. Cf. t. Macomb, at which, says the p-o. 
list, there was no office Oct. 1st, 1830. It is 
situated about 150 ms. n. w. Vandalia. Pop. 
uncertain. 

Macedon, p-t. on the canal, Wayne co. N. 
Y. 20 ms. w. Lyons. Pop, 1,989. 

Macedonia, p-v. Carroll co. Ten. by p.r. 121 
ms. w Nashville. 

MacEwensville, p-o. Northumberland co. 
Pa. 70 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Machias r. Me. formed of two branches, 
which unite at a place in Machias called the 
Rim ; when the r. widens into a bay called Ma- 
chias bay, which communicates with the ocean 
6 ms. below. There are falh on eadi of the' 



MAC 



262 



MAC 



branches, about 3 ms. above their confluence, 
which afibrd numerous mill seats. 

Machias, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus. of 
Washington co. Me. on Machias bay, 221 ms. 
^. E. Portland. The principal settlement is at 
the falls of the e. branch of Machias r. At the 
falls qf the w. branch is another considerable 
village, A bridge is erected across Middle r., 
between the two villages, which, with the cause- 
way, is 1,900 ft. long. Machias has an acade- 
my, which is situated in the eastern village. 
There is a p-o. at each of the settlements. It 
is a thriving town, has considerable trade, 
principally lumber, and has 26 saw mills, 
which cut 10,000,000 ft. of boards annually. 
Pop. 2,774. 

Machias, t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 737. 
MacIntosii, CO. Geo. bndd. by the Altamahah 
r. separating it from Glynn and Wayne s. v/., 
by Liberty n. w., n. and n. e., and by the At- 
lantic ocean s. e. Length 50, mean breadth 12, 
and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 3P 08' 
to 31° 55', and in long. 4° 58' w. W. C. This 
CO., besides some of lesser note, includes the 
two islands on the Atlantic coast of St. Simon's 
and Sapelo. The whole surface is an almost 
unbroken plain, inclining sthwstrdly. towards 
the Altamahah r. Staples, cotton, rice, and 
sugar. Cf. t. Darien. Pop. 1820, 5,l29 ; 1830, 
4,998. 

MacKean CO. Pa. bndd. by Potter e., Lycom. 
ing s. E., Clea,rfield s., .Tefferson s. w., Warren 
w., Cattaraugus co. of N. Y. n., and Alleghany 
CO. of N. Y. N. E. Length 42, mean width 32, 
and area 1,344 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 41° 
24' to 42°, and in long. 1° 16' to 2° 03' w. W. C. 
This CO. occupies part of an elevated table land, 
from which flow s. e. the higher sources of Sin- 
namahoning branch of Susquehannah, s. w. the 
sources of Clarion r. branch of Alleghany. The 
Alleghany r. rising in Potter co., flows wstrd. 
into MacKean, and winding n. n. w. enters Cat, 
taraugus co. of N. Y. Within the latter co. this 
stream forms an elliptic curve and again re.^en- 
ters MacKean by a southern course. In the 
semicircle or segment of an ellipsis, thus form- 
ed, the water courses radiate from the central 
pa,rts of MacKean, flowing in different directions 
into Alleghany as a common recipient. The 
surface is hilly, in part it is mountainous and 
soil generally of middling quality. Smithport 
is the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 728; 1830, 1,439. 

MacKeans, old stand, and p-o. Westmoreland 
CO. Pa., about 20 ms. n. w. Greensburg, and by 
p.r. 199 ms. a little n. of w, Harrisburg. 

MacKeansbury, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa., 5 ms. 
H. E.. Orwicksbury, and by p-r. 64 n. e. Harris- 
burg. 

MacKees Port, p-v. situated on the right 
side of Youghioghany and Monongahela rs., at 
their junction, in Alleghany co. Pa., 1 1 ms. by 
land s. E. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 189 ms. w. Har- 
risburg. It is a village composed in great part of 
a single street along both rivers, and on a high 
bottom. The situation is a most delightful one 
for a town, as far as natural scenery is concerned. 
MacKee's Half Falls, and p-o. Union co. 
Pa. by p-r. 56 ms. nthwrd. Harrisburg. 

Mackinac, on the p-o. list, Mackinaw, on 
Tanner's U. S. map, the old MichilimakiruKk,,. 



port and St. of jus. co. of Michilimakinaw. Aa 
given on the p-o. list, it is 321 ms. n. n. vv. De- 
troit. (See Michilimakinac island and co.) 

Mackinaw, r. of II., rising on the plains, near 
the centre of the state, interlocking sources with 
those of Vermillion branch of II. and with those 
of Sangamon. Flowing thence s. w. falls into 
II. r. about 5 ms. above the influx of Spoon r. 
The valley of Mackinaw lies between those of 
Vermillion and Sangamon, and comprises most 
part of McLean, and Tazewell cos. 

Mackinaw, p-v. and st. jus. Tazewell co. II., 
is situated on Mackinaw r , by p-r. 149 ms. n. 
Vandalia. Lat. 39° 33', long. 12° 18' w. W. C. 
MacKinstry's, mills and p-o , n. wstrn. part 
of Frederick co. Md., by p-r. 68 ms. n. n. w. 
W. C. 

Mackville, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Wash- 
ington CO. Ky., 13 ms. n. w. by w. Harrodsburg, 
and by p-r. 34 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. Pop. 83. 
Mackville, p-v. Franklin co. Geo., by p-r. 
100 ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Mc Lean co. II., bndd, by Vermillion co. e.,. 
Macon s , Sangamon s. w., Tazewell w., Put- 
nam, N. w., and La Salle n. Extent as laid 
down on Tanner's improved map, 50 from n. to 
s. and 40 from e. tow., area2000 sq. ms. Lat, 
40° 40', and long 12° w. W. C. Slope wstrd. 
and drained by the sources of Salt cr. branch of 
Sangamon, and those of the Vermillion branch 
of Illinois. The surface in great part open 
grassy plains. Cf. t. Bloomington. 

MacLeansville, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r, 
77 ms. nthestrd. Nashville. 

MacMinn, CO. of Ten. bndd. by Rhea co. n. 
w. ; it merely touches Roane on the n., is again 
bounded by Monroe n. e. and e., and by Hi- 
wassee r. s. Length 38, mean width 16, and 
area 608 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 15' to 
35° 44', and in long. 7° 23' to 7° 52' w. W. C. 
It lies in a form approaching a trimgle, but the 
sthrn. side curving outwards along Hiwassee r. 
The whole surface an inclined i Hin, sloping 
towards the Hiwassee sthwslrdly., and drained 
by numerous crs. which flow into that r. Cf. t. 
Athens. Pop. 1820, 1,623, 1830, 14,460. 

MacMinville, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. 
Ten. situated on a cr. of Caney fork, branch of 
Cumberland r., 65 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 
Lat. 35° 44', long. 8° 48' w. W. C. 

Mac Nairy, co. of Ten. bndd. by Hardiman 
w., Madison n. w., Henderson n., Hardin e., 
and the Chickasaw country in the state Misp. s. 
Length 30, mean width 24, and area 960 sq, 
ms. Extending in lat. 35° 26', and in long, ll^ 
26' to 11° 50' w. W. C. This co. occupies part 
of the table land between the Ten. and Big 
Platchee r., the western part drained by the 
sources of the latter, the northwestrn. by the 
sources of the Forked Deer r., and the estrn. by 
small crs. flowing into Ten. r. Cf. t. Purdy. 
Pop. 5,697. 

Macomb, co. of Mich. bndd. by Wayne s. w.., 
Oakland w., Lapeer n. w., St. Clair co. n. e., 
and St. Clair lake e. and s. e. Length 32, mean 
breadth 12, and area 384 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 35', 
long. 5° 50' w. W. C. This co. is drained by 
the main stream and numerous branches of the 
Huron of lake St. Clair, and slopes to the e,. 
Cf. t. Mount Clemen.% Pop. 2,413. 



MAD 



263 



MAD 



Macosib's, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. about 100 
ms. w. Columbia. 

Macon, co. N. C. bndd. by Rabun co. Ga. s., 
the Cherokee territory w., Blount co. Tenn. 
N. w., Haywood co. N. C. n. e., and Pickens 
district S. C. s. e. Length from s. e. to n. w. 
50 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 600 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 35° to 35° 36' n., and 
long. W. C. fr jm 5° 50' to 6° 50' w. From the 
sthestrn. angle on S. C. issue the higher sources 
of Chatuga and Seneca or the main constituent 
streams of Savannah r. These sources rise in 
the sthrn. slopes of Blue Ridge, which here 
traverse Macon from n. e. to s. w. and on the 
opposite or n. w. slope flows the extreme 
sources of Tennessee proper. The general 
slope is to the nrthwstrd. in the valley of Ten. 
nessee which contains at least four fifths of the 
whole CO. Cf. t. Franklin. Pop. 1830, 5,333. 
When Mr. H. S. Tanner published the first im- 
pressions of his map of the U. S. the co. of Ma- 
con was represented as including the whole 
wstrn. angle of the state, but more recent and 
accurate information has enabled Mr. Tanner 
to correct his map, and it now appears that about 
1,250 sq. ms. of the extreme wstrn. part of N. C. 
i-emains in the hands of the Cherokee Indians. 
Haywood, Macon, Buncombe, and the adjacent 
Indian country comprise an elevated tract, the 
mean height of which must exceed 1,500 feet 
above the Atlantic level. If therefore, allow- 
ance is made for relative elevation, the winter 
temperature will be found as low as that of simi- 
lar seasons on the Atlantic coast at n. lat. 39°. 

Macon, p-v, Franklin co. N. C. 35 ms. n. e. 
Raleigh. 

MacOi\, p-v. and st. jus. Bibb co. Geo. situated 
on the right bank of Ocmulgee r. 3 ms. s. w. 
by w. Milled^eville, lat. 32° 52' and long. 6° 
42' w. W. C. 

Macon, p-v. Bedford co. Tenn. about 50 ms. 
Si E. Nashville. 

Macon, co. II. bndd. by Cole s. e., Shelby s., 
Sangamon w., MacLean n., and VermiUion n. 
E. Extent 40 by 35, or area 1400 sq. ms. Lat. 
39° and long. 12° w. W. C. intersect not far 
from the centre. From the sthestrn. angle flow 
some of the higher sources of Kaskaskias r. 
The main volume of Sangamon, rising in Mac- 
Lean and Vermillion enters the nthestrn. angle 
and winding over it diagonally, divides it into 
two not very unequal sections. The sthwstrn. 
part is drained by the sources of Salt cr. branch 
of Sangamon. General slope of the co. s. w. 
Cf. t. Decatur. Pop. 1,122. 

Mac Williamstown, p-o. sthwstrn. part of 
Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 63 ms. sthestrd. Harris- 
burg. 

Macumgy, p. t-ship, on Little Lehigh r. Le- 
high CO. Pa. 5 ms. s. w. Allentown, and by p-r. 
95 ms. n. e. by E.Harrisburg. 

MacVeytown, p-v., Mifflin co. Pa. by p-r. G8 
ms. from Harrisburg. 

Madawasca, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 2,487. 

Madbury, t. Straff'ord co. N. H. 11 ms. n. w. 
Portsmouth. Contains bog iron ore, and red 
and yellow ochre. Pop. 510. 

Madison, p-t. Somerset co. Me. on the Ken- 
nebec r. 9 ms. N. Norridgewock. Pop. 1,272. 

Madison, p-t. New Haven co. Ct. Pop. 1,809. 



Madison, co. N. Y., bndd. n. and n. e. by 
Oneida lake and co., e. by Otsego co., s. by 
Chenango co., w. by Cortland and Onondaga 
COS. containing 616 sq. ms. or 394,240 acres. 
Morrisville is the st. jus. of the co. Its min. 
eralogical productions are no where exceeded 
in the western cos. Pop. 1820, 32,208, 1830, 
39,038. 

Madison, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 7 ms. e. 
Morrisville, 95 w. Albany. Pop. 2,544. 

Madison, tsp. of Columbia co. Pa. 5 ms. n; 
Danville. 

Madison, co. Va. bndd. n. w. by the Blue 
Ridge, which separates it from Page co., N. e. 
and E. by Culpepper, and s. e., s. and s. w. by 
Rapid Ann r. separating it on all these sides 
from Orange co. Length s. to n. 28, mean 
breadth 12, and area 336 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. 38° 14', to 38° 38', and in long. 1° 09' to 1° 
30' w. W. C. This co. slopes to the s. s. e., 
drained by various branches of Rapid Ann. 
The surface is moderately hilly, and the soil of 
middling quality. Cf. t. Madison. Pop. 1820, 
8,490, 1830, 9,236. 

Madison, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Va. 
situated near the centre of the co., by p.r. 99 
ms. Si w. by w. W. C, and 95 ms. n. n. w. 
Richmond. Lat. 38° 22', and long. 1° 15' w. 
W. C. 

Madison, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C, by p-r, 
32 ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

Madison, co. Geo., bndd. s. by the south fork 
of Broad r., which separates it from Oglethorpe, 
s. w. by Clark, w. by Jackson, n. w. and n. by 
Franklin, and e. by Broad r. separating it from 
Elbef t. Length 28 ms., mean width 9, and area 
252 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 34° to 34° 15', and 
in long. 6° to 6° 28' w. W. C. The slope of this 
CO. is generally s. e. towards Savannah r., but 
the extreme estrn. part is drained by Sandy cr.j 
a branch of Oconee flowing into Altamahah. 
Cf. t. Danielsville. Pop. 1820, 3,735, 1830, 
4,646. 

Madison, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co. Geo., 
situated near the centre of the co., 40 ms. n. n. 
w. Milledgeville, lat. 34° 09', long. 6° 14' w. 
W.C. 

Madison, co. Ala., bndd. e. by Jackson, s. by 
Ten. r., separating it from Morgan, w. by Lime- 
stone, N. w. by Giles co. in Ten., and n. by Lin- 
coln CO. in Ten. Length 36, mean width 18, 
and area 648 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 34° 30', 
to 35° N., and in long. 9° 24' to 9° 54' w. W. C. 
This CO. slopes sthrd. towards Ten. r. The 
surface moderately hilly and soil highly pro- 
ductive. Principal staple, cotton. Cf. t. Hunts- 
viUe. Pop. 1820, 17,481, 1830, 27,990. 

Madison, co. Misp., bndd. by Big Black r. 
separating it from Yazoo co. n. w., by the Choc- 
taw CO. N. E. and e., by Rankin co. s. e., and 
Hinds s. w. Length s. w. to n. e. 55, mean 
width 12, and area 660 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. 32° 28' to 33°, and in long. 12° 58' to 13° 
38° w. W. C. This co. is bndd. on the n. w. as 
has been shown by Big Black r., and the s. estrn. 
part is traversed by Pearl r., the two streams 
flowing to the s. w. at a distance of 18 to 20 ms. 
asunder, at this particular part of their respec- 
tive courses. The great road from Natchez to 
Florence, Nashville, &c. also traverses this co. 



MAD 



264 



MAH 



between Pearl and Big Black rs. Cf. t. Madi- 
sonville. Pop. 4,973. 

Madison, co. of Ten., bndd. s. by Hardiman, 
tv. by Haywood, n. Gibson, n. e. Carroll, e^ 
Henderson, and s. e. by Mac Nairy. Length 
28, width 24, and area 672 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. 35° 24' to 35° 47'. The declivity of this 
CO. is to the n. n. w., drained towards Misp. ri 
by different branches of Forked Deer r. Cf. t. 
Jackson. Pop. 11,549. 

Madison, p-v. and st. jms. Monroe co. Ten., 
situated near the centre of the co., by p-r. 168 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville, lat. 35° 27', long. 7° 
18' w. W. C. 

Madison, co. of Ky., bndd. by Estill e., Lau- 
rel Si Ev, Rock Castle s. w., Garrard w., and Ky. 
r. which separates it ftom Jessamine n. w., La- 
fayette N,, and Clark n. e. Length 40, mean 
width 13, atid area 520 sq. ras. PJxtending in 
lat 37° 23' to 37° 54', in long. 6° 48' to 7° 30' w. 
W. C, The extreme sthrn. part of this co. de- 
clines sthrd., and is drained in that direction by 
the sources of Rock Castle, branch of Cumber- 
land r. The residue of its surface slopes nthrd. 
towards Ky. r. Cf. t. Richmond. Pop. 1820, 
1.5,954, 1830, 18,751. 

Madison, co. 0., bndd. by Lafayette s., Green 
Si w., Clarke w.. Champaign n. w., Union n., 
Franklin e., and Pickaway s. e. Lat. 40°, long. 
6° 24' w. Wi C. Length from s. to n. 30, 
mean breadth 14, and area 420 sq. ms. Slope 
sthestrd., and principally drained by Darby's 
or. Cf. t. London. Pop. 1820, 4,799, 1880, 
6,190. 

Madison, p-v. Geauga co. 0. by p-r. 173 ms. 
K. E. Frankfort. 

Madison, co. Ind. bndd. by Hancock s., Ham- 
ilton w., Grant n., Delaware n. e. and Henry s. 
E. Length 30, breadth 18, and area 540 sq, 
ms. Lat. 40° 10', long. 8° 42' w. W. C. Slope 
s. w. and drained by the main stream and vari- 
ous branches of White r. Cf. t. Anderson, 
town. Pop. 2,238. 

Madison, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. Ind. 
by p-r. 76 ms, s. e. Indianopolis. It is situated 
on the Ohio r. 46 ms. above Louisville, and 18 
below Vevay, lat. 38° 43', long. W. C. 8° 24' 
w. Pop. about 2,000. This place was com- 
menced in 1811, and has been very prosperous ; 
according to Flint, it contained in 1829, from 
40 to 50 brick buildings, an insurance compa- 
ny, and did extensive mercantile business. It 
contains two printing offices, and in brief has all 
the appearance of a wealthy mart. 

Madison, co. II. bndd. on the n. by Greene, 
Macaupin, and Montgomery ; Bond e., Clinton 
s. E., St. Clair s., Mississippi r. separating it 
from St. Louis co. Mo. s. w., and the Missis- 
sippi r. again separating it from St, Charles co. 
Mo. Ni w. Lat. 38° 45', long. 13° w. W, C, 
Slope s. s. w., an^ drained by Cahokia, and the 
soHrces of Silver cr. branch of Kaskaskias r. 
Cf. t^ Edwardsville. Pop. 6,221. 

Madison, co. Mo. bndd. by Washington n. 
w., St. Francis n.. Perry n. e., Cape Girardeau 
E., Wayne s., and w. uncertain. It is a square 
of 30 ms., area 900 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 25', long. 
13^° w. W. C. Traversed from n. to s. by the 
main stream and drained by the branches of St. 
Francis r. Cf. t. Frederiektown. Pop. 2,371. 



Madison, Cross Roads and p-o. Madison co, 
Ala. by p-r. 21 ms. from Huntsville, and 171 n< 
N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Madison Springs, p-v. Madison co. Geo, by 
p-r. 75 nis^ n. Milledgeville. 

Madisonville, p-v. seaport and st. jus. parish 
of St. Tammany, La. situated on or near the 
mouth ot Chifuncte r. abcvut28 ms. n. from the 
city of New Orleans, and on the opposite side 
of lake Pontchartrain, lat. 30° 24'. 

Madisonville, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co« 
Mispi about 137 ms. n. e. Natchez. 

Madtsonville, p-v. and st. jus. Hopkins co. 
Ky., situated on the table land between the 
vallies of Green and 'I'radewater rs. 65 ms, 
nearly due n. Nashville in Ten., 53 sthestrd< 
Shawneetown on Ohio r. and by p.r. 191 ms. s. 
w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 20', and long. 10° 
30'w. W. C. Pop. 112. 

Madisonville, p-v. Hamilton co. O, by p-r« 
106 ms. s. w. by vv. Columbus. 

Madrid, p-t. -^t. Lawrence co. N. Y., s. St* 
Lawrence r., 110 ms. above Montreal, 60 below 
Kingston, 250 n. w. Albany. Level, fertile, 
and well watered. Timbered with beech, ma- 
ple, &c. 13 schools, kept 7 months in 12. 
Pop. 3,459. 

Mad r. rises in Grafton co. N. H., and falls 
into the Petnigewasset, near the centre of 
Campton. 

Magnolia, p-v. on St. Marks r. Leo.i co-. 
Flor. 16 ms. s. s. e. Tallahassee. 

Magruder's, p-o. Prince George's co. Md,, 
by p-r. 15 ms. estrd. W. C. and 3 1 westward 
AnnapoliSi 

Mahanoy, three tsps. in the sthrn. part of 
Northumberland CO. Pa., called relatively Little 
Mahanoy, Lower Mahanoy, and Upper Maha.^ 
noy, 

Mahanoy, p-o. Northumberland co. Pa. by 
p-r. 45 ms, n. Harrisburg. 

Mahanoy, r. of Pa. rising in the nthrn. part 
of Schuylkill co. interlocking sources with the 
Cattawissa creek and Schuylkill r. it assumes 
very nearly a wstrn. course, and entering 
Northumberland, falls into Susquehannah r. 
about 11 ms. below Sunbury. The valley of 
the Mahanoy is between those of Mahantango 
and Shamokin. 

Mahantango, mtn. a ridge of the Appalachi- 
an system in Pa., extending from the left bank 
of the Susquehannah r. along the nthwstrn. part 
of Dauphin into Schuylkill coi It is a continu- 
ation of the chain known to the s. w. of Sus- 
quehannah, as the Tuscarora mtn. or Cove mtn. 

Mahantango, r. Pa. rises by two main and 
several smaller branches in the nthwstrn. angle 
of Schuylkill co. and in the vales of the Mahan^ 
tango mtn. Assuming a course of a little s. of 
w. the branches unite on the border of Schayl. 
kill, and flowing along the western side of the 
mtn. of the same name, forms a boundary be. 
tween Northumberland and Dauphin cos. to its 
influx with the Susquehannah, The valley of 
Mahantango lies between those of Mahanoy 
and Wiconisco. 

Mahoning, r. Pa. formed by two branches. 
The main stream, or Mahoning proper, rises in 
the wstrn. part of Clearfield co, and flowing 
wstrd., traverses the sthes^rn. angle of Jcffer- 



MAI 



265 



MAI 



Bon, and nthwstrn. of Indiana, receiving the 
stlirn. branch in the latter co. at Nicholsburg, 
where entering Armstrong, the united waters 
continue to How wstrd. to their confluence with 
Alleghany r. The Mahoning has interlocking 
sources wilh the extreme wstrn. branches of 
the Susquehannah river. 

Mahoning, r. of Pa. and Ohio, rises by nu- 
merous branches in Columbiana, Stark, Port- 
age, and Geauga cos. of the latter state, which 
unite in Trumbull, and assuming a s. e. course 
enters Beaver co. Pa., and there joins the She- 
nango, forming the Big Beaver river. 

Mahoning, p.v. in the e.xtreme nthwstrn. an- 
gle of Ind. CO. Pa. on Mahoning cr., 18 ms. a 
little w. of N.the boro' of Indiana. 

Mahoning, p-v. Lexington tsp. Stark co. O. 18 
ms. N. E. Canton and by p-r. 134 ms. n. e. by e. 
Columbus. 

Maiden, cr. one of the nthestrn. branches of 
Schuylkill r. rising in the extreme wstrn. angle 
of Lehigh co, and flowing sthwrd. into Berks, 
falls into the Schuylkill r. 8 ms. above Reading. 

Maiden, cr. p-o. near the mouth of Maiden 
ereek, Berks co. Pa. 8 ms. n. Reading, and by 
p-r. 60 ms. e. Harrisburg. 

Maidstone, t. Essex co. Vt. w. side of Con- 
necticut r. 53 ms. n. e. Montpelier, contains 
Maidstone lake, which is small. It was char- 
tered 1761, first settled 1770, contains 17,472 
acres, and is watered by Ptul's stream. Pop. 
236. 

Maine, the easternmost and northernEiost of 
the United States ; bndd. n. w. and n. by Low- 
er Canada, e. by New Brunswick, s. e. and e. 
by the Atlantic, and w. by New Hampshire. 
It lies between 43° 5' and 48° lat. and between 
66° 49' and 70° 55' w. long. Piscataqua river 
forms the s. w. boundary for about 35 miles, and 
the N. line runs by treaty along the highlands 
which divide the St. Lawrence from the ocean. 
The s. line reaches from Kittery point, to 
Quoddy head, about 221 miles. The whole 
area is about 33,223 square miles, including a 
large tract in the n. e. which has been claimed 
by Great Britain. In 1621, the w. boundary of 
Nova Scotia, as was definitively ascertained by 
treaty, was the St. Croix river, and a line run- 
ning from its source n. to the St. Lawrence r. 
In 1691, the e. boundary of Me. was fixed at 
the w. boundary of Nova Scotia. In 1763, N. 
Brunswick and Me., which had before extend- 
ed to the St. Lawrence r., were reduced on the 
N. and fixed at the highlands which separate 
the waters of the St. Lawren:;e river from the 
ocean. These bounds were repeatedly ac- 
knowledged by parliament down to 1774, and 
were never doubted until 1814, when the British 
plenipotentiaries proposed to discuss and revise 
the boundary so as to prevent future uncertain- 
ty and dispute. They stated that they desired 
a direct communication from Quebec to Hali- 
fax, and left it to the Americans to demand an 
equivalent. This was refused, on the ground 
that the territory sought, was undoubtedly 
American. The tract alluded to, includes 
most of the country watered by the St. John's 
river. Mars Hill, s. of that stream, being con- 
sidered by the British as a part of the " height 
of lajTid," though in fact it is far distant, discon. 



nectedfrom it, and of very inferior elevation^ 
The king of Holland as umpire in the case, has 
decided in favor of Great Britain ; but it is be. 
lieved that his decision will not be submitted to, 
as at the time of making the award, he was not 
an independent sovereign. In 183l, Madawas. 
ca, and a tract s. of St. John's river were incor- 
porated by the State, as well as the disputed 
territory n. of it, though without any design of 
taking forcible possession. In October, 183i, 
in consequence of the election of municipal 
officers at Madawasca, the lieutenant governor 
of N. Brunswick and other officers, with a 
military force, ayrested a number of persons 
and took them prisoners to Fredericton, but 
soon after released (hem. The subject is now 
in the hands of commissioners for arrange- 
ment. It was originally granted in 1606 by 
James 1st. to the Council at Plymouth, by whom 
in 1624, a grant was made to Gorges an-d Ma., 
son, of all the country from Merrimack to Sag- 
adahok. This claim was purchased by Mass. 
for j£l,250. The first permanent settlement 
was made in 1630. From 1674, to 17 63, Mass, 
had to defend it from the Indians, with little 
profit. In 1691, Mass. obtained a confirmation 
of the charter, which added Maine, Nova Sco- 
tia, &c., to her territory, and through long dis- 
putes with the French and Indians, those addi- 
tions were still maintained. From its first set- 
tlement Me. was a district of Mass. In 1820, 
when its present constitution was adopted, it 
was separated from Mass. and admitted into 
the Union as an independent state. Its govern, 
ment now consists of three distinct departments. 
The legislative power is vested in a senate and 
house of representatives, the former at present 
containing 20, the latter 153 members. The 
members are chosen annually, and are propor- 
tioned to the population. Their regular yearly 
meeting commences on the 1st Wednesday of 
January. The executive power is vested in a 
governor, who is annually chosen by the people, 
and a council of seven elected by the legisla^ 
ture. The governor, who must b« at least 30 
years of age, has a qualified negative on the 
laws proposed by the legislature, he has also 
the control of the official patronage, and togeth- 
er with the council exercises the pardoning 
power. In case of a vacancy, the president of 
the senate acts as governor. The judiciary 
consists of a supreme judicial court, and a 
court of common pleas, each of three judges. 
The j'udges are appointed by the governor and 
his council ; they hold their offices during good 
behaviour until 70 years of age, and are remo- 
vable only by impeachment. Justices of the 
peace are appointed for 7 years. The time of 
annual elections is the 2d Monday in Septem- 
ber. Any changes may be made in the consti. 
tution by a vote of two thirds of both houses of 
the legislature, if such vote be ratified by the 
people. The surface of the state is generally 
diversified, and moderately hilly. A tract on 
the west side, east of the White mountains in 
New Hampshire, and also a small district in 
the north extremity, are mountainous ; some 
few elevations are above ordinary vegetation. 
The range of high land which crosses Vermont 
and New Hampshire, enters the n. w. comer of 



MAI 



266 



MAI 



Me., passes round Chauciiere r., and running 
nearly parallel with tiie St. Lawrence r., at the 
■distance of 15 or 20 nis., terminates on the gulf 
of St. Lawrence, near cape Rozier. This is the 
~" height of land," or the " N. E. Ridge," spoken 
of in the treaties as the n. boundary of Me., and 
^though of gradual elevation, is in some places 
4,000 ft. iibove the ocean. The mountains of 
Me., lie in irregular groups, with aline drawn 
from s. part of Oxford co. e. of Androscoggin 
lakes, then n. on w. side of Kennebec river and 
Mooschead lake, to the mountains among the w. 
sources of Penobsco:. r. These mtns. belong to 
the Alleghany range, and the White mountain 
fcpur. There are several subordinate spurs, the 
s. one extending 40 ms. from the White mtns. 
North of Androscoggin r. and to Dead r. is a 
rough range, including some of the highestpeake 
in the state ; the principal are Speckled moun. 
tain. White Cap, Saddleback, &c. about 4,000 
ft. above the sea. Bald mountain ridge, with 
peaks of the same elevation, lies between Moose 
r. and the s. w. branch of Penobscot r. Kenne. 
bee, Penobscot, and St. .John's rs. run through a 
broad irregular valley, 20 ras. by 120, which is 
bordered by ranges of mountains. Beside those 
mentioned, are several other groups, as the 
Spencer, &c. Katahdin mtn. has been found by 
barometrical observation, to be 5,335 feet above 
the ocean, and 4,635 above w. branch of the 
Penobscot r. It is the highest peak e. of the 
Misp. except a few of the White mountains of 
New Hampshire. The view from the summit 
is fine and varied, and extends over 80 or 100 
ms. ; from it may be seen 63 lakes, which are 
tributary to the Penobscot r., and others, the' 
heads of the St. John's, and Kennebec. It has 
high table land on three sides, 4 ms. in width. 
and covered with forests, is inaccess'-ble on the 
E., s., and on part of the w. sides, ani is covered 
with broken rocks, and overgrown with spruce 
trees, which gradually diminish towards the 
top, leaving its summit bare. The principal rs. 
of Me. are the Penobscot, Kennebec, Saco, An. 
droscoggin, St. John's and St. Croix, which 
with their branches water most of the state. 
The Saco waters 650 sq. ms., the Androscoggin 
3,300, the Kennebec 5,28 ), and the Penobscot, 
which is navigable to Bangor, by the largest 
merchant vessels, 8,200. Those portions of 
the country near the sea, are watered by the 
Piscataqua,Kennebec, Sheepscot, Damarlscotta, 
Muscongus, St. Georges, Union, Narragaugus, 
Machias, and other rs. Between the Penobscot 
and Kermebec rs. a distance of 50 ms. on the 
sea shore, there are 4 considerable rs. beside in. 
numerable inlets, so that almost every town has 
its particular channel of communication with 
the sea. The soil of Maine is generally equal, 
and in some places superior to that of the other 
northern states. The tract of country along the 
sea coast from 10 to 20 ms. wide, though it em- 
braces all the varieties of sandy, gravelly, 
clayey, and loamy soils, is for the most part 
poor. The principal productions of this sec. 
tion, are maize, rye, barley, grass, &c. In the 
tract lying north of this, and extending from 50 
to 100 ms. into the interior, the soil is more fer- 
tile, and produces maize, wheat, barley, rye, 
oats, millet, flax, hemp, grass, and most north- 



ern plants. The land between the Penobscot 
and Kennebec rivers, is well adapted to the 
purposes of agriculture, and as a grazing coun- 
try, is one of the finest in New England. I/and 
of average quality, yields with good cultivation, 
40 bushels of maize to the acre, 20 to 40 bush- 
els wheat, rye, oats, &c., and 1 to 3 tons hay. 
Agriculture, until recently, has been much neg. 
lected; the forests and fisheries being very 
productive, now 5-6 of the people are supported 
by it, most of the inhabitants being farmers, but 
many, merchants and manufacturers. Apple, 
pear, plum, cherry trees, melons, &c. succeed; 
peach trees do not. The extreme season of 
vegetation, is between April 21st, and October 
16th ; vigorous vegetation from June 3d, to 
September 12th. The climate of the state is 
subject to great extremes of heat and cold. In 
all parts, the air is pure and salubrious, but 
most so, as well as most mild, where the forests 
have been cleared away. The winters are very 
severe. Snow lies in some parts 5 months, near 
the sea but 3 or 4. Many sheep are raised. 
The west and old counties raise food, &c. for 
their consumption, and send out some, the east 
counties not enough. Cattle and swine are sent 
into, and through New Hampshire ; and to New 
Brunswick, Hamilton, and St. Johns. The trees 
are various. White pines are the most abun- 
dant, and are found chiefly on the sources of the 
Penobscot, Kennebec, and Aroostook rivers. 
Iron is abundant, and of excellent quality. Lime 
is made in great quantities, at Thomaston, and 
Cambden. Fine marble is found on the west 
branch of the Penobscot river. Granite and 
slate are abundant. Salt and fishing are profit- 
able on the coast. Maine enjoys great facilities 
for navigation and commerce. The sea shore 
aboimds in excellent harborsj and the settled 
parts of the country are mostly near to markets, 
where produce is readily exchanged for money. 
The centres of interior trade, are Portland, 
Hallowell, Bangor, Calais, Bnmswick, Belfast, 
&c., which being always open to navigation, 
enjoy some advantages over other ports. Saco, 
Machias, and Eastport, are important harbors. 
The tonnage of Maine, is | of that of the whole 
United States, though its population is but one 
thirtieth. The principal exports are timber, 
lumber of various kinds, dried fish, salt meat, 
lime, beef, pork, butter, pot and pearl ashes, and 
some grain. The tonnage of Maine, entered 
in the year ending September, 1830, was 74,- 
741 ; departed, 97,794 ; value of imports, 
$572,666 ; exports, domestic produce, $643,- 
435; foreign, $27,087; total exports, $670,- 
522. Manufactures are very few. The direct 
revenue is chiefly derived from assessments on 
polls and estates, laid equally, I per cent, on 
bank stock, and the indirect, from duties on lit^ 
igation. 

Maine is rapidly increasing in population. 
In 1810, there were 228,705 inhabitants; in 
1820, 298,335; and in 1830, 399,437, The 
state is divided into 10 counties, the population 
of each of which, for the years 1820 and 1830, 
are given below. Waldo county was formed 
from Hancock, since the cJensus of 1820. 
Counties. Pop, 1820 Pop. 1830 

York, 46,283 51,722 

Cumberlsnd, 49,445 60,102 



MAI 



2(i7 



MAI 



Counties. 


Fop. ]820. 


Lincoln, 


53,189 


Kennebec, 


42,623 


Oxford, 


27,104 


Waldo, 




Somerset, 


21,787 


Penobscot, 


13,870 


Hancock, 


31,290 


Washington, 


12,744 



Pop. 1830. 
57,183 
52,484 
35,211 
29,788 
35,787 
3 ,530 
24,33G 
21,294 



Total, 298,335 399,437 

Of the foregoing population of 1830, were 
whites, 

Males. Females. 

Under 5 years of age, 34,052 32,471 

Between 5 and J 5, 54,2G5 51,743 

" 15 and 30, 57,385 57,942 

" 30 and 50, 3(i,248 36,443 

" 50 and 70, 15,184 15,234 

" 70 and 90, 3,4.58 3,600 

" 90 and over, 95 140 



Total, 200,687 197,573 

Of which 153 are deaf and dumb, 154 are 

blind, and foreigners not naturalized 2,489. Of 

the deaf and dumb, 8 are supported by the 

state, at the American Asylum, at Hartford. 

Of colored persons, there are, free. 

Males. Females. 

Under 10 years of age, 159 140 

Between 10 and 24, 169 171 

" 24 and 36, 111 117 

" 36 and 55, 105 91 

" 55 and 100, 52 52 

" 100 and over, 2 

Total, 600 571 

Slaves — males, none ; females, 6 ; colored 
deaf and dumb, 16; blind 1. 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

398,260 1,171 6 399,437 

The militia of Maine according to the last 
annual return (1833) exclusive of 7 companies 
from which no returns were received, was 
40,006, consisting of 1,592 cavalry, 1,767 ar- 
tillerv, 32,092 infantry, 3,286 light infantry, and 
1,269 riflemen. 

Since Maine became a separate state, an 
improvement has been made upon the old 
school system of Mass. The school fund of 
the state, consists of the proceeds of 20 town- 
ships of land, on interest; the balance of 
money to be received from Mass. over the 
debts of the state, and the proceeds of land 
required to be reserved for the ministry, 
which last is applied for schools where the 
land is. Besides this, every town is obliged 
to raise 40 cents a year, for each inhabitant, 
which is paid for free schools in proportion to 
the number of persons between 4 and 21 years. 
The amount of money raised by the new meth- 
od, is much greater than formerly. The dis- 
tricts build school houses, &c., and the parents 
furnish books ; all have equal right to the 
schools. In 1825, $137,878 were expended for 
schools, in 2,499 districts ; 101,325 children at 
tended, 4^ months in the year ; average wages 
of teachers, ^12 per month. Expense of each 
scholar per year ^1,35, and annual increase of 
scholars, 6,000. In 1831, the number of school 
districts was 2,500 ; amount expended ^200,000, 
and the number of students at public schools, 
not supported by voluntary contributions 100,000. 
The whole number of academies was 35, and 
the students 900 ; students at colleges, includ- 
ing medical school, 260. Grammar schools 



have been superseded by academies, founded by- 
private persons and supported by land granted 
by the state. In 1819, there were 28, 24 of 
which were incorporated by Mass. with capital 
invested, ^220,000, annual income $9,500 ; re. 
ceiptsfor tuition, ^8,000, number of pupils 950, 
for 10 months in the year ; average expense |,'50» 
The Maine Wesleyan seminary, Waterville col- 
lege, Bowdoin college and Bangor theological 
seminary, are superior institutions. Gardiner 
lyceum has ceased operations for the pres- 
ent. Bowdoin college, at Brunswick, was 
founded in 1794, by Hon. J. Bowdoin, and 
has lands from Mass., and an annuity from 
Maine. A medical school is attached to it. In 
Maine there is one child at school for every 4 
inhabitants. The state prison, at Thomaston, is 
on an eminence, a few yards from navigable wa. 
ter. The convicts are employed in quarrying 
limestone on the grounds, and in hammering 
granite which is brought by water. In its con. 
struction and general arrangements the late im- 
provements have been introduced. The con- 
victs have separate cells, in which they are 
confined at night ; they are all instructed, and 
taught to read the scriptures. The proceeds of 
their labor in 1831, exceeded the expenses, (ex- 
clusive of the officer's pay,) more than ^400. 
The expenses of 1832 were $18,700; and the 
receipts during the same period were rising of 
$20,000. There is but one county prison in 
Maine, and by a recent law, the state has abo- 
lished imprisonment for debt, which saves annu- 
ally about 1000 imprisonments. An act was 
passed in March, 1832, to encourage agricul- 
ture, horticulture, and manufactures, author, 
ising the payment to each incorporated agricul- 
tural society, or horticultural society, as much 
money as it raises by subscription or otherwise, 
not exceeding $300 in each county. These 
societies are authorized to offer annual pre. 
miums for improving animals, tools, imple. 
ments of husbandry, or manufacture, trees, 
plants, &c. The legislature has also at dif. 
ferent times, appropriated money to improve the 
road through the White mountains of New 
Hampshire, as it affords an important channel of 
transportation, for the produce of the interior. 
The state expenses, in 1830, were about $297 
900, $50,000 of which was raised by direct 
taxation. $5,000 is annually appropriated for 
the education of indigent deaf and dumb per- 
sons, at the American Asylum, in Hartford 
Conn. There is in Maine, a state temperance 
society, and a historical society, with a deposi. 
tory, &c. A marine hospital is to be erected 
by the government of the United States, at Port- 
land, and $15,000 have been appropriated for 
it. The following are the names of the princi, 
pal places, and their distances, on the new road 
through Maine to Cans da, beginning at the cap. 
ital. From Augusta to Waterville, 183 miles' 
Fairfield 187^, Bloomfield 198, Madison' 
Wherf's, 205, Solon, Boies', 215, Bingham, 
Goodridge's, 223, Moscow, Spaulding's, 235, 
forks of Kennebec river. Temple's, 245, Parlin 
pond. Baker's, 260, Moose river, Holden's, 275, 
Hilton's camp in township No. 5, 3d range, 286,' 
St. Charles, Owen's, 317, St. Francis, Boldue's,' 
326, St. Joseph's, Suponsey's, 340, St. Mary's,, 



MAN 2f 

Slaven's, 352, St. Henry's, 370, Point Levi, Mc- 
Kensey's, 382, over the St. Lawrence river to 
Quebec, 383. From the Canada line, to Point 
Levi, 117 miles, the road is perfectly smooth, 
and there are no very steep hills. There are 
various religious sects in the state. Baptists, 
210 churches, 13G ministers, 22 licentiates, and 
12,936 communicants ; Congregationalists, 156 
churches, 107 ministers, 9,626 coraraunicants ; 
Methodists, 56 ministers, 12,182 coriamunicants ; 
Free Will Baptists, 50 congregations; Friends, 
30 societies ; Unitarians, 12 societies, 8 minis, 
ters; Episcopalians, 4 ministers ; Roman Cath. 
dies, 4 churches ; New .Jerusalem church, 3 
societies ; besides some Universalists. 

Maine Paint, cr. and p-o. Fayette co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 53 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. 

Mainsbukg, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 144 ms. 
N. Harrisbui'g. 

Malaga, p-v. Monroe co. Ohio, by p-r. 142 
ms. E. Columbus. 

Malcolm, p-o. Jefferson co. Misp. 15 ms. n. 
Natchez. 

Malden, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 4 ms. n. e. 
Boston, 4 miles by 2A. The bridge to Charles- 
town is nearly 2,500 ft. long. In the south, are 
about 1,000 acres of salt marsh. North part 
uneven. First settled 1648. Pop. 2,010. 

Mallorysville, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Wilkes CO. Geo. by p-r. 71 ms.. h. n. e. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Malone, p-t. and st. jus. Franklin co. N. Y. 
on Salmon r., with a c. h. and state arsenal. It 
is 50 ms. w. N. w. of Plattsburg. Se\ eral ponds 
afford trout, as well as the streams. Pop. 2,207. 

Malta, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 4. ms. s. e. 
Ballston Spa, 25 n. Albany ; contains Round 
lake and part of Saratoga lake, with few mill 
ssats, and is a good farming town, with a vil- 
lage called Dunning street. Pop. 1,517. 

Malta, p-v. Morgan co. O. by p-r. 70 ms. s. 
E. by E. Columbus. 

Mamakattng, t. Sullivan co. N. Y. Villages, 
Bloomingsburg, (on Shawangunk cr.) Burling- 
ham and Mamakating. It is 7 or 8 ms. by 15, 
and is crossed by Shawangunk mtn. or Blue 
Ridge. The streams afford trout and pike. 
Pop. 3,070. 

Mamaronec, p-t. West Chester co. N. Y. has 
a harbor on Long Island sound for vessels of 
iOO tons. Two crs. afford mill seats 23 ms. n. 
E. N. Y., 2h ms. by 3. Pop. 838. 

Mamgunk, p-v. Phil. CO. Pa. 

Manahawken, p-v. Monmouth co. N. J. near 
the sea, on a cr. of the same name, 6 ms. n. e. 
Tuckerton, 50 ms. s. Freehold. 

MANAsauAN r. Monmouth co. N. J. falls into 
the ocean 30 ms. s. Sandy Hook, 4 n. Barnegat 
bay, is navigable for small vessels. 

Manchester, t. Hillsborough co, N. H. e. side 
of Merrimack r. ; contains part of Massabesick 
pond, and several small streams. A canal of 1 
m. passes the Amoskeag falls in Merrimack r., 
which descends 45 ft. Made in 1816, and cost 
.^60,000. General Stark died here. 1 6 ms. s. 
Concord. Pop. 877. 

Manchester, p-t. and half shire, Bennington 
CO. Vt. Battenkill r. and its branches give many 
mill seats. Equinox mtn. is 3,706 ft. above tide. 
It has 2 villages, white marble quarries, a jaii^ 



8 MAN 

court house, academy, &c., 22 ms. w. Benning. 
ton. A turnpike road crosses the Green mtns. 
Pop. 1,525. 

Manchester, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 8 ms. e. n. 
E. Salem, 27 n. e. Boston. Incorporated in 
1645. The inhabitants are much employed in 
the fisheries, which are valuable. It has a 
good harbor, and lies sloping to the water s. 
Pop. 1,236. 

Manchester, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 10 ms. 
E. Hartford. The village is pleasantly situated 
on the great route from Hartford to Boston, and 
the town, which contains much fine soil, has 
several manufactories. Pop. 1,576. 

Manchester, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y. Canan- 
daigua outlet afibrds mill seats. 199 ms. w. Al. 
bany. The Clifton springs are sulphureous, 
rising through lime rocks, 10 ms. n. Canandai- 
gua. Pop. 2,811. 

Manchester, p-o. York co. Pa. between the 
boro' of York and Harrisburg. 

Manchestep., p-v. in the northwestern angle 
of Baltimore co. Md. 33 ms. n. n. w, Baltimore. 

Manchester, p-v. very pleasantly situated on 
James r. opposite Richmond, and in Chester- 
field CO. Va. Mayo's bridge over the Rapids of 
James r. unites Richmond to Manchester. 

Manchester, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Sump, 
ter dist. S. C. It is situated about 8 ms. n. n. e. 
the junction of Watcres and Congaree rs., and 
by p-r. 40 ms. s.e. by e. Columbia. 

Manchester, p-v. and st. jus. Clay co. Ky., 
situated on a branch of the south fork of Ky. r. 
by p-r. 126 ms. s-. e. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 10', 
and long. 6° 38' w. W. C. 

Manchester, p-v. Adams co. 0. by p-r. 110 
ms. s. s; w. Columbus. 

Manchester, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind. by p-r. 
89 ms. s. e. Indianopo'is. 

Manchester, p-v. St. Louis co. Mo., by p-r, 
20 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

Mandan, Nation of Indians residing on both 
sides of Mo. r. at n. lat. 47=>, and long. W. C, 
22° 30' w. These geographical limits yield an 
intermediate distance of 1284 statute ms. by a 
course inflected 63 degrees from the meridians. 

Mandarin, p-v. Duval co. Flor. by p-r. 267 
ms. estrd. Tallahassee. 

Mangohick, p-o. King William co. Va. 40 
ms. Ethwrd. W. C. 

Manhattan, isl. {See N. Y. city.) 

Manhattan, p-v. Putnam co. Ind. by p-r. 52?" 
ms. wstrd. Indianopolis. 

Manhattanville, v. E. side of Hudson r. 9' 
ms. N. N. Y., included within the bounds of the 
city and co. of N. Y. 

Manheim, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 69 ms. w, 
N. w. Albany, 14 e. Herkimer ; contains a num- 
ber of mills, and very good land. Pop. 1,937. 

Manheim, p-v, Lancaster co. Pa. 10 ms. n. w, 
the city of Lancaster, and about 30 a little s. of 
E. Harrisburg. 

Manlius, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y. 10 ms. e. 
Onondaga; 137 w. Albany; contains many mill 
seats on Limestone, Chitteningo and Butternut 
crs, A branch of ihe first falls 100 ft. There 
are sulphur springs. The Erie canal passes 
through the town. 5 villages, ManHus, Fayette- 
ville, Orville, Eagle ville and James ville. Fop. 
7,375. 



MAR 



269 



MAR 



Mannboro', p-v. Amelia co. Va. by p-r. 48 
ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Manningham, p-v. Butler co. Ala. by p-r, 152 
ms. s. s. E. Ala. 

Mannington. t. Salem co, N. J. 50 ms. s. w. 
Trenton ; has Salem cr. n. and w., and is cross- 
ed by Mannington cr. Pop. linS. 

Manoh, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa. G ms. s. s. w. 
Lancaster. 

Manor Hill and p-o. Huntingdon co. Pa. by 
p-r. 163 ms. n. W. C. 

Mansfield, t. Chittenden co. Vt. 20 ms. n. w. 
Montpelier ; contains much uninhabitable moun- 
tain land. Pop. 1,726 

Mansfikld, t. Bristol co. Mass. 12 ms. n. 
Taunton. Pop. 1,172. 

Mansfield, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 28 ms. e. 
Hartford. A larger quantity of silk is manufac- 
tured here than in any other place in the U. S. 
This branch of industry was introduced into the 
country by Dr. Aspinwall of this place, above 
70 years ago, vi'ho e.stabiished the raising of 
silk worms in New Haven, Long Island and 
Philadelphia. Assisted by Dr. Stiles, half an 
ounce of Mulberry seed was sent to every 
parish in Conn., and the legislature for a time 
offered a bounty on mulberry trees and raw silk ; 
265 lbs. were raised here in 1793, and the 
quantity has been increasing ever since. In 
1830, 3,200 lbs. were raised. Here is a small 
silk factory, under an English manufacturer, 
with swifts, for winding hard silk ; 32 spindles 
for doubling ; 7 dozen of spindles for throwing; 
•7 do. of spindles for spinning ; 32 spindles for 
soft silk winding, and 2 broad and 1 fringe silk 
looms. There is machinery enough to keep 30 
broad silk looms, and 59 hands in operation. 
Pop. 2,661. 

Mansfield, t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 245 ms. 
w. by s. of Albany. Pop. 378. 

Mansfield p-t. Warren co. N. J., is hilly, 
crossed lengthwise by Morris canal and Pohat- 
cong cr. It is bndd. s. e. in its whole length by 
Musconetcong r., and is 7 ms. ,?. e. Oxford, and 
35 N. Trenton. 

Mansfield, t. Burlington co. N. J. 8 ms. s. 
Trenton ; has Del. r. n. w., Blacks cr. n. e., 
and is crossed by Crafts cr. on which are seve- 
ral mills. It is opposite Newbold's isl. in Dela- 
ware r. 

Mansfield, p-v. and st. jus. Richland co. 0. 
by p-r. 71 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Lat. 40° 47', 
long. 5° 53' w. W. C. Pop. 840. 

Mansfield, p-v. Tioga co. Pa, by p-r. 140 
ms. N. n. w, Harrisburg. 

Mansker's cr. and p-o. wstrn. part of David- 
son CO. Ten, 25 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Mantua, p-v. Portage co, O, by p-r, 137 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Maple Grove, p-o. Armstrong co. Pa. 231 
ms. N, w, W, C, 

MArLEsviLLE, p-v, Bibb co, Ala. by p-r. 35 
ms. estrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Maramec, r. of Mo. interlocking sources on 
the sthrd. with those of St, Francis, and on the 
w, with those of Gasconade r. It is composed 
of two branches, Maramec Proper, and Big r. 
Maramec rises in Crawford and Washington 
COS., and flowing thence n. e, traverses Frank- 
lin, receiving Bourbeuse, a large tributary from 

35 



the westward. Having reached to within 8 ms. 
from Mo. r., the Maramec curves to the e. and 
receives Big r. between St. Louis and Jeffer.- 
son COS. Still inflecting, this stream finally as- 
sumes a s. e. course to its influx into Misp. r. 
20 ms. below St. Louis. Big r. rises in the 
Iron mtns., and in Washington and St. Francis 
COS., and flowing thence n. over Jefferson falls 
into the main stream of Maramec at Lawrence. 
ton. It may be observed as a curious fact in 
physical geopraphy, that the general course of 
the Maramec is directly co:itrary to, and very 
nearly parallel to that of the Misp. from St. 
Louis to the influx of Kaskaskias. The valley 
of PJaramec is 100 ms. in length, with a mean 
breadth of 35, or area 3,500 sq. ms. comprising 
the space between the lower Mo. and St. Fran- 
cis, and between the Gasconade and Misp. rs. 
Lat. 38°, and long, 14° w, intersect between 
the main Maramec and Big r, 

Maramec, p-v. Gasconade co. Mo., about 70 
ms. s. w. by w. St. Louis. 

Marathon, p-i. Cortland co, N. Y., 145 ms, 
s. by E. of Albany. Pop. 895. 

Marblehead, p-t. and port, Essex co. Mass., 
1<5 ms. E. Boston, 4 s. e. Salem, 1 m. by '3|- on 
a neck of land. The harbor is lA ms. long, ^ 
broad, safe and defended by furt Sewell, The 
town is large and handsome, with a fine square, 
custom house, bank, and other public buildings, 
on a rocky neck. The chief business is the 
cod fishery on the banks ; 54 vessels, employ, 
ing 342 men and 46 boys, were employed in 
this fishery from Marblehead in 18,32 ; their re- 
turns were 60,000 quintals offish amounting to 
•$150,000, 810 barrels of oil, ^!0,l25, and 
sounds and tongues valued at 5?5,O00 to -$7,006 
more. Add the bounty, amounting to $16,218.5 
the whole product is about ^176,000. The 
coa.st is rocky and barren, and there are but 
fev/ sp(>ts of good soil in the town ; it has water 
on three sides. Pop. 5,149. 

Marble Hill, and p-o. Prince Edward co. 
Va., 83 ms. s, w. Richmond. 

Marbletown, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 10 ms. 
s. vv. Kingston. Esopus and Rondout crs., pass 
through it, and with their branches afford mill 
seats. Clouded marble is quarried here ; the 
Delaware and Hudson canal passes through it. 
Pop. 3,223. 

Marburyville, p-v. parish of W, Feliciana, 
La., 8 ms, estrd, St, Francisville, 83 n, w, by 
w. New Orleans, 

Marcellus, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y,, oq 
Skeneateles lake, 10 ms, w. Onondaga, in- 
cludes half of Skeneateles and Otisco lakes, 
with many mill seats. Pop. 2,626. 

Marcus Hook, p-v. on the right bank of Del, 
r., and in the extreme sthrn, angle of Del, co. 
Pa., 20 ms. below Phil, 

Marengo, co, of Ala, bndd, n. by Greene ; 
N, E, by Perry ; e, Dallas ; s, e. Wilcox ; s, 
Clark ; and w. Tombigbee r,, separating it 
from the Choctaw country. Length s. to n, 40 
ms., width 24, and area 960 sq. ms. Extend. 
ing in lat. 32° to 32° 35', and in long. 10° 40' to 
ll°41'w, W, C, This co, extending down 
the Tombigbee from the influx of Black War- 
rior r,, is composed of an inclined plane, and 
declining wstrd. towards the latter stream ; the 



MAR 



270 



MAR 



estrn. and sthestrn. limits, thougli straight lines, 
follow nearly the dividing ridge between the 
vallies.of Tombigbee and Ala. rs. Similar to 
the contiguous cos., the greatest share of the 
surface of Marengo is covered with pine, and 
with a sterile soil ; in 1820, what is now 
Greene co. was included in Marengo, and the 
whole had a population of 3,933 ; in 1830, the 
latter contained 7,700. Cf. t. Lynden. 

Mahengo, p-v. and st. jus. Marengo co. Ala. 
(See Lynden.) 

Margallaway r. N. II., rises on the line of 
Maine and L. Canada, and is the head st>-eam 
of Androscoggin r. 

Margaretta, Furnace and p-o; York co. Pa. 

Margarktta, p-v. Htiron co. 0., by p-r. 119 
ms. N. Columbus. 

Mariana, p-v. on Cupola r., in the nrthrn. 
part of Jackson co Flor., about l40 ms. n. e. by 
E. Pensacola, and 70 miles n. w. by w. Talla. 
"liassee. 

Marichae, p-o. parish of E. Baton Rouge, 
La., situated on the left bank of Misp. r. at the 
efflux of Ibberville cr., 11 ms. s. Baton Rouge. 

Marietta, p-v. on the left bank of Susque- 
hannah r., above the mouth of Chiques cr. Lan- 
caster CO. Pa., 13 ms. w. the city of Lancaster. 
Jn 182 'i the tsp. contained 1,545 inhabitants. 

Marietta, p-v. and st. jus. Washington co. 
-O., situated on the point above the junction of 
•Ohio and Muskingum rs., about 60 ms. s. s. e. 
Zanesville, and by p-r. 304 ms. a little n. of w. 
W. C, and 106 s. js. by e. Columbus. The site- 
is pleasani,, but the lower part near the .point li-- 
able to occasional inundation. This town was 
the cradle of the state of O., and was foiinded4n 
1787 by a colony from Mass., whose descend- 
ants have maintained the industrious and frugal 
habits of their parents. The town now contains 
an academy, several private schools, the com- 
mon CO. buildings, two printing offices, a bank, 
and two or three churches. The scenery of the 
vicinity is peculiarly fine, even on the Ohio. 
Pop. 1,207. 

Marion, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y, Pop. 1,967. 

Marion, dist. S. C, bndd. e. and s. e. by Lum- 
-ber r. or Little Pedee, separfiting it from Horry, 
on the s. by Great Pedee, separating it from 
'Georgetown, s. w. by Lynches qr., separating it 
from Wilhamsburg, w. by Darlington, n. w. by 
Marlboro', and n. by Robeson co. in N. C. 
.Length from the junction of Great and Little 
Pedee, to the extreme nthrn. angle on N. C, 67 
teis., mean width -18, and area 1,200 .sq. nfis. 
-fiearly. Extending in lat. 33° 41' to 34° 36', 
snd in long. 2° 10' to 2° 50' w. W. C. The 
general slope of this large dist. is stlxrd., down 
whichflow the Great and Little Pedeej and nu- 
pierous. smaller streams ; the surface is mostly 
level, much of it flat and marshy. In a naviga- 
ble point of view, Marion has great advantages ; 
jt lies open to the ocean by 4 boatable streams, 
-which are finally united at its extreme sthrn. 
^ngle, Cf.t. Marion. Pop. 1820, 10,201, 1830, 
11,008. 

Marion, p-v. and st. jus. Marion dist. S. ('., 
situated near the centre of the dist., about 65 
ms. N. Georgetown, and by p-r. 116 ms. a little 
N. of E. Columbia. Lat. 34° 11', long. 2° 28' w. 

\y. c. 



Marion, co. Geo., bndd. s. by Lee, s. w. by 
Randolph, w. Muscogee, n. Talbot, and e. Flint 
r. separating it from Crawford n. e., and Hous- 
ton E. Length 35 ms., mean width 20, and area 
700 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 32° 18' to 32° 
35', and in long. 7° 12' to 7° 46' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is e. towards the Flint. Cf. t. 
Marion c. h. Pop. 1,436. 

Marion, p-v. and st.jus. Twiggs co. Geo., by 
p-r. 37 ms. s. w. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 42', 
and long. 0° 30' w. W. C. 

Marion, c. h. and p-o. Marion co. Geo., by 
p-r. J74 ras. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Marion co. Ala., bndd. n. by Franklin, %. 
Walker, s. JjafayetfB, w. Monroe co. in the 
state of Misp., and n. w. by the Chickasaw 
country in Ala. Length 38, mean width 30, 
and area 1,140 sq. ms. Lat. 34°, and long. 11° 
w. W. iC. intersect very near the centre of this 
CO. The nthrn. part is drained by the sources 
of Bear cr. flowing into the Ten. r. ; the greater 
part however slopes sthrd., and is drained into 
Tombigbee by, the different branches of ButtEk-. 
hatche and Sipey rs. Cf. t. Pikeville^ -Pop-. 
4,058. 

Marion co. Misp., bndd. w. by Pike, n. w. by 
Lawrence, n. by Covington, e. by Perry, s. e. 
by Hancock, and s. w. by the parish of Wash- 
ington, La. Length 42, mean width 'f^O, and 
area 1,261) sq. ms. ; extending in lat 31° to 31° 
27', and in Jong. 12° 28' to 13° 17' w. W. C. 
The estrn,. part of this co. slopes to the s. e., 
and is drained by Leaf r. and Black cr., branches 
of the Pascagoula r., whilst the wstrn. section 
is traversed by Pearl r. in a s. s. e. direction. 
Most of the surface is covered with pine, and 
soil sterile ; the margin of the streams, however, 
affords good soil ; staple cotton. Cf. t. Colum- 
bia. Pop. 1820, 3,116; 1830, 3,691. 

Marion co. Ten., bndd. by Cumberland mtnr. 
which separates it from Franklin w. and n. w. ; 
by Bledsoe n., Hamilton e^ and Ten. r. s. 
Length 30, mean width 20, and area.600sq. ms. 
Extending in Jat. J5° 10' to 35° 26', and in long. 
8° 15' to 9° 09' w. W. C. The Sequatchie i;, 
enters this co. on the n. estrn. border, and tra- 
verses it in the greatest length, flowing to the 
s. w. into Ten. The co. lies in most part in 
the valley of the Sequatchie; surface hilly. Cf. 
t. Jasper. Pop. 1820, 3,888, 1830, .5,508. 

Marion, co. 0., bndd. by Del. s.. Union s. w., 
Hardin w., Crawford n., and Richland e. 
Length from e. to w. 32, mean breadth 15, and 
area 480 sq. ms.; ,Iat 40° 40',, long. W. C.6° w. 
Slope sthrd. and drained by the higher branches 
of Scioto r. Cf. t. Marion. Pop. 6,190. 

Marion, p-v. and st. jus. Marion co. 0., by 
p-r. 47 ms. a little w. of n. Columbus. Pop. 
1830, 287. 

Marion co. Ind., bndd. s. by Johnson, Mor- 
gan s. w., Hendricks w., n. w. Boone, n. Ham. 
ilton, and e. Hancock. It i« a square of 20 ms. 
each side, area 400 sq. ms. The central lat. 
40° 45', long. 9° 09' w. W. 0. It is traversed 
in a direction of s. s. w. by the rp.ain stream of 
White r., which divides it into two not very une- 
qual sections. It is a surface which, every thing 
considered, is perhaps unsurpassed. Cf. t. In- 
dianopolis, the cap. of the state. Pop. 7,192. 

]VL\RjoN, p-v. Shelby co. Jp.d., by p-r. 25 



MAR 



271 



MAR 



ms. s. E. Indianopolis, and 5. ms. from Shelby- 
ville. 

Marion co. II., bndd. by Jefferson s., Clinton 
w., Fayette n., Clay n. e,, and Wayne s. e. It 
is a square 24 ms. each side, 576 sq, ms., lat. 
38° 40', long W. C. 12° W. It is a table land, 
from which flow wstrd. some branches of the 
Kaskaskias, and s. estrd. the extreme sources 
of Waynes fork of Little Wabash. Cf. t. Salem. 
Pop. 2,125. 

Marion co. Mo., bndd. s. by Ralls, s. w. by 
Monroe, on the w. uncertain, n. by Lewis, and 
by the Misp. r. e., separating it from Adams 
and Pike ccis. II. Breadjh SO, mean length 24, 
and area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 45', long, 14i° 
w. W. C. ; the slope estrd. and drained by seve- 
ral crs. It is in contemplation to establish a 
college in this co. Cf. t. Palmyra. Pop. 4,837. 
Marion, p v. in the nrthwstrn. part of Cole 
CO. Mo. It is situated m the right bank of 
Missouri r., 15 ms. above J'eflerson city. 

Marksborough, v. Warren co. N. .1., on 
Paulingskill, 15 ms. n. n. E. Belvidere. 

Marksvili.e, p-v. and st. jus. parish of Avoy- 
elles, La., situated 55 ms. by the road n. St. 
Landre, in Opelousas ; 35 ms. s. e. Alexandria 
in Rapid co., and as marked in the p.o. list, 
1,308 ms. from W. C. ; lat. 31° 05', and long. 
1.5^ 08' w. W. C. 

, Marksville, p-v. Shenandoah co. Va., by p-r. 
fSSms. wstrd. W. C. 

Marlborough, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 5 ms. 
s. E. Keene, 55 from Concord, contains several 
ponds, emptying into Ashuelot r. with rocky 
jsbil, good for grain, flax and grass. First set- 
tled 1760. Pop. 822. 

Marlborough, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 24 ms. 
E. Bennington, 44 s. w. Windsor. First settled 
1763; has the w. branch of W«st r., Whet- 
stone branch, and Green r., whicE give good 
m\\l seats. 2 ponds supply trout. Centre mtn. 
is in the middle. The soil is rich, and products 
and minerals numerous. 12 school districts. 
I^op. 1,218. 

Marlborough, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 16 
ms. E. Worcester, 28 ms. w. Boston. Incorpo- 
rated 1660, on a branch of Concord r., has very 
good land and a varied snrface, where many 
cattle are fattened. First settled .1654. Here 
was the Christian Indian t. of Okamakamesit ; 
when a part of Sudbury, in 167R, sufli^ered from 
the Indians. Pop. 2,077. 

Marlborough, p-t. Hartford co. Conn. 4 n^s. 
by 5^ ; 22 sq. ms., is hilly and stony, best for 
grass, with good mill seats on small streams. 
Black lead is found here. Pop. 704. 

Marlbohough, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., w. Hud- 
son r., 23 ms. s. e. Hudson, 3 ms. by 6, 18 sq. 
ms., well cultivated, and has many inhabitants 
of English extraction. Pop. 2,273. 

Marlboro', Lower, Md. (See Lower Marl. 
boro\) 
Marlboro', Upper, Md. (SeeUpper Marlboro'.) 
Marlborough, p-v. in Marlborou-gh tsp. Stark 
CO. O. The tsp. lies in the nrthrni part of the 
CO. and comprises a section of highly produc- 
tive soil, and in a state of very rapid agricultur- 
al improvement. The p-v. is 14 ms. n. n. e. 
Canton, 20 ms. e. of the Ohio Canal-, and by 
p,r. 130 ms. n. e. Columbus; Fop. 106; 



Marlow, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 15 miles 
from Keene, 45 from Concord, 15,9 J7 acres, is 
crossed by Ashuelot r., has a wet soil, but fer- 
tile meadows, and produces much grain. Pop. 
645. 

Marquis, p-v. Tippecanoe co. Ind. by p-r. 77 
ms. N. w. Indianopolis. 

Marrowbone, p-v. Cumberland co.- Ky. by 
p-r. 128 ms. sthrd. Frankfort. 

Mars, p-v. Guilford co. N.- C. by p-r. 95 ms, 
N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Mars, p-v. Bibb co. Ala. by p-r. 26 ms. estrd. 
Tuscaloosa. 

Mars Bluff, and p-o. on the left bank of 
Great Pedee r. Marion dist. S. C, where the 
road passes from Darlington to Marion c. h. hj 
p-r. 118 ms. a little n." of e. Columbia.' 

Marsh, isl. Penobscot co. Me. in Penob'sc'ot 
r. 4 ms. above Bangor. 

Marsh, p.o. Chester co. Pa, by p-r. 136 ms. 

N. E, W. C. 

Marshall, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 110 ms. w. 
Albany. Pop. 1,908. 

Marshall's Ferry, and p.o. Grainger co. 
Ten. by p-r 248 ms. e. Nashville. 

Marshallville, p-o. Wayne co. 0. about 90 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Marshalton, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 4 ms^ w. 
West Chester, and 28 w. Phil. 

Marshfield, p-t. Washington co. Vt. 12 ms. 
N. e. Montpelier, 16 s. w. Danville. It is cross- 
ed by Onion r., and is uneven, with slate and 
granite rocks. It contains -6 school districts, 
and was granted to the Stockbridge Indians in' 
1782, aKd said by them to Isaac Marsh 1789. 
Pop. 1,271. 

MARSHFiSLO'i p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 30 ms. 
s. e. Boston ; incorporated in 1640 ; is pleasant- 
ly situated on the ocean, with North and South 
rs., and a small harbor. It first belonged to Ply. 
mouth. Pop. 1,565. 

Mars Hill, Me. 1 m. 16- chains -w. from the 
e. bound of U. S. ; has been recently assumed 
by the British as the n. w. angle of Nova Sco- 
tia, It is isolated, with two peaks, 1,506, and 
1,363 ft. above St. John's r. 

Marshpee, Indian t., Barnstable co. Mass.: 
J7i) ms. s. e. Boston, hag a harbor and some 
shipping. It was an Indian town, and has some 
remains of the original inhabitants. It has- 
Pomponesset bay e., a light soil with much 
wood. Here was an Indian Christian congre- 
gation. 

Marthasville, P--V. Montgomery co. Mo. 
about 55 ms. wstrd. S. Louis. 

Martha's Vineyj£rd, isl. Dukes co. Mass. 
contaiiis 3 towns, Edgartown, Tisbury, and 
Chilmark. The court of common pleas is held 
at Edgartown for Bafnstabie and Dukes cos. 
Soil poor, but many cattle and sheep are raised ; 
and the fisheries are valuable. The people are 
much engaged as pilots, seamen, and as fisher- 
men, and are hardy and enterprising. An In- 
dian church was formed here in 1666, by Cotton 
Mather. It is a little w. Nantucket, 21 ms. by 6. 

Marticville, p-v. in the tsp. of Martic, Lan- 
caster CO. Pa. 8 ms. sthrd. the city of Lancaster. 
In 1820, the tsp. contained 1,701 inhabitants. 

Martin, co. N. C. bndd. by Washington e., 
Beaufort s. e,, Pitt s,.W;j lEdgecombe w., Halifa:? 



MAR 



272 



MAR 



N. w., and Roanoke r. separating it from Bertie 
N. and ^. e. Length 40, mean width 12, and 
area 481 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 33° 40' to 
36° 02', and in long. 0° 16' e. to 0° 28' w. W. 
C. The surface level, and in part marshy, with 
a slight declhiation to the n. e. towards Roan- 
oke r. Cf. t. Williamstown. Pop. 1820, 6,320 ; 
1830, 8,539. 

Martin, go. Ind. bndd. s. by Dubois, Daviess 
w., Greene n., Lawrence n. e., and Orange s. e. ; 
breadth 15, mean length 20, and area 300 sq. 
ms. Lat. 38° 40', long. 9° 50' w. W. C. It is 
traversed in a s. s. w. direction by the east 
branch of Whiter. Cf. t. Hindostan. Pop. 2,010. 

Martins, cr. and p-o. The cr. falls into the 
Del. r. in Northampton co. Pa. 10 ms. above 
Easton, and the p-o. is near it. 

Martinseuro, p-t. and st. jus. Lewis co. N. 
Y. Roaring branch, has good mill seats. It 
contains the co. buildings, and is 48 ms. n. 
Utica. Fop. 2,382. 

Martinsburg, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Bed- 
ford CO. Fa. 27 ms. a little e. of K. the boro' of 
Bedford, and by p-r. 112 ms. s. w. by \v. Har- 
risburg. 

Martlnsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Berkley co. 
Va. 24 ms. n. n. e. Winchester, 21 n. w. Har- 
pers Ferry, and by p-r. 84 n. w. W. C. Lat. 
39° 27', and long. 0° 58' w. W. C. 

Martinsburg, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Mon- 
roe CO. Ky. 14 ms. from Tompkinsville, and by 
P-r. 151 s. s. w.Frankford. 

Martinsburg, p-v. Knox co. 0. by p-r. 55 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Martinsburg, p-v. Washington co. Ind. by 
H-r. l03 ms. sthrd. Indianopolis. 

Martin's Mills, and p-o. Richland co. 0. by 
p-r. 86 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Martin's Store, and p-o. Montgomery co. N. 
C by p-r. 133 ms. s. w. by \v. Raleigh. 

Martinville, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co. 
Ind. situated on White r. 30 ms. below, and s. 
s. w. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 26' long. W. C. 
9° 24' w. 

Martinsville, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. Va. 
eituated near the left bank of Irvine or Smith's 
r. about 70 ms. s. w. Lynchburg, and by p-r. 151 
s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Martinsville, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. situa- 
ted on the Reedy fork of Haw r., by p-r. 94 ms. 
N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Martinsville, p-v. in the nthestrn. part of 
Warren co. Ky. 29 ms. from Bowling Green, 
and by p.r. 113 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Maryland, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 16 ms. s. 
Cooperstown, 66 \v. Albany, has much good 
grazing; but Cromhorn mtns. are barren. 
10,000 acres of the tsp. belong to the state. It 
has mills, manufactories, &c. Pop. 1,834. 

Maryland, one of the states of the U. S., 
bndd. by the state of Del. e., the Atlantic ocean 
and the estrn. shore of Va. s. e., Chesapeake 
bay s., Potomac r. separating it from Va. s. w., 
a part of Va. w., and Pa. n. w. and n. Mary- 
land extends along the Atlantic ocean from the 
sthestrn. angle of the state of Del. to the 
sthestrn. angle of Maryland 35 ms. ; between 
Md. and Va., on the estrn. shore 15 ; from the 
mouth of Pokomoke r. to that of Potomac 40; 
up Potomac r. to the source of its n. branch 320 ; 



thence due n. to the sthrn. boundary of Pa. 36 ; 
along the limit between Pa. and Md. 200 ; and 
along the limit between Del. and Md. to the 
place of beginning on the Atlantic 124; having 
an outline of 770 ms. ; and extends from lat. 
38° to 39° 43' very nearly, and in long. 1° 56' 
e. to 2° 24' w. W. C. From the great irregu- 
larity of its outline, and from including in its 
superficies that of Chesapeake bay, the area of 
the land surface of Md. has been, by most ge- 
ographers, overrated. The subjoined table 
gives the area of the counties, and the aggre- 
gate of the whole. 

Pop. Pop. 
Lth. mn. vvtli. area. 1820. 1830. 
Alleghany, 60 134 8121 8,C54 10,603 

A. Riind-l, 60 12 720 27,105 28,29.'5 

Ealtimore, 3(5 25 900 90,201 120,876 

Calvert, 3."? 8 2()4 8,073 8,899 

Caroline, 30 8 240 10.041 9,070 

Cecil, 22 12 204 16,048 15,432 

Charles, 30 15 450 16,500 17,66(5 

Dorchester, 32 20 640 17,755 18,685 

Frederick, 42 18 776 4'i,459 45,793 

Harford, 30 16 480 15,924 11,315 

Kent, 30 8 240 11,453 10,502 

Montgomerv, 28 18 .500 16,400 19,816 

Fiince George's, 30 17 5)0 20,216 20.473 

Queen Anil, 40 10 400 14,952 14,390 

St. Mary's, 26 10 380 12,974 13,455 

Somerset, 35 15 .500 19,579 20,155 

Talbot, 2a 8 200 14,389 12,947 

Washington, 40 12 480 23,075 25,263 

Worcester, 30 20 600 17,421 18,271 



Total, 9,356 407,279 446,913 

Of the area, the estrn. shore contains 3,084 
sq. ms. with a pop. in 1820. of 121,638, or 
something above 39 to the sq. m., whilst the 
wstrn. part, comprising 6,272 sq. ms., and in- 
eluding the two cities of Baltimore and Fred- 
erick, contained in 1820, 285,641 inhabitants. 
In the last decennia period, the aggregate pop. 
of the state, has increased a small fraction above 
9^ per cent., having gained an increment of 
39,634, but this augmentation has been entirely 
w. of Chesapeake bay. Of the 8 estrn. cos. 4 
have decreased, and taken together, the aggre- 
gate is 2,171 less than that of 1820. On the 
contrary, every one of the wstrn. cos. has gain- 
ed more or less, and the whole has augmented 
from 285,641 to 327,446. Of the increase, 
17,887 was in the city of Baltimore. The pro. 
gressive population of the state since 1790, has 
been as follows : — 

Date, Whites, Free col'd. Slaves, Total col'd. Total, 
1790 208,647 8,043 103,036 111,079 319,728 
1800 221,998 19,987 107,707 127,694 349,654 
1810 2;;.5,n7 33,927 111, .502 14.5,429 .380,546 
1820 200,222 39,7:!0 107,398 147,128 407,350 
1830 ^ 2iri,093 52,912 102,873 1.55,820 446,913 
Of the pop. in 1830, were : — whites, blind, 
156; deaf and dumb, 132 ; colored, blind, 117 ; 
deaf and dumb, 82. The free white pop. has 
within the last 10 years augmented from 260,222 
to 291,093, having gained 30,871 or about l2 
per cent. The free colored increase is 13,182 
or at the rate of 33J per cent. The slaves have 
decreased 4,520, or at the rate of 44 per cent. 
The total increase of colored pop. since 1820, 
is 8,652, or at the rate of 5f per cent. There 
were in 1790, 183 whites to one colored, — 
1800, 175,-1810, 162,-1820, J 77, and in 
1830, 187. 

Natural Geography. — Md. is naturally sub- 
divided into three sections; eastern, middle and 
western^ The estrn. called locally, "the east- 



MAR 



273 



MAR 



em shore," separated from the middle by Ches. 
apeake bay, comprises a part of that remarkable 
peninsula between the Delaware and Chesa- 
peake bays. Except in size and in being united 
to the continent on the n. by a neck of land of 
about 20 ms., the Chesapeake peninsula differs 
in nothing essential from the other insular strips 
along the Atlantic coast of the U. S. Both 
Long Island and Staten Island, are indeed much 
more relatively elevated than any part of the 
peninsula of Chesapeake. (See Chesapeake 
peninsula.) Of this peninsula, Md. comprises 
the wstrn. slope from Pokomoke bay, to the 
junction of Susquehamiah r. with Chesapeake 
bay. The eastern shore of Md. is peculiarly 
indented by bays and chequered with small 
islands. Pokomoke bay is an expanse of water 
spreading from the mouth of a small river of the 
same name, and is followed northwestardly by 
Tangier island and sound, leading into Fish- 
ing bay, below the mouth of Nanticoke r. ; with 
the Tangier islands and the mouth of Potomac, 
Chesapeake bay abruptly contracts from a width 
of 25 to about 10 or 12 ms. Above the mouth 
of Nanticoke r., with the peninsular forming 
Dorchester co., intervening, opens Choptank 
bay, separating Dorchester from Talbot co. 
The latter co. is again subdivided into several 
fragments by Tread Haven, Broad and St. iVii- 
chael's bays, and is followed by Chester bay 
and r., separating Queen Ann from Kent co. 
All those bays and numerous creeks intersect 
the coast, in the space of one degree of lat. be- 
tween 38° and 39°. From lat. 39°, Kent co. 
sweeps a semicircular peninsular, between 
Chester and Sassafras rs. with its convex on 
Chesapeake bay. Sassafras bay is followed in 
quick succession by Elk and North rs., and final- 
ly by the great discharge of Susquehannah r. 
We may regard the Chesapeake and Del. canal 
as a natural limit, since, though artificial and of 
recent construction, it must remain permanent, 
and insulates the natural section under review. 
The eastern shore of Md. is alluvial. The sur- 
face of the country is either waving or level, 
and in no place sufficiently elevated to be cor. 
-rectly designated hilly. The soil varies, but in 
its general character maybe set down as above 
middling quality. The climate from the nthrn. 
part of Cecil, to the sthrn. of Somerset and 
Dorchester cos. differs in temperature much 
more than might be expected in 103 minutes of 
lat., over a region so little diversified in relative 
elevation. On the lower cos. cotton can be 
cultivated to advantage. The very numerous 
inlets, and the proximity of Baltimore, give this 
section of iMd. great commercial a'lvantages, 
and yet, as we have seen, the distributive pop. is 
on the decrease. If, however, we abstract 
the combined pop. of Baltimore and Frederick 
cities, the mean density of the two shores of 
Md., stand by the census of 1830, very nearly 
equal at 38 to the sq. m., but with the cities of 
Frederick and Baltimore, the wstrn. side has a 
distributive pop. of 52 to the sq. m. The primi- 
tive ledge, and Susquehannah r. enter. Md. to- 
gether, but extend at almost exactly right an- 
gles to each other ; the r. flowing sthestrd. to 
the head of tide water, and the primitive ledge 
inclining sthwstrd. to the head of tide water in | 



Potomac r., in the dist. of Columbia. Along 
the shores of Chesapeake bay, from the mouth 
of Potomac, to that of Susquehaimah, the 
components of soil, formation and aspect of the 
surface, do not materially differ from the oppo- 
site or estrn. shore, but advancing to the north, 
westward from Chesapeake, the country grad- 
ually rises, becomes more and more broken and 
rocky, until the primitive ledge is attained. 
This great physical boundary has a mean ele- 
vation of at least 400 ft., and divides the state 
into two sections, and also into two very dis- 
tinct zones of soil. The primitive is not very 
definite in its termination to the s. e., and is still 
less distinctly traceable on the opposite side. 
Its lower visible boundary is generally deter- 
mined by the head of tide water, and all the 
streams which traverse it, pass through gorges 
with cataracts of more or less descent. The 
primitive ledge is in fact a part of an Appa- 
lachian chain. Mere elevation excepted, the 
ridge has every trait of other ridges of the 
system to which it belongs. The Sugar Loaf 
mtn. which rises in Md., near and below the 
junction of Potomac and Monacacy rs., is 
another portion of a nameless chain, which 
extends nthestrd. separating Frederick from 
Montgomery, Anne Rundel, and Baltimore 
cos. The immediate valley, about 20 miles 
wide, between the lower primitive and Sugar 
Loaf chain, is a real mtn. valley, comprising in 
Md. great part of Montgomery, the upper part 
of Anne Rundel, Baltimore, and Harford cos., 
and which is followed nthwstrd. from the Su- 
gar Loaf chain, by the fine valley of Monocacy, 
That part of the latter valley contained in Md., 
is commensurate with Frederick co. Westrd. 
from Frederick the two cos. of Washington 
and Alleghany, are composed of narrow but 
generally very fertile vales, between lateral 
ridges of the Appalachian system. Independ. 
ent of the mtn. ridges, the surface of Maryland 
gradually rises from the Chesapeake bay to the 
sources of Potomac, or from the level of tide 
water to near 2,000 feet. The relative height 
from tide water in the basin at Baltimore to the 
dividing ground in Alleghany co. Md., between 
the sources of Potomac and Youghioghany rs. 
is as follows : from the forks of Patapsco r. 
about midway from tide water at Bait., to the 
second or Sugar Loaf ridge, about mid tide, 
.385 ft. Sources of Patuxent, Patapsco, flow, 
ing sthestrd. and Liganore and Pipe cr. branch- 
es of Monocacy, flowing sthwstrd. and near 
where the great road passes from Baltimore to 
Frederick, from 600 to 850 ft. CoLintry adja- 
cent to Frederick, from 300 to 500 ft. Harman'.g 
gap, over Blue Ridge orCatoctin mtn., about 10 
ms. E. Hagerstown, 1,550 ft. Lower part of the 
vallies of Antictam and Conecocheague around 
Hagerstown, 460 to 800 ft. Arable ground 
along the Potomac near Cumberland, 550 ft. 
Arable ground in the valley between Will's 
and Savage mtns., and between Cumberland and 
Frostburg, drained into Potomac by Will's and 
George's ers., from 800 to 1,000 ft. Arable 
vallies between the numerous ridges of mtns, 
from which flow on one side the sources of 
Potomac, and on the other those of Youghio- 
ghany rs., from 1,600 to 2,000 ft. From the 



MAR 



274 



MAR 



above elements, given in round numbers, it is 
shewB' that western Maryland forms part of an 
inclined plane rising from tide water in a dis- 
tance of about 15Q statute ms. air measure, to 
2,000 ft. If 40L) ft. is assumed as equivalent to 
a degree of temp, on Fahrenheit's scale, the 
relative height will equal 5 degrees, or give to 
the extreme western part of the state a climate 
in winter similar to that on the Atlantic coast in 
lat. 44° 43'. There is much good soil existing 
in every section of this state, but the most pro- 
ductive is grain and fruit in some of the litne- 
stiino tracts in the three western cos. ; vegeta- 
tion, however, either indigenous or exotic, is 
greatly influenced by the extremes, if lat. and 
relative hei-ght are combined, of upwards of 6| 
degrees of temperature. On the lov/ sandy 
plains of Woi-eester, Somerset and Dorchester 
cos. between lat. 38° and 38° 40', cotton can be 
cultivated, whilst the elevated vales of Alle- 
ghany CO., though of a highly productive soil, 
are almost too cold for wheat. As Maryland 
occupies a nearly middle latitude amongst the 
states of the United States, the following meteo- 
rological tables may serve to elucidate not alone 
the climate of that, but of the middle Atlantic 
states generally. The observations were made 
and recorded by the author of this article, at 
his residence near Sandy Spring, Montgomery 
CO., about 2 • ms. n. W. G. at lat. 39° 09' and at 
an elevation above tide water of 400 it. No. 1. 
Table of the mean and extreme monthly temp, 
at the white Cottage near Sandjr Spring, from 
observations made during two years, 1629 and 
1830. 

1829 3830 Mean Highest Lowest. 
Jan. 30. 30 30. 03 30. 3 49 8 

Feb. 2.5. 34. 66 29. 83 46 2 

March 37. 23 43. 88 45. 55 67 20 

April 51. 37 54. 49 52. 93 80 .30 

May 04. 16 C5. 18 64. 67 78 37 

June 69. 73 68. 94 69. 33 90 50 

July 70. 72 79. 01 74. 91 91 55 

AxxgVLSt 73. 72. 72 72. 81 90 52 

Sept. 61. 42 63. 58 62. 05 82 36 

Oct. 52. 85 55. 48 54. 16 77 26 

Nov. 39. 68 51. 77 45. 22 70 21 

Dec. 42. 5 35. 53 39. 01 67 6 

Mean 51.496 54. 47 53.435 

No. 2. Table of the monthly prevalent winds 
from observations made on 786 consecutive 
days, from .Tan. 1st, 1829, to Feb. 28th, 1831, 
inclusive. 

Months. N. N. w. w. s.w. s. s. e. e. n. k. 

Jan. 5 40 4 17 2 9 2 10 

FpI). 3 43 3 13 4 8 1 9 

March 2 30 12 4 12 2 

April 5 24 1 12 3 8 4 3 

May 1 17 1 18 2 13 2 8 

June 4 23 5 13 4 10 1 

July 5 14 7 23 2 7 4 

August 5 17 3 15 3 11 8 

Sept. 5 23 1 13 4 9 1 5 

Oct. 3 17 3 13 3 10 13 

Nov. 3 23 1 14 1 8 4 6 

Dec. 2 18 5 17 3 9 8 



Reduced to 43 289 34 180 35 104 14 77 

proportions 

of 1000. 50 367 43 241 44 145 17 90 

The rsBtdts of table No. 2, correspond in a 
very striking manner with those of similar ob- 
servations made in the northern temp, zone on 
the continent ofN. America, from the Pacific to 
the Atlantic ocean, on the Atlantic ocean, and 
on wstrn." Europe. 

State paent of mean temperature of the seasons 



at Sandy Spring. Winter of 1828 — 29, — mean 
temp, from winter solstice 1828, to vernal equi- 
nox 1829, 28. 39. Spring of 1829,— mean 
temp, from vernal equinox, 1829, to summer 
solstice, 1829, 58. 22. Summer of 1829,— 
mean temp, from the summer solstice, to the 
autumnal equinox, 1829, 69. 31. Autumn of 
1829, — mean temp, from autumnal equinox, to 
winter solstice, 1829, 46. 96. Winter of 1829— 
30, — mean temp, from winter solstice 1829, to 
vernal equinox 1830, 35. 63. Spring of 1830, 
— mean temp, from vernal equinox, to summer 
solstice 1830, 58. 14. Summer of 1830,— 
mean temp, from siunmer solstice, to autumnal 
equinox 1830, 71. 46. Autumn of 1830, — mean 
temp, from autumnal equinox, to winter solstice 

1830, 49.. 23. Winter of 1830— 31,— mean 
temp, from winter solstice 1830, to vernal equi- 
nox 1831, 29. 88. Spring of 1831,— mean 
temp, from vernal equinox, to summer solstice 

1831, 59. 64. Summer of 1831, — mean temp, 
from summer solstice, to autumnal equinox 
1831, 69. 95. Autumn of 1831, — mean temp, 
from autumnal equinox, to winter solstice 1831, 
41. 81. Mean of the 12 seasons, 51. 63. The 
winter of 1831 — 1832, though remarkable for 
occasional low temperature gave a mean of 
plus 33. 00. At Sandy Spring o.n the morning 
of December 16th, 1831, three thermometers 
at from 2 to 3 miles distance, yielded a mean 
of l3° below zero. By the same instruments, 
the mean of January 26th, 1832, was at zero, 
and on the morning of the 27th, the whole three 
were again down to minus 13°, and the meaff 
of the whole day was m:nus 1 16-100°. 

Internal Improvements. — The political sub- 
divisions and relative extent and population of 
Maryland has been already given. The chief 
city of this state, Baltimore, has assumed a 
very respectable rank among the emporia of 
the United States. Besides the great western 
turnpike road, extending from Baltimore thro' 
Fred, to join the U. S. road at Cumberland, 
several other leading roads connect Bakimore 
with W. Con one side and with several of the 
most productive cos. of central Pennsylvania. 
A rail-rcud on an extensive plan has been pro. 
jected, to extend from Baltimore to the Ohio 
river.- But though apart of this road has been 
so far completed (1832) as to admit road cars to 
travel'over it, too little comparatively has been' 
done to admit a general, much less a specific 
description. The charter for the Chesapeake 
and Ohio Canal is of prior date to that for the 
Baltimore and Ohio rail road, but when the two 
companies were in the incipient stage of ad- 
vance with their respective works they became 
involved in a legal controversy. An injunction 
was obtained at the suit of the Chesapeake and 
Ohio canal company, prohibiting the Baltimore 
and Ohio company soon after its organization, 
from proceeding to construct the rail-road along 
the Potomac r. This still (1832) remains in 
force, and has hitherto limited the operations 
ef the Board, to the country estrd. of the point 
of rocks. ' The Point of Rocks,' so called, 
is.the termination of the Cotoctin mtn., on the 
left bank of Potomac r. 6 ms-. above the mouth 
of the Monocacy. Between B^altimore and the 
Point of Rocks, the road is tc' follow a g^ener- 



MAR 



275 



MAR 



al wstrn. course, with an elliptic curve to the 
nthrd. pursuing the valley of Fatapsco to its 
forks, -thence along the wstrn. branch to the 
sumnrit of the first mtn. ridge. Thence down 
Bush creek into Monocacy r., down the latter 
stream a few ms., and finally in a s. s. w. di- 
rection to the Potomac at the Point of Rocks. 
Entire distance from Baltimore 66 ms. Above 
the Pouit of Rocks the right of way along the 
Potomac, long in litigation, was decided in favor 
of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal company. 
Some attempts were made at compromise but 
hitherto without effect, and has arrested this 
work at the Point of Rocks. (See art. Rail 
Roads and Canals; Baltimore and Ohio, Balti. 
mor-e <^- SusqiieharniahandBaltimore R. roads.) 

History. — The first permanent settlement of 
whites made on the territory now comprised in 
the states of Md., was made in 1631, under 
William Claiborne, on Kent Island, now a part 
of Queen Ann co. The original charter, how- 
ever, under which the colony was established 
was granted to Cecilius Cah'ert (Lord Balti- 
more) and dated 20th June, 1632. The first 
emigrants arrived on the n. bank of Potomac, 
in 1634. The early settlers were much dis- 
tiu'bed by contentions with Claiborne, who re- 
sisted the proprietary grant, and finally instiga- 
ted the Indians to war. These troubles were 
■follov\'ed by the inhabitants sharing the political 
feelings and violence of the revolution in Eng- 
land, about the middle of the 17th century. A 
civil war distracted the infant colony, which 
was terminated by the submission of the people 
-to Cromwell's government. The charter of 
Md. was obtained by a Roman Catholic no- 
bleman, and the settlement made on princi- 
ples of civil and -religious toleration, far in ad- 
vance of the age ; but while the republican par- 
ty, as they were with ineffable absurdity called, 
prevailed, all the rigor of anti-popery statutes 
enacted in England were enforced in Md. Such 
WHS the intolerance of the times that the restor- 
ation of the Stewart family only changed the 
objects of oppression. Under James II. a quo' 
warranto was sued out against the charter of 
Md., but before judgment could be had on the 
writ, the family ceased to reign. Under Crom- 
well the Calvert family were deprived of the 
government ; were restored by Charles II., and 
again deprived by William and Mary, and Ma- 
ryland continued a royal government until 1716. 
The Calvert who held the claims of his family, 
finally renounced the Roman Catholic religion, 
and at the latter epoch was reinstated in his 
rights. From 1716 to the revolution, the ad- 
vance of Md. was slow, affording few incidents 
for history. In the war of Independence, it is 
not too much to say that " the Md. line" was 
marked y/ith unfading renown. The existing 
constitution was ratified at Annapolis, 14th Aug. 
1776. The federal constitution was adopted by 
Md. in 1788, and in 1790, that-part of the district 
of Columbia lying to the left of the Potomac was 
ceded to the general government. 

Government. — The legislaiure is divided into 
two distinct branches, a senate and house of 
delegates, styled " The general assembly of 
Maryland." Senators must bo upwards of 25 
years of age, 15 in numbefv -S for the. western. 



and 6 for the eastern shore : before being elect, 
ed they must have had three years residence in 
the state ; term of office five years. Delegates 
or members of the lower house, must, when 
chosen, be above 21 years of age, and must have 
resided one year in the co. where chosen, next 
preceding their election. The governor is cho- 
sen by the legislature annually, but eligible only 
3 years out of 7 ; when chosen, he must have 
resided in the state 5 years, and have attained 
to the age of 25 years. The council, 5 in num. 
ber, is elected by the legislature, and must, 
when elected, have attained 25 years of age, 
and resided in the state 3 years. Their duties 
are to advise the governor and assent to or dis- 
sent from the executive appointments. The 
judiciary is formed of a chancellor, superior 
and district judges. By the 9th section of the 
amendments to the constitution of Md., passed 
Nov. 1812, it was divided into 6 judicial dists., 
2 E. and 4 w. of Chesapeake bay; over each of 
these presides one chief, and two associate 
judges, who, during their term of office, must 
reside in their judicial district, and hold their of- 
fice during good behavior, removable by con- 
viction in a court oflaw, or'by address of the gen- 
eral assembly, two thirds of the members voting 
for the removal. The court of appeals is formed 
by the chief judges of the districts, of which 
three form a quorum : but no chief judge can 
sit as a member of the same court of appeals 
before whom the original decision was made. 
The right of suffrage demands only citizenship, 
21 years of age, and one year's residence in the 
CO. where the election is held, but is confined to 
free white males. 

Education. — Under the colonial government, 
as early as 1696, funds were, by legislative 
enactments, appropriated to eduea-tion, by 
means of a college and free schools. As in 
nearly every other mstance in the U. S. either 
before or since the revolution, the college ab. 
sorbed the funds, made progress, and left the 
system of common education neglected. Wash- 
ington college at Chestertown, Kent co., ea'^t. 
em shore, was established in 1782. On the 
western shore of Annapolis, St. John's college 
was established in 1784, and the two subsequent- 
ly formed a university. A Roman Catholic 
college at Georgetown was also formed in 1784. 
The medical college was founded in Baltimore, 
1807. This latter institution was, in 1812, con- 
nected with the faculties of divinity, law, and 
general sciences, and the whole -formed into a 
body corporate, under the title of "the univer- 
sity of Maryland." Baltimore college, and St. 
Mary's colleges, are separate institutions. The 
funds to support these different establishments, 
are drawn from lands, funded stock, and fees 
paid by students. Academies with more or 
l3ss approach to collegiate form exist in most 
of the principal towns in the state ; but no sys- 
tem of common instruction is in operation, 
though, since 1813, funds for that purpose were 
provided, amounting to $15,000 per annum, to 
be equally divided between the cos., whatever 
might be the relative population. This fund is 
derived from bank stock, and appropriated to 
free and charity schools. Some few counties 
have met the prevision, and availed themsei'/e^ 



MAS 



276 



MAS 



of its benefits, whilst otliers have not received 
their share of a real benefaction. 

Manvfacturcs and commerce. — Though Ma- 
ryland has not been ranked amongst the manu- 
facturing states, it is doubtful whether in pro- 
portion to her population she is not in that re- 
spect amongst the first. Numerous woollen and 
cotton mills, copper and iron rolling mills are 
in operation near Baltimore, and are also scat- 
tered over other parts of the state. Flour and 
tobacco have been called the staples of Mary- 
land, but the former so greatly exceeds the lat- 
ter as to claim pre-eminence. Tobacco is how- 
ever produced largely, and of excellent quality. 
Mineral coal, and iron ore abound in some of 
the western cos. '1 he mineral coal is confined, 
indeed, to Alleghany co., but there is an inex- 
haustible abundance of the bituminous species. 
Iron ore is found in most of the cos. w. of the 
Chesapeake bay, and is extensively wrought in- 
to iron and pot metal. By the annual report, 
Dec. 30, 1832, of the treasurer of the western 
shore, it appears that the actual income of the 
state of Maryland, for the year which ended on 
the 1st inst., (including ^77,177 W, the bal- 
ance in the treasury of the western shore on the 
1st Dec. 1831,) was $683,255 l9. The dis- 
bursementsof the year amounted to ^631,928 39, 
leaving an unexpended balance of ^51,326 80. 
Subject to appropriations uncalled for, $47,439 
93, leaving an unappropriated balance in the 
treasury on the 1st Dec, 1832, of #3,886 87. 

Marysville, p-v. in the southern part of 
Campbell co. Va. 20 ms. a little w. of s. Lynch- 
burg, and by p-r. 147 s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Marysville, st. jus. Charlotte co. Va. situ- 
ated on a branch of Little Roanoke, 30 miles 
s. E. Lynchburg, and by p-r. 69 ms. s. w. from 
Richmond, n. lat. 37° 03', long. 1° 52' w. W. C. 

Marysville, p-v. on Licking r. Harrison co. 
Ky. about 45 ms. northestrd. Frankfort. 

Marysville, p-v. and st. jus. Union co. O. by 
p-r. 37 ms. n. w. Columbus. Lat. 40° 16', long. 
6° 22' w. W. C. Pop. 142. 

Maryville, p-v. and st. jus. Blount co. Ten. 
18 ms. s. w. Knoxville, and by p-r. 161 ms, a 
little s. of E. Nashville. Lat. 35° 46', and long. 
6° 51' w. W. C. It is the seat of the Southern 
and Western theological seminary, which was 
established, 1819, and is under the care of the 
Presbyterian Synod of the state. It is both a 
theological and literary institution, and a farm 
belongs to it, on which indigent students labor. 

Masard cr. and p-o, Crawford co. Ark, by 
p-r. 226 ms. above, and'./estward Little Rock. 

Mascomy, pond, Grafton co. N. H. ; con- 
tains 2 or 3,000 acres. 

Mascomy, r. Grafion co. N. H. enters Mas- 
comy pond at Enfield. 

Mason, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. II. 43 ms. s. 
Concord, 15 s. w. Amherst ; is crossed by Sou- 
hegan r., and has mills and manufactories. Pop. 
1830, 1,403. 

Mason, one of the western cos. of Va. bound- 
ed by Cabell s. w., Kenhawa s. e., Jackson n. 
E,, Ohio r, separating it from Meigs co. in 0. 
N,, and again by the Ohio r, separating it from 
Gallia co, O. w. Length 32, mean breadth 20, 
and area 640 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 38° 32' 
to 39° 05', and in long. 4° 22' to 5° 12' w. W. 



C. This CO. is washed, if we follow the bends, 
nearly 60 ms. by the 0. r, ; and the southern 
part is traversed in a northwesterly direction by 
the Great Kenhawa, The surface is very bro- 
ken, thougii much of the soil is of good quality. 
Salt water has been procured by digging wells 
near Kenhawa r. Cf. t. Mount Pleasant. Pop. 
1820, 4,868, 183 ', 6,534. 

Maso.n, CO. Ky. bndd. by Bracken w,, by 
Nicholas s. w., I'leming s. and s. e,, Lewis e,, 
Ohio r, separating it from Adams co, O, n. e,. 
and again by Ohio r. separating it from Brown 
CO. O. N. Length 20, mean width 13, and area 
260 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 38° 28' to 38° 
44', and in long. 0° 32' to 7° w. W. C. Though 
this CO. is bounded by Ohio r. on the n., the 
general slope is wstrd. towards Licking r. Cf. 
ts. Washington and Mavsville. Pop. 1820, 
13,588, 1830, 16,199. 

Mason, or to preserve the sound more cor- 
rectly, Masson r. of La., is one of the drains of 
the annually inundated tract between the Misp. 
and Boeuf branch of Ouachitta, rises near Grand 
lake and flowing sthrd, about 80 ms, falls into 
Tensaw 20 or 30 ms. above the junction of the 
la'ter with the Ouachitta, 

Mason Hall, p-v. in the n. v^'strn. part of 
Orange co. N. C, by p-r. 51 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Masontown, p-v. Fayette co. Pa. about 20 ms. 
N, Union Town, and by p-r. 222 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Masonville, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. ,24 ms. 
w. Delhi, furnishes fine grazing ; streams run 
into Del. and Susquehannah rs. Pop. 1,145. 

Masonville, or Mason's Ferry, p-o. York 
dist. S. C. situated where the road from York- 
ville to Charlotte in N. C. crosses Catawba r., 
by p-r. 87 ms. a little e, of n. Columbia. 

Masonville, p-v. Lauderdale co. Ala., by p-r. 
119 ms. nthwrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Massabesick pond, in Chester, Rockingham 
CO. N. H., 6 ms. long, by 2 or 300 rods, has an 
area of 1,500 acres. 

Massachusetts bay, the waters enclosed by 
the coast of Mass. from cape Ann to cape Cod. 
It contains many isls. chiefly in Boston harbor, 
and several ports, the most important of which ia 
Boston. It was visited by the pilgrims before 
they landed at Plymouth. 

Massachusetts, one of the United States, the 
oldest and most important state in New Eng- 
land, bndd.N, by Vermont and New Flampshire, 
E, by the Atlantic, s, by the Atlantic, Rhode Island 
and Connecticut, and w, by N. York. It lies be- 
tween 41° 23' and 43° 52' lat., and 3° 38' and 7° 
7' E. long, from W. C. It is 60 ms. wide by 130 
long, and contains 7,800 sq. ms., of which about 
4,644,000 acres are land. The early history of 
Mass. is that of New England. In this state the 
first permanent settlements by Englishmen were 
made. There were tried the first experiment5^ 
of founding a community on the principles of 
general virtue and intelligence. A party of 
emigrants who had fled from England to seek a 
country in which they might enjoy freedom of 
conscience, landed at Plymouth, Dec. 22d, 1620. 
They had sailed for Hudson's river, but were 
carried by the inaster of the ship, who had been 
bribed by the Dutch to a region far better fitted 
for the ultimate success of their plans, than that 
for which they started. In founding their poli- 



MAS 



277 



MAS 



tical community, the equal rights and powers of 
individuals were distinctly recognized. Legis- 
lative acts were soon passed for the instruction 
of every child in the community. Religion 
was the first object of care with the colonists, 
and as early as 1631, the general court decreed 
that none hut church members should enjoy 
the privilege of voting, &c. From a few of the 
first colonies on the coast of Massachusetts bay, 
other settlements were soon formed, so that the 
same principles, habits, and institutions, ex- 
tended throughout New England, and have 
exercised an important influence on it, and on 
the United States. The first general court or 
legislative assembly of Mass. composed of 24 
representatives from the various settlements, 
was held in 163i. Before this, all the freemen 
were accustomed to meet for the transaction of 
public business, &c. The trial by jury was 
now adopted. The Pequod war, which threat, 
ened the south and west settlements, took place 
in 1G37, and after some unjustifiable cruelties, 
terminated in the almost entire destruction of 
the only Indian nation inimical to the colonies. 
In 1611 the settlements of New Hampshire were 
incorporated with Mass. In 1643, the first 
union took place between the New England 
colonies, when articles of an offensive and de- 
fensive confederacy were agreed to, which 
enabled them to combine their powers in the 
subsequent French and Indian wars. In 1652 
the province of JMaine placed itself under the 
protection of Mass., and was called the co. of 
Yorkshire. In 1664, four royal judges were 
sent out from England, to determine all causes 
of every kind, in the colonies, but were not per- 
mitted to perform the office assigned, and re- 
turned. In 1675 began Philip's war, during 
which, about 1000 buildings were destroyed, 12 
or 13 settlements broken up, and nearly 600 of 
the colonists were killed. In 1680 New Hamp. 
shire was constituted a separate colony by the 
British cabinet. In 1684 the English high 
court of chancery, declared the charter of Mass. 
forfeited, but Col. Kirk, who was appointed 
governor of New England, was prevented by the 
king's death, from entering on his office. In 
1685 Joseph Dudley became president of New 
England. He was succeeded the next year by 
Sir Edmund Andross, who was resisted in 
Mass. and Connecticut. In 1689 Plymouth 
was, by royal order, united to Mass. and the 
old charter of Mass. was confirmed. In 1692 
Sir William Phipps, a native of New England, 
became governor under a new charter, which 
vested the appointment of governor, lieutenant 
governor, secretary, and admiralty officers, in 
the crown, and rendered the governor's assent 
necessary to every public act, besides giving 
him the appointment of military and judicial 
officers, and a negative on all the elections of 
civil officers, by the general court. In 1720, a 
controversy commenced between the house of 
representatives and the governor, in relation to 
privileges, which continued for some time. In 
1745 the fortress of Louisburg was captured 
by New England troops, most of them from 
Massachusetts. In 1753 was formed the first 
society for the encouragement of industry, at 
the celebration of which, three hundred young 

36 



women appeared on Boston common, at their 
spinning wheels, while one working at a loom, 
was carried on a stage on men's shoulders. 
In 1756 began the last French war, in which 
Mass. and the other colonies, took an active 
part, and suffered much. In 1765 measures 
were first taken by the British government, to 
raise revenue in the colonies, and at the sugges- 
tion of Mass., a congress of delegates assem- 
bled at New York, to procure the removal of 
duties on stamped paper, &c. The stamp act 
was repealed the following year, but renewed 
in 1767, with duties on various other articles. 
Public excitement prevailed against the govern, 
ment, and in 1770, the King's troops being in- 
sulted by the people of Boston, killed four of 
the citizens. In 1773, several ship loads of tea, 
sent out by the East India company, subject to a 
duty, were forcibly thrown into the harbor, by 
the inhabitants of Boston. In 1774, commer- 
cial privileges were denied to Boston, and 
Gen. Gage, who was made commander of the 
troops, in North America, adopted severe 
measures, which at length led to a general in- 
surrection, and finally to the establishment of 
American independence. In September, 1774, 
delegates from the colonies met at Piiiladel- 
phia ; in 1775, Gen. Gage's troops were resist- 
ed ; April 19th, occurred the battle of Lexing- 
ton, and June 17th, that of Bunker's hill. In 
all these contests, the people opposed the en- 
croachments of arbitrary power, and rose in 
defence of those rights, in strong attachment 
to which they had been educated. In 1776, 
Gen. Washington commenced the siege of Bos- 
ton, and compelled the evacuation of it on the 
17th of March. After this time, the soil of 
Mass., excepting some islands, remained free 
from actual invasion ; but they contributed pow- 
erfully to the success of the American arms, 
by councils, men, and money. The constitu- 
tion went into operation in 1780. In 1786 com- 
menced Shay's rebellion, which greatly agita- 
ted the state. It led to no bloodshed except at 
its close, when 3 of his men were killed, in at- 
tempting to take the barracks at Springfield. 
The federal constitution of the United Slates, 
was adopted by the convention of Mass. in 
1788. The present constitution of Mass., is 
that of 1780, with some amendments, adopted 
by the convention of 1820, which was in ses- 
sion 83 days, at an expense to the state of 
$60,000. The government now consists of 
three parts. The legislature, called the "gen. 
eral court," is composed of a senate of 40 
members, chosen annually, and a house of rep. 
resentatives, of one or more members from 
each town, consisting in all of 500, or 600 
members, when all the towns send the full 
number to which they are entitled. The num- 
ber elected for the session commencing Jan. 
1833, amounted to 583 members. Each of 
these branches has a negative on the other. 
The senate is founded on the representation of 
property, the house of representatives on the 
representation of the population in towns ; the 
number of senators, (with a limitation to six,) 
from any district, being proportioned to the 
amount of its taxes ; the number of represent, 
atives from any town, depending on the number 



MAS 



278 



MAS 



of its inhabitants. The senate may constitute 
a court of impeachment ; the house of repre- 
sentatives may impeach, originate all money 
bills, &c. &c. Every bill must be approved 
and signed by the governor, before it becomes 
a law, unless after being returned with his ob- 
jections, it shall have been passed by two thirds 
of the legislature. The executive is vested in 
a governor, lieut. governor, and 9 counsellors, 
who are chosen annually, the two former by 
the people, the counsellors, by the legislature 
from the senators. The governor has the pow- 
, er of opposing or rejecting bills passed by the 
. legislature ; he is commander-in-chief of the 
military forces, appoints all judicial officers, 
and with the council, exercises the pardoning 
power. The judiciary department consists of 
a supreme judicial court, and a court of com- 
mon pleas, each composed of a chief judge, 
and 3 associates, who hold their offices during 
good behaviour. Besides these, are courts 
held byjustices of the peace, and also probate 
courts in each county. By an amendment to 
the constitution, made in 183), the political 
year, hereafter, begins on the 1st Wednesday 
of January. Massachusetts is entitled to 12 
representatives in congress. It is stated ,'1833) 
that the pay and travel of the house of repre- 
sentatives, during the last 5 years, have avera- 
ged ^83,700 each session ; average number of 
days, 89 ; and of members, 534. The state is 
divided into 14 counties, and 307 towns. In 
each of the counties, is a registry of deeds, a 
house of correction, and one or more jails. 
The soil is various, though generally good, and 
the face of the state, greatly diversified. Nan- 
tucket, Duke's, Barnstable, Plymouth, Suffi)lk, 
and Essex counties, on the sea, have much 
poor soil, but good harbors, valuable fisheries, 
and much navigation and commerce. Wor- 
cester county, the largest in the state, and ex- 
tending across its breadth, has an irregular sur- 
face, with good land, and excellent farms. 
Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden counties 
are divided by Connecticut river, on which are 
extensive and fertile meadows, and which 
affords navigation for rafts and boats. Steam- 
boats have recently begun to ply to the upper 
parts of the river. Berkshire county, which 
forms the west extremity of the state, is moun- 
tainous, being crossed by the Green mountains, 
and Taughkannic ranges ; it is of more recent 
settlement and has much poor land, though a 
considerable portion of excellent pasturage ; it 
has good marble quarries, and its mountains 
abound in iron ore. The soil of the state gen- 
erally is well adapted to the growth of grass 
and fruit trees, and produces nearly all the 
fruits of temperate climates, also Indian corn, 
rye, oats, &c. There is a lead mine in South- 
ampton, the works in which have been for a 
long time suspended. The middle and e. parts 
of the state abound in granite of an excellent 
quality for building. Marble and limestone 
are found in exhaustless quantities in West 
Stockbridge, Hinsdale and Lanesborough. An- 
thracite coal is found in Worcester, and quar. 
ries of soap sLone in Middlefield. Near the 
west line of the state is the Taughkannic range 
of mountains, which divides the waters of the 



Hudson and Housuonic rivers. The highest 
peak is Saddle mountain, in the north west 
angle of the state. Hoosic mtns. run nearly 
parallel, being a continuation of the Green mtn. 
range of Vt., and dividing the streams of the 
Housatonnic and Hoosic rivers extend to New 
Haven, Conn. Wachusett mtn. in Worcester 
CO., mount Tom and mount Holyoke, in Hamp- 
shire CO., and mount Toby in Franklin co., are 
isolated, but very considerable elevations. The 
principal river is the Conn., the largest and 
most important in the state, which flows n. and 
s. through the cos. of Franklin, Hampshire and 
Hampden. That portion which is included in 
Mass., affords great advantages for navigation. 
By its annual floods, though they often injure 
bridges, crops, &c., it greatly enriches the ex- 
tensive meadows on its banks, with a deposit of 
soil ; and its fish, particularly the shad, afford 
a supply of excellent food to the inhabitants. 
Large sums of money have been expended on 
dams, locks, canals, &c., by which the naviga- 
tion is much improved. Merrimack r. touches 
the N. E. part of the state. The principal tribu- 
taries of Conn. r. in this state, are Deerfield, 
Westfield, Millers and Chickopee rs., the two 
last of which rise in Worcester co. Housato- 
nic and Hoosic rs. rise in Berkshire co., the 
former running s. into Conn., the latter n. into 
Vt. and N. York. In Worcester co. rise also 
Quinnebaug r. which runs s. into Conn., Paw- 
tucket r. which runs into R. Island, Charles r. 
which empties at Boston, and Concord and 
Nashua rs. which join the Merrimack. There 
are also many smaller streams and ponds which 
are generally supplied with fish, and most of 
which afford excellent mill seats for manufac- 
turing, &c. It is estimated that the quantity of 
land at present belonging to this state, in Maine, 
amounts to 4,750,000 acres ; of which 1,250,000 
are involved in the boundary question between 
Maine and New Brimswick. 

Population. Massachusetts in 1800, contain- 
ed 422,845 inhabitants ; in 1810, 472,040 ; and 
in 1820, 523,287. In 1830 the pop. was as fol- 
lows : — to which is prefixed the counties, with 
their population in 1820. 



Counties. 


Pop. 1820. 


Pop. 1830. 


Barnstable, 


24,026 


28,514 


Berkshire, 


35,720 


37,835 


Bristol, 


40,908 


49,592 


Dukes, 


3,292 


3,517 


Essex, 


74,655 


82,859 


Franklin, 


29,268 


29,501 


Hampden, 


28,021 


31,639 


Hampshire, 


20,487 


30,254 


Middlesex, 


61,472 


77,961 


Nantucket, 


7,266 


7,203 


Norfolk, 


36,471 


41,972 


Plymouth, 


38,136 


43,044 


Suffolk, 


43,940 


62,163 


Worcester, 


73,625 


84,835 


Total, 


523,287 


610,408 


Of which were wh 


ite persons — 






Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age. 


40,644 


.39,533 


From 5 to 1.5 


70,667 


67,803 


" 15 to 30 


91,422 


94,934 


" 30 to 50 


59,116 


64,847 


" 50 to 70 


25,327 


31,445 


" 70 to 90 


7,335 


9,701 


'1 90 and over 


174 


351 



Total, 294,685 308,674 

Of the above were deaf and dumb, under 14 



MAS 



27!) 



MAS 



years, 56 ; between 14 and 35, 62 ; over 25, 
138. Blind, 218. Aliens, 8,787. 



Free colored. 
Under 10 years of age, 
from 10 to 24 
" 24 to 36 
" 36 to 55 
" 55 to 100 
" 100 and over. 

Total, 



Males. 
794 
889 
725 
626 
316 
10 

3,360 



Females. 
809 
965 
816 
661 
394 
40 



3,685 



Slaves, males none, females 4. Colored deaf 
and du.'nb, 9. Blind 5. 
Recapitulation. 

Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

603,359 7,045 4 610,408 

Slavery does not exist in this state ; a deci- 
sion made by the supreme court of the state, in 
1783, declared that it was abolished by the fol- 
lowing clause in the declaration of rights, "all 
men are born free and equal." 

The militia of Mass. in 1832 amounted to 
44,472, exclusive of commissioned officers, viz. 
cavalry 726, artillery 2,694, infantry 32,074, 
liglit infantry and grenadiers, 8,978, 92 pieces 
of brass ordnance, and 2 of iron, 15,277 mus- 
kets, and 2,383 rifles belong to the state. 

The commerce of Mass. extends to all parts 
of the globe. In the amount of its shipping it 
is before any state in the Union, and in the ex- 
tent of its foreign trade second only to New 
York. The value of imports during the year 
ending Sept. 30, 1832, was §18,118,800, of 
which ^17,670,184 in value, were imported in 
American vessels. The value of exports in 
the same year, was ($11,993,768, of which 
^4,656,635 in value was of domestic produce. 
The amount of shipping owned and employed 
in the foreign and coasting trade, and in the 
fisheries, on the last day of December, 1831, 
was, 442,676 tons. Of the shipping of Alassa- 
chusetts, 17,659 tons belong to the district of 
Newburyport, 1,567 to Ipswich, 12,838 to 
Gloucester, 25,539 to Salem, 6,9 14 to Marble- 
head, 138,174 to Boston, 17,877 to Plymouth, 
3,899 to Dighton, 64,049 to New Bedford, 26,857 
to Barnstable, 2,520 to Edgartown, and 24,978 
to Nantucket. The fisheries are important, 
and the state continues more extensively ea. 
gaged in them than all the other states of the 
Union. The shipping employed in the fisheries 
on the last day of December, 1831, amounted to 
142,733 tons, of which 69,055 tons were en- 
gaged in the whale fishery, 38,724 tons in the 
cod fishery, and 34,943 in the mackerel fishery. 
The whale fishery was commenced very early. 
In 1668, James Soper, in petitioning for an ex- 
clusive right, stated that he had caught whale 
for 22 years. In the beginning of the 18th cen- 
tury, whales were constantly taken on the bay 
shore of Cape Cod. For the last 60 years few 
have been seen in the bay ; but they have been 
pursued ia all parts of the world ; and the en. 
terprize, skill and hardihood, fostered by this 
adventurous business, have contributed to the 
improvement of American seamen. The ships 
are chiefly fitted out at Nantucket and New 
Bedford. The cod fishery is carried on on the 
N. E. coast of the U. S., and on those of New- 
foundland and Labrador. In 1831, in the cus- 
tom house district including Barnstable, licenses 



were granted to 188 vessels engaged in cod 
fishing, each averaging 58 tons, and employing 
in all, 1,500 men and boys. The proceeds for 
the year were about $319,000, or about $120 
per share, after deducting owners' portions and' 
incidental expenses. The mackerel fishery ia 
chiefly carried on along the coast. The manu. 
factures of Mass. are extensive and various ; 
those of cotton and woollen are carried on chiefly 
by large and wealthy companies, and by ma- 
chinery. In Berkshire co. there is invested for 
manufacturing purposes, in real estate, buildings 
and fixtures, $653,625, in machinery and tools, 
g376,405, and in active capital, $526,650. The 
value of sheep and wool in the county, is about 
^591,250, making an aggregate amount invested 
by the manufacturers and wool growers of Berk- 
shire of $2,087,930. The value of the pro- 
duce of these establishments from Oct. 1830, 
to Oct. 1831, was estimated at $2,000,965. 
Salt is extensively manufactured on the coast 
from sea water. There are in the state 17,- 
545,760 sq. feet of salt works, of which 13,- 
799,710 sq. feet are in the co. of Barnstable, 
and cost $1,379,971. The expenses of the 
state in 1831, were, $381,481 68 cents, re- 
ceipts $325,055 25 cents, deficit $26,451 45 
cents, to be supplied by taxation. The amount 
of taxable property. May 1, 1832, $208,353,- 
024 45 cents, and the number of polls 159,- 
444. In 1821, property, $153,360,407 54 cts, 
and polls 122,715. The taxable property in the 
cos. of Mass. March 2, 1832, was as follows : — 
Sufl^olk, $86,244,261 25 ; Essex, $24,335,935 
57 ; Middlesex, $21,182,609 ; Worcester, .$21,- 
166,640 68 ; Hampshire, $5,603,255 87; Hamp- 
den, $5..548.3i2 20; Franklin, $5,452,300; 
Norfolk, $10,229,111 09; Berkshire, $6,744,- 
648 34; Bristol, $11,346,916 33; Barnstable, 
$3,500,000; Dukes, ,$534,166 75; Nantucket, 
$3,895,288 40; Plymouth, $7,576,932 06. 
There was in the state (Aug. 1633) 83 char- 
tered banking corporations, with an aggregate' 
capital of $24,520,000. The amount of bills in 
circulation was <^7, 122,856, and the amount of 
specie on hand was $952,205. Of these banks, 
23 are located in Boston, and have a capital of 
$13,000,000. In 1831, Oct. 31 st the nett 
amount of profits on hand was $734,312 33; 
balances due to other banks, $2,477,615 43; 
cash deposited, &c. not bearing interest, $4,, 
401,965 62; cash deposited, beai-ing interest, 
^54,550,947 68; due from the banks, .S4 1,393,- 
083 33 ; gold, silver, &c. in banks, ^919,959 
73 ; real estate, $683,307 89 ; bills of banks 
in this state, $1,104,567 29 ; bills of banks 
elsewhere, $270,006 88; balances due from 
other banks, ^2,427,679 37 ; due to the banks, 
excepting balances, $36,040,760 76 ; total re- 
sources of the banks, $41,445,700 09; amount 
of last dividend, <^566,715 ; amount of reserved 
profits, ^409,128 76; debts secured by pledge 
of stock, §'752,312 37; debts due, and consid. 
ered doubtful, §268,687 81. The interests of 
learning have ever been cherished in Mass. 
with peculiar care. Many of the learned di- 
vines and civilians of England were among its 
early settlers, and the people have ever been 
conspicuous for their regard to useful know- 
ledge ; to the general diffusion of which they 



MAS 



^80 



MAS 



have greatly contributed. Harvard college, at 
Cambridge, the most liberally endowed insti- 
tution in the U. S., was founded in 1638, chiefly 
by a donation of .Tno. Harvard ; and the first 
printing press in America, at wliich all the 
printing of the colony was done for 30 years, 
was set up at that place the following year. 
In 1764, the college buildings, with a library of 
5000 vols. &c. were burnt. The constitution 
places this institution under a board of over- 
seers, consisting in part of the gov., lieut. gov., 
council and senate. It now has a choice library 
of 36,000 vols. There are two other colleges 
in the state, Williams college, in Williams- 
town, founded in 1755, and Amherst college, 
near Northampton, founded in 1821. The con. 
stitution makes it the duty of the legislature and 
magistrates, "to cherish the interests of litera- 
ture and science, and all seminaries of them, 
especially the university at Cambridge, public 
schools, and grammar schools in the towns." 
There is a flourishing theological institution for 
Congregationalists at Andover, founded in 1807 ; 
and one for Baptists at Newton. There is a 
medical school at Pittsfield, beside that at Cam- 
bridge, and various private literary institutions 
of highly respectable standing. The number of 
incorporated academies in the state is 43. The 
means of common education are provided for 
all at the expense of the state. Every town 
with 50 families is required by law to have a 
free school for children, in which must be 
taught the rudiments of learning, at least 6 
months in the year. In towns of 100 and 150 
families, it must be kept 10 and 12 months, 
those of 500 families, the history of U. S., 
book-keeping, geometry, algebra, and surveying 
must be taught, at least 10 months of the year. 
In towns of 4,000, in addition to the'other 
branches, must be taught Latin, Greek, history, 
rhetoric and logic. It is made the duty of all 
teachers to impress the pupils with the princi- 
ples of religion and virtue, as the basis of hu. 
man society and republican institutions. The 
schools are superintended, and the instructers 
appointed by committees of the districts. The 
internal improvements of the state are numer- 
ous. The roads and bridges are many and ex- 
cellent. The South Hadley canal, round a fall of 
the Conn, r., was the first work of the kind used 
in the U. S. That round Miller's falls, near 
Greenfield, forms a part of the same line of im- 
provements in the navigation of Conn. r. The 
Middlesex canal connects the Merrimack at 
Lowell with the Boston harbor. The Blackstone 
canal, which extends to Providence in R. T., lies 
partly in this state. The Hampshire and Hamp- 
den canal is partly completed, and extends from 
the river at Northampton to the Farmington 
canal in Conn. ; thus opening a line of boat 
navigation to New Haven, Conn. Several 
other canals have been planned and some 
surveyed, but the modern improvements in 
rail roads will probably prevent their prose- 
cution. The first rail road constructed in 
America was that of Quincy in Norfolk co., 
which is used to transport granite to the waters 
of Boston harbor. Others have been projected, 
and 3 are now constructing ; the Boston and 
Lowell, the Boston and Worcester, and the Bos- 



ton and Providence rail roads. The state prison 
at Charlestown is an institution highly creditable 
to the state. By liberal appropriations from the 
treasury to the means of experiment in peniten- 
tiary regulation and discipline, a mere prison 
house, for the physical restraint of the body, has 
been converted into a school of salutary instruc- 
tion and reform to the minds of the most vicious 
and abandoned of our fellow men. The de- 
meanor of the convicts has been softened and 
corrected, and from the admonitions aflforded 
here, and the greater terror inspired abroad, 
commitments have sensibly diminished. With- 
in the last year, the number of pi-isoners was 
reduced from 290 at its commencement, to 256 
at its close. Of 256 convicts, 156 were led by 
intemperance to the commission of offences, 
182 had lived in the habitual neglect and viola- 
tion of the Sabbath ; 82 were permitted to grow 
up without regular employment; 68 had been 
truants to their parents while in their minority ; 
61 could not write, and many were wholly una. 
ble to read. In 1828, the excess of expendi. 
ture was more than $12,000 ; in 1829 it was 
between 7 and js8,000 ; in 1830 nearly p,000, 
while in 1831, iTwas only .f 477 47. A hospital 
for the insane has recently been erected. The 
state government is doing much by the annual 
bestowment of a bounty for the education of the 
destitute deaf and dumb ; by liberal encourage- 
ment to agricultural societies, and by fulfilling 
the injunctions of the constitution upon " legis- 
latures and magistrates, in all periods of the 
commonwealth, to promote by rewards and im- 
munities, agriculture, arts, sciences, trades, 
manufactures, and a natural history of the coun- 
try." To promote the culture of silk, the legis- 
lature had a concise manual compiled and cir- 
culated, on the growth and culture of the mul. 
berry tree. The design of obtaining an accurate 
map of the state from actual surveys and ad- 
measurements upon trigonometrical principles, 
is in a course of diligent prosecution. The ex- 
aminations of the country have been mostly 
made, and the first part of an elaborate fcien. 
tific report, comprising the economical geology 
of the state, accompanied with a map, delineat- 
ing by numbers and colorings, the various mine- 
rals and rock formations which prevail, is pre- 
pared. The second part is to exhibit the topo. 
graphical geology ; the third the scientific geo. 
logy, and the fourth, catalogues of the native 
mineralogical, botanical, and zoological produc. 
tions. Arrangements have been made to pro- 
cure the immediate publication of the first part 
of the report. There were in Mass. in 1831, 
491 Congregational churches, with 423 ordained 
ministers, of whom 118 are Unitarians; 129 
Baptist churches, with 1 1 ministers, and 12,580 
communicants ; 71 Methodist preachers, and 
8,200 members ; 46 Universalist societies ; 31 
Episcopal ministers; 8 New .Jerusalem socie- 
ties ; 9 Presbyterian ministers ; 4 Roman Cath- 
olic churches, and 4 Shaker societies. 

Massametter, p-v. marked on the p-o. list 
as in Shenandoah co. Va. but is probably in the 
new CO. of Page, by p-r. 114 ms. westward 
W. C. 

Massena, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 43 ms. 
E. N. E. Ogdensburgh, has a good soil, and Grass 



MAT 



281 



MAU 



and Racket rs. furnish good mill seats. It is 
opposite Cornwall, Upper Canada. Pop. 2,068. 
Masserne, from Mt. Cerne, one of its peaks ; 
a chain of mtns. in the United States and Texas, 
extending from the state of Mississippi over 
Arkansas into Texas, in a nearly similar direc- 
tion with the mtn. range of the Appalachian 
system. The Masserne is traversed by Red 
and Arkansas rs. and gives source to the Mer- 
rimac, Gasconnade, St. Francis, White, and Oua- 
chitta rs. No scientific survey has ever been 
made of the Masserne, a remark which might 
indeed be extended and applied to the Appala- 
chian system. The provincial vulgarism Ozark, 
the hunters' name for Arkansas, has been given 
to the Massernes, by some writers and map 
makers. 

Massillon, p-v. on the Ohio canal, near the 
centre of Stark co. Ohio, by p-r. 108 ms. n. e. 
Columbus. Pop. 359. The water level in the 
canal at Massillon, is 942 ft. above the mean 
height of Atlantic tides. 

Matapoiset Harbor, extends from Buzzard's 
bay, into Rochester, and receives Matapoiset r. 
from Plymouth co. Pflass. 

Matchapungo Inlet, on the coast of the At- 
lantic, between Hog and Prouts isls. North- 
ampton CO. Va. It opens into a sheet or small 
gulf called Broad Water, 28 ms. n. n. e. cape 
Charles. On Tanner's U. S. it is laid down at 
lat. 37° 20'. 

Mathews, co. of Va. bndd. by Gloucester co. 
s. w. and w., by Piankatanck r. separating it 
from Middlesex n., Chesapeake bay e., and 
Mobjack bay s. Length from Point Comfort to 
the N. w. angle on Piankatanck bay, 17 ms., 
mean width 4 ms., and area 68 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. 37° 22' to 37° 30', and in long. 
0° 33' to 0° 48' E. W. C. This co. is commen- 
surate with a small peninsula between Mobjack 
and Piankatanck bays. Pop. 7,664. 

Mathews c. h., and p-o. Mathews co. Va. by 
p-r. 108 ms. though in direct distance about 70 
ms. E. Richmond. 

Mathews' PeaieIe, and p-o. sthrn. part of 
Scott CO. Mo. by p-r. 256 ms. s. e. Jefterson city, 
and 150 a little e. of s. St. Louis. 

Mathewsville, p-o. Pocahontas co. Va. by 
p-r. 205 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Mattapont, r. of Va. has its extreme source 
on the estrn. border of Orange co.near the Rap- 
id Ann, about 25 ms. westward Fredericks- 
burg, but the most numerous of its creeks are 
in Spotsylvania. These unite within and trav- 
erse Carolina, and thence forming a boundary 
between King William and King and Queen, 
unite with the Pamunky, to form York r. after 
a comparative southeastern course of 10 ms. 
The valley of the Mattapony lies between those 
of the Rappahannoc and Pamunky, and is trav- 
ersed byN. lat. 38^^ and the meridian of W. C. 

Matteawan, cr. Monmouth co. N. J. runs 
into Raritanbay, 4 ms. s. e. Amboy, is naviga- 
ble for vessels of 60 tons to Middletown point. 
Matteawan or Fishkill mtns. N. Y., called 
the Highlands of Hudson r., l6 or 18 ms. wide, 
in cos. of Rockland, Orange, Westchester, 
Putnam and Duchess. They are probably con- 
nected with the Alleghany, being of primitive 
rocks ; the numerous peaks form the romantic 



pass of the Highlands in Hudson r. ; the range 
extends from N. J. n. e. to Mass. 

Mattox, or Mattax bridge and p-o, in the 
nrthwst. part of Westmoreland co. Va., by p-r. 
97 ms. N. N. e. Richmond, and 90 s. W. C. 

Mattox's, p-o. Tatnall co. Geo., by p-r. 131 
ms. s. e. Milledgeville. 

Mattsville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 53 
ms. nrthrd. Phil. 

Mauch Chunk, flourishing p-v. on the right 
bank of Lehigh r., 31 ms. n. w. Bethlehem, and 
84 N. N. w. Phil. This very remarkable village 
has risen amid mtns. and rocks, on ground 
scarce wide enough to admit a street, from be- 
ing the depot for the immense strata of anthra- 
cite coal found in the mtn. from which the name 
is taken, and at the foot of which the village is 
situated. The coal strata, or the most exten. 
sive mine yet opened, is about 9 ms. westrd. 
from the village, and lies upwards of 1,000 ft. 
above the Lehigh level. Down this descent the 
coal is brought along a rail-way, and meets a 
canal, and slack water navigation, at Mauch 
Chunk. This work, called " The Lehigh nav- 
igation," extends along the Lehigh r. 47 ms., 
with a fall of 364 feet to the Del. at Easton. 
This navigation everywhere admits boats of 5 
ft. draught, through 57 locks of 22 feet wide. 
(See arts. Del. and Lehigh rs.) The village 
was commenced in 1820 or '21, and in 1830 
the number of inhabitants was 1,343. Accord- 
ing to a statement in the Phil. Eve. Post, Jan. 
29th, 1830, the quantity of coal shipped from 
the Lehigh mines, and passing through Mauch 
Chunk was, in 1825, 28,393 tons ; 1826, 
31,280; 1827, 30,305; 1828, 30,111; 1829, 
25,110 ; 1830, 42,225 ; total, 187,424 tons. 

Mauhanoy, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. 
(See Mahanoy.) 

Mauicport, p-v. on O. r. Harrison co. Ind., by 
p-r. 152 ms. sthrd. Indianopolis. 

Maumee, r. of 0., Ind., and Mich., the great. 
est wstrn. confluent of lake Erie. This very 
remarkable r. is composed of two constituent 
branches, the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's. St. 
Mary's rises in Allen, Mercer, and Shelby cos. 
0., interlocking sources with those of Wabash, 
Great Miami, and Au Glaize rs. ; flowing 
thence 60 ms. to the n. w., into Allen co. Ind., 
it unites with the St. Joseph's r. The latter 
rising in Hillsdale co. Mich., and assuming a 
s. w. course, traverses the nrthwstrn. angle of 
Williams co. O., enters Allen co. Ind., and 
unites with the St. Mary's as already noticed. 
To view those two rs. on a m-ap, their natural 
course would appear to be down the Wabash, 
but curving on themselves, the united waters 
now known as Maumee, assume a n. e. course ; 
flows in that direction 45 ms., to where it re- 
ceives almost at the same point, Au Glaize r. 
from the s. and Bean or Tiffen's r. from the n. 
Continuing n. e. 60 ms. farther, Maumee is lost 
in the extreme wstrn. angle of lake Erie. This 
stream, like all others which issue from 0. in- 
to lake Erie, is obstructed by rapids a few ms. 
above its mouth ; otherwise it is navigable at 
high water into both its main branches. The 
Au Glaize, which falls into the Maumee at De- 
fiance, is the most considerable branch, not 
falling much under the St. Mary's and St. Jo- 



MAY 



282 



MEC 



seph's united. The valley of Maumee, occu- 
pying the whole nrthvvslrn, angle of the state 
of 0., is in length from s. w. to n. e. 100 ms., 
with a mean breadth of at least 50, area 5,000 
sq. ms., comprising small fractions in Mich, 
and Ind. This r. and its branches drain in O. 
the COS. of Mercer, Allen, Vanwat, Putnam, 
Hancock, Wood, Henry, Williams, and Pauld- 
ing. In lat. the valley stretches from 40° 30' 
to 42°. 

Maumee, p-v. on Maumee r., where the road 
crosses from Columbus to Detroit, by p-r. 136 
ms. N. N. w. Columbus. 

Maurefas, lake of, La., between the parishes 
of St. Helena and St. John Baptists, receiving 
the Amite r. from the w., and communicating 
on the estrd. with lake Pontchartrain, by the 
pass of Mauchae, a strait of about 6 ms. Lake 
Maurepas lies in an elliptic form, 12 by 7 ms. ; 
depth generally about 12 ft. though in the pass 
of Mauchae the water shallows to about 6 ft. 
Besides the Amite, Maurepas receives New r. 
from the s. w., and Tickfoiia from the n. The 
country adjacent to this lake is mostly low and 
marshy. 

Maurice, r. Cumberland co. N. .T., rises in 
Gloucester co. and runs nearly s. about 30 ms., 
receiving several branches, and enters Del. bay 
at Maurice cove, through low and swampy 
banks. 

Maurice River, p-t. Cumberland co. N. J., be., 
tween Maurice r. and Salem, and Gloucester cos. 

Maury, co. of Ten., bndd. by Hickman w. ; 
Dickson n. w. ; Williamson n. ; Bedford e. ; 
and Giles s. Length 30, mean width 24, and 
area 720 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 22' to 
35° 50' N., and in long. 9° 42' to 10° 18' w. W. 
C This CO. lies entirely in the valley of Duck 
r . which winds over it in a n. w. by w. direc. 
tion, receiving numerous crs. from both sides ; 
soil of first rate quality ; staple, cotton. In 
this CO. 9 ms. from Columbia, a manual labor 
school has recently been established under 
very favorable auspices. It has a president, 
vice president, a professor, and 3 teachers. 
The two first are also professors. The studies 
embrace the languages, natural and moral phi- 
losophy, mathematics, and rhetoric. Gf. t. Co- 
lumbia. Pop. 1820, 22,141 ; 1830,27,665. 

Maxatawny, p-o. and tsp. Berks co. Pa., 20 
ms. N. N. E. Reading. The tsp. lies on the bor- 
der of Lehigh co., and on the Sacony branch 
of Maiden cr. Pop. 1820, 1,847. 

May (Cape), Cape May co. N. J., the n. point 
of Del. bay ; long. 74° 56' w. (Greenwich,) lat. 
39° N. The Del. breakwater is erecting within 
this cape. Here is the termination of a range 
of low, sandy, barren coast from Shrewsbury 
hither. Pop. 4,936. 

Maybinton, p-o. Newbury dist. S. C, by p-r. 
14 ms. wstrd. Newbury, and 54 n. w. by w. Co- 
lumbia. 

Mayfield, r. small stream of wstrn. Ky., rises 
in Graves co., and first pursuing a nrthrn. course, 
turns abruptly west, separating Graves from 
MacCracken, and thence MacCracken from 
Hickman, falling into Mis. a few ms. below the 
mouth of Ohio. 

Mayfield, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y., 8 ms. 
N. E. Johnstown and 40 n. w. Albany ; has good 



1 grass and grain soil, and Cranberry, Mayfield, 
and Fondas crs. with mill seats ; 2 post offices. 
Mayfield mtn. extends to Mohawk r. Pop. 
2,614. 

Mayfield, p-v. and st. jus. Graves co. Ky., 
situated on a branch of Mayfield r., about 35 
ms. s. E. the mouth of Ohio r., and by p-r. 277 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and lat. 36° 45', and 
long.ll°45'w. W. C. 

Mayo, p-v. in the estrn. part of Rockingham 
CO. N. C., by p-r. 97 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Mayville, p-t. and st. jus. Chatauque co. N. 
Y., a flourishing village, by p-r. 338 ms. w, Al- 
bany. 

Mays Lick, and p-o. in the sthrn. part of Ma- 
son CO. Ky., about 65 ms. n. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Maysville, p-v. and st. jus. Buckingham co. 
Va., situated near the centre of the co., on Slate 
cr., about 35 ms. nrthestrd. Lynchburg, and by 
p-r. 287 ms. very nearly due w. of Richmond. 
Lat. 37° 32', and long. 1° 32' w, W. C. 

Maysville, p-v. on the O. r., nthrn. part of 
Mason co. Ky., 60 ms. n. e. by n. Lexington, by 
p-r. 67 N. E. Frankfort, and about 65 ms. by the 
r., s. E. Cincinnati. This village was formerly 
called Limestone, and was amongst the original 
settlements of the state. The site is on a rath- 
er elevated bottom of the Ohio r., 3 ms. from 
Washington, the co. seat ; and by water about 
500 ms. below Pittsburg. It is the second t. of 
Ky. in regard to commercial importance, and 
the business of the place is rapidly increasing. 
It contains 3 or 4 places of public worship, a 
court house, market, and several other public 
buildings ; and several manufactories, beside 
one of glass of considerable extent. The im- 
portance of Maysville has arisen from being the 
mart of upper Ky., and lying on the direct 
nthrn. thoroughfare. Lat. 38° 40', long. 6° 40' 
w. W. C. Pop. 2,040. 

Maytown, p-v. near the left bank of the Sus- 
quehannah r. Lancaster co. Pa., 22 ms. s. e. 
Harrisburg, and 15 w. Lancaster. 

Mazeville, p-o. Greenbriar co. Va., by p-r. 
266 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Meadville, p-t. and st. jus. Crawford co. Pa. 
It is situated on French cr. 25 ms. w. Franklin, 
35 s. Erie, and by p-r. 236 n. Harrisburg. The 
village is very pleasant, containing the ordinary 
county buildings, a court house, &c., also an 
arsenal, bank, and an academy. A weekly 
newspaper is published here. Alleghany col- 
lege, which was founded in 1815, is located 
here. Several grants, amounting to .$11,000, 
have been made to this institution, and it has a 
library of 8,000 volumes. There are 3 instruc- 
ters, but at present the number of students is 
very limited. Commencement is on the first 
Wednesday in July. Pop. 1,070. 

Meadville, p-v.Halifax co. Va., by p-r. 139 
ms. s. w. W. C, 

Meadville, p-v. and st. jus, Franklin co. 
Misp., 105 ms. from Jackson, and 1,139 from 
W. C. Pop. 300. 

Meansville, p-o. Union dist. S. C, by p-r. 87 
ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Mears Farm, and p-o. Hamilton co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 116 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Mecca, p-v. Trumbull co. 0., by p-r. 176 ms. 
N. E. by E. Columbus. 



MED 



283 



MEN 



Mechanicsburg, p-v. Champaign co. O., by 
p-r. 39 ms. n. w. by w. Columbus. 

Mechanic's Hall, p-o. Moore co. N. C, by 
p-r. 83 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Mechanic Grove, and p-o. Clark co. Ala., 
by p-r. 132 ms. sthwd. Tuscaloosa. 

Mechanicsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 
39 ms. nthrd. Philadelphia. 

Mechanicsville, p-v. Montgomery co. Ma- 
ryland, 30 ms. s. w. Baltimore, and 8 n. e. 
Rockville. 

Mechanicsville, p-v. Vanderburg co. Ind. 
by p-r. 164 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Mechanicville, p-v. Stillwater, Saratoga co. 
N. Y. 

Mecklenburg, co. Va., bndd. by Halifax w., 
Charlotte n. w., Lunenburg n., Brunswick e., 
and by Warren and Granville cos. N. C. s. 
Length 36, mean width 18, and area 648 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. 36° 30' to 36° 53', and in long. 
1° 08' to 1° 46' w. W, C. The junction of 
Stanton and Dan rivers, to form the Roanoke, 
is made on the western side of this co., and the 
thence fine navigable river winds by a rather 
sinuous channel over the co. in a southeast by 
E. direction, leaving it at the southeastern an- 
gle. The northern side is drained by iVleherin 
river, flowing nearly parallel to the Roanoke ; 
the slope is of course in the direction of the 
streams. Staples, grain, flour, cotton, tobacco, 
&c. Cf. t. Boydton. Pop. 1820, 19,786—1830, 
20,477. 

Mecklenburg, co. N. C, bndd. by Catawba 
r. separating it from Lincoln n. w., Iredell .\., 
Cabarras n. e., Anson e., Lancaster dist. S. C. 
E., and York dist. S. C. s. w. Length s. to n. 
50, mean width 18, and area 900 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 34° 48' to 35° 30', and in 
long. 3° 32' to 4° 06' w. W. C. The northeas- 
tern and eastern boundary of this co. coincides 
nearly with the dividing ridge between the 
sources of streams flowing into the Yadkin 
eastward and into the Catawba river westward. 
The slope is of course westward or rather a 
little s. of w. towards the latter r. Cf t. Char- 
lotte. Pop. 1820, 16,895—1830, 20,078. 

Mecklenburg, p-v. Knox co. Ten., 12 ms. 
sthrd. Knoxville, and by p-r. 177 ms. a little s. of 
E. Nashville. 

Medfield, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 9 ms. s. 
w. Dedham, 17 s. w. Boston, e. side Charles 
r., was burnt by Indians 1675. Population 
817. 

Medford, (formerly Mystic) p-t. Middlesex 
CO. Mass., 4 ms. n. of Boston. Mystic r. and 
Middlesex canal pass through it. Burgoyne's 
army encamped at Winter Hill after his cap. 
ture. Pop. 1,755. 

Medina, co. of Ohio, bndd. by Stark s. e., 
Wayne s., Lorain w. and n. w., Cuyahoga n., 
and Portage E. Length 24, mean breadth 24, 
and area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 10', long. 4° 
48' w. Slope to the n. towards lake Erie. Cf 
t. Medina. Pop. 7,560. 

Medina, p-v. and st. jus. Medina co. O., by 
p-r. Ill ms. N. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 622. 

Medrosta Lake, Me. is drained by Spey r. 
which flows into St. .Tohn's r. 

Medway, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 15 miles s. 
w. Dedham, 20 from Boston, n. Charles r., 



contains a number of manufactories. It was 
incorporated in 1713, before apart of Medfield. 
Pop. 1,756. 

Meesville, p-v. Roane co. Ten., by p-r. 153 
ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Meeting Street, p-o. nthrn. part of Edge- 
field district, S. C, by p-r. 65 ms. wstrd. Co. 
lumbia. 

Meherin, r. of Virginia, and N. C, deriving 
its most remote sources from Charlotte, but ri- 
sing principally in Lunenburg and Mecklen- 
burg COS., and uniting on the wstrn. margin of 
Brunbwick. Continuing its original course s. 
E. by E. over Brunswick and Greensville, and 
thence separating a part of Greensville from 
Southampton, it enters N. C. between North- 
ampton and Gates cos., and joins the Nottaway 
to form the Chowan, between Gates and Hert- 
ford COS. The entire comparative course of 
the Meherin is about 95 miles, but the valley is 
narrow, not exceeding 20 miles width at any 
part, (mean width hardly 10) area about 900 sq. 
ms., lying between the vallies of Roanoke and 
Nottaway. 

Meherin Grove, and p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. 
by p-r. 92 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Meigs, co. Ohio, bndd. s. w. by Gallia, n. w. 
and N. by Athens, Ohio river separating it from 
Wood CO. Va. N. e., and again by the Ohio river 
separating it from Mason co. Va. e., s. e. and s. 
Length from east to west 30, mean breadth 15, 
and area 450 sq. ms. Lat. 39° and long. 5° w. 
W. C. intersect in this co. Surface very bro. 
ken, but some tolerably productive. Cf t. Ches- 
ter. Pop. 1820, 4,480, 1830, 6,158. 

Meigs cr., and p-o. Morgan co. O. by p-r. 77 
ms. s. e. by e, Columbus. 

Meigsville, p-v. Randolph co. Va. by p-r. 
211ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Meigsville, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 84 
ms. N. e. by e. Nashville. 

Melmore, p-v. Seneca co. Ohio, by p-r. 80 ms. 
N. Columbus. 

Meltonsville, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 132 ms. s. w. by w. 
Raleigh. 

Memphis, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. Ten. 
situated on an elevated bluff" of the Misp. r. 
immediately below the mouth of Loosahat- 
che or Wolf r., by p-r. 226 ms. s. w. by w. 
Nashville. Lat. 35° 06' and long. 13° 02' w. 
W.C. 

Memphremagog, lake, partly in Orleans co. 
Vt. but chiefly in Lower Canada, is 30 or 40 
ms. long, from n. to s., and 2 or 3 wide, and 
communicates by the St. Francis with St. Law- 
rence r. Only 7 or 8 ms. of the s. end are in 
Vermont. It lies about half way between Con- 
necticut r. and lake Champlain. A bay from 
the s. end extends into Coventry. In Vt. the 
lake occupies about 15 sq, ms., receiving Clyde, 
Black and Barton rivers. "The "Magog oil- 
stones" are brought from an island 2 ms. n. of 
the Canada line, and are sold in the seaports for 
about 50 cents a pound. 

Menan, Little, island Washington co;. Me. 
has a lighthouse, 2 ms. s. s. e. Goldsborough, 
ands. Steuben. 

Menassas Gap, and p.o. Frederick co. Va. by 
p-r. 134 ms. westward W. C. 



MER 



284 



MER 



Mendham, p-t. Morris co. N. J. 7 nis. w. 
Morristown, 35 w. N. Y., near the head waters 
of Passaic r. ; has an academy, and a fine hilly 
surface, with good farms. Pop. 1,314. 

Mendon, t. Rutland co. Vt. Pop. 432. 

Mendon, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 32 ms. s. 
w. Boston. Blackstone r. and canal cross the 
S. w. part of the town, and Mill r. runs through 
it. There are several manufactories of cotton, 
and woollen mills ; the Blackstone factory is 
very large. Pop. 3,152. 

Mendon, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 15 ms. s. of 
Rochester. Honeoye outlet and other streams 
supply mills. Pop. 3,057. 

Menomonie, r. of Mich, ter., and confluent of 
Green Bay, rises in the country of the Meno- 
monie Indians, sthrd. lake Superior, and flowing 
thence sthestrd. about lOOms., falls into Green 
Bay atlat. 45° 28', and nearly due w., the strait 
uniting Green Bay to lake Mich., and 50 ms. n. 
E. fort Howard. 

Menomonie island, in Green Bay, Mich, ter., 
lying about midway between the mouth of iVie- 
nomonie r., and the Grand Traverse straits be- 
tween Green bay and lake Mich. 

Menomonie, st. jus. Brown co. Mich. Posi- 
tion uncertain. 

Mentor, p-v. and tsp. Geauga co. 0., by p-r. 
162 ms. N. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 703. 

Mentz, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 8 ms. n. n. 
w. Auburn. Seneca r. and Owasco outlet fur- 
nish mills and navigation. Villages, Montezu- 
ma and Bucksville, on Erie canal, and Throops- 
ville. Pop. 4,143. 

Mercer, p-t. Somerset co. Me., s. w. Nor- 
ridgewock, n. Kennebec co. ; has a large pond 
in the s. e. Pop. 1,210. 

Mercer, co. Pa., bndd. n. by Crawford ; n. e. 
by Venango ; s. e. by Butler; s. by Beaver; 
and w. by Trumbull co. O. Length s. to n. 34, 
mean width 25, and area 850 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. 41° 02' to 41° 28', and in long. 3° 04' 
to 3° 37' w. W. C. The valley of Chenango r. 
occupies the far greater part of this co., flowing 
sthrd. into Big Beaver ; consequently the slope 
of the CO. is sthrd.; surface moderately hilly, 
and soil productive. Cf. t. Mercer. Pop. 1820, 
11,681, 1830, 19,731. 

Mercer, p-v. borough and st. jus. Mercer co. 
Pa., situated near the centre of the co., 55 ms. 
a little w. of n. Pittsburg, and 30 ms. a little w. 
of s. Meadville ; lat. 41° 15', long. 3° 20' w. 
W. C. Pop. 1820, 506. 

Mercer, co. of Ky., bndd. by Dicks r. sepa- 
rating it from Garrard e. ; Lincoln s. e. ; Casey 
S. ; Washington w. ; Anderson n. ; and Ky. r. 
separating it from Woodford and Jessamine n. 
E. Length from s. to n. 28, mean breadth 13, 
and area 364 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 37° 32' 
to 37° 55', and in long. 7° 36' to 7° 56' w. W. 
C. The declivity of this CO. is northward ; the 
soil highly productive. Cf. t. Harrodsburg. 
Pop. 1820, 15,587 ; 1830, 17,694. 

Mercer, co. 0., bndd. by Vanwert n. ; Al- 
len N. e. ; Shelby s. e ; Darke s. ; and the state 
of Ind. w. Length 28, mean breadth 20, and 
area 560 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 35', and long. W. 
C. 7° 38' w. This co. occupies the table land 
from which flows St. Mary's branch of Great 
Maumee, and on which rise the extreme 



sources of the Wabash. It is remarkable that 

both rivers assume a parallel n. w. course, 
which they maintain over Mercer into India, 
na, and thence converge into directly opposite 
courses ; the Wabash to the s. w. and Maumee 
N. E. It is obvious from the foregoing circum- 
stances in the course of its streams, that Mer- 
cer is amongst the most elevated tracts between 
the vallies of Ohio and St. Lawrence. Cf. t. 
St. Mary's. Pop. 1,110. 

Mercer, co. II., bndd. n. by Rock Island co. ; 
N.E. by Henry; s. E.byKnox; s. Warren; and 
w. Misp. r. Breadth 20, mean length from e. 
to w. 30, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. of its cen- 
tre, 41° 15', long. 14° 42' w. W. C. This new 
CO. occupies the space eastward of the Great 
bend of the IViisp, r., below the rapids of Rock 
r., and opposite the influx of the Low and Iowa 
rs., and lies about 200 ms. n. w. Vandalia. By 
the census of 1830, it contained but 26 inhabi- 
tants, and possessed no p-o. Oct. 1831. 

Mercer's Bottom, and p-o. on the Ohio r. 
Mason co. Va., by p-r. 326 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Mercerseijrg, p-v. in the southwest part of 
Franklin co. Pa., 16 ras. s. w. Chambersburg, 
and by p-r. 89 ms. n. vv. W. C. 

Mercersville, p-v. Edgecombe co. N. C. by 
P-r. 47 ins. esU-d. Raleigh. 

Meredith, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., w. Winni- 
piseogee lake, and 29 ms. n. Concord. Con- 
tains many ponds, a good soil, rich landscapes, 
and advantages of boat navigation on the lake 
and streams. The village at the bridge is 
partly in Guilford, and contains an academy, 
&c. Pop. 2,683. 

Meredith, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 8 ms. n. 
Delhi, and 66 w. Catskill. It sends streams both 
to Del. and Susquehannah rs., and is halfway be- 
tween both. Hilly, with good soil. Pop. 1,666. 

Meriden, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 17 ms. 
s. Hartford, 17 n. New Haven, 8 w. Middletown. 
Has pretty good, but uneven land ; in some parts 
mountaiuaus ; and though with few natural ad- 
vantages, has become an important manufactur- 
ing place, by dint of industry. The v. is pleasant, 
and contains several very fine private houses, and 
4 churches, 1 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Epis- 
copal, and 1 Methodist. The streams are small, 
with little water power ; yet about a million of 
dollars worth of different articles are annually 
manufactured and sent to other places. One 
company employs about 230 hands in the manu- 
facture of brittannia coffee pots, spoons, coffee 
mills, waffle irons, signal lanthorns, &c., value 
about tS>200,000 per ann. Other manufactures 
are wooden clocks, value per ann. about ,f 50,000 ; 
ivory, wood, box-wood and horn combs, value 
per ann. about $40,000 ; augur bits and rakes, 
value per ann. about ^20,000 ; tin ware, value per 
ann. $90,000 ; and another manufacture of brit- 
tania ware, which manufactures ^95,000 worth 
annually. There are others of japanned ware, 
shoes and boots, &c.&c. Some very useful inven- 
tions have originated in this place. The first 
branch of manufacture extensively engaged in 
here, was that of tin ware. Pop. 1,708. 

Meridian Sprustcs, and p-v. in the wstrn. part 
of Hinds co. Misp. about 65 ms. n. e. Natchez, 
and 31 s. w. Jackson ; the seat of government 
for the state. 



MET 



285 



MET 



Meridianville, p-v. Madison co. Ala., 8 ms. 
N. Huntsville, and by p-r. 136 ms. n. n. e. Tus- 
caloosa. 

Merit, p-v. Wayne co. N. C. 75 ms. s. e. Ra- 
leigh. 

Mermentau, r. of La., rises within and drains 
the extensive prairies of Opelousas and wstrn. 
Attacapas. It is formed by the bayous Nezpi- 
que,Cane, Plaquemine Brule, and Queue Fortue. 
General course s. vf. over a country almost a 
perfect plane, where the smallest fragment of 
stone is rare, and except narrow lines of woods 
along the streams, the whole covered with 
grass. Before reaching its outlet into the gulf 
of Mexico, timber, with the exception of de- 
tached clumps of live oak, entirely ceases. The 
soil towards the sources of its branches, is but 
of second rate quality, but contrary to the usual 
operations of nature, still more deteriorates ad- 
vancing downwards towards the Gulf. The 
prevailing timber in the woods is oak, hickory, 
sweet gum, and pine along the bayous Cane and 
Plaquemine Brule ; on the Nezpique, pine in- 
creases proceeding n. wstrd., and approaching 
the waters of Calcasiu becomes the common 
tree. Cypress swamps are frequent near the 
confluence of Nezipique and Plaquemine Brule. 
Below the latter point, live oak appears, and in 
greater or less quantities is found on this river 
thence to the mouth. With the Mermentau, 
however, live oak terminates in that part of the 
Gulf coast ; none is to be seen on either the 
Calcasiu or the Sabine. In autumn, when the 
streams are low, the tide ascends this basin into 
each of the confluent streams ; but on the con- 
trary, in winter and spring, when heavy rains 
have fallen, the flood from the prairies over- 
powers the low tides of the gulf. Below the 
union of its branches, this river expands into a 
lake, and again contracts into a narrow stream, 
and finally is lost in the gulf, over a bar afford- 
ing at common tides about 3 ft. of water. The 
lake is also a shallow sheet of water, not deeper 
than the outer bar. The greatest length of the 
Mermentau basin is about 90, mean width 30, 
and area 2,700 sq. ms. Of this surface, more 
than four fifths is composed of open grassy 
plains, water, or sea marsh. 

Mermentau lake, is an expansion of the r. 
of the same name, below the union of the dif- 
ferent confluent branches. It is a shallow sheet 
about 30 by 10 ms., differing in no essential 
physical characteristic from similar lakes along 
the coast of La. The shores are low and 
marshy. 

Merom, p-v. and st. jus. Sallivan co. Ind., by 
p-r. 115 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, and 30 ms. n. 
Vincennes. It is situated on the left bank of 
Wabash r., lat. 39° 04', long. 10° 36' w. W. C. 

Merrimack, r. N. H., the largest in that state, 
and one of the principal rs. of New England, is 
formed of the Pemigewasset, from the White 
mtns. and Winnipiseogee, which unite near the 
lower part of the line of Strafford and Grafton 
cos. It crosses the line of Mass. in Hillsboro 
CO. near Rockingkam co. after a course of 78 
ins. nearly s., and soon after runs n, e. 35 ms. 
to the ocean at Newburyport. The Pemige- 
wasset receives Mad and Baker's rs. and the 
streams from Squam and Newfound lakes. 

37 



Winnipiseogee r. comes from Winnipiseogee 
lake and Great bay. The Merrimack receives 
Contoocook, Soucook, Suncook, Piscataquog, 
Souhegan and Nashua rs. There are many 
falls, the principal of which are dammed, and 
supply water to important manufactories. Ca. 
nals have been made round them all, with locks, 
by which the r. has been navigated in boats, for 
some years, up to Concord. There are several 
bridges and many ferries, and the cap. and other 
cf. ts. stand on its banks. Monomake, its In. 
dian name, means a sturgeon. The iVIiddle. 
sex canal extends from the bend in this river in 
VI ass. to Boston harbor. The following is a 
list of the chief canals, &c. Bow canal, below 
Concord, made in 1812, cost ^20,000 ; Hook- 
set, 6 ms. below, {$1,500 ; Amoskeag, 8 miles 
below, $50,000 ; the Union canal embraces 6 
falls, and with Cromwell's falls canal cost 
^50,000. Wicasee, 15 ms. below, $14,000. 

Merrimack, co. N. H. formed since the 
census of 1820, is bndd. n. by Grafton co., n. 
E.by Strafford co., e. by Rockingham co., s. by 
Hillsborough co. and w. by Sullivan co. It 
lies nearly equidistant from the e. s. and w. 
boundaries of the state, and is well watered by 
the Merrimack river (which runs nearly thro* 
the centre of the co.) and numerous smaller 
streams which flow into that. This is a flour- 
ishing CO., and much of the soil is highly pro- 
ductive. Concord, the st. jus. and principal 
town in it, is also the seat of government of 
the state. Pop. 1820, 32,843; 1830,34,614. 

iVI ERRiMACK, p-t. Hillsboro' CO. N. H. 6 ms. 
from Amherst, 27 s. Concord, on w. side of 
Merrimack r. Souhegan r. and its branches 
supply manufactories. Pop. 1,193. 

MiiRRiTTSTowN, p.v. on Dunlap's cr. Fayette 
CO. Pa. 5 ms. a little w. of s. Brownsville, and 
10 N. w. Uniontown. 

Merrittsville, p-v. at the foot of Blue Ridge, 
and in the northern part of Greenville dist. S. 
C. about 40 ms. s. w. Rutherfordton, N. C. and 
by p-r. 122 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

iVJERRiwETHER, CO. Geo. bndd. by Talbot s. 
E., Plarris s. w., Troup w., Coweta n., and Flint 
r. separating it from Fayette n. e., and Pike is. 
It is very nearly a square of 20 ms. each way ; 
area 400 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 32° 53' to 
33° ]5', and in long. 7° 39' to 8° 2' w. W. C. 
The slope of this co. is estwrd. towards Flint 
r. Cf. t. Greenville. Pop. 4,422. 

Merry Hill and p-o. Bertie co. N C. by p-r. 
145 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Merrymeeting bay, Me. at the junction of 
Merrimack and Androscoggin rs. 20 ms. from 
the sea. 

Merry Meeting Bay, Alton, Strafford co. 
N. H., is the s. e. arm of Winnipiseogee lake, 
1,600 rods long. 

Mesopotamia, p-v. Trumbull co. 0. by p-r. 
168 ms. N. e. Columbus. 

Metcalf, P-v. Richland co. 0. by p.r. 93 ms. 
N. e. Columbus. 

Metawamkeag, r. Me. enters Penobscot r. on 
the E. side. 

Metetecunk, r. Monmouth co. N. J. enters 
the head of Barnegat bay. 

Methuen, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 26 ms. n. 
Boston, 10 from Lowell, 5 n. Andover, n. Mer. 



MIA 



286 



MIC 



rimack r., and bordering on N. H.,, is a large 
town, with wild scenery. The village, with 
about 800 inhabitants, is on Spicket r. 2 miles 
from its junction with the Merrimack. 150,000 
to 200,000 pair shoes are annually manufactur- 
ed here ; and on the Spicket r. are 2 brick 
cotton factories, owned by the Methuen Co., 
containing 4,400 spindles, 134 looms, and man- 
ufacturing annually 1,137,200 yards tickings, 
drillings, and sheetings. One of these facto- 
ries is 124 feet long, and 5 stories high. The 
Spicket has a fall at this place of 40 feet, which 
turns a wheel 108 feet in circumference, and 14 
wide, supposed to be the largest in the country. 
Pop. 2,006. 

Metuchin, v. Middlesex co. N. J. 4 ms. n. 
E. New Brunswick. 

Mexico, great inland sea of North America, 
having the Mexican states on the n. w., w., s., 
and s. E., the Cuba channel, island of Cuba and 
Florida channel e., and the U. S. n. e. and n. 
Lying between lat. 18° and 30° 31' n., and in 
long, from 4=' to 20° 30' w. W. C. The great- 
est length from Florida point to Tampico bay, 
about 1,000 ms., with a mean breadth at least 
600 ms., and area 660,000 sq. ms. This Med- 
iterranean is remarkable for its great depth. 
It is an immense reservoir, receiving the cur- 
rent of rotation through the Cuba, and dis. 
charging it again by the Flor. channel. The 
=^urfaceof the gulf must consequently be high- 
er than that of the Atlantic ocean. The tides 
in the Gulf of Mexico, where examined at 
several distant points along the northern shore, 
are found about 2 to 3 feet. A steady current 
sets wstrd. along the coast of La. a phenome. 
non demonstrated by the debris of the Misp. 
being entirely borne in that direction, and found 
scattered along the coast. 01 all the inland 
seas of the earth, the Gulf of Mexico is most 
compact in its form, and least broken by islands 
or salient capes, and with an immense peri- 
phery of 3,200 ms. ; is greatly deficient in 
good harbors. 

Mexico, p-t, Oxford co. Me., 47 ms. from Au- 
gusta; it lies N. of Androscoggin r., and is wa- 
tered by t\yo of its tributaries. Pop. 343. 

Mexico, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y., 20 ms. e. 
Oswego, has many springs and mill streams. 
Salmon cr., the principal, with Mexico Point 
and Juliana, p-vs. Pop. 2,671. 

Mexico, p-v. on the left bank of .Tuniata r. 
Mifflin CO. Pa., 31 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Miami, or GreatMiami, r. of 0. and Ind., has 
its extreme sources in Shelby and Darke cos. 
of the former, and flowing thence s. s. e. 50 
ms., over Miami and Montgomery, receives in 
the latter Mad r. Irom n. e. Mad r. rising in 
Logan, traverses Champaign and Clark, unites 
with Great Miami as already noticed. The 
two streams unite at Dayton, and assuming a 
course of s. s. w. flows in that direction by com- 
parative courses 100 ms. to its junction with 
Ohio r., having received a few ms. above its 
mouth. White Water r. from Ind. White Wa- 
ter is a stream of 70 ms. comparative course, 
rising in Darke co. Ohio, but having most of its 
course in, and deriving its principal tributaries 
from Ind. The boundary line between Ind. and 
Ohio, strikes the Ohio r. at the mouth of Great 



Miami. The valley of Great Miami is in tengin 
120 ms. from s. w. to n. e., with a mean breadth 
of 50 ms., or comprises an area of 6,000 sq. ms. 
This river has become of increasing conse- 
quence since the completion of a navigable ca- 
nal extending from Dayton to Cincinnati, open, 
ing a water means of transport from the interior 
table land of 0. to Ohio r., reaching the latter at 
the most considerable city in the state, or indeed 
of all the western states except New Orleans. 
{See article Ohio.) 

Miami co. O., bndd. by Montgomery s., Darke 
w., Shelby n., Champaign n. e., and Clark s. e. 
Length and breadth nearly equal, 20 ms., area 
400 sq. ms. Lat. 40° and 7° 15' w. long. W. C. 
intersect in this co. It is traversed in a direc- 
tion from N. N. w. to s. s. e by the main stream 
of Great Miami, tmd also by its s. w. branch. 
The soil is generally fertile. Cf. t. Troy. Pop. 
1820, 8,851, 1830, 12,807. 

Miami, co. Ind., bndd. N. e. by Wabash co., 
s. e. by Grant, Miami's' ter. s., Cass co. of Ind. 
w., and to the n. uncertain. Length from s. to 
N. 30, mean breadth 10, and area 300 sq. ms. 
Lat. 40° 50', and long. 9° w. W. C. intersect in 
this CO. Slope to the w., and in that direction 
it is traversed by the main Wabash in the cen. 
tre, by the Mississinewa to the s. and Eel r. to 
the N. These rs. unite near its wstm. border 
at Miamisport, the cf. t. 

Miami, p-v. Hamilton co. O., by p-r. 129 ms. 
s. w. Columbus. 

Miamisburg, p-v. Montgomery co. 0., by p-r. 
82 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Miamisport, placed in the p-o. list as in Cass, 
is in Miami co. Ind., and situated at the junc 
tion of Wabash and Mississinewa rs. by p-r. 
131 ms. a little e. of n. Indianopolis. As laid 
down by Tanner it stands at lat. 40° 45', long. 
9° 4' w. W. C. 

MiccoTowN, P-V. on Alahapa r. northern part 
of Hamilton co. Flor., about 90 ms. a little N. 
of E. Tallahasse. 

Michaelsville, p-o. Hartford co. Md. about 
34 ms. N. e, Baltimore. 

Michigan, largest lake, which lies entirely in 
the U. S. Taken in connexion with the gene- 
ral physical geography of the two basins of 
Mississippi and St. Lawrence, it is evident that 
lake Michigan fills apart of the great valley, of 
which Illinois r. is the continuation towards the 
Gulf of Mexico. On our old maps all the Cana- 
dian lakes were delineated too round. They 
were represented as vast ponds ; but more re- 
cent observation has increased their length 
when compared with their breadth, and given 
them a natural approach to the form of rivers. 
As now laid down by Tanner, this great sheet 
of fresh water extends 360 ms. from the mouth 
of W. Calumick (Calumet) r. to the straits of 
Michilimakinak. The breadth, opposite the 
mouth of Kalemazoo r., 65 ms. The breadth is 
remarkably uniform and yields an average of 
at least 45 miles, and adopting that breadth as 
a mean, the area will be 16,200 sq. ms., an 
area by no means overrated, it Green bay is in- 
cluded. The elevation of its surface is, above 
the Atlantic ocean, very near 600 feet. In lat. 
it extends from 41° 40' to 46° 10', and in long, 
from 7i to 11° w. W. C. including Green bay. 



MIC 



287 



MIC 



In depth, it is a profound gulf, the bottom far 
below the level of either the Atlantic ocean or 
Gulf of Mexico ; consequently if a channel ex- 
isted, similar to the straits of Gibraltar, still the 
lake would exist as an immense reservoir to 
the rivers, to which it is a recipient. If we 
commence on the southern end or what is really 
the source, Michigan receives from the left the 
two Calamicks, and Riviere du Chemin, from 
Indiana ; from the peninsula of Michigan, the 
rivers St Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand r., Maske- 
gon. White r., Pent-water, Pere Marquette, 
Sandy, Monistic, Platte, Carp, Grand Traverse, 
and some other streams of lesser note. From 
the opposite or western slope, advancing in the 
same manner, from the mouth of West Calamick 
to the mouth of Green bay, the confluent rivers 
are mere creeks, of which the Manawakee, 70 
ms. long, is the most important. Green bay is, 
however, the recipient to Fox, Menomonie, 
and numerous other small rivers. See Fox 
rivers for explanation of the peculiar physical 
geography of the western slope of lake Michi- 
gan basm. The eastern Michigan slope is a 
triangle of 320 miles base, perpendicular 110 
miles up the valleys of Kalamazoo, and Grand 
rivers; area about 17,600 square miles. The 
wstrn. slope, measuring from the sthrn. source 
of W. Calamick, to the source ot Mino Coquien 
river, has a base of 380 ms. Greatest breadth 
from the mouth of the western Cheboiegon 
river, across Fox river of Green bay, and up 
Wolf river to its source, 170 ms. ; mean breadth 
about 100, and area 19,000 sq. ms. It may be 
observed that the whole Michigan basin ap- 
proaches the form of a parallelogram, as the sa- 
lient or most acute angles of the two slopes are 
reversed, the eastern coming to a point on the 
straits of Michilimakinak, and the western to- 
wards the sources of West Calamick. If the 
hand of art had cut the channel of Michigan, it 
could not have been much better placed to con- 
stitute part of an immense channel of intercom- 
munication between different sections of the 
earth. A canal has already been projected, and 
will no doubt be executed in a few years, to 
connect lake Michigan with Illinois r., and a 
rail road has been projected from Indianopolis 
to the southern extremity of lake Michigan, to 
be extended in the state of Indiana. 

Michigan, territory of the United States. For 
political purposes, the large territory of Huron, 
westward of lake Michigan, has been united to 
the peninsula, properly called Michigan. Mr. 
Austin E. Wing, the delegate in the present 
congress, 1831 — 2, informed the author of this 
article, that it was probable that as early as 
1834, Michigan would become a state, as the 
population was rapidly augmenting, and, that 
on the western side of the boundary would be 
a line following the middle of lake Michigan, 
from the northwestern angle of Indiana to the 
northern extremity of the lake, and thence due 
north to lake Superior. If this demarcation is 
adopted, the state of Michigan will contain the 
peninsula north of Ohio, and Indiana, together 
with the CO. of Chippeway, or that peninsula, 
bounded s. by lake Michigan, n. by lake Supe- 
rior, and E. by the straits or river St. Mary, and 
{ake Huron, and will have outlinea, commencing 



at the point on lake Michigan, separating La 
Porte CO. of Indiana from Berrien co. of Michi. 
gan, and thence along the western shore of the 
peninsula, to the mouth of Traverse bay 280 
ms.; over lake Michigan to its northern coast 
opposite Beaver isls. 45 ms. ; across the inter- 
mediate land surface between lakes Michigan 
and Superior to the latter 50 ms. ; along the 
southern shore of lake Superior to the outlet or 
head of St. Mary's strait 80 ms. ; from eastern 
end of Drummond'sisl. to the straits and isl. of 
Michilimakinak 60 ms. ; thence along the s. w. 
shore of lake Huron to its outlet, or to the head 
of St. Clair r. 250 ms. ; thence down St. Clair 
r., St. Clair lake, Detroit r,, and along the west, 
ern end of lake Erie to the northern boundary 
of Ohio 136 ms. ; thence due west along the 
northern boundary of Ohio, to the eastern boun. 
dary of Indiana 85 ms. ; due north along east 
boundary of Indiana, to the northeast angle of 
that state 10 ms. ; and thence due west along 
north boundary of Indiana, to place of beginning 
110 ms. ; having an entire outline of 1,106 ms. ; 
measured either by the rhombs or proportional 
scale, the area of the peninsular part of Michi- 
gan comes out about 34,000 square ms. and of 
Chippeway co. 3,000, yielding, for what is sup. 
posed to be the surface to be included in the 
state, 37,000 sq. ms. ; or in statute acres, 23,- 
680,000. Extending in lat. from 41° 40' to 46<> 
47', and in long, from 5° 18' to 10° 35' w. 
W. C. The dividing ridge which separates the 
sources of Great Miami and Maumee, from 
those of the Wabash, is continued over Michi- 
gan, in a northerly direction, dividing the pe- 
ninsula into two not very unequal inclined 
plains. The western or lake Michigan plain is 
drained by St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand and 
numerous other streams. {See lake Michigan.) 
The opposing or eastern plain gives source an4 
course to the rs. Raisin, Huron of Erie, Rouge, 
Huron of lake St. Clair, Belle r.. Black, Sagin. 
aw. Thunder, Cheboiegon, and numerous small* 
er streams. What might well be called thg 
sea shore of Mich, which, if the inflections oj 
the coasts were included, would far exceed 
1,000 ms., are with little exception unifornl 
along lake Mich., only affording harbors in tha 
mouths of the rivers. The coasts of lake Supe» 
rior and Huron are more indented, and Sagina\f 
bay offers a gulf of 60 ms. depth. Taken as a 
whole, the number of havens are not in a pro* 
portion favorable to commerce, when compared 
with the distance of sea line. The phenomen£^ 
of the rivers, prove the peninsula to be a vast 
table land, as all the rivers fall over ledges of 
rock before reaching their recipients. The 
nthrn. part of the peninsula is sterile when com>. 
pared with the sthrn. towards Ohio and Ind., 
and the whole country with very partial excep» 
tions a forest. 

Political geography. — By Tanner's improved 
map, up to the present time, Aug. 1832, it ap* 
pears that Mich., as delineated in the first part of 
this article, is subdivided into the counties of . — 
Counties. Pop. 1830, Counties. Pop. 1830, 

Allegan, Calhoun, 

Arena, Cass, 919 

Barry, Chippeway, 624 

Berrien, 325 Clinton, 

Branch, baton, 



MIC 



288 



MID 



Jt'vp. CouiiLies. 
Monroe, 
Montealm, 
Oakland, 
Oceana, 
Ottawa, 
Pagiiiavv, 
Bt Clair, 
St. Joseph, 
fatiilac, 
l,49i Shiavvasgee, 
2,413 Van Furen, 
877 Washtenau, 
VVaj-ne, 



Pop. 
3,187 

4,911 



1,114 
1,313 



5 

4,042 
6,781 



C'uniies. 

uiadwin, 

Gratiot, 

H illsdale, 

Ingliam, 

tonia, 

Uabella, 

Jackson, 

K alamazoo, 

Lapeer, 

Lenawee, 

M acomb, 

>• ichilimakinak, 

JVi idland, 

•lotal on Peninsular Mich, and Chippeway co. 28,004 
In the three Trans-Michigan cos. Brown, 
Crawford and Iowa, (for the pop. of which, .<;ee 
'irticle Huron Ter.) there were in 1830, 3,635 
inhabitants, and including these the whole ter. 
contains a pop. of 31,639, of which were white 

jersons : — 

Females. 

2,743 

2,00G 

1,686 

1,438 

2,540 

1,399 

726 

390 

140 

35 

10 

5 







Malfs. 


Under 5 years of ape. 


3,023 


From 5 to lU 


3,326 


" 10 to 15 


1,905 


" 15 to 20 


1,543 


" 20 to 30 


4,389 


" 30 to 40 


2,739 


" 40 to 50 


1,232 


" 50 to 60 


658 


" 60 to 70 


264 


" 70 to 80 


04 


" 80 to 90 


20 


" 90 to 100 


4 


" 100 and upwards 


1 



Total, 



18,168 



13,178 



Under 10 years of age, ?1 


20 




From 10 to 24 43 


3G 


7 


" 24 to 36 48 


26 


11 


" 36 to 55 29 


16 


1 


" 55 to 100 8 


4 


1 


" 100 and upwards 









Total. 
31,639 



Whites who are deaf and dumb, under 14 yrs., 
; 14 to 25, 7 ; 25 and upwards, 4 ; Blind, 5. 
Colored population as follows : — 

Free colored. Slaves. 

Males. Fern's. Males. Fern's. 
1 
3 
3 
3 



Tolal, "159 103 22 10 

Of the colored population, none are either 
deaf and dumb, or blind. 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored Slaves. 

31,346 261 32 

General remarks on Michigan. — Volney, and 
some other writers who knew little of the real 
geography, and of course still less of the cli- 
mate, have given a very erroneous idea of the 
aerial temperature of this peninsula and adja- 
cent countries. The writer of this article, from 
actual observation, found the winds on lake 
Erie so excessively prevalent from the wstrd. 
and N. wstrd., as to bend the whole forest trees 
in an opposite direction. In making voyages 
from Detroit to Buffalo, and the reverse, the 
time demanded differs about as three to one. 
By reference to the tables under the head of U. 
S., the excessive severity of winter at Detroit, 
and Fort Brady, Chippeway co., may be seen. 

History. — The first civilized settlements in 
Michigan were made by the French from Cana- 
da ; and Detroit (the strait) was founded about 
1670, but this region, so remote from the At- 
lantic coast, was peopled slowly, and at the end 
of the revolutionary war, when ceded to the U. 
States by the treaty of Paris, contained but few 
inhabitants. Under various pretences, the 
British colonial agents retained Detroit, %yith 



all that is now Michigan, until after the treaty 
of Greenville, and the U. States did not obtain 
the country in actual possession until 1796. 
The territory of Mieh. was formed in 1805. 
The country had to sustain more than a share 
of the vicissitudes of the last war between 
the U. S. and Great Britain, and was, in 1812, 
actually overrun by the troops of the latter, but 
in the ensuing year was retaken by an army of 
the U. S. under Gen. Harrison. Relieved from 
calamities of war, and laid open to Atlantic 
commerce and emigration by the great wstrn, 
canal of New York, the advance of Michigan 
has been rapid. By the census of 1820, it con- 
tained but 8,896 inhabitants, but as shown by 
the tables in this article, in 1830, the pop. of 
the peninsula and Chippeway co. contained a 
fraction above 28,000, and by information re- 
ceived from Mr. Wing, the inhabitants now, 
1832, exceed 50,000. The sales of public lands 
in Michigan during the quarter ending 29th 
June 1833, amounted to ^205,000 ; and the es- 
timated access of pop. during the same season 
was rising of 5,000 persons. On the 17th July, 
1822, Col. Brady founded Fort Brady on the 
straits of St. Mary, and commenced the settle- 
ment of Chippeway co. The settlements on the 
peninsula are spreading with great rapidity, as 
may be seen by the numerous counties formed 
since the census of 1830 was taken. Those 
with numbers annexed are those which were 
organized in 1830, and amount to 13, out of 36 
named in the table. 

MicHiLiMAKiNAK, CO. of Mich. including the 
strait and islands of the same name, and the 
nrthrn. extremity of the peninsula. The limits 
are undefined on the main land, as the nthrn, 
settlements are separated by a wilderness from- 
those of the sthrn. and central parts of the ter- 
ritory. Cf. town, Fort Mackinac. Pop. 1832, 
877. Through the straits on both sides of 
Michilimakinak isL, a constant and very sensi- 
ble current flows from lake Mich, into lake Hu- 
ron. The straits are wider and shorter than 



any other of the water connexions between the 
great Canadian lakes, but are in every other re- 
spect similar to St. Mary's, St. Clair, Detroit, 
or Niagara. 

MiDDLEBOROUGH, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 34 
ms. s. from Boston, has a poor sandy soil. As- 
sawampsit and Long ponds are chiefly in this 
town. Bog iron ore is taken from the former 
with long tongs, and manufactured here. Cot- 
ton is also manufactured. Pop. 5,008. 

MiDDLEBOURNE, p-v. and St. jus. Tyler co. Va. 
situated on middle island cr., 45 ms. a little w. 
of s. of Wheeling, and 258 ms. by p-r. west- 
ward W. C. Lat. 39° 32', long. 3° 55' w. 
W. C. 

MiDDLEBOURNE, p-v. Guemscy CO. Ohio, by 
p-r. 97 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

MiDDLEBROOK, p-v. in the southern pari of Au- 
gusta CO. Va. 10 ms. s. s. w. Staunton, and by 
p-r. 185 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

MiDDLEBROOK, p-v. in the western part of 
Edgefield dist. S. C. by p-r. 98 ms. wstrd. Co- 
lumbia. 

MiDDLEBROOK MILLS, OH little Sencca, p-o. 
Montgomery co. Md. 28 ms. n. w. W. C. 

MiDDLEBURGH, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 10 



MID 



289 



MID 



ms. s. of Schoharie, and 35 w. of Albany. 
Schoharie creek affords mill seats. The Hel- 
derburg limestone hills are scattered over the 
town. Pop. 3,266. 

MiDDLEBURG, p-v; Union co. Pa, 15 ms. west- 
ward Sunbury, and by p-r. 61 ms. n. n. w. Har- 
risburg, and 6 ms. s. w. New Berlin. 

MiDDLEBURG, p-v. Frederick "co. Md. by p-r. 
20 ms. N. E. of Frederick. 

MiDDLEBURG, p.v. Hardiman co. Ten. Pop. 
3,278. 

MiDDLEBURY, p.t. and St. jus. Addison co. 
Vt. 33 ms. s. Burlington, and 51 s. w. Montpe- 
lier. The township is, generally, level. Otter 
and Middlebury r. afford very good mill seats. 
Much marble is quarried and wrought here, and 
is fine, white, bluish, &c. The village is on Ot- 
ter cr. at the falls, and is a place of considera- 
ble business. Here is Middlebury college, a 
jail, academy, court house, state arsenal, &c. 
The college was incorporated in 1800, and 
owed its support to private contributions. 
There are 2 college-buildings ; 1 of wood, con- 
taining the chapel, and 20 rooms for students, 
which is 3 stories high ; the other a commodi- 
ous and handsome structure, of stone, 4 stories 
high and 180 ft. long by 40 deep, containing 48 
rooms for students. The faculty is composed 
of a president, 3 professors, and a tutor. The 
students are furnished with text books, for the 
use of which, those who are able pay a small 
sum annually. Expense of each student per 
annum is about ^85. — Alumni of Middlebury 
college (1832-3) 572. Number of students, 128 ; 
and in the col. and students' libraries are about 
5500 volumes. Commencement is on the 3d 
Wednesday in August. The medical academy 
at Castleton is connected with it. Pop. 3,468. 

Middlebury, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 22 
ms. N. w. New Haven, 36 ms. from Hartford, 
4 ms. by 5 ; 19 sq. ms ; has Hop river, &c. It 
is hilly, with granite rocks. It produces grass 
and grain. Pop. 816. 

Middlebury, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y. 15 ms. 
s. of Batavia, produces excellent fruits. The 
village is on Black cr. Pop. 2,416. 

Middlebury, p-v. on Goose creek in the s. s. 
w. part of Loudon co. Va. 12 ms. s. w. Lees- 
burg, and by p-r. 44 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Middlebury, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 115 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Middle Creek, p-o. southern part of Wake 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 12 ms. s. Raleigh. Middle- 
creek is a small branch of Neuse r. 

Middlefield, p.t. Hampshire co. Mass. 100 
ms. W. Boston, is an agricultural town, incor- 
porated 1783. Pop. 720. 

Middlefield, p.t. Otsego co. N. Y. 3 ms. e. 
of Cooperstown, 35 s. e. Utica, e. lake Otsego 
and Susquehannah r. The great Western turn- 
pike passes through it. The dairy is esteemed. 
Pop. 3,323. 

Middlefield, p-v. Geauga co. O, by p.r. 178 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

MiDDLEFORD, p.v. Sugsex CO. Del. by p-r. 54 
ms. sthrd. Dover. 

Middle Grove, and p-o. Ralls co. Mo. about 
110 ms. N. w. by w. St. Louis. 

Middleport, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r. 
74 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 



Middlesex, p-t. Washington co. Vt. n. of 
Onion r., 30 ms. e. Burlington, is rouo-h. A 
bridge over Onion r. crosses a rocky chasm 30 
feet deep. Pop. 1,156. 

Middlesex, co. Mass. in the e. part of the 
state, bounded by New Hampshire n., Essex 
CO. e., Norfolk s., and Worcester w. Contains 
46 towns. Cambridge and Concord are the 
shire towns, but Charlestown is the most popu- 
lous. Merrimack, Concord and Nashua rs. are 
the principal streams. The Middlesex canal, 
31 ms. long, 24 ft. wide, and 4 ft. deep, reach, 
ing from Boston harbor to Merrimack river, is 
wholly within this county. It was begun in 
1793, finished in 1804, cost above $700,000, has 
13 locks, and 107 feet descent n., and 3 locks 
and 2 1 ft. descent s. The amount of capital in- 
vested in manufacturing is very great. Lowell 
and Waltham, the two principal manufacturing 
towns in Massachusetts, are in this county. In 
Lowell, in April, 1832, $3,129,000 were stated 
to be invested in real estate and machinery, for 
manufacturing purposes, without including the 
Suffolk, Tremont, and Lawrence manufacturing 
companies. There are numerous paper mills 
in this county, and an agricultural society which 
has annual cattle shows, &c. In June 1832 a 
census was taken of Lowell, which shows the 
population to be 10,254 ; increase in 2 years 
nearly 2,000. Belvidere village 1,004. It has 
been recently stated, (July, 1832) that in this 
county the cotton manufacture employs $3,129,- 
000 capital, vested in real estate and machine- 
ry, consumes 6,913,000 lbs. cotton, produces 
annually 20,378,000 yards cloth, employs 3,896 
hands, pays in wages $731,750 ; the woollen 
manufacture employs $394,000 capital, vested 
in real estate and machinery, consumes 899,000 
lbs. wool, produces annually 849,300 yds. wool, 
len cloth, flannel and carpeting, employs 653 
hands, pays in wages §152,000 ; the manufac- 
ture of leather, boots, shoes, hats, paper, glass, 
sheet lead, lead pipe, iron, starch, gunpowder, 
soap and candles, drugs, oil of vitriol and other 
acids, barilla and other chemicals, used in the 
county by bleachers, dyers, calico printers, soap 
boilers, and other artists, are more extensive 
than in any other section of our coulitry of equal 
extent, employing in these branches, in the ag. 
gregate $1,050,255 capital, vested in real es- 
tate, machinery, tools, &c., and producing 
manufactured articles of the annual value 
of $3,565,613. Pop. 1820, 61,472—1830, 77,. 
961. 

iVIiDDLESEX, CO. Coun. situated near the mid. 
die of the state, is bndd. n. by Hartford co., e. 
by Hartford and New London cos., s. by Long 
Island sound, and w. by New Haven co. It is 
342 sq. ms. in extent, and contains 7 ts. Chat- 
ham, Durham, E. Haddam, Haddam, Killing, 
worth, Middletown and Saybrook. It was 
formed into a co. in May, 1785, and then con. 
sisted of 6 ts. to which a seventh, taken from 
New Haven co. was annexed in May, 1799. 
The early settlers of Middlesex were almost 
entirely of English origin and extraction, and 
its present inhabitants are chiefly their descend, 
ants. The first English settlement was com. 
menced in Saybrook in 1635. The several tpa. 
of the CO. were purchased of the Indians, who 



MID 



290 



MID 



were formerly numerous here, and in no case 
were obtained by conquest. 

The general surface of Middlesex is une- 
ven. A wide range of hills crosses the coun- 
ty obliquely from s. w. to n. e., and on the w. 
border of Durham and Middletown are the 
Wallingford hills. The soil adjacent to the 
Connecticut river is generally good. The 
Chatham meadows are of excellent quality — 
the uplands usually very good. The numer- 
ous hills of the co. give rise to a multitude of 
springs, brooks and streams, which fertilize the 
land, and many of them are highly valuable for 
mill seats, &c. The climate is fine, and the re- 
gion remarkably healthy. The county is divi- 
ded by Connecticut river which affords great 
advantages for navigation, and abounds in valu- 
able fish, particularly shad, which are taken in 
large numbers. Much ship building is carried 
on in the co. The foreign trade was formerly 
extensive, and the coasting trade is still very 
great. Manufactures are flourishing, particu- 
larly on the streams in and near Middletown, 
where are manufactories of woollen, cotton, 
fire arms, &c. Valuable quarries have long 
been wrought at Chatham, which furnish the 
best free stone to the New York market, and 
employ many sloops, &c. Building stone is 
also abundantly supplied from the granite hills 
bordering the straits of the Connecticut river. 
Many of the rocks of this county exhibit petrifi- 
ed fish, leaves, &c. partly carbonized, and other 
indications of bituminous coal, though no bed 
of that valuable mineral has been discovered. 
There are also a lead and a cobalt mine, the 
latter about 5 ms. e, from the head of the strait. 
At Middlefield, where is a fall of about 30 ft. 
over a bed of trapp rocks, are found chlorophcs- 
ite, datholite and iolite. There are in the co. 
41 houses of public worship, viz. : 19 Congre- 
gational, 18 Baptist, 1 Free Will Baptist, 7 
Episcopalian, 5 Methodist, and 1 Universalist. 
For more than a century after the first settle- 
ment of the CO., the inhabitants were universally 
Congregationalists, The courts sit alternately 
at Middletown and Haddam. Middletown is the 
principal town. Middlesex comprises 2 senato- 
rial dists. Pop. of CO. 1820, 22,405, 1830, 24,845. 

Middlesex, p-t. Yates co. N. Y. 194 ms. w. 
Albany. Pop. 3,428. 

Middlesex, co. N. J. near the centre of the 
state, is bndd. by Essex co. n., the N. Y. line 
and Monmouth co. e. and s., Burlington and 
Somerset cos. w. It is divided by the lower 
part of Raritan r. It contains the upper parts 
of Millstone and Aesanpink rs., and its princi- 
pal town is New Brunswick. Pop. 1820, 21,470, 
1830, 23,157. 

Middlesex, co. of Va. bndd. by Piankatank r. 
which separates it from Gloucester s., and 
King and Queen w., by Essex n. w., by the bay 
of Rappahannoc n., separating it from Lancas- 
ter, and E.by Chesapeake bay. Length s. e. 
to N. w. 35 ms., mean width 5, and area 175 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. 37° 30' to 37° 48', and 
in long. 0° 13' to 0° 40' e. W. C. This co. com- 
prises a long and narrow point between the two 
•bounding rs. Cf. t. Urbanna. Pop, 1820, 4,057, 
1830, 4,122. 

MiDDLKTOiN, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., has no 



rs., ponds nor mtns., except part of Moose 
mtn., and the soil is rocky ; 48 ms. n. e. Con- 
cord. Pop. 561. 

Middleton, t. Essex co. Mass. 20 ms. n. of 
Boston, has no village, an uneven surface, and 
only tolerable soil. Pop. 607. 

Middletown, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 70 ms. s. of 
Burlington, and 41 n. of Bennington, is crossed 
by Poultney r., has a soil of gravelly loam, and 
a pleasant village and several mills, &c. Pop. 
919. 

Middletown, t. Newport co. R. 1. 2 miles n. 
E. Newport, and 28 s. e. Providence. Pop. 
915. 

Middletown, city, port of entry, and cf. t. of 
Middlesex co. Conn. Lat. 41° 35', and long. 
4° 15' E. The Indian name was Mattabeseek. 
It is pleasantly situated on the gradually rising 
ground on the west bank of the Connecticut r. 
31 ms. above its mouth, 15 ms. s. Hartford, 24 n. 
E. New Haven, and 325 from W. C. The prin- 
cipal street, which runs n. and s. is broad, level 
and well built, and with those parallel to it, is 
intersected at right angles by others leading to 
the river. The wharves are commodious, and 
two of them are appropriated for steam-boats, 
by which daily communication is kept up with 
the cities of New York and Hartford. Popu- 
lation of the city 1820, 2,618, including the 
town, 6,681, 1830, city 2,965, including the 
town, 6,892. The city contains a court house, 
custom house, 2 banks, jail, an almshouse, and 
7 places of public worship, 2 of which are Con- 
gregational, 1 Episcopalian, 1 Baptist, 1 Meth- 
odist, 1 Universalist and 1 African. The Wes- 
leyan University, founded in 1831, is an institu. 
tion of great promise, and is under the patron, 
age of the Methodist Episcopal church. Its 
buildings, 3 in number, of stone, are eligibly 
situated on a hill adjacent to the city, and com- 
mand a fine view of the river and the surround- 
ing country. Its officers in 1832, were a pres- 
ident and 4 professors, and there are, (1833) 
about 60 students. It possesses a valuable li- 
brary, of about 3,000 volumes, a cabinet of 
minerals, chemical and philosophical apparatus, 
&c. A law school was established here in 
1832, by the late chief justice of the state. 
Many of the houses and stores are built with 
brick, and much taste is displayed in and about 
the residences of the citizens. Two weekly 
newspapers are published in the city. The 
manufactories of the city and town are numer- 
ous. Among them are three for arms for the 
United States' service, 1 of broadcloth, 1 of 
cotton, 1 of webbing, 1 of combs, 1 of Gunter's 
scales, &c., 1 of machinery, 1 of pewter, 1 of 
axes, 2 of tin ware, 1 paper mill, 1 powder mill, 
4 jewelry establishments, &c. &c. One man- 
ufactory makes 1,500 rifles annually, milling all 
the parts ; another 2,000 milled muskets ; an- 
other 1,200 guns which are cast. One compa. 
ny make 45,000 lbs. of cotton yarn, and another 
30,000 yards of broadcloth; 200,000 coffee 
mills are made here every year, and the annual 
value of manufactures in the place, is about 
$700,000. The coasting trade of Middletown 
is extensive — its foreign trade considerable. In 
1816 it owned more shipping than any town in 
Connecticut. Ve&sels for Hartford and other 



MID 



291 



MIL 



towns on the river, are registered here. The 
river is navigable to Middletown for vessels 
drawing 10 ft. water. There is a horse boat 
ferry between this place and Chatham. Two 
las. above the city is the village of Middletown 
Upper Houses, which contains a post office. 
The whole tsp. from n. to s. is about 9 ms. 
long, and it varies in breadth from 4 to 10 ms. 
and contains about 58 sq. ms. It was settled in 
1636, the same year with Hartford and Wind- 
sor. The public records of the town com. 
mence in 1654. The city was incorporated in 
1784. Middletown rests on secondary red sand 
stone — the other rocks are pudding stone and 
bituminous shale, having impressions of leaves, 
fish, &c. The range of granite hills terminates 
2 miles s. of the city, forming the straits of 
Connecticut river. Valuable minerals are found 
in various parts of it. During the revolution, a 
lead mine was wrought some distance e. of the 
city, on the bank of the Connecticut river, and 
several shafts were sunk. The ore was found 
in quartz veins, with some fluor spar. It is 
now neglected. 

Middletown, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y. 20 ms. 
s. E. Delhi, and 68 s. w. Albany, is watered by 
Papachton river, the e. branch of Delaware 
river, and tributaries which supply many mill 
seats. It is very hilly, with vallies of good 
land, and has a mixed population. Pop. 2,383. 

Middletown, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 23 ms. 
N. of Newburgh. 

Middletown, p-v. Saratoga co. N. Y. 3 ms. 
N. w. Waterford. 

Middletown, p-t. Monmouth co. N. J. on 
Raritan bay, and at the mouth of a cr., 50 ms. 
E. of Trenton, and 30 s. w. N. Y. It has an 
academy. Pop. 5,128. 

Middletown Point, p-v. Monmouth co. N. 
J. on Matteawan cr., which falls into Raritan 
bay, 14 ms. n. w. Shrewsbury, 12 n. n. e. Free- 
hold, and 9 s. E. Amboy. 

Middletown, p-v. on the left bank of Sus- 
quehannah r., above the mouth of Swatara 
creek, 9 ms. below Harrisburg, and 27 n. w. by 
w. Lancaster. It is comparatively an ancient 
village, extending mostly in a single street 
along the main road. Pop. 1820, 567. 

Middletown, p-v. upon Appoquinimink 
creek, in the southwestern part of New Castle 
CO. Del. 25 ms. s. s. w. Wilmington, and 27 by 
p-r. N. N. w. Dover. 

Middletown, p-v. Washington co. Pa. (See 
West. Middletown.) 

Middletown, p-v. Frederick co. Md. 8 ms. 
N. w. by w. Frederick, and 17 s. s. e. Hagers- 
town. 

Middletown, p-v. on Cedar cr., near the 
southwestern border of Frederick co. Va. 16 
ms. s. w. Winchester, and by p-r. 83 ms. a little 
N. of w. W. C. 

Middletown, p-v. in the east part of Hyde 
CO. N. C. 158 ms. estrd. of Raleigh. 

Middletown, p-v. in the northeastern part 
of Jefferson co. Ky. 12 ms. e. of Louisville, 
and 40 ms. a little n. of w. of Frankfort. 

Middletown, p-v. southern pait of Butler co. 
Ala. by p-r. 165 ms. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Middletown, p-v. Butler co. 0. by p-r. 90 
ms. s. w. by w. Columbus, 



Middletown, p-v. Henry co. Ind. by p-r. 49 
ms. N. E. by E. Indianopolia. 

Middleway, p-v. western part of Jefferson 
CO. Va. 85 ms. by p-r. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Midland, new co. of Mich., bounded s. e. 
and s. by Saginaw, Gratiot s. w., Isabella w., 
Gladwin n. w.. Arena n. e., and Saginaw bay 
N. E. Length from e. to w. 40 ms., mean 
breadth 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Lat. 43° 40', 
long. W. C. 7P18' w. Slope s. e., and trav- 
ersed from Gladwin co. by the Tittabewassee 
r. or nrthrn. branch of Saginaw r. The cen. 
tral part is about 120 ms. n. w. Detroit. Sagi- 
naw r. enters Saginaw bay at the point where 
the boundary between Midland and Saginaw 
cos. reaches that bay. Pop. uncertain. 

Midway, p-v. Culpepper co. Va. by p-r. 81 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Midway, p-v. in the western part of Caldwell 
CO. Ky. by p-r. 216 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Midway, p-v. Stark co. O.by p-r. 126 ms. n. 
E. by E. Columbus. 

Midway, p-v. Spencer co. Ind. by p-r. 177 
ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Mifflin, co. of Penn.bndd. by Centre n. w.. 
Union n. e., Juniata co. e. and s. e., and Hunting, 
don s. w. and w. Length from s. w. to n. e. 42 
ms., mean breadth 12 ms. and area 504 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 40° 22' to 40° 52' n. 
long. W. C. 0° 18' to 0° 56' w. The s. w. 
border of the co. is formed by Juniata r. which 
in a s. E. by e. direction separates it from Hunt- 
ingdon, but curving rapidly to n. e. enters and 
by comparative courses traverses Mifflin about 
30 ms. from whence again inflecting to s. e. 
flows into Juniata co. The body of Mifflin co. 
is a mtn. valley with the channel of Juniata r. 
as its lowest depression. Along this channel 
extends a section of the Penn. Canal. The 
census of 1830, included under the head of 
Mifflin an aggregate pop. of 21,690 ; but sub- 
sequently Juniata co. was formed entirely out 
of the sthestrn. part of the former. Chief t. 
of Mifflin, Lewistown. 

Mifflin, p-v. southwestern part of Hender- 
son CO. Ten. by p-r. 143 ms. s. w. by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Mifflin, p-v. Richland co. Ohio, n. e. Colum. 
bus. 

MiFFLiNBURG, p-v. OH Buffalo cr. Union co. 
Pa. 6 ms. N. w. New Berlin, and by p-r. 65 ms. 
a little w. of n. Harrisburg. 

MiFFLiNTowN, p-v. on the left bank of Junia- 
ta r., by p-r. 43 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

MiFFLiNsviLLE, in the p-o. list, but Mifflins- 
burg on Tanner's map, p-v. on the left bank of 
Susquehannah r., and southeast part of Colum- 
bia CO. Pa. 18 ms. n. e. by e. Danville, and bjf 
p-r. 80 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Milan, formerly Paulsburgh, t. Coos co. N, 
H. Contains some mountainous land, several 
ponds, and is otherwise watered by the Upper 
Amonoosuck, and Ameriscoggin rivers. Pop. 
243. 

Milan, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 22 ms. n. n. e. 
Poughkeepsie, a part of Ancram's cr., and 
streams of Wappinger's cr. furnish mill sites. 
Pop. 1,886. 

Milan, p-v. Huron co. Ohio, by p-r. 117 ms. 
northwELid Columbus. 



MIL 



292 



MIL 



MiLBORo' Spring, and p-o. Bath co. Va. by 
p-r. 199 ms. s. w. W. C. 

MiLBURN, p-t. Somerset co. Me. Pop. 1,006. 

MiLESBURG, p-v. Centre co. Pa. 2 miles w. 
Bellefonte, and by p-r. 87 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Miles, cross roads and p-o. Knox co. 0. by 
p-r. 54 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

MiLESTOWN, p-v. near Phil, city, Phil. co. Pa. 

MiLFiELD, p-v Athens co. Ohio, by p-r. 82 
ms. s. E. Columbus. 

IViiLFORD, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. on Souhe- 
gan river, has mills and factories, 31 ms. s. 
Concord, and yields good apples, &c. Pop. 
1,302. 

IVtiLFORD, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 18 ms. s. 
E. Worcester, is supplied with excellent mill 
seats by Charles and Mill rs. It is gently 
swelling in surface, has an academy. Pop. 
1,360. 

MiLFORD, p-t. New Haven co. Conn, on Long 
Island sound, 9 ms. s. w. New Haven ; has 
some good land, but is very rocky. It has a 
harbor for vessels of 200 tons, and a quarry of 
marble like verde antique, clouded greenish, 
&c. but not very valuable for working. Pop. 
2,256. 

MiLFORD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y. 10 miles s. 
Cooperstown, 76 ms. w. Albany, on the north 
side of Susquehannah river, is hilly, but has ex- 
cellent soil for grazing. Pop. 3,025. 

MiLFORD, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. Pa. situa- 
ted on the right bank of Del. river, 56 miles 
above and alittle e. of n. Easton, and 119 miles 
northward Philadelphia, lat. 41° 18', long. 2° 
16'e.W. C. ■ 

MiLFORD, tsp. of Mifflin co. Pa. opposite 
Mifflintown, and on Tuscarora cr. Pop. 1820, 
1,554. 

MiLFORD, village and tsp. in the western part 
of Somerset co. Pa. The village is situated 8 
ms. s. w. by w. the borough of Somerset. Pop. 
tsp. 1820, 1,394. 

MiLFORD, p-v. on Mispillion cr. southeastern 
part of Kent co. Del. 20 ms. s. s. e. Dover, and 
by the p-r. 102 ms. a little n. of e. W. C. 

MiLFORD, p-v. on the left bank of Mononga- 
hela r., in Harrison co. Va. 5 m. s. s. w. Clarks- 
burg. 

MiLFORD, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Greenville 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 95 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. 

MiLFORD, p-v. Monroe co. Geo. by p-r. 66 
ms. w. Milledgeville. 

iVliLFORD, p-v. in the N. w. part of Clermont 
CO. Ohio, by p-r. 98 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

MiLFORD Centre, p-v. sthrn. part of Union 
CO. O. by p-r. 32 ms. n. w. Columbus. 

Military Grove, p-v. Burke co. N. C. by 
p-r. 220 ms. a little n. of w. Raleigh. 

MiLLBORo', p-v. in the eastern part of Wash- 
ington co. Pa. by p-r. 214 ms. n. w. by w. W. 
C. and 207 w. Harrisburg. 

MiLBORo', p-v. Sussex CO. Va. 4 or 5 ms. s. 
E. Sussex court house, and by p-r. 55 ms. s. s. 
E. Richmond. 

MiLLBORo' Spring, and p-o. Bath co. Va. by 
p-r. 214 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

MiLLBRooK, p-v. Wayne co. Ohio, northeast- 
ward Columbus. 

MiLLBURY, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 40 ms. 
s. w. Boston, is crossed by Blackstone r. and 



canal. The water taken from the falls feeds 
the canal to Mendon. Here was formed the 
first of those lyceums which are now so numer- 
ous and useful. The Goodell manufacturing 
company make woollens, and there are gun, 
and cotton manufactories, &c. &c. Quarries of 
granite and soap stone are found here. Pop. 
1,611. 

Mill Creek, p.o. Berkely co. Va., by p-r. 93 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Mill Creek, and p.o. Coshocton co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 93 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. 

Mill Creek, p-o. Madison co. Indiana, by 
p-r. 46 ms. n. e. Indianopolis. 

Milledgeville, p-t., st. jus. for Baldwin co. 
and of government for the state of Geo., is situ- 
ated on the right bank of Oconee r., at lat. 33*^ 
05', long. 6° 17' w. W. C. This geographic 
position gives by actual calculation, the bear- 
ing from W. C. to Milledgeville s. 41° 09' w. 
and a distance of 536 ms. nearly ; the post office 
distance along the post road 662 statute ms. 
Milledgeville is 92 ms. s. w. by w. along the 
road through Warrentown and Sparta from Au- 
gusta, and 175 ms. n. w. by w. Savannah. Fol- 
lowing the, windings of the Oconee and Alata- 
maha, this place is 312 ms. above the Atlantic. 
Boats of 25 or 30 tons are navigated to Mil- 
ledgeville. The site ofthistownis broken into 
hills. It contains a state house, a branch of the 
state bank, several places of public worship, and 
2 or 3 printing offices. The state penitentiary 
is also located in Milledgeville. The latter es- 
tablishment appears from recent information to 
support itself. The convicts in 1829, were 92. 
Pop. 1,599. 

Miller, co. Ark. bndd. n. by Crawford, n. e. 
by Hot Springs co., s. e. by Clark, s. by Sevier, 
and w. by the unappropriated western territory. 
Length 50, width 36, and area 1,800 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. 34° to 34° 43' n., and in long, 
16° 50' to 17° 30' w. W. C. It is chiefly drain- 
en to the southward by the constituent creeks 
of the Little r. of the north. The northern part 
is mountainous and drained to the northward by 
the head branches of Potomac river flowing into 
Arkansas. The co. is therefore in part a table 
land, between the Red and Arkansas rs. and 
lies about 109 ms. s. w. by w. Little Rock. Pop. 
356. 

Miller, c. h. and p-o. in the preceding co. is 
marked on the p-o. list, as distant 1,326 ms. 
from W. C, and 215 from Little Rock. 

Miller's r., Worcester and Franklin cos. 
Mass. enters the Connecticut r. at Northfield, 
35 ms. long, with a fall of 62 ft. near its mouth. 
Just above it a large body of Indians were de- 
stroyed in Philip's war, by a small army of vol- 
unteers from Northampton, »fec. 

Millersburg, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Bourbon co. Ky. 10 ms. n. e. Paris, and by p-r. 
53 ms. a little n. of e. Frankfort. 

Millersburg, p-v. and st. jus. Holmes co. 
Ohio, by p-r. 80 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus, and 
46 ms. N. Zanesville, lat. 40° 32', long. W. C. 
4° 57' w. It is situated on Kilbuck cr., near 
the centre of the co. Pop. 319. 

Millersburg, p-v. Ripley co. Indiana, by p-r. 
75 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Millersburg, p.v. in the northern part of 



MIL 



293 



MIL 



Callaway co. Mo. by p-r. 44 ms. n. e. Jefferson 
city, and about 140 n. w. by w. St. Louis. 

MiLLERSBURG, p-v. on the left bank of Sus- 
quehannah r., on the point above the mouth of 
Wicomisco cr., 23 ms. n. and above Harrisburg. 

Miller's Creek, and p-o. Estill co. Ky. by 
p-r. 81 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Miller's Inn, sthvvstrn. part of Nelson co. 
Ky. by p-r. 9 ms. from Bardstown, and 64 ms. 
s. w. Frankfort. 

Miller's Tavern, and p-o. Essex co. Va. by 
p-r. 119 ms. s. W. C. 

MiLLERSTowN, p.v. on the left bank of Juni- 
ata r. Perry co. Pa. 29 ms. n. n. w, Harrisburg. 

MiLLERSTowN, p.v. Grayson co. Ky. 10 ms. 
from Litchfield, and by p-r. 115 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. 

MiLLERsviLLE, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. 5 ms. 
s. w. Lancaster. 

Mill Farm, and p-o. Caroline co. Va. by D-r. 
92 ms. sthrd. W. C. 

IVIiLL Grove, and p-o. Mecklenburg co, Va. 
by p-r. 258 ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 135 ms. s. 
w. Richmond. 

Mill Grove, and p-o. Sumpter dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 60 ms. e. Columbia. 

Mill Hall, p. v. in the nthwstrn. part of 
Centre co. Pa. 23 ms. n. w. Bellefonte, and 108 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Mill Haven, p-v. Scriven co. Geo. by p-r. 
142 ms. a little s. of e. Milledgeville. 

Millheim, p.v. in the sthestrn. part of Centre 
CO. Pa. 20 ms. n. e. by e. Bellefonte, and by 
p-r. 86 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Millington, p-v. Kent co. Aid. by p-r. 53 ms. 
N. e. Annapolis. 

Millington, p-v. Decatur co. Ind. by p-r. 55 
ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Millport, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Meck- 
lenburg CO. Ky. by p-r. 190 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. 

Mill River, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C. by 
p-r. 250 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

MiLLSBORo', p-v. near the head of Indian r. 
in the s. e. part of Sussex co. Del. by p-r. 49 
ms. s. s. E. Dover. 

Millsfield, t. Coos CO. N. H. 150 ms. n. 
Concord. Pop. 33. 

Millsford, p-v. Ashtabula co. 0. by p-r. 197 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Mills Point, p-v. Hickman co. Ky. by p-r. 
338 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Mill Springs, p-v. in the southern part of 
Wayne co. Ky. 24 ms. from Monticello, and by 
p-r. 152 ms. sthrd. Frankfort. 

Millstone Brook, N. J. a branch of Rari- 
tan r. rises in Monmouth co., flows n. through 
Middlesex, receiving Stony brook, and part of 
Somerset, where it joins the r. 9 miles above 
Brunswick. On its banks, where it is crossed 
by the Princeton and Trenton roads, Washing- 
ton defeated the British regiment of grenadiers, 
on his retreat from Lamberton. The Dela- 
ware and Raritan canal is now constructing 
along the course of this stream a part of its 
length. 

Millstone, p-v. Somerset co. N. J. 38 ms. 
N. e. Trenton. 

MiLLTOvvN, P-V. in nthwstrn. part of Bradford 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 146 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

38 



Milltown, p-v. Crawford co. Ind. by p-r. 
114 ms. sthrd. Indianopolis. 

MiLLViLLE, p-t. Cumberland co. N. J. 12 ms. 
E. Bridgetown. It has iron works, which are 
supplied with water by a short canal from a 
pond. It is crossed by Maurice r. Pop. 1,561. 

MiLLViLLE, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Colum- 
bia CO. Pa. by p-r. 93 ms. nthrds. Harrisburg. 

MiLLViLLE, p-v. King George's co. Va. by 
p-r. 91 ms. s. W. C. 

MiLLViLLE, p.v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 97 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 

MiLLViLLE, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten. about 60 
ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

MiLLViLLE, p-v. Caldwell co. Ky. by p-r. 235 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

MiLLViLLE, p-v. Butler co. O. by p-r. 115 ms. 
s. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 196. 

Millwood, p-v. Frederick co. Va. 11 ms. s. 
E. by E. Winchester, and by p-r. 61 ms. n. w. 
by w. W. C. 

Milnersville, p-v. Guernsey co. 0. by p-r. 
102 ms. E. Columbus. 

MiLo, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 381. 

MiLO, p-t. Yates co. N. Y. 25 ms. s. E. Ca. 
nandaigua, w. Seneca lake, e. Crooked lake, 
whose outlet affords mill seats. The soil is 
rich, argillaceous loam, with some alluvion and 
warm gravel. Penn Yan p-v. was named from 
the settlers being Pennsylvanians and N. Eng. 
landers. Pop. 3,610. 

Milton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 27 miles n. 
Portsmouth, 46 from Concord, is on the w. side 
of Salmon Falls r., which divides it from 
Maine. It includes Teneriffe mtn., and is 
crossed by a stream. Pop. 1,273. 

Milton, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. e, side lake 
Champlain, on Lamoille r. 12 ms. n. Burling. 
ton, and 40 n. w. Montpelier, has the advantage 
of the Great Falls of Lamoille and its branch. 
es, plenty of iron ore and limestone, and of a 
low sand bank, extending to the s. w. corner of 
S. Hero, by which the lake is fordable most of 
the year. The Great Falls are curious ; an 
island stands in the channel, where the river 
descends 150 ft. in 50 rods. Cobble and Rat- 
tlesnake Hills, 4 or 500 ft. high, are the princi- 
pal ; the surface is gently varied. Pop. 2,097. 

Milton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 7 ms. s. Bos- 
ton, s. Neponset r., has various mills, &c. 
Good tillage in the middle and n. e., but in the 
s. part, is broken and hilly. Part of the Blue 
hills are in the t. some of which are 710 feet 
above high water. Pop. 1,576. 

Milton, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 30 miles ». 
Albany, is nearly level, and has a stiff or sandy 
loam, except a sandy pine tract in the e. Kay. 
derosseras brook crosses it. Slate and lime- 
stone lie under the surface, and loose masses of 
granite, gneiss, limestone, &c. above. It com. 
prebends Ballston springs, and the village of 
Ballston Spa, celebrated as a fashionable retreat, 
on account of the value of its waters. There are 
several chalybeate springs, and one of them is 
strongly charged with salts. They all rise near 
the margin of a small valley, probably once a 
lake ; and there is the Spa village, which con- 
tains 2 churches, a court house, &c., with sev- 
eral boarding houses, the chief of which is the 
Sans Souci. Milton v. 3 ms. n. w. of the Spa, 



MIN 



294 



MIS 



has two churches, limekilns, and several facto, 
ties. Pop. 3,079. 

Milton, p-v. Orange co. N. Y. 12 ms. n. 
Newburgh. 

Milton, v. Middlesex co. N. J. 1 m. w. Rah- 
way. 

Milton, p-v. on the leftside of Susquehan- 
nah r. at and above the mouth of Limestone run, 
12 ms. above Northumberland, and 81 n. Har- 
risburg. 

Milton, p-v. on Dan r. in the nthestrn. angle 
of Caswell co. N. C. by p.r. 98 nis. n. w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Milton, p-v, Laurens dist. S. C. by p.r. 65 
ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Milton, p-v. in the nthwstrn, part of Ruther- 
ford CO. Ten. 

Milton, p-v, Gallatin co. Ky. by p-r. 83 ms. 
N. E. Frankiort. 

Milton, p-v. Trumbull co. O. by p-r. 154 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Milton, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 75 ms. 
E. Indianopolis. 

MiNA, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. Pop. 1,388. 

MiNDEN, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. s. of 
Mohawk r., 15 ms. w. Johnstown, and 58 w. 
N. w. Albany. Has gentle hills and rich val. 
lies for wheat, with argil, loam on clay. Ots- 
quaga creek affords mill seats. Fort Plain 
•was on Mohawk r. The inhabitants are Ger. 
man, and speak the German language. Pop. 
2,567. 

Mine r., confluent of Missouri, and having its 
entire course in the state of Mo., rises between 
the northern sources of Osage river and that 
part of Missouri r. between the influx of Kan- 
sas and Grand rs. The valley of Mine r. com. 
prises the northern sections of Lafayette, Sa- 
line and Cooper counties, the stream falling 
into Missouri 4 or 5 ms. above Booneville, the 
St. jus. of the latter co. The valley of Mine r. 
does not amount to 70 ms. in its greatest length, 
but it is a large stream compared to its length, 
draining a circular valley of 60 ms. diameter, 
exceeding an area of 2,800 sq. ms. 

MiNEHEAD, t. Essex CO. Vt. n. Conn. r. 60 ms. 
N. E. Montpelier, 100 from Windsor, and is wa- 
tered by Nulhegan r. &c. Pop. 150. 

Mineral Point, and p-o. Iowa co. Mich., or 
more correctly in Huron. As laid down on 
Tanner's improved U. States' map, this place is 
situated on the head of the w. Fork of Peektano 
r. 74 ms. s. w. of fort Winnebago, 75 ms. a lit. 
tie s. of E. Prairie du Chien, and 64 n. e. Gale- 
na in II. 

MiNEKSviLLE, p.v. in the northeastern part of 
Schuylkill co. Pa. by p-r. 7l ms. n. e. Harris, 
burg, and 179 n. n. e. W. C. 

Minerva, p-t. Essex co. N. Y. 30 ms. s. w. 
Elizabethtown, is little inhabited, and 14 ms. 
by 25. The sources of Hudson r. rise in it, 
and water it well. The surface is irregular, 
and the soil pretty good. Pop. 358. 

Minerva, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 83 ms. 
N. E. Frankfort. 

Minerva, p-v. Stark co. O. by p-r. 135 ms. n. 
E. Columbus. 

Minisink, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 10 ms. w. 
Goshen N. Y., on Wallkill cr., n. e. N. J. and 
Pennsylvania lines. The Shawangunk mtns. 



irom the AUeganies and Navisink r. cross it. 
Near the Wallkill are some drowned lands. 
Soil and surface various. There are 4 p-os. at 
Minisink, West town. Carpenter's point, and 
Ridgeburg. Dolsentown and Brookfield are 
also villages. The Hudson and Delaware canal 
crosses the town, meets Delaware r. at Carpen- 
ter's point, and proceeds up that stream. Pop. 
4,979. 

Minot, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. w. Andros- 
coggin r., 33 ms. n. Portland, n. Little Andros- 
coggin r., and s. Oxford co. Pop. 2,904. 

MiNTONsviLLE, p-v. Gates co. N. C. by p-r, 
149 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Miranda, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 163 
ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

MissisQUE, {See Troy.) 

MissiSQUE, bay, an arm of lake Champlain 
containing 35 sq. ms., reaching 4 or 5 ms. into 
Lower Canada, between Swanton and Highgate, 
Vt. It is 5 ms. wide on the line. 

MissisQUE, r. of Vt. rises in Orleans co., and 
passing into Lower Canada, traverses Franklin 
CO., enters lake Champlain at Missisque bay. 
It is wide, slow and shallow, with several falls. 
It receives Trout r.. Black cr., Taylor's branch, 
&.C., draining about 582 sq. ms. in Vermont. 
It is 75 miles long, and navigable to Swanton 
falls, 6 ms. in vessels of 50 tons. 

Mississippi, r. of the United States. Though 
the various large constituent streams of the 
mighty Mississippi will be severally noticed, 
yet a general view of the great central basin is 
indispensable in a treatise of the nature of this 
Gazetteer. Beside many of inferior magnitude, 
the great constituent rivers which drain the ba- 
sin, and unite their waters to form the Misp., 
are the Red, White, Arkansas, Miss., Misp. 
proper, and Ohio. A very erroneous opinion of 
the relative extent of the basin of the Misp. 
has been fostered by too many geographers of 
our own country. The true characteristic to 
determine the comparative importance of rivers, 
is the area drained, and not mere length of 
course. To give more correct views of the 
true rank of the large rivers of the earth, the 
following table was constructed : — 

No. 1. Table of the basins of the large 
rivers of the earth, including the length of 
course of each great river, exclusive of minute 
sinuosities. 

Length of Mean width Area in 

River Basins. course. of Basin. sq. ms. 

Rio de la Plate, 1,600 600 1,280,000 

Amazon, inclusive of 

the Tocantinas, 3,000 980 2,940,000 

Orinoco, 1,100 350 396,000 

Atlantic slope of North 
America, from Florida 
point, exclusive of St. 

Lawrence, 1,800 170 308,000 

Misp. inclnding Red, Ar- 
kansas, White, Misp. 
proper, Ohio, Blissouri, 

&c. 2,000 550 1,100,000 

St. Lawrence, 1,200 425 510,000 

Saskatchawaine, 1,200 200 240,000 

Unjiga, or Mackenzie* r. 1,400 200 280,000 

Euxine Basin, 1,800 550 990,000 

White sea Basin, 1,380 700 966,000 

Caspian and Aral united 

Basins, 2,500 1,000 2,500,000 

Oby, 2,150 600 1,290,000 

Yeniseii, 2,100 400 840,000 

Lena, 2,070 350 724,000 

Amur, 1,820 360 655,000 



River Basins. 

Yellow river, 

Blue river 

Basin of s. k. Asia, 

Ganges and Burainapoo 

tre, united, 
Indus, 
Euphrates & Tigris, uni 

ted, 
Kile, 
Niger, 



MIS 

Lengtli of Mean width 
course, of Basin. 



295 



MIS 



1,980 
2,280 
1,800 

1,500 
1,200 

1,150 

1,680 
2,000 



200 
200 
150 

380 
180 

140 

250 
200 



Area in 
sq. ms. 
396,000 

456,000 
270,000 

589,000 
2 J 6,000 

161,000 

420,000 
400,000 



mean width, area sq. ms. 
261 196,000 



277 
437 



200 



180,000 
523,000 

200,000 



By this table it is shewn, that the surface 
comprised in the Misp. basin, falls short of that 
of the Plate, and is only to that of the Amazon 
as 377 to 1000 ; yet the enormous extent of the 
former, though the third in rank amongst the 
rivers of America, becomes very apparent, 
when it is seen, that it exceeds in extent all the 
rivers of the Atlantic slope of North America, 
including the St. Lawrence, or either the Baltic 
or Euxine basins; that it far exceeds the united 
basins of the Indus, Ganges, andBiiramapootre, 
or the great central basin of China. A line 
drawn from the Appalachian system, where the 
sources of Ten. and Great Kenhawa separate 
in Ashe co. N. G. to the sources of Marias r., 
the nthwstrn. confluent of Misp. is by calcula- 
tion N. 55° 40' w. 1,985 statute ms. Another 
line very nearly at right angles to the preceding, 
drawn between the sources of Red and Ouis- 
consin rs., measures 1,100 ms., the mean width 
of the basin is, however, about 550 ms. The 
following table exhibits the relative extent and 
geographic position of the constituent vallies of 
this great basin. 

Nat. Sections. length. 

Ohio valley, 750 

Misp. valley or Misp. 

proper, 650 

Missouri valley, 1,200 

Ohio, including the i 
valleys of White, V 1,000 
Arkansas, Red, &.C. ) 

Of these valleys, which drain a territory of 1,099,000 
fsq. ms., the extent is as follows : 

Ohio, from lat. 34° to 420 3u' long. w. W. C. 1° to 11° 40' 
Misp. proper, 37° " 48° " " 9° '• 2C0 

Missouri, 37° " 50° '• " 130 u 350 

Ohio, includ- j 

ing the vallies fogo" 400 » « lio » 300 

ofWhite,Ark. C' 
Red, &c. ] 

The various sections of this great physical 
region will be found under their respective 
heads, but we here notice the general features 
in order to explain the phenomena of the annu- 
al inundations. By reference to table II. it 
will be seen that the difference of lat. between 
the extremes, is from lat. 29 to 50, or 21 de- 
grees. The relative elevation has never been 
accurately determined, but may without estima- 
ting mountain ridges, be assumed safely at 
5,000 feet, or an equivalent to 10 degrees of 
lat. Combining these elements, would give a 
winter climate to Misp. sources similar to that 
of Labrador, on the Atlantic coast, of lat. 61°. 
The basin, if taken as a whole, is composed of 
two very unequal inclined plains, one, the west- 
ern and much most extensive, falling from the 
Chippewayan system, is about 800 ms. mean 
width ; the second declines from the Appala- 
chian system westward, and is about 400 ms. 
wide at a mean. The base line, or line of com- 
mon depression, follows the valley of Illinois 
and Misp. below the mouth of Misp. The gen- 



eral characters of the Appalachian and Chippe 
wayan systems, are communicated to their re- 
spective plains. In a state of nature the Appala- 
chain system was a dense forest. This vast 
body of woods was protruded on one side to the 
shores of the Atlantic ocean, and westward en- 
croached on the central plains. The Chippe. 
wayan is m jstly naked of timbers, as are the 
immense grassy plains which compose its east- 
ern slope. By reference to the art. Md. it will 
be seen that, independent of comparative height, 
the prevalent winds of the continent are from 
the westward, and that winter cold increases in 
intensity advancing westward to the summits of 
the Chippewayan. Permanent snows cover the 
earth in winter over the Atlantic slope and 
Misp. basin, as low as lat. 31°, but from the pe- 
culiar structure of the vallies, the floods produ. 
ced by winter snows and spring rains cannot be 
simultaneously discharged. The gradual dis- 
charge is produced by three causes ; first, dif- 
ference of lat. ; second, difference of height ; 
and thirdly, contrariety of direction. The gen- 
eral course of the flood being to the southward, 
spring advances in a reverse direction, and re. 
leases in succession, the waters of the lower 
valley, then those of Ohio, then those of Misp. 
In a mean of ten years the swell commences on 
the Delta, in the end of Feb. aid beginning of 
March, and continues to rise by unequal diur. 
nal accretions to the middle of June, when the 
waters begin again to depress. But -what might 
excite much surprise to those unacquainted 
with the cause, the waters of the upper Misp. do 
not reach the Delia until upwards of a month af. 
ter the inundation has been abating. Rising be. 
tween 42° and 50°, and at an elevation of from 
1,200 to 5,000 feet, the higher sources of the 
Misp. are locked in ice and snow, long after sum- 
mer reigns on the Delta. Again the courses of the 
Yellow Stone r, and Misp. are to the nrthestrd. 
for 5 or 600 ms. from the Chippewayan ridges, 
giving to their floods a very circuitous route. 
To these particular causes of separate dis. 
charge, one general cause may be added, that 
is the slow motion of the waters. Amongst 
the many vulgar errors introduced into our 
books concerning the Misp. basin, none stands 
more opposed to fact than the rapid motion of 
the waters. If in reality the floods moved with 
half the commonly assigned velocity, the Delta 
would be annually and totally submerged. 
The waters of Upper Misp. do not reach the 
Delta before the beginning of August, about 100 
days or 2,400 hours after the breaking up of 
winter. This supposes a motion of about one 
mile per hour. Similar to the Russian or north, 
eastern plains of Europe, the Misp. basin ia 
remarkable for the very regular slope of its de- 
clivities, and consequently the scarcity of direct 
falls or even cataracts in its rivers. If we 
allow an elevation of 5,000 ft. to the sources of 
Misp., we find the much greater part of the fall 
in the vicinity of Chippewayan, and to estimate 
the height of the junction of Misp. and Yellow 
Stone river at 2,000 ft. is full more than would 
be warranted by known elevation at the source 
of Misp. proper. But allowing 2,000 ft. eleva- 
tion for the mouth of Yellow Stone river, and 
2,400 ms. for distance thence to the Delta, we 



MIS 



296 



MIS 



have a fall of only 10 inches to the mile. This 
estimate, moderate as it appears, is neverthe- 
less too high. Pittsburg is by actual measure- 
ment within a small fraction of 700 feet above 
the surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and distant 
by the windings of that streams from that re- 
cipient, about 1,800 ms., yielding a mean fall of 
4 6-10 inches per mile nearly. If in brief, we 
allow a mean fall of 6 inches to the mile, it is 
more than sufficient for the mean fall of the wa- 
ters of the Misp. basin, from their heads to final 
discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. The sea- 
sons of general inundation are tolerably well 
known to the inhabitants of the Delta, but so 
very greatly do the quantity of meteor differ in 
different years, that no length of experience 
enables any person to anticipate, with any ap- 
proach to certainty, the elevation of flood in any 
given year. Some years, as in 1800-1, the 
waters do not rise above their channels, of 
course no inundation takes place. Connected 
with the general history of the Misp. Delta, is 
the mistaken opinion that the main channel is 
changeable. When the annual inundations oc- 
cur, the surface of the river is indeed above 
that of the adjacent country, but the bed or bot- 
tom, similar to all other rivers is, nevertheless, 
the deepest valley of the region through which 
it flows. The author of this article has sound- 
ed the Mississippi from the efflux of Atchafa- 
laya to the different outlets, and found the 
stream at the lowest water, from 75 to 80 ft. at 
the head of the Delta, 130 ft. near the outlet of 
Lafourche at Donaldsonville, upwards of 100 
ft. opposite New Orleans, and from 75 to 80 ft. 
3 ms. above the main bars. Lake Ponchar- 
train is the deepest lake of Louisiana, and 
yet does not average a depth of 18 feet ; say 
its bottom is 25 ft. below the general level of 
the Delta, then would the bottom of the Misp. 
et New Orleans, be 75 ft. below that of the 
greatest adjacent depression. The great, and 
in many cases almost circular bends of the 
Misp. in and above the Delta, produce a re- 
verse of the current at once on the opposite 
sides of a neck of land. This neck being com- 
posed of alluvion, yields easily to the abrasion 
of water, and is finally worn away and a new 
channel opened. Above and below where the 
isthmus formerly existed, the ancient bed is fil- 
led up with sand and earth, whilst the old bed 
around the point assumes the aspect of a lake, 
but by its proximity to the parent river and its 
form proves the origin. Such lakes are Fause 
Riviere, one near the mouth of Horaochitto r., 
Concordia, St. John's, St. Joseph's, Providence, 
and Grand lakes, and one forming the mouth of 
Yazoo. Of these, Fause Riviere, that on the 
left bank near the mouth of Homochitto, and 
that also on the left bank at the mouth of Ya- 
zoo, have been formed within the period of 
white settlement. With the exception stated, 
the volume of the Misp. is as effectually and 
permanently confined to its channel, as is any 
other river of the earth. (-See art. Atcliafalaya, 
Lafourche, La. ^c.) 

Mississippi, state of the U. S. bndd. by the 
Gulf of Mexico s., La. s. w.. Ark. n. w., Tenn. 
N., and Ala. E. The outlines of this state are, 
from the southwestern angle of Ala. along that 



part of the Gulf of Mexico, called lake Borgnc, 
to the mouth of Pearl r. 60 ms. ; up Pearl river 
to hit. 31° 65 ms. ; thence due w. along lat.3l° 
to the bank of the Misp. nearly opposite the out- 
let of Atcliafalaya lOj ms. ; thence up the 'Vlisjj^ 
r. to lat. 35° at the southwestern angle of Ten. 
following the windings 530 ms. ; thence due e. 
along the southern boundary of Ten. to Ten. 
river, and up that stream to the mouth of Bear 
cr. 123 ms. ; thence along the western bounda- 
ry of Ala. to the place of beginning on the Gulf 
of Mexico 320 ms. having an entire outline of 
1,203 ms. Lying between lat. 30° 08' and 35°, 
and between long. 11° 12' and 14° 42' w. W. C. 
Extreme length from s. to n. 337 ms. and the 
area being 45,760 square ms., the mean breadth 
is a small fraction above 135 3-4 ms. ; contain. 
ing 29,286,400 statute acres. 

Natural Geography. — The general decliv- 
ity of this state is southward, but the western 
side declining by an easy descent s. s. w. to- 
wards the Misp. whilst the eastern side de- 
clines slightly towards the Tombigbee. Of the 
rivers of this state the principal is the great 
stream from which its name is derived. The 
state of Misp. rises from the river of the same 
name into a buttress of moderate and unde- 
fined general elevation. This interior but- 
tress reaches the stream in a series of crumb. 
ling banks, called " The Bluffs." Between 
the Bluffs and stream, the bottoms are as 
low and more subject to inundation than 
are those on the western bank, as in the for. 
mer case ; the hills confine the water which is 
augmented by the river and creeks flowing 
from the interior of the state. The bottoms 
of the Misp. r. which exist in the state of Misp. 
bear a small fractional proportion to the aggre- 
gate surface. From the western side of the 
state, advancing n. to s. flow into the Misp. river 
in succession, the Yazoo, Big Black, Bayou, 
Perre, and Homochitto. Pearl r. rises near 
the centre of the state, but flows s. s. w. near. 
ly parallel to the Big Black, about 80 ms. and 
thence curving s. s. e. 150 ms. falls into the 
pass of rigolets between lakes Pontchartrain 
and Boyne, after an entire comparative course 
of 230 ms. draining the central and much of the 
sthrn. parts of the state. Between Homochitto 
and Pearl rise in the sthrn. part of the state of 
Misp. and flow thence into La., the Bogue, 
Chitto, Tangipoho, Tickfoha, and Amite rivers. 
Eastward from Pearl, and draining the south, 
eastern angle, and that protruding point be- 
tween La. and Ala. comprising the cos. of Han- 
cock and Jackson, the various branches of Pas. 
cagoula water the space between the vallies of 
Mobile and Pearl. The northeastern part of 
the state gives source to the Tombigbee or 
Great western branch of the Mobile r. whilst 
the extreme n. is drained by the sources of 
Wolf, and Big Hatch rs. The northeastern 
angle is terminated by Ten. r. These rivers 
are noticed under their proper heads. It is ob- 
vious from the preceding brief notice of its rs. 
that as far as river navigation extends, this 
state possesses great advantages. It is true 
that neither the Pascagoula or Pearl offer nav- 
igable facilities in proportion to their compar. 
ative magnitude, but the most fertile part and 



MIS 



297 



MIS 



that yet best inhabited and cultivated, have ac- 
cess to the Misp. or streams directly flowing 
into it as a recipient. 

The soil of the state is varient in quality, but 
the much greater proportion thin if not sterile ; 
the southwestern cos. drained directly into the 
Misp. river, contain large bodies of excellent 
land, and tracts of productive soil skirt the 
streams over the whole state. Cotton, indigo 
and tobacco, have been in succession, staples of 
this state. The soil and climate are favorable 
to the growth of each of these vegetables, as 
also to Indian corn, potatoes, and numerous 
garden vegetables. The peach and fig are the 
common fruits, though apples are cultivated in 
some places to advantage. For the last 30 
years, the great object of farming operations 
in this state has been cotton, to the injurious 
neglect of grain and meadow grasses. Large 
quantities of Indian corn are indeed annually 
produced, but too much dependence is placed 
on supplies from the northward, through the 
channel of the Misp. In general terms the 
bluff lands are the best in the state ; those 
next the river alluvion ; and the third and least 
productive, the pine woods. Indigenous trees 
most common, are the pine, various species and 
varieties of oak, and hickory, sweet gum, lirio- 
dendron, tulipifera, black walnut, persimon, 
beech, red maple, honey locust, black locust, 
and numerous other species of trees. Of dwarf 
trees, the most common are dogwood, chinqui- 
pin, papan, spice wood, thorn, &c. Buck eye, 
a forest tree in the valley of Ohio, is a dwarf 
in the states of Misp. and La. whilst the chin, 
quipin, a mere bush in the middle states, rises 
in the southwest to a tree often more than 25 ft. 
high. In the rich bottom lands of the state of 
Misp. the large reed cane, arundo gigantea 
abounded, but has in great part disappeared. 

Climate. — Compared with the winters of the 
nrthrn. states, those of Misp. may be regarded 
as mild, but the seasons of the latter, like those 
of all the adjacent regions, are variable from 
each other, and not unfrequently very severe. 
The temperature near Natchez has aflforded a 
cold of 12° above zero of Fahrenheit. No 
winter passes without less or more severe frost, 
and few without snow. The sugar cane and 
orange tree, can neither be preserved in any 
part of the State of Misp. above lat. 31°. The 
summers are, however, very warm, and long 
■droughts frequent, as are, on the contrary, ex- 
cessive and protracted rains. These are the 
exceptions to a generally pleasant climate. 
Along the streams, bilious complaints are fre- 
quent in autumn, but taken altogether, the set- 
tled cos. of the state of Misp. are healthy. 
The winters along the Misp. and adjacent pla- 
ces, are from two to three degrees colder than 
those of corresponding lats. along the Atlantic 
coasts. This difference is demonstrated by 
native and exotic vegetation, and by recent ther- 
mometrical observations. The prevailing 
■winds of the whole southwestern parts of the 
U. S. are from the western side of the meridians, 
and principally from the n. w. {See art. Md.) 

Political Geography. — For political purpo- 
ses, the state of Mississippi ia subdivided into 
the counties of 



Pop. 1820. 


Pop. 1830. 


Adams, 12,073 


14,937 


Amite, 6,853 


7,934 


Claiboi-ne, S,963 


9,787 


Copiate, 


7,001 


Covington, 2,230 


2,551 


Franklin, 3,821 


4,622 


Greene, 1,445 


1,854 


Hancock, 1,594 


1,962 


Hinds, 


8,645 


Jackson, 1,682 


1,792 


Jefferson, 6,822 


9,755 


Jones, 


1,471 


Lawrence, 4,916 


5,293 


Lowndes, 


3,173 


Madison, 


4,973 


Marion, 3,116 


3,691 


Monroe, 2,721 


3,861 


Perry, 2.037' 


2,300 


Pike, 4,438 


5,402 


Rankin, 


2,083 


Simpson, 


2,680 


Warren, 2,693 


7,861 


Wasiiington, 


1,976 


Wayne, 3,323 


2,781 


Wilkinson, 9,718 


11,686 


Yazoo, 


6,550 


Total population of the state 


136,621, of 


which are white persons, 




Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age, 7,918 


7,319 


From 5 to 10 5,572 


5,165 


" 10 to 15 4,591 


4,169 


" 15 to 20 3,623 


3,653 


" 20 to 30 7,237 


6,231 


" 30 to 40 4,632 


3,090 


" 40 to 50 2,419 


1,739 


" 50 to 60 1,595 


983 


" 60 to 70 632 


436 


" 70 to 80 189 


149 


" 80 to 90 47 


34 


" 90 to 100 11 


7 


" 100 and upwards, 00 


2 



Total, 38,466 31,977 

Of which were deaf and dumb, under 14 

years, 12 ; 14 to 25, 10 ; 25 and upwards, 7. 

Blind 25. 

Colored population as follows : 





Free 


colored. 


Slaves. 




males. 


females. 


males. 


females 


Under 10 years, 


81 


72 


11,037 


10,860 


10 to 24 


82 


51 


10,793 


10,841 


24 to 36 


59 


45 


6,947 


6,983 


36 to 55 


43 


49 


3,455 


3,173 


55 to 100 


22 


14 


845 


682 


100 and over. 


1 





22 


21 



Total, 288 231 33,099 32,560 

Free colored and slaves who are deaf and dumb, 12. 
Blind, none. 

llecapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total 

70,443 519 65,659 136,621 

In 1816 Mississippi contained 45,929 inhab- 
itants, and in 1820, 75,448. 

Comprising the aggregate area of that part of 
the state of Misp. yet organized into cos., and 
comparing it with the superficial extent of the 
state, as given at the head of this article, the 
reader will perceive how large a portion re- 
mains unsettled and imcultivated. Examining 
the COS. separately, it will again appear, that 
density of population is in proportion to distance 
from the original settlements, downwards along 
the Misp. Bluffs, from Natchez to lat. 31°. 
About 220,000 acres of land are reserved in 
this state for the support of schools. 

History. — The whole country now included 



MIS 



298 



MIS 



in the states of Ala, and Misp. was held by 
France, or more correctly, that nation claimed 
this region as a part of La. from their first set- 
tlement on the northern shores of the Gulf of 
Mexico. In 1716, ihe French formed a settle- 
ment amongst the Natchez Indians, and built a 
fort where the city of Natchez now stands. In 
the first instance the Indians were unaware of 
the consequence, but dissatisfaction soon arose, 
and ended, in 1723, in open war. Bienville, the 
governor general, marched a force from New 
Orleans to Natchez, which the Indians were 
unable to oppose, and were compelled to sub- 
mit to terms. In 1729 a man of the name of 
Chopart was commandant at Natchez, but his 
injustice and folly so exasperated the natives, 
and at the same time neglecting the means 
of defending his colony against their wrath, 
a massacre was planned, and on the 30th of 
Nov. 1729, perpetrated ; when, with two or 
three exceptions, the French of both sexes, 
to the amount of 700, fell victims. The total 
dispersion of the Natchez nation soon fol- 
lowed, as they were too weak to sustain 
themselves against the French. The country 
in the vicinity of Natchez was abandoned by 
both whites and Indians, and remained long 
uninhabited. The French still, however, claim- 
ed the country until 1763, when it was ceded as 
part ot Florida to Great Britain. Settlers slow- 
ly entered the country, and many very respect, 
able British families located themselves in and 
near Natchez. During the revolutionary war 
in 1781, governor Galvez of La. invaded and 
conquered West Florida, and by the treaty of 
Paris, 1783, it fell once more to Spain, who held 
it until 1798, when it was given up to the U. S. 
By an act of congress passed 7th of April, 1798, 
the president of the U. S. was authorized to 
appoint commissioners to adjust the limits be- 
tween Flor., La., and the acquired territory n. 
31st degree of n. lat., and w. of Chattahoochee 
r. By a subsequent act of the 10th of the same 
month, provision was made for a territorial 
government, and what is now comprised in Ala. 
and Misp. named the Misp. territory. The 
second grade of government went into ope- 
ration in the spring of 1801. The 9th of July, 
1808, an act of congress was passed to admit a 
delegate from Misp. ter. into congress. June 
17th, the assent of Geo. demanded to the forma- 
tion of two states from the Misp. territory. Geo. 
acceded to the demand, but the country remain- 
ed a territory until December, 1817. Previous 
to the latter date, on the 21st of January, 1815, 
a petition from the legislature of the Misp. ter. 
ritory, praying admission into the union as a 
state. This petition was favorably reported on 
by a committee of congress, Dec. 1816. An act 
was passed the 1st March, 1817, authorizing the 
people of the petitioning territory to call a con- 
vention, which was called and met in July, 
1817. The convention accepted the act of con- 
gress, and proceeded to frame a constitution of 
government. The constitution was adopted on 
the 15th of August, and in the ensuing Decem. 
ber was confirmed by congress, and the new 
state, with the limits given at the head of this 
article, took her station as a member of the U. 
S. {See Ala, state of.) 



Government. — A governor, with a general 
assembly, composed of two houses, a senate 
and house of representatives. To be eligible 
as a senator, the person must be a citizen of 
the United States, shall have been an inhabitant 
of the state four years next preceding his elec. 
tion, and the last year thereof a resident of the 
district for which he shall be chosen, and shall 
have attained to the age of 26 years, and also, 
he shall hold, in his own right within this state, 
300 acres of land, or an interest in real estate of 
the value of ^1,000 at the time of h's election, 
and for 6 mths. previous thereto. Term 3 years. 
No person shall be a representative unless he 
be a citizen of the U. S., and shall have been an 
inhabitant of this state 2 years next preceding 
his election, and the last year thereof, a resi- 
dent of the county, city, or town for which 
he shall be chosen, and shall have attained to 
the age of 21 years, and also unless he shall 
hold in his own right, within this state, 150 
acres of land, or an interest in real estate of the 
value of $500 at the time of his election, and for 
six months previous to the term of one year. 
Every free white male person, of the age of 21 
years or upwards, who shall be a citizen of the 
U. S., and shall have resided in this state 1 year 
next preceding an election, and the last six 
months within the county, city, or town, in which 
he offers to vote, and shall be enrolled in the 
militia thereof, except exempted by law from 
military service, or having the aforesaid quali- 
fications of citizenship and residence, shall have 
paid a state or county tax, shall be deemed a 
qualified voter. The supreme executive power 
of this state shall be vested in a governor, who 
shall be elected by the qualified electors, and 
shall hold his office for 2 years from the time of 
his installation, and until his successor be duly 
qualified. The governor shall be at least 30 
years of age, shall have been a citizen of the U. 
S. 20 years, shall have resided in this state at 
least 5 years next preceding the day of his elec. 
tion, and shall be seized in his own right of a 
freehold estate of the value of -$2,000 at the time 
of his election, and l2 months previous thereto. 
The judicial power of this state shall be vested 
in one supreme court, and such superior and in- 
ferior courts of law and equity, as the legisla. 
ture may, from time to time, direct ahd estab. 
lish. There shall be appointed in this state, 
not less than 4, nor more than 8 judges of the 
supreme superior courts. The judges of the 
several courts of this state shall hold their offi- 
ces during good behavior ; removeable by ad. 
dress to the governor of the two thirds of both 
houses of the legislature, or by impeachment 
before the senate, brought up by the lower 
house. No person who shall have arrived at 
the age of 65 years shall be appointed to or con. 
tinue in the office of judge in this state. By the 
6th article and 7th section, no minister of the 
gospel or priest of any denomination whatever 
shall be eligible to the offices of governor, lieu- 
tenant governor, or to a seat in either branch of 
the general assembly. Post masters are the 
only officers of the general government admit, 
ted to office in Misp. Revision provided for 
when two thirds of the general assembly shall 
recommend to the qualified voters to vote for or 



MIS 



299 



MIS 



against a convention. Number of the conven. 
tion equal to that of the general assembly, 
which convention shall meet within 3 months 
after the election of its members, for the pur- 
pose of revising, amending, or changing the 
constitution. 

Missouri, large r. of North America, but in 
great part included in the U. S. great western 
territory. So much has been already given of 
the phenomena of this stream under the general 
head of Mississippi, as to very much abridge 
what is necessary to notice under its own head. 
The course of discovery has led to the adoption 
of the name Mississippi, as a generic term for 
the main stream of the basin, though the Mis- 
souri is already a very large river when it ap- 
proaches and passes the sources of its very in- 
ferior rival. In regard to area drained, the 
Mo. is the largest secondary river of the earth. 
A direct line drawn along its valley from its 
junction with the Misp. r. to the head of Marias 
r. is within a small fraction of 1,400 ms., a 
length of course, falling but little short of either 
the Madeira branch of Amazon, or the Para- 
guay branch of Rio de la Platte ; but by refer- 
ence to table II. article Misp., it will be seen 
that the Mo. r. drains 523,000 sq. ms., or a sur- 
face more than double that of the whole Atlantic 
slope of the U. S. between the two St. Johns' 
rs. inclusive. This fine river derives its sources 
from the Chippewayan chains between lat. 42^° 
and 50i°, and about 30° long. w. W. C. From 
these elevated regions, the general course of 
the main branches is to the n. e., until they 
reach nearly the 49th degree of n. lat. Here 
the Mo. Proper and Yellowstone rs. unite. In 
either length of course or surface drained there 
is but little difference between these confluent 
rivers above their point of union. Though much 
less extensive than the sthrn. slope, from which 
fall the numerous branches of Yellowstone and 
Mo. Proper, there is another northern or coun- 
ter slope, from which issue the rivers Marias, 
Brattons, Milk, Porcupine, and several smaller 
streams, which enter the Mo. above the influx 
of Yellowstone r. The entire Mo. valley above 
the mouth of Yellowstone r. is 600 ms. across 
the sources, and a mean of 30i) ms. in the gen- 
eral direction of the streams; area 180,000 sq. 
ms. The higher valley of Mo. presents a sur. 
face on the western side, broken by mountains, 
and descending the rivers, gradually spreading 
into plains. The whole country, with partial 
exceptions along the rivers, is open prairie, ex- 
hibiting a great resemblance to the steppes of 
Asia, in very nearly the same latitude. After 
their junction, it is probable that the united 
waters of the Mo. and Yellowstone form a 
river as large in volume and as wide and deep 
as at the reception of the Misp. The Mo. now 
a powerful volume, rolls on to the n. e. to the 
mouth of White Earth r. where it has reached 
its extreme northern bend at lat. 48° 20'. In- 
flecting to s. E. about 60 ms. by comparative 
courses it receives Little Mo. from the right. 
And here it may be remarked that the Moose r. 
a branch of Assiniboin, rises within 1 m. of the 
bank of Mo. Continuing s. e. 160 ms. the Mo. 
reaches the Mandan vs. at lat. 47° 25'. Passing 
the Mandan towns, this great stream inflects to a 



sthrn. course, which it maintains upwards of 300 
ms. by comparative courses. The structure of 
the country is such, that in the latter long course 
through 4^° of lat. the Mo. receives no re- 
markable tributary from the left, and from the 
right the comparatively small rivers. Heart, 
Cannon Ball, Maripa, Wetarhoo, Sarwarcarna, 
Chayenne and White rs. Sweeping an im- 
mense general curve to the northeastward and 
gradually round to sthrd. 300 ms. the Mo. is 
augmented from the wstrd. by the large river 
Platte, a stream deriving its sources from the 
same system of mountains which produced the 
recipient. Along the great curve above the 
Platte, the Mo. receives from the nthrd. Jac- 
ques, and the Great and Little Sioux rs. Re- 
ceiving the Platte, the main volume rolls on s. 
E. 200 ms. to the influx of the Kansas, another 
very large confluent from the wstrd. The Kan- 
sas rises also in the Chippewayan, and flowing 
eastwardly, joins the Missouri after a general 
comparative course of upwards of 600 ms. 
The Platte and Kansas fill the space between 
the higher valley of Mo. and that of Ark. The 
length of course not materially different, and 
the character of country they drain, is mostly 
open plains, similar to that drained by the Mo. 
itself. With the influx of Kansas, the Mo. 
bends to a general course of a little s. of e. 250 
ms. to where its immense volume and name is 
lost in the inferior stream of Misp. proper. 
With the entrance of the Kansas, Mo. enters the 
state of the same name, within which it receives 
from the right, descending, Mine, Moreau, 
Osage, and Gasconade rivers, and from the left 
or N. Grand r., w. Chariton, e. Chariton, and a 
long series of streams which are merely large 
creeks. The entire comparative course of Mo. 
is 1,870 ms., but following the bends or channel, 
the length no doubt exceeds 3,000 ms. The 
real length of this great river, as indeed of all 
the American rivers, has been overrated. Our 
knowledge of the valley is general, and except 
along the main stream, in few places have we 
exact specific material for these immense re- 
gions. As far, however, as explored, the face 
of the earth is monotonous when compared with 
extent. From much greater relative elevation, 
higher lat. and from the peculiar courses of its 
confluents, the flood of Mo. is the last in or- 
der, and occurs after the tide from the Misp. 
proper, Ohio, Ark., and Red rs. have in great 
part subsided. (See arts. Misp., Ark., ^r.) 

Missouri, state of the U. S., bounded n. e. 
and E. by the Misp. r. separating it from the 
state of 11., s. E. by the Misp r. separating it 
from Ky. and Ten., s. by Ark. territory, and w. 
and N. by the western unappropriated domain 
of the U. S. Its outlines are, beginning on the 
right bank of the Misp., at the mouth of Les 
Moines r., and thence down the former stream, 
to where it is intersected by lat 36°, 550 ms. ; 
due w. and along lat. 36° to the St. Francis r., 
50 ; thence up St. Francis r. to lat. 36i°, 50 ; 
thence due w. along the n. boundary of Ark. 
to a meridian line passing through the junction 
of Mo. and Kansas rivers intersect latitude 
36^°, 200 ; thence due n. to a point where a 
line drawn due w. from the Sac village on Le- 
moine r. will intersect the w. boundary, 273; 



MIS 



300 



MIS 



thence due e. to the Lemoine r., 130 ; down 
Lemoine r. to place of beginning, 20 ; having 
an entire outline of 1,273 ms. Lying between 
lat. 36° and 40° 30' and long. w. W. C. 12° 12', 
and 17° 28'. Without including the small 
rhomb between Misp. and St. Francis rivers, 
the length is 287 ms. The greatest breadth 
from a little distance below the mouth of Ohio 
to the western boundary is 300 ms. The breadth 
exceeding the length may seem absurd, but 
the reader will observe that the half degree of 
lat. extended between St. Francis and Misp. rs. 
was excluded, and which, if added, would make 
the entire length 321 ms. The mean breadth 
230 ms., would be very nearly represented by 
a line drawn due w. from Herculaneum in Jef- 
ferson CO. to the western boundary. Measured 
carefully by the rhomb, the area of Mo. amounts 
to 64,000 sq. ms. very nearly, or 40,960,000 
statute acres. It is the second state of the U. 
S. in point of superficial extent, only falling 
short of Va. This state is naturally divided 
into two unequal slopes. Leaving the Misp. 
near St. Genevieve, opposite the mouth of the 
Kaskaskias r., a dividing ridge extends rather 
w. of s. w. by w. From this ridge issue and 
flow southwardly the sources of St. Francis, 
Black, White, and Grand r. of Arkansas r. 
This southern slope has a breadth of about 60 
ms. with the entire breadth of the state, 300 
ms., or 18,000 sq. ms. As a physical section 
the southern slope of Mo. belongs to the same 
inclined plane, down which flows the Misp. 
below the influx of Ohio r., but in extent 
amounts to only about the 28-lOOth of the whole 
state. The central and northern sections are 
comprised in the lower slope of the Mo. valley, 
and incline very nearly due e. By a very cir- 
cuitous channel, but general course of a little s. 
of E., the main volume of Mo. r. winds down 
the central plain, leaving about one third of the 
state to the northward. The southeastern an- 
gle of Mo. is a level, and in a great part an an- 
nually inundated tract. This submerged sec- 
tion has been too highly estimated in regard to 
extent ; it is about 100 ms. from s. to n. with a 
width of 40 ms., or 4,000 sq. ms. It is not all, 
indeed, subject to submersion, and affords par- 
cels of dry arable land over the whole extent. 
The bottoms along the rivers are subject to 
casual flood, but taking the whole state into 
view, it is a hilly, and in many parts a very 
broken state. The ridge noticed in the first 
part of this article as dividing the Mo. slope 
from that of Ark., rises into rocky elevations, 
which have received the title of mtns. The idea 
of extended plains is given by the appearance of 
the landscape from the Misp. r. the usual chan 
nel of entrance. It is 28 ms. above the mouth of 
the Ohio r. before a rocky eminence shows it. 
self on the Mo. side of the stream. The first 
rocks are enormous walls of limestone, evi- 
dently, if we extend our view estrdly., an ex. 
tension of the vast limestone formation of Ky., 
Ind. and II. They are in Mo. the buttress of 
the dividing ridge already noticed and extend 
to an undefined distance westward and north- 
ward. Under their respective heads will be 
found noticed, the rivers which water Mo. It 
is sufiicient to observe in this place that the 



state is washed in all its length by the Misp. ; 
the southern part drained by the heads of St. 
Francis, Black, and White rs. ; central part ia 
deeply cut and channelled by the Mo. and its 
confluents, the Osage and Gasconade from the 
right, and the Chariton from the left. Besides 
the Lemoine and Salt rs., the iVlisp. above the 
mouth of the Mo. receives from the state of 
Mo. a long series of crs. many of which are for 
a greater or less distance above their mouth 
navigable streams. From the preceding data 
it is evident, that in natural commercial facili. 
ties Mo. abounds. 

Soil. — Climate. — Vegetables. — -Minerals. — 
The soil of Mo. as indeed the face of the coun. 
try, is a mean between the same objects in the 
valley of Ohio. Much of the bottom land along 
the Mo. r. and its confluents are more sandy 
than that on the Misp. and its tributaries, and 
this character of soil prevails wherever the al- 
luvion of Mo. r. is deposited. Distant from the 
streams, the soil is almost invariably gravelly 
and poor. There are, however, some partial 
exceptions, and detached spots of upland are 
found, with a very productive soil, but they are 
oases. Much of the state is prairie, and the 
prairie soil, as in the contiguous states, and in 
La. presents the same varieties of soil, with 
woodland. As the expense of clearing timber 
was avoided where prairies exist, settlements 
will be first formed on their margins, and such 
has been the case in La., Ark., Mo., and II. 
" There are scarcely any lands in this state" 
CMo.) says Flint, " sufficiently level for cultiva- 
tion, that have not fertility enough to bring good 
crops of corn without manure, and in many in- 
stances the poorer lands are better for wheat 
than the richer." The very deep and rich allu- 
vial lands are no where in the central or south, 
western states, suitable for wheat, until cultiva. 
ted several years. Cotton in small quantities 
can be cultivated on the s. E. section of the 
state, Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c., are 
however the staple crops of the state. Apples, 
peaches, pears, plums, and perhaps some kinds 
of grape, succeed well. Natural grasses 
abound, and yet from some cause meadows 
have not been cultivated to advantage in Mo. 
The abundance indeed of any natural produc- 
tion is inimical to the artificial culture of anala- 
gous species. In fine, it would be safe to say 
that at least 20,000,000 acres of farming land, 
sufficiently fertile to produce good crops, exist 
in Mo. The mineral wealth of the state, par. 
ticularly lead and iron, is, according to all con. 
current testimony, inexhaustible. The tract in 
an especial manner called " The Mineral 
Tract," in Madison, Washington, and St. Fran- 
cis COS., and from which rise the sources of 
Maramec, and St. Francis rivers, is represent- 
ed as not only abundant in lead, but still more 
so in iron ore. Mr. Schoolcraft mentions zinc 
as also amongst the productions of Mo., and in 
great quantities. Water impregnated with 
Muriate of soda (common salt) is found in sev. 
eral places. Plaster of Paris is plentiful, and, 
it is said, produces a more than common eff"ect 
on the vegetation where used as a. manure. 
Such are, in a rough sketch, the outlines of the 
resources of this new and extensive state. 



MIS 



The native vegetables, and particularly forest 
timber, evince an approach towards the prairie 
region. The peccan hickory is plentiful ; wild 
grapes and plums are plentiful. The crab apple 
tree, which in La. grows to the height of 30 or 
40 ft. is also of large growth in Mo. The cli- 
mate is here, as elsewhere in central N. Amer- 
ica, the great stumbling block of travellers and 
geographers. " This state," says Flint, " oc- 
cupies a medial position and has a temperature 
intermediate between that of N. Y. and La." 
Whatever maybe the resemblance in the face 
of Mo. and La., there is but little similarity in 
their respective seasons. La. is in winter a 
very cold country, when compared with itslat., 
but it is tropical when contrasted with Mo. At 
St. Louis, which may be regarded as a central 
point between the northern and southern ex- 
tremes of Mo., the Misp. r. is frozen and passa- 
ble on the ice by the first of January, in a great 
majority of years. In the winter of 1831 — 2, 
the Misp. was frozen and passable on the ice at 
Memphis in Ten., nearly a degree of lat. s. of 
any part of Mo. In article U. S., it may be 
seen that at the Council Bluffs, lat. 41° 25', 
about a degree of lat. n. of Missouri, the mer- 
cury has fallen to 21° minus zero ; and what is 
more decisive, by a letter directed to the editor 
of the Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, on 
the 26th Jan. 1832, the mercury was 18° minus 
zero at Florence in Ala., lat. 34° 47', or 1° 43' 
s. of any part of Mo. It may be safely stated, 
that of all sections of the actually inhabited 
parts of the U. States, no other is so exposed 
to excessive vicissitudes of atmospheric tem- 
perature as is Mo. Open on the westward and 
northwestern sides to the great plains of grass, 
with winds prevailing about fths of the time in 
all seasons of the year, the cold of the vast 
central table land of the continent is borne to- 
wards the Appalachian system of mountains, 
and sweeps over Mo., with a severity which, 
to be known, must be felt. The most accurate 
observers have acknowledged the dryness of 
the atmosphere over all the prairie regions of 
central North America ; and Mo; shares the 
exemption from moisture. " The winter," 
says Flint, " commences about Christmas, (a 
mouth sooner would be nearer the fact,) and is 
frequently so severe, as to bridge the mighty 
current of the Mo. so firmly that it may be 
passed many weeks with loaded teams. In the 
winter of 1818, this was the case for nine 
weeks." This author again, after some gen. 
eral observations, comes at last to the rational 
conclusion and acknowledges that, " on the 
whole, instead of the climate becoming more 
mild, as we advance w. on the same parallel, it 
is believed that the reverse is the case." The 
reader will find in the article U. S. that the in. 
creasing severity of cold, advancing towards 
the Chippewayan mountains, is not simply be- 
lieved but demonstrated. It is worse than idle 
to speak of the health of such a widely spread 
and diversified surface as that of Mo. a coun- 
try containing fens constantly filled with stag- 
nant water, as low as lat. 36°, and high, dry, 
and airy tracts above lat. 40°, where the hu- 
man breast is inflated by air coming from re- 
gions exempt, as far as the face of earth can 

39 



301 MIS 

any where be exempt, from every source of 
7nias7iiata. 

Political Geography. — For political purposes 
the following counties have been organised out 
of the territory of Mo., leaving considerable 
tracts not yet laid out. 



Counties. I 


o-j}. 1830. 


Counties. 


Pop 


. 1830. 


Boon, 


8,359 


Marion, 




4,837 


C.'ilhuvay, 


6,159 


MoMtgoineiy, 




3,903 


Capo Girardeau, 


7,445 


New Madrid, 




2,350 


Oli;iriton, 


1,780 


Perry, 




3,349 


Clay, 


5,338 


I'ike, 




6,129 


Cole, 


3,023 


Ualls, 




4,375 


Cnojior, 


6,901 


Kandol(ih, ■ 




2,942 


Crawloi-;!, 


1,7-.21 


Ilav, 




2,657 


PraiiMia. 


3,484 


S;. Charles, 




4,320 


Giscouade, 


1,545 


St. Fj-ancois, 




2,36(5 


Howard, 


10,851 


St. Genevieve, 




2,185 


JaeliS'iii, 


2,823 


S;. Lewis, 




14,125 


Jcireraon, 


2,592 


Saline, 




2,873 


La Fay.jtte, 


2,912 


S.;ott, 




2,135 


Liricoln, 


4,059 


Was'iington, 




6,784 


Madison, 


_ 2,371 


Wavne, 




3,264 


Total popul 


aticn 140,455, of wiiich 


were 


white persons, 














Mal'3. 


Females. 


Under 5 yeara of 


'■'SP) 


13,531 




12,551 


Proui 5 to 10 




9,017 




9,077 


" 10 to 15 




7,459 




6,794 


" 15 to 20 




5,ri39 




5,705 


" 20 to 30 




11,147 




8,794 


" 30 to 40 




7,084 




5,121 


" 40 to 50 




.3,042 




2,718 


" 50 to GO 




1,939 




1,499 


" GO to 70 




927 




766 


" 70 to 80 




334 




227 


" 60 to 00 




60 




CO 


" 90 10 ICO 




14 




9 


" 100 and ui 


wards 


2 




ij 



Tnt,-d, 61,105 53,390 

Of which 12 persons are deaf and dumb un- 
der 14 years of age, 5 between 14 and 25 years, 
and 10 of 25 years and upwards. Blind 27. 
Of the colored population were. 







h 


rci-'.. 


Slaves. 






Males. 


Fein's. 


Males. 


Fem'3. 


Jnder 10 years 


off 


gc87 


77 


4,872 


4,611 


From 10 to 24 




76 


62 


4,364 


4,605 


" 24 to 36 




43 


46 


2,058 


2,199 


" 36 V) 55 




57 


63 


923 


l,0l4 


" 55 lo too 




18 


34 


208 


219 


" 100 and over 


3 


3 


14 


4 



Total, 284 285 12,439 12,652 

Of the colored population none are either 
deaf and dumb, or blind. 
Recapitulation — 

Whites. FVee colored. Slaves. Total, 

114,795 569 25,091 140,455 

A census was taken of this state at the close 
of 1832, from which it appears that the popula- 
tion at that time was 176,276 ; of which 33,184 
were slaves, and 681 were free people of color. 
Increase since the census of 1830, 35,821. 
The population of Missouri in 18 iO was 19,- 
833; in 1820, 66 586 ; and in 1824, (as appears 
by a census then taken) 80,675. 

Constitution Government. — -Judiciary.- — 

The constitution of Mo. was adopted in con., 
vention at St. Louis, the 25th June, 1820; the 
most important provisions provide, Art. 2. That 



MIS 



302 



MIS 



the powers of the government shall be divided 
into three distinct departments ; each of which 
shall be contided to a separate magistracy ; and 
no person charged with the exercise of powers 
properly belonging to one of those departments, 
shall exercise any power properly belonging to 
either of the others, except in the instances 
hereinafter expressly directed or permitted. 
Art. 3. — Sec. 1. The legislative powers shall 
be vested in a " general assembly," which shall 
consist of a " senate," and a " house of repre- 
sentatives." Sec. 2. — The house of representa- 
tives shall consist of members to be chosen ev- 
ery 2d year, by the qualified electors of the 
several counties. Sec. 3. — No person shall be 
a member of the house of representatives, who 
shall not have attained to the age of twenty-four 
years ; who shall not be a free white male citi. 
zen of the U. States ; who shall not have been 
an inhabitant of the state two years, and of the 
county which he represents one year next before 
his election. Sec. 5. — The senators shall be 
chosen by the qualified electors for the term of 
4 years. No person shall be a senator who 
shall not have attained to the age of thirty years; 
who shall not be a free white male citizen of 
the U. S. ; who shall not have been an inhabit- 
ant of this state 4 years, and of the district 
which he may be chosen to represent one year 
next before his election. Sec. 13. — No per- 
son, while he continues to exercise the functions 
of a bishop, priest, clergyman, or teacher of any 
religious persuasion, denomination, society, or 
sect, whatsoever, shall be eligible to either 
house of the general assembly ; nor shall he be 
appointed to any office of profit within the state, 
the office of justice of the peace excepted. 
Sec. IG. — No senator or representative shall, 
during the term for which he shall have been 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under 
this state, which shall have been created, or the 
emoluments of which, shall have been increas- 
ed during his continuance in office, except to 
such offices as shall be filled by elections of the 
people. Art. 4. Sec. 1. — The supreme exec- 
utive power shall be vested in a chief magis- 
trate, who shall be styled "the governor of the 
state of Mo." Sec. 2. — The governor shall be at 
least 35 years of age, and a natural born citizen of 
the U. S. ; or a citizen at the adoption of the con- 
stituiionof the U.S. ; or an inhabitant of that part 
of La. now included in the state of Mo., at the 
time of the cession thereaf from France to the U. 
S. ; and shall have been a resident of the same 
at least 4 years next before his election. Sec. 
3. — The governor shall hold his office 4 years, 
and until a successor shall bo duly appointed 
and qualified. lie shall be elected in the man. 
ner following. At the time and place of voting 
for members of the house of representatives, the 
qualified electors shall vote for a governor, and 
when 2 or more persons shall have an equal 
number of votes, and a higher number than any 
{other) person, the election shall be decided be- 
tween them by a joint vote of both houses of 
the general assembly, at their next session. 
Sec. 4. — The governor shall be ineligible for 
the next 4 years after the expiration of his term 
of service. Sec. 14. — Th'ere shall be a lieuten- 
ant governor, who shall be elected at the same 



time, in the same manner, for the same term, 
and shall possess the same qualifications as the 
governor. Sec. 15. — The lieutenant governor, 
shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the 
senate. In committee of the whole ho may de- 
bate on all questions ; and when there is an 
equal division, he shall give the casting vote 
in senate, and also in joint votes of both 
houses. — Art. 5. Sec. 1. — The judicial pow- 
ers, as to matters of law and equity, shall be 
vested in a " supreme court," in a " chancellor," 
in " circuit courts," and in such inferior tribu- 
nals as the general assembly may, from time to 
time, ordain aud establish. Sec. 3. — The su. 
preme court shall have a general superintending 
power and control over all inferior courts of 
law. It shall have power to issue writs of fui- 
beas corpus, mandamus, quo warranto, certiorari 
and other original remedial writs ; and to hear 
and determine the same. Except, however, in 
specified cases provided for in the constitution, 
the supreme court of Mo. has only appellate 
jurisdiction. Right of Suffrage. — This primary 
right, is, by the 10th sec. of the 3d article, se- 
cured to " every free white male citizen of the 
U. S. who shall have attained to the age of 21 
years, and who shall have resided in the state 
one year before an election, the last 3 months 
whereof, shall have been in the county or dis- 
trict in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed 
a qualified elector, of all elective offices ; pro- 
vided, that no soldier, seaman or marine in the 
regular army or navy of the U. S. shall be en. 
titled to vote at any election in this state." The 
principles set forth in the declaration of rights, 
general provisions for offices, civil and military, 
and their duties, powers, and term of office, do 
not materially differ from other constitutions of 
the states of the U. S. Slavery of the blacks is 
admitted, but the power of the master is placed 
under control of the legislature, and on trials 
for capital offences, trial by jury secured to the 
slave, and no other punishment permitted ex- 
cept what would be inflicted on a free white 
person in like case ; and the courts are required 
to provide counsel to manage the defence of 
slaves under a criminal prosecution. 

History. — This country was amongst the ori- 
ginal discoveries of the French from Canada, 
who reached the Misp. about 1674. The first 
civilized settlements made, however, by the 
French on that great river, were in II., and St. 
Louis was not founded until after the treaty of 
Paris, in 1763. St. Genevieve preceded St. 
Louis, and was founded by a mining company, 
styled " Pierre Claude, Maxan and Co." St. 
Louis was established in 1764, and in 1780 St. 
Charles, on Mo. The settlements and towns 
remained feeble and scattered, until after the 
cession of La. to the U. S. In 1804, the unwieldy 
La. was divided, and the territory of Mo. ere- 
ated. Emigration, though not very rapid, car- 
ried the pop. in 1819 to the constitutional amount 
to entitle the people to state government. Ap- 
plication was accordingly made to congress at 
the session of 1819 — 20, and after a stormy and 
protracted debate, turning principally on the ad. 
mission or rejection of slavery, permission was 
given to the people of Mo. to form a constitu- 
tion, admitting slavery under certain restric- 



MOB 



303 



MOB 



tions. Complying with the conditions, a con. 
stitution was formed as already noticed, and on 
the 10th of Aug. 1821, Mo. became one of the 
U. S. 

Mitchell's Mill and p-o. Shelby co. Ky., by 
p-r. 31 ms. wstrd. Frankfort. 

Mitchell's Store, and p-o. Goochland co. Va., 
by p-r. 153 ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 50 ms. n. w. 
by w. Richmond. 

Mobile, r. Locally, this name only applies 
to tlie stream, or streams, below the junction of 
Alabama and Tombigbee rs., to the head of 
Mobile bay. The entire water of Alabama 
does not mingle with the Tombigbee, the former 
having an outlet above their junction, which out- 
let flowing sthrd., joins another and larger, 
which leaves the united streams about 10 ms. 
below their confluence. The two outlets, uni. 
ted, form the Tensaw, or estrn. Mobile, which 
flowing sthrd. passes Blakely, and is lost in the 
N. estrn. angle of Mobile bay. The wstrn., the 
proper Mobile, and main stream, flows along 
the wstrn. bluffs at a distance of from 3 to 4 or 
5 ms. from Tensaw, passes the town of Mobile, 
and is terminated in the bay about 2 ms. below 
Mobile harbor. Vessels which can pass Dog r. 
bar, can reach to either Mobile or Blakely, and 
those drawing from 5 to 6 ft. can be navigated 
into either the Tombigbee or Alabama, and up 
the former to St. Stephen's, and the latter to 
Claiborne. The junction of Alabama and Tom- 
bigbee is at lat. 31° 06' and long. 11° 05' w. 
W. C. 

Mobile Bay, Ala. The estuary of the same 
name opens from the gulf of Mexico, between 
Mobile point and;Dauphin isl., at lat. 30° 12', Ion. 
11° 10' vv. W. C. The following directions to en- 
ter Mobile bay, will also serve to aid in giving 
its geographical features. In running in for 
the land in the bay of Mobile, should you make 
it to the wstrd. of the bar, the land will appear 
broken, as it consists of small islands ; if to the 
estrd., the land is uniform as far as Pensacola 
E,, and covered with timber ; the beech is gene- 
rally sandy and quite perceptible in clear weath- 
er 8 or 10 ms. distant. Dauphin isl. on the w. 
point of the bay, appears high and bluff"; Mobile 
point low, sandy, with a single tree on the ex- 
tremity, in the form of an umbrella, and thinly 
wooded for five miles from the point. There 
are houses on the point, and on Dauphin isl. 
Before shoaling into 7 fathoms water, bring 
Mobile point to bear n. ^ w., and the estrd. of 
Dauphin isl. to bear n. n. w. ^ w., and steer in 
N. N. w. This course will run you over the bc-.r, 
on which you will have from 16 to 20 ft. water 
in good tides. After passing a small burth isl. 
on your larboard, you are over the bar and out 
of danger, with a shoal on each side of you. 
Then haul up for the point of Mobile, giving it a 
hmth of 3 or 400 yards, and steer up the bay. 
It is necessary to calculate for the bay cur- 
rents, as, when the tide is flowing, you will 
drift to the wstrd., and when at ebb to the estrd., 
until you get near Dog r. bar, which extends 
across the bay. When in 11 feet water, and 
2^ ms. from the wstrn shore, 7 ms. from Mo- 
bile, and 15 from Blakely, come to for a pilot. 
The bay is in form of a triangle, of about 32 
ms. base from Dauphin isl, to Mobile har- 



bor, the apex formed by the minor bay of Bon 
Secours, stretching n. e. by e. from Mobile 
point into the high angle ; and between Mobile 
and Blakeley, the bay is terminated by the dif- 
ferent mouths of Mobile r. On the outer bar 
there is, as we have shown, 16 ft. water • but 
on Dog r. bar, 7 ms. below Mobile harbor, 11 
ft. only can be safely calculated on. Beside the 
principal entrance between Mobile point and 
Dauphin isl., there is another inner passage by 
the pass of Heron. The latter is the strait be- 
tween Dauphin isl. and the continent, opening 
from the s. w. angle of Mobile bay into Pasca- 
goula sound. In the pass of Heron there is at 
mid tide 6 ft. water. It is by this passage that 
steamboats and small sail vessels are navigated 
between Blakeley and Mobile, to New Orleans, 
reaching the latter by the rigolets, lake Pont! 
chartrain, and Bayou St. John's. Anchorage in 
mud, sand, and shells, can be had in any place 
in this interior chain of lakes, straits, and 
sounds. 

Mobile Basin. Under this head is included 
a very important physical section, comprising 
37,120 sq. ms., and drained by the various con- 
stituents of Mobile r. Each of those constitu- 
ents will be formed, noticed and described, un- 
der their proper heads, but we here insert a 
general view of the whole basin. This basin 
occupies the space between that of Ten. n. 
Chattahooche e., Cunnecut s. e., the Gulf of 
Mexico s., Pascagoula r. basin s. w., and the 
sources of the Pearl and Yazoo n. w. This fine 
agricultural and navigable basin, lies between 
lat. 30° 12' and 35° 05', and between long. 7° 
and 12° w. W. C. It is in a near approach to 
a triangle, base 400 ms. from the pass of Heron, 
to the extreme nrthestrn. sources of the Coosa 
r. in the nrthwstrn. part of Geo., in a direction 
very nearly from s. w. to n. e. The greatest 
breadth r330 ms., from the eastern sources of 
Tallapoosa, to the nrthwstrn. of Tombigbee. 
The area of the basin measured by the rhombs 
37,120 sq. ms. Though the course of Tombig. 
bee and Mobile declines a few degrees estrd. of 
s., the general declivity of the basin is about s. 
s. w. The difference of relative height from 
the sources of Mobile r. to Mobile bar, cannot 
fall much, if any, short of 2,000 feet, or an 
equivalent to 5 degrees of lat. Uniting the ac- 
tual difference of lat. between the extremes to 
the allowance for relative elevation, the winter 
climate must difl^er about equal to 10° of lat. 
If the soil suited the growth of that vegetable, 
sugar might be cultivated near Mobile bay, 
whilst the nrlhrn. part of Geo. has a climate 
suitable to wheat, rye, &c. Of cultivated veo-- 
etablesinthe U. S., Indian corn, cotton, tobac- 
co, and the peach tree, seem most congenial to 
this region, though the apple flourishes in the 
nrthrn., and the fig in the sthrn. extreme. The 
soil is extremely variable. Along the streams, 
are tracts of very productive alluvion, aiid bor- 
dering on the alluvion, extensive bodies of sec- 
ond rate soil ; but if taken as a whole, a large 
proportion of the surface is sterile. 

Mobile, co. Ala., bndd. n. by Washington, 
N. E. by Tombigbee r., separating it from Clarke, 
E. by Mobile r. separating it from Baldwin, s. 
E. by Mobile bay, s. by the pass of Heron and 



MOH 



304 



MON 



Pascagoula sound, s. w, by Jackson co. state of 
Misp., and n. w. by Greene co. state of Misp. 
The extreme length of Dauphin island is 99 ms., 
mean breadth 25, and area 2,250 sq. ms. ; ex- 
tending in lat. from 30° 12' to 31° 30', and in 
long, from 11° 04' to 11° 34'. The dividing 
line of the sources of crs. flowing westward in- 
to the basin ot Pascagoula, and those flowing 
eastward into* that of Mobile, divides Mobile 
CO. into two nearly equal portions. Surface 
towards the Gulf of Mexico waving, but be- 
comes rather hilly in the northern part ; with 
but partial exception, the whole superficies cov- 
ered with pine forest, and soil sterile. Cf. t. 
Mobile. Pop. 1820, 2,672 ; 1830, 3,073. 

Mobile, city, port of entry, and st. jus. for 
Mobile CO. Ala., is situated on the right bank of 
Mobile r., near the head of the bay of the same 
name, 30 ms. n Mobile point, 55 w. by n. Pen- 
sacola, and 160 e. New Orleans. Lat. 30° 44', 
long. 11° 12' w. W. C. The harbor admits 
vessels of 8 ft., but to reach the anchorage, or 
wharves, with such vessels, it is necessary to 
pass round a small island in front of the town, 
which compels ships of more than three feet 
draught, to be navigated round the head of the 
isl. 5 ms. above. By this circuitous entrance, 
however, all vessels which can pass Dog r. bar, 
can reach Mobile. It is located considerably 
higher than the river at its greatest rise, and is 
rapidly increasing as a place of commercial im- 
portance ; communicating with New Orleans 
by steam, (besides other modes of navigation,) 
throucfhlakcPontchartrain. In 1829 its exports 
amounted to ^1,679,380; in 1831, 110,000 bags 
of cotton were exported from there, and 128,- 
333 bales in 1833, and prior to July 1st. There 
are several public buildings in Mobile, among 
which are 4 churches, a court house, and jail. 
Pop. 3,194. 

MocKviLLE, p-v. in the northern part of 
Rowan co. N. C. by p-r. 141 ms. westward Ra- 
leigh. 

Moffitt's Mills, and p-o. Randolph co. N. 
C. by p-r. 70 ms. w. Raleigh. 

MoiiAWK, r. Coos CO. N. H. rises in Dixville 
mtns. and enters Conn. r. in Colebrook. 

Mohawk, r. N. Y. about 135 ms. long, the 
principal branch of Hudson r-, rises in Onei- 
da CO. near the source of Black r., runs 20 ms. 
B. to Rome, thence e. by s. to Hudson r. at 
Waterford, between Albany and Saratoga cos. 
It has many rapids, and falls a little at German 
Flats, 42 ft, at Little Falls, and nearly 70 at the 
Cahoos. The banks are very level, and fertile 
in some places, particularly at Herkimer, and 
poor or rocky in others. The navigation for 
boats was formed some years ago by a canal 
round the falls, and one from Rome to Wood 
creek and Oswego river. The Erie canal now 
passes along its course, (chiefly on the s. bank) 
to Rome, (iSee Erie Canal.) 

Moiiegan, Indian village. Conn. w. Thames 
r., 4 ms. s. of Norwich in the t. of Montville, on 
a, reservation of land for the Mohegan tribe, 
now reduced to a small number. A church 
was built here in 1831, on the site of Unca's 
fort. The government of the U. S. have ap- 
propriated ^900 for their benefit, and exertions 
have been recently made for their instruction, 



by benevolent individuals. The ancestors of 
these Indians were faithful friends of the colo- 
nists, and assisted them in their wars. 
MoiRA, t. Franklin co. N. Y. Pop. 791. 
MoNADNOCE MTN. (commonly called Grand 
Monadnock) Cheshire co. N. H., 22 ms. e. Conn, 
r,, 10 ms. N. Mass., is a high ridge, n. e. and s, 
w., 5 ms. long and 3 wide. The base is said to 
be 1,452 ft. above tide, the top 3,250. The 
rocks are talc and mica-slate, stratified, and 
sometimes contain schorl, garnets, quartz and 
feldspar. Plumbago, or black lead, is found on 
the E. side, and made into crucibles and indif- 
ferent pencils. Monadnock mineral spring ia 
near the base, and the top commands a fine 
view, 

MoNAMET Point, cape, Mass., in Cape Cod 
bay. Long. 6° 35' e. W. C, lat. 41° 45'. 

Mo>GUAGO, p-v, in the southeastern part of 
Wayne co. Mich., 14 ms. s. s. w. Detroit, and 
by p-r. 512 ms. nrthwstrd. W. C. 

Moniteau, p-v. Cole co. Mo., 5 ms. wstrd. 
Jefferson city, and 139 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

MoNKTON, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 18 ms. s. Bur- 
lington, and 27 w. Montpelier. Little Otter 
creek. Pond brook and Lewis creek, though 
small, are the principal streams, and afford few 
mill sites. It contains a considerable pond, 
Hogback mtn. and others. Iron ore is very 
abundant in the s., principally hematite, as well 
as black oxyde of manganese, and a large bed 
of porcelain clay. There is also a curious 
cavern. Pop. 1,348. 

Monmouth, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 17 ms. w, 
Augusta, contains an academy. It is n. of 
Lincoln co. and has small streams flowing into 
Kennebec r. Pop. 1,879. 

Monmouth, co. N. J. bndd. by Middlesex co. 
and Raritan bay n., Atlantic o. e., Burlington 
CO. s. and w. Contains much poor pine land, 
with a scattered population, and only a few vil- 
lages in the n. The coast is low and sandy, 
and the scene of frequent shipwrecks. Marl, 
which is found in different places, is an excel- 
lent and lasting manure for the poorest soil. 
Much pine wood is sent to N. Y. It has seven 
large townships, but a great deal of poor sandy 
soil, with invaluable beds of marl, which makes 
the richest manure. Sandy Hook is the s. 
cape of Raritan bay, by which is the communi- 
cation between the ocean and New York bay, 
and the n. e. extremity of this county. Shrews- 
bury and Navesink rs. (short but broad streams) 
enter Raritan bay just within the Hook, which 
they have sometimes isolated by cutting through 
the neck into the sea. At Shrewsbury and 
Howel, the coast is a sand bank, about 30 feet, 
with a beautiful white beach, having arable 
land to the bluff. Below, Barnegat and Little 
Egg Harbor bays are formed by Squam Isle 
and Long Beaches, with 2 inlets to the ocean, 
in this CO. Many small streams flow into 
them, and others rise in the co. which fall into 
Raritan and Delaware rs. The principal town 
is Freehold. In the pines are furnaces for iron, 
&c. Pop. 1820, 25,038 ; 1830, 29,233. 

MoNONGAHELA, r. of the U. States in Va., Md. 
and Pa., is formed by Monongahela proper, 
Tygart's valley r., Cheat r., and the Youghio- 
ghany. The Cheat is in fact the main stream, 



MON 



305 



MON 



having its remote source in the southern part of 
Randolph co. Va., at lat. 38° 27', interlocking 
sources with those of Green r. and Jackson's 
branch of James r. The remote sources of 
Tygart's valley r. are nearly as far s. as those 
of Cheat, and also in Randolph co. The mtn. 
ridge from which both streams rise, is known 
locally as Green Brier mtn., and the valleys 
from which the higher sources are derived, 
must be at least 2,500 feet elevated above 
tide water in Chesapeake bay. Monongahela 
proper is the western branch, rising in Lewis 
CO. Va. with interlocking sources with those of 
Tygart's valley and little Kenhawa. The three 
branches near their sources pursue a general 
northern course, but the two western gradually 
approach each other, and unite at lat. 39° 28', 
where they form a point of separation between 
Harrison and Monongahela cos. Thence as- 
suming a northern course over the latter coun- 
ty, finally leave Va., and form a junction with 
Cheat on the boundary betvveen Fayette and 
Green cos. Pa. The Cheat in the highest part 
of its course flows along a mountain valley in a 
nrthrn. direction, but gradually inclining to 
nthwstrd., as already noticed under the head of 
Cheat r. Below the junction of the main branch- 
es, the Monongahela, by a rather circuitous 
channel, pursues a general nthrn. course over 
Pa. about 50 ms. comparative length to its junc- 
tion with Youghioghany, 11 ms. s. e. of Pitts- 
burg. The Youghioghany is a considerable 
branch, having its remote sources in the wstrn. 
part of Alleghany co. Md. Flowing thence 
nrthrdly. enters. Pa., and separating for some 
few ms. Somerset from Fayette co., receives a 
large tributary from the estrd. Casselman's r. 
and turning to n. n. w. about 50 miles, compar- 
ative course, is lost in the Monongahela at 
MacKeesport. Augmented by the Youghio- 
ghany, the Monongahela below the junction as- 
sumes the course of the former, 18 ms. by the 
channel, but only 11 direct distance to Pitts. 
burg, where it unites with the Alleghany to 
form the Ohio. The general course of the Mo- 
nongahela is almost exactly n., and almost as 
exactly along long. 3° w. W. C, 150 ms. by 
comparative distance. The widest part of its 
valley lies nearly along the line between Pa. 
and Va. 80 ms, ; the mean width 40, and area 
6,000 sq. ms. If we allow only 1,500 ft. eleva- 
tion to the cultivatable country on the head 
branches of Cheat, Pittsburg being elevated 
678 ft. will give a descent of 822 ft. to the val- 
ley of Monongahela. The extremes of lat. are 
thus almost exactly compensated by declivity, 
and explain why the seasons near Pittsburg and 
in Randolph co. Va. differ but slightly. Though 
the two eastern branches, Cheat and Youghio- 
ghany, rise in mountain vallies, and the whole 
country drained by all the confluents of Monon- 
gahela is very broken, and rocky, direct falls 
are rare and of no great elevation when they 
occur. Cheat r. is navigable through Monon- 
gahela and Preston, into Randolph co., both 
branches of Monongahela proper above their 
junction, and Youghioghany to Ohio pile falls. 
The whole valley has gained recent increase 
of importance as being part of the route or 
routes of proposed lines of canal improvement. 



Monongalia, co. Va. bndd. e. and s. e. by 
Preston, s. w. by Tygart's valley river and Buf- 
falo creek, separating it from Harrison, w. by 
Tyler co., n. w. by Green co. Pa., and n. e. by 
Fayette co. Pa. Extending in lat. from 39° 17' 
to 39° 42', and in long, from 2° 39' to 3° 25' w. 
W. C. This CO. declines to the northward and 
is traversed by both branches of Monongahela, 
Cheat to the e., and Monongahela proper to 
the w. Its length from w. to e. is 38 ms., 
mean width 15, and area 570 sq. ms. Though 
very broken, the soil is excellent. Cf. t. Mor- 
gantown. Population 1820, 11,060; 1830, 
14,056. 

Monroe, p-t. Waldo co. Me. s. Penobscot 
CO., crossed by Marsh r. a branch of the Pe- 
nobscot. Pop. 1,080. 

Monroe, p-t. Franklin co. Ms. Pop. 265. 

Monroe, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn, on Housa- 
tonic r. 20 ms. w. New Haven. Pop. 1,522. 

Monroe, p-t. N. Y. (See Munroe.) 

Monroe, co. N. Y. 236 ms. w. n. w. Albany, 
bounded by lake Ontario and Upper Canada n., 
Ontario co. e., Livingston s., Genesee w. ; 20 
by 30 ms. ; area 600 sq. ms. Contains 1 6 town- 
ships, has a gently varied surface, rich soil and 
mild cUmate. It is crossed by Genesee r., the 
Erie canal, and the Mountain Ridge, which was 
probably once the shore of lake Ontario, and 
extends from near York, Upper Canada, to Jef- 
ferson CO. Bog iron ore, salt springs, and freo 
stone are found in some parts. Rochester is 
the CO. t. Pop. 49,682. 

Monroe, p-t. Orange co. N. Y. 19 ms. s. New- 
burg, 115 s. Albany, and 50 n. N. Y. Surface 
broken and hilly, and well watered by numer- 
ous streams. The hills or mountains abound 
with iron ore. Here are extensive iron works ; 
U schools, continued 6 months in 12. Pop. 
3,671. 

Monroe, co. Va. bndd. by Giles s. and w., 
Greenbrier n., Alleghany n. e., Botetourt e. 
Length 40, mean width 18, and area 720 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 37° 22' to 37° 45', and in 
long, from 3° 16' to 3° 54' w. W. C. The base 
of this CO. may be regarded as New r. which 
bounds it on the w., but the general declivity is 
wstrd. from the Alleghany mtn. The north. 
western part is traversed by Greenbrier r., 
which falls into New r. at the point where meet 
the angles of Giles, Logan, Greenbrier and 
Monroe. By actual measurement, the mouth 
of Greenbrier river is 1,333 ft. above the 
oceanic level, and of course the surface of Mon. 
roe CO. must be still higher, say from 1,400 to 
1,700, or 1,800 feet. Cf. t. Union Town. Pop. 
1820, 6,620, 1830, 7,798. 

Monroe, p-v. Warren co. N. C, by p-r. 70 ms. 
n. e. Raleigh. 

Monroe, co. Geo. bndd. by Bibb s. e., Craw- 
ford s., Upson w., Butts n., and Ocmulgee r. 
separating it from Jones n. e. Length diago- 
nally from s. w. to n. e. 30 ms., mean width 12, 
and area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 33°, and long. 7'*w. 
W. C, intersect very near the centre of this co. 
Declivity to the s. e., and drained by Chupee 
and other crs., flowmg into Ocmulgee r. Cf. 
t. Forsyth. Pop. 16,202. 

Monroe, p.v. and st. jus. Walton co. Geo. by 
p-r, 66 ms. n. n. w. Milledgeville. 



MON 



306 



MON 



Monroe, co. Ala. bndd. by Baldwin s. w., 
Cunecut s. e., Butler n. e., Wilcox n. and tlie 
Ala. r. separating it from Clarke w. The 
greatest length from s. w. to n. 48 ms., mean 
width 20, and area 960 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 31° 14' to 31° 48', and in long, from 
10° 04' to 10° 50' vv. W. C. Declivity wstrd. 
towards the Ala. r. Surface generally sterile. 
Pine wooded land. The banks of the Ala. af- 
ford some excellent soil. Staple, cotton. Cf. 
t. Claiborne. Pop. 1820, 8,838, 1830, 8,782. 

Monroe, p-V. s. e. part of Perry co. Misp. by 
p-r. 151 ms. s. e. Jackson, and by the direct road 
158 ms. s. E. by e. Natchez. 

Monroe, co. Misp. bndd. by Lowndes co. 
same state s., by Tombigbee r. separating it 
from the Chickasaw ter. w., the Chickasaw ter. 
again on the N., by Marion co. Ala. n. e., and 
Lafayette co. Ala. s. e. Length 25 ms., mean 
breadth 15, and area 375 sq. ms. Central lat. 
3.3° 50', long. 11° 30' w. W. C. Slopes s. w., 
and traversed by Battahatchee and Weaver rs., 
with some smaller streams. Cf. t. Hamilton. 
Pop. 3,861. 

Monroe, p-v. and st. jus., parish of Washi- 
taw, La., situated on the left bank of Washitaw 
r., about 80 ms. in a direct line n. n. w. Natchez, 
and 100 a little e. of n. Alexandria at Rapides. 
Lat. 32° 32', long. 15° 10 w. W. C. 

Monroe, co. Ten. bndd. by the Cherokee 
country s. e. and s., McMinn co. w., Roan n., 
and Ten. r. separating it from Blount n. e. and 
E. Length 30 ms., mean width 15, and area 
4.50 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 1 8' to 
35° 48', and in long, from 6° 57' to 7° 33' w. 
W. C. The boundary line between McMinn 
and Monroe cos. follows very nearly the ridge 
dividing the sources of the crs. flowing s. w. 
into the Hiwassee, from those flowing in an op- 
posite direction into Tenn. ; the declivity there- 
fore of Monroe co. isnorthestrd. Cf. t. Tellico. 
Pop. 1820,2,539, 183), 13,708. 

Monroe, p-v. and st. jus. Overton co. Ten. 
situated on a branch of Obies r. 100 ms. a little 
N. of e. Nashville, and about 35 a little e. of s. 
Burkesville in Ky. Lat. 36° 22', long. 8° lO' 
w. W. C. 

Monroe, co. Ky. bndd. w. by Big Barren r. 
separating it from Allen, n. by Barren, n. e. by 
Adair, e. by Cumberland, s. by Jackson co. 
Ten., and s. w. by Smith co. Ten. Length 
from E. to w. 30 ms., mean width 20, and area 
600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 36' to 
36° 53', and in long, from 8° 19' to 9° w. W. 
C. This CO. is very nearly commensurate with 
the higher part of the valley of Big Barren r., 
but with the exception of the southeastern an- 
gle. Into the latter part of the co. the main 
volume of Cumberland r. enters by one of its 
sweeping bends, and again abruptly winds back 
into Cumberland co. The dividing ground be- 
tween the waters of Cumberland and Green rs. 
passing from Adair over Monroe into Jackson 
CO. Ten., divides Monroe into two unequal por- 
tions. The much larger section, with a north, 
western declivity, is in the valley of Green r. 
or sub-valley of Big Barren. The cf. t. Tom- 
kinsville, is by p-r. 137 ms. s. s. w. from Frank- 
fort. Pop. 1820, 4,956, 1830, 5,340. 

Monroe, p-v. in the southeastern part of 



Hart CO. Ky. by p-r. 96 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort, 
and 20 n. n. e. Glasgow. 

Monroe, co. 0. bndd. by Washington s., 
Morgan w., Guernsey n. w., Belmont n., and 
the 0. r. separating it from Ohio co. Va. e. 
Length from e. to w. 36 ms., mean breadth 16, 
and area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 40', long. 4° w. 
W. C. The central part of this hilly but fertile 
CO. is a real table land, from which Suniish cr. 
flows estrd. into Ohio r. Little Muskingum 
sthrd. also into 0. r., but by a s. vv. course over 
Washington co., and the extreme head sources 
of Will's cr., branch of Muskingum, n. w. into 
Guernsey co. Cf. t. Woodsfield, Pop. 1820, 
4,641, 1830, 8,768. 

Monroe, p-v. in the eastern part of Butler co. 
0. by p-r. 25 ms. n. n. e. Cincinnati. Pop. 119. 

Monroe, co. Ind. bndd. by Lawrence s., 
Greene s. w., Owen n. w., Morgan n,, and e. 
uncertain. Length 24 ms., breadth 20, and 
area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 10', and long. 9° 
38' w. W. C. The nthrn. part slopes wstrd., 
and is drained by Bean Blossom cr. a branch of 
White r., and the southern section slopes to the 
sthrd., and is drained by Salt creek, a branch 
of the South forli of White r. Cf. t. Bloom- 
ington. Pop. 6,577. 

Monroe, co. II. bndd. n. e. and e. by St. 
Clair, s. e. by Randolph, s. w. and w. by Misp. 
r. separating it from Jeff"erson co. Mo., and n. 
w. by the Misp r. separating it from St. Louis 
CO. Mo. Length 30 ms., mean width 12, and 
area 360 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 15', long. 13° 12' 
w. W. C. This CO. stretching estrd. from the 
Misp. r. to the Kaskaskias r., slopes towards 
both, the centra! part being a table land. Cf. 
t. Waterloo. Pop. 2,000. 

Monroe, co. Mo. bndd. by Marion n. e., Ralls 
e., Audrain s. e., Boone s. w., and Randolph w. 
Length from s. to n. 30 ms., breadth 27, and 
area 810 sq. ms. n. lat. 39° 25' and long. W. 
C. 15° w. intersect near its centre. It is entire- 
ly comprised in the valley of Salt r., and slo- 
ping estrd. is drained by numerous branches 
of that stream. Paris the st. jus. is situated on 
Crooked r. a confluent of Salt r. 120 ms. n. w. 
St. Louis. 

Monroe, c. h. and p-o. Monroe co. Mo. by 
p-r. 129 ms. from Jefferson city. 

Monroe, co. Mich. bndd. by Sandusky co. 
0, s. E., Wood CO. O. s., Lenawee county, 
Mich, w., Washtenaw co. Mich. n. w., Wayne 
N. E., and lake Erie e. Length from s. to n. 32 
ms., mean width 22, and area 704 sq. ms. Lat. 
42°, and long. 6p w. W. C. intersect in the 
northeastern part of this co. Slope estrd. and 
traversed by the river Raisin and Ottawa cr. 
with other smaller streams. Much of the soil 
is excellent. The southeastern part receives 
Maumee r. from Wood co. O. Cf. t. Monroe. 
Pop. 1820, 1,831, 1830, 3,187. 

Monroe, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Mich, 
by p-r. 36 ms. s. s. w. Detroit, and 490 north- 
westward W. C. It is situated on the right 
bank of the river Raisin, near its mouth. Ves- 
sels of 5 or 6 ft. draught can ascend thus far. 

MoNKOE, CO. Ark. bndd. by Philips e., Ar- 
kansas CO. 8., Jefi'erson w., Pulaski n. w., and 
St. Francis co. n. n. lat. 34° 20', and long. 14" 
25' w. of W. G. intersect near its centre. 



MON 



307 



MON 



ThougH the adjacent cos. as laid down by Tan- 
ner, are here given, the outlines of this co. are 
too vague to admit even an approximate esti- 
mate of its area in sq. ms. The slope is to s. 
s. E., and in that direction traversed by the main 
volume of White r. Much of the surface lia- 
ble to annual submersion. The central part is 
in a direct line, about 50 ms. n. n. w. from the 
mouth of White r. Pop. 461. 

MoNROETON, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. 126 miles 
nthrd. Harrisburg. 

MoNROETON, p-v. on the right bank of Staun- 
ton r., and in the extreme northwestern angle 
of Pittsylvania co. Va., by direct road about 130 
miles, but by p-r. 150 miles s. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

MoNROEViLLE, p-v. Huron CO. 0. by p-r. 109 
ms. nthrd. Columbus. 

MoNSON, p-t. Somerset co. Me. Pop. 411. 

MoNsoN, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 17 ms. e. 
Springfield, 50 s. w. Boston, s. Chickapce r. 
The soil is good, and in some parts the land is 
irrigated. It is a pleasant t. and has several 
manufactories, and an academy with about 100 
pupils, a valuable apparatus, and a boarding 
house connected with the institution. Pop. 
2,263. 

Montague, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. e. side 
Conn, r., 87 ms. n. vy. Boston, s. and e. Conn, r., 
which falls 65 feet, among rude scenery. A 
little below is an old Indian fort, which was 
attacked with great slaughter, in Philip's war, 
by captain Holyoke, of Northampton. A rocky 
island divides the fall, which is dammed 330 
yards, and passed by a canal 3 ms. long, 25 feet 
wide, with 8 locks 75 ft. long, 12 deep, and 20 
wide. The dam is of timber, and in one place 
40 feet high. It was torn down 2 or 3 years 
ago by a violent flood. 4 ms. above is the dam 
at Miller's falls, where is a canal cut through 
a pudding stone of primitive rock. A bridge 
crosses to Deerfield. Pop. 1,152. 

Montague, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., the most 
northerly town in the state, with Delaware r. 
w., the Blue mtns. e., N. Y. state n. e.. Pa. n. 
w., and is connected with it by a bridge over 
Del. r. Its small streams flow in several direc- 
tions. Pop. 990. 

Montague, p-v. sthrn. part of Essex co. Va. 
72 ms. s. E. by e. Richmond. 

MoNTALBAN, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Warren 
CO. Misp. by p-r. 81 ms. wstrd. Jackson, and 
about 60 ms. n. n. e. Natchez. 

MoNTAUK Point, Easthampton, Suffolk co. N. 
Y., the e. end of L. I. The light house is on 
the extreme point, on an elevation, and is a very 
important land mark, particularly to vessels 
bound into L. I. sound. It was erected in 1795. 
It commands a clear view of Block isl. and the 
opposite shores of Conn. The road leading to 
Montauk Point is rough ; but no troublesome 
insects are found there ; and there is a conven- 
ient tavern on the spot. It is 20 ms. from East 
Hampton. There are a few Indians remaining, 
but many of them of mixed blood. The soil is 
rich, and affords pasturage to numerous oxen, 
horses and sheep ; but Napeage beach, 5 ms. 
in extent, is a sandy tract. The distance from 
Sandy Hook, in a direct line, is 140 ms. 

MoiNTCALM, new CO. of Mich., botuided by 



Gratiot e., Ionia s., Oceana w., and Isabella n. 
It is a square of 24 ms. each side, area 576 sq. 
ms. Lat. 43° 20', and long. 8° w. W. C. Slope 
s. w. and drained by numerous conflueuts of 
Grand r. The central part about 120 ms. n. w. 
by w. Detroit. 

Montebello, p-v. Hancock co. II. by p-r. 144 
ms. n. w. Vandalia. 

Montevallo, p-v. Shelby co. Ala. about 45 
ms. nearly due e. Tuscaloosa. 

Montezuma, p-v. Mentz, Cayuga co. N. Y. , 
11 ms. n. w. Auburn, 170 w. Albany ; has some 
salt springs, and is 80 rods from the junction of 
Erie canal and Seneca r. 

Montezuma, p-v. and st. jus. Covington co. 
Ala. situated on the Connecuh r. by p-r. 176 ms. 
southestrd. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 22', long 9° 
40' w. W. C. 

Montezuma Salt Works and p-o. in the estrn. 
part of Casey co. Ky. by p-r. 81 ms. very nearly 
due s. Frankfort. 

Montezuma, p-v. Parke co. Ind. by p-r. 77 
ms. w. Indianopolis. 

Montgomery, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 42 ms. n. 
Montpelier, 39 n. e. Burlington. Trout r. and 
its branches afford mill seats. On the principal 
stream is excellent meadow land ; but there is 
much mountainous country. Pop. 460. 

Montgomery, t. Hampden co. Mass. 10 ms. 
w. N. w. Springfield, 100 w. Boston, n. e. West- 
field r. Pop. 579. 

Montgomery co., N. Y. bndd. by Hamilton 
CO. N., Saratoga co. e., Schenectady, Schoharie, 
and Otsego cos. s., Herkimer co. w. The great- 
est length 36 ms., breadth 32 ; about 1,000 sq. 
ms. The surface is a little varied, being cross- 
ed by the Klypse ridge from Sacandaga r. to 
the Nose, on Mohawk river. It has rich mead, 
ows on Mohawk r. and various soils. Crossed 
by Mohawk r. and E. Canal. Cf. t. Johnstown. 
Pop. 1820, 37,569, 1830, 43,715. 

Montgomerv, p-t. Orange co., N. Y., 12 ms. 
w. Newburg ; 12 n. Goshen ; 100 from Albany ; 
N. Waalkill r., is irregular in form, varied sur- 
face and good soil, yielding much hemp, &c. 
In the V. sometimes called Wards bridge, and 
which is on Waalkill cr. is an academy, &c. 
The skeleton of the mammoth in the Philadel- 
phia museum was found here. Pop. 1830, 3,885. 

Montgomery t. Somerset co. N. J., e. Mill- 
stone r., has much handsome swelling land, with 
a range called Rocky hill. It produces good 
grass and excellent cider, chiefly from a spe- 
cies of apples called Harrison, Crab, &c. On 
the s. border is the borough of Princeton, the 
seat of Nassau Hall, or Princeton college, and a 
Presbyterian theological seminary. Pop. 2,834. 

Montgomery co. Pa., bndd. by Phila. co. s. e., 
Del. CO. s., in part an artificial and in part the 
Schuylkill r. separates it from Chester s. w., 
on the N. w. a range of hills or rather a minor 
chain of mnts. separates it from Bucks, and on 
the N. E. it is bndd. by Bucks. This co. is very 
nearly a parallelogram of 24 by 16 ms. ; area 
384 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 58' to 
40° 27', and in long, from 1° 16' to 1° 56' e. 
W. C. The declivity of this fine co. is almost 
due s. and in most part drained by the various 
confluents of Perkiomen and Wissahiccon crs. 
The surface is beautifully variegated by hill, 



MON 



308 



MON 



dale, and even mtn. scenery. The soil, though 
naturally not of first rate quality, is no where 
sterile. The staples, nearly every vegetable 
production of the U. S. in the same lat. The 
beautiful marble of White Marsh is also amongst 
the most valuable staples of the co. Cf. t. Nor- 
ristown. Pop. 1820, 35,79.3, 1830, 39,406. 

Mo.NTGOMERY, p-o. in Montgomery tsp. Mont- 
gomery CO. Penn. The tsp. lies on the n. 
boundary of the co., between the source of Per- 
kiomen, Neshaminy, and Wissahiccon crs. 
The village called Montgomery Square stands 
20 ms. N. Phil. Pop. 18:>0, 751. 

Montgomery co. Md., bndd. s. e. by Prince 
George's co. and the Dist. Col., by Potomac r., 
which separates it from Fairfax co. Va. s., and 
Loudon w., by Frederick co. Md., n. w., and by 
Patuxent. r., separating it from Ann Arundel 
N. E. I'he greatest length of this co. is by a 
westerly line from the easterly angle on Pa- 
tuxent to the bend of Potomac r., between the 
mouths of Seneca and Monocacy, 32 ms ; mean 
width 18, and area 576 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 38° 55' to 39° 21', and in long, from 
0° 09' E. to 0° 29' w. W. C. Montgomery 
comprises two unequal inclined plains ; one fall- 
ing s. s. w. towards the Potomac and the se- 
cond and least s. estrd. towards the Patuxent. 
The Potomac plain is drained by the estrn. 
branch of Potomac, Rock, Watts, and Seneca 
crs., and contains near two thirds of the co. 
The surface of Montgomery is moderately hilly. 
The estrn. part drained by the sources of the 
€strn. branch of Potomac and Rock crs. rests 
on primitive gneiss. From this part n. westerly 
extends the dividing ridge between the waters 
of Potomac and Patuxent ; this ridge is ele- 
vated from 40D to 800 ft. above tide water. If 
taken generally, the soil of Mont. co. is rather 
sterile, yet much very good land skirts the 
streams. Staples, grain and tobacco. Cf. t. 
Rockville, Pop. 1820, 16,400, 1830, 19,876. 

Montgomery co. Va., bndd. by the Blue 
Ridge, which separates it from Franklin e., by 
Floyd s., and Patrick s. e., Grayson bounds it s. 
w., Wythe on the w., Walker's mtn. separates 
it from Giles n. w. ; on the n. e. it has Bote- 
tourt. Diagonally from the Blue Ridge to 
Walker's mtn., the length is 40 ms. ; mean 
width 20, and area 800 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 36° 55' to 37° 24', and in long, from 3° 
04' to 3° 50' w. W. C. 'This co. occupies two 
mtn. vallies, being bounded on one side by the 
Blue Ridge and on the opposite by Walker's 
mtn., and traversed at near mid-distance by a 
minor ridge. The mountains, stretching from 
s. w. to N. E., present the curious phenomenon 
of the dividuig line of r. source being nearly at 
right angles to the mtn. chains. This line of r. 
source divides Montgomery into two unequal 
sections. The larger portion of about two 
rthirds, comprising the sthrn. and sthwstrn. parts, 
has a nrthwstrn. declivity, and is traversed by 
the Great Kenhawa, and drained by Little r. 
and numerous crs. falling into the main stream. 
The nrthrn. and smaller section, declines to 
th« N. E. giving source to the extreme head of 
Roanoke, and to Craigs cr. and other branches 
of James r. Thus, Montgomery occupies a 
part of the plateau between the Atlantic slope 



and Misp. basin. The mouth of Sinking cr., 
which enters the Great Kenhawa in Giles co., 
at the wstrn. foot of Walker's mtn., of course 
below any part of Montgomery, is found, from 
actual measurement, elevated 1,585 ft. above 
tide water in James r. The highest spring tribu- 
tary to Sinking cr. was found 2,509 ; we may, 
therefore, very safely assume as the general 
elevation of Montgomery from 1,800, to 2,500 ; 
or a mean exceeding 2,100 ft. or an equivalent 
to more than five degrees of lat. If then we as- 
sume 37° as the mean lat. of Mont, co., Va., 
the real winter climate will be similar to that on 
the Atlantic coast in n. lat. 42°. Beside the 
mtns. the whole face of this co. is broken and 
rocky, yet though so rough and elevated, the 
streams are bordered with excellent soil. Cf. 
t. Christiansburg. Pop. 1820, 8,733, 1830, 12,- 
306, including that part now in the new co. of 
Floyd. 

Montgomery co., N. C, bndd. w. by Cabar- 
ras, N. w. by Davidson, n. E.by Randolph, e. by 
Moore, s. e. by Richmond, and s. w. by Rocky 
r. separating it from Anson. The greatest 
length along the sthrn. border 50 ; mean width 
17, and area 850 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
35° 10' to 35° 30', and in long, from 2° 40' to 3° 
32' w. W. C. This co. is subdivided into two 
not very unequal portions by Yadkin r., which 
traverses it by a sthrdly. course. The general 
declivity of the co. is also sthrdly. The surface 
hilly, and in part mountainous. Cf. t. Lawrence- 
ville. Pop. 1820, 8,693, 1830, 10,919. 

Montgomery co. Geo., bndd. by the Ocmul- 
gee r. separating it from Appling s , Auchene- 
hatchee r. separating it from Telfair s. w., 
Laurens n. w.. Great Ohoopee r. separating it 
from Emanuel n. e. and Tatnall e. and s. e. 
Length, s. w. to n. e., 38 ; mean width 22, and 
area 896 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° to 
32° 37', and in long, from 5° 18' to 6° 06' w. 
W. C. This CO. is traversed and subdivided 
into two unequal sections by Oconee r., which 
joins the Ocmulgee and forms the Altamaha, on 
its sthrn. border. The course of the Oconee is 
here s. s. e., and the other streams of Mont- 
gomery flow nearly parallel except the Ocmul. 
gee which flows, in that part of its course im- 
mediately above the mouth of Oconee, to the 
N. E. by e. Cf. t. Vernon. Pop. 1820, 1,869, 
1830, 1,269. 

Montgomery p-v., Green co., Geo., 35 ms. 
nthrdly. from Milledgeville. 

Montgomery co., Ala. bndd. s. e. by Pike ; 
s. w. by Butler and Wilcox ; w. by Dallas ; n. 
w. and N. by Ala. r., separating it from Autauga, 
and N. E. by the country of the Creek Indians. 
Length from e. to w. 50 ms., mean width 30, 
and area 1,500 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
31° 57' to 32° 32' and in long, from 9° 07' to 9° 
55' w. W. C. The sthrn. boundary extends 
along the dividing ridge between the sources 
of Conecuh r., flowing southwardly, and nume- 
rous crs. flowing n. westwardly over this co. 
into Ala. r. The declivity is of course to the 
N. w. Staple cotton. Cf. t. Montgomery. Pop. 
1820, 6,604, 1830, 12,695. 

Montgomery, p-v. and st. jus. Montgomery 
CO. Ala., situated on the left bank of Mobile r., 
54 ms. by the road e. Gahaba, and by p-r. 104 



MON 



309 



MON 



ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 22', long. 9° 
25' w. W. C. 

Montgomery co. Tenn., bndd. by Robertson 
E. and s. E., Dickson s., Stewart s. w. and w., 
Trigg CO. of Ky. n. w., Cliristian co. of Ky. n., 
and Todd co. of Ky. n. e. Tlie greatest length 
along Tenn. 44 ms. ; mean width 15, and area 
660 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 17' to 
36° 37'. Cumberland r. enters and traverses 
the sthrn. part of this co., receiving at Clarks- 
viile, near the centre. Red. r. from the n. estrd. 
The general declivity is wstrd. Cf. t. Clarks- 
ville. Pop. 1829, 12,219, 1830, 14,349. 

Montgomery, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co. 
Tenn., situated on the Sulphur branch of Obies 
r., about 120 ms. a little n. of e. Nashvdle, and 
68 ms. N. w. Knoxville. Lat 36° 22', long. 7° 
42' w. W. C. 

Montgomery, p-v. Sumner co. Tenn., 17 ms. 
N. E. Gallatin, and 43 in a similar direction from 
Nashville. 

Montgomery co. Ky., bndd. by Estill s., Clark 
w., Bourbon and Nicholas N. w., BathN. and n. 
E., and Morgan e. and s. e. Length from s. e. 
to N. w. 33 ms. ; mean Vi^idth 8, and area 264 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 46' to 38° 
11', and in long, from 6° 38' to 7° 04' w. W. C. 
This narrow co. extends along the dividing 
ground betY/een Ky. and Licking rs., and is 
drained in anearlj^ equal proportion by the crs. 
of those two rs. respectively. Mount Starling, 
the St. jus. is situated 55 ms. a little n. of e. 
Frankfort. Pop. 1820, 9,587, 1830, 10,240. 

Montgomery co. O., bndd. by Warren s. e., 
Butler s. w., Prebble w.. Dark n. w., Miami n., 
Clarke n. e., and Green e. Length 24 ras., 
mean breadth 20, and area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 
39° 45', long. W. C. 7° 18' w. The main stream 
of the Great Miami receives Mud. r. in theN. e. 
part of this co. at Dayton, the st. jus., from 
whence the Miami canal commences. The 
general course of the Great Miami, and the 
slope of the co. is to the s. s. w. The surface 
finely diversified by hill and dale, and soil fer- 
tile. The facilities for manufacturing in this 
CO. are very great. In l!i32 it contained 62 
flour mills, which ground 613,01)0 bushels of 
grain in one year ; 56 saw mills ; 7 oil mills ; 
12 fulling mills ; 12 carding factories ; 72 dis- 
tilleries ; 30 tanneries ; 5 cotton and 1 woollen 
factories ; 1 flax and 1 silk mill ; 1 manufactory 
of cotton and woollen machinery ; 1 paper 
mill, and 2 iron and one brass founderies. 
Cf. t. Dayton. Pop. 1820, 15,999, 1830, 24,- 
362. 

Montgomery, p-v., Hamilton co. O., 11 ms. 
N. N. e. Cincinnati. Pop. 219. 

Montgomery co. lud., bndd. by Putnam s., 
Parke s. w., Tippecanoe n.. Boon e., and Hen- 
dricks s. E. Length 24 ms., breadth 21, and 
area 504 sq. ms. Lat. 40°, and long. W. C. 
10° w. intersect in this co. ; slope s. w., and in 
that direction it is traversed by Sugar and Rac- 
coon crs., branches of Wabash r. Cf. t. Craw- 
fordsville. Pop. 7,317, 

Montgomery co. II., bndd. by Bond s., Mad- 
ison s. w., Macaupin w., Sangamo n., Shelby 
N. E., and Fayeite s. e. Length 36 ms., breadth 
24, and area 864 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 15', long. 
W. C. 12° 30' w. Sthrn. part drained by Shoal 

40 



cr., branch of Kaskaskias r. flowing s., wstm- 
part by Macaupin cr., branch of Illinois r., flow- 
ing w. ; and the nthrn. part by the sthrn. con- 
fluents of Sangamon r. flowing n. Cf. t. Hills- 
boro'. Pop. 2,953. 

Montgomery tsp. Franlilin co. 0. (See Co- 
lumbus.) 

Montgomery co. Mo. bndd. by Calloway co. 
w., Ralls N. w.. Pike n. e., Lincoln and St. 
Charles e., and Mo. r., separating it from Frank- 
lin s. E., and Gasconade s. w. Length from e. 
to w. 38 ms. ; mean breadth 30 ms., and area 
1,140 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 50', long. W. C. 14° 
18' w. The N. estrn. section slopes estrd. and 
is drained in that direction by Cuivre (Copper) 
r., a small confluent of the Misp. The central, 
sthrn., and much the most extensive sections 
decline sthrd. towards the Mo. r. Cf. t. Lew- 
istown. Pop. 3,902. 

Montgomery's Ferry, and p-o. Perry co. Pa., 
26 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Montgomeryville, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa., 
by p-r. 24 ms. nthrd. Phil. 

MoNTicELLO, the Seat of the late venerable 
Thoxnas Jefferson, 2 ms. estrd. Charlottesville, 
x\lbemarle co. Va. 

MoNTicELLo, p-v. Fairfield dist. S. C, 35 me. 
N. Columbia. 

Monticello, p. v. and st. jus. Jasper co. Geo., 
38 ms. N. w. Milledgeville. Lat. 33° 18', and 
lonff. 6° 44' w. V/. C. 

Monticello, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
Fior., situated in the nthrn. part of the co., 31 
ms. n. e. by e. Tallahassee. Lat. 30° 31', Icng. 
7° 06' w. W. C. 

Monticello, . p-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co. 
Misp., situated on the right bank of Pearl r., 80 
ms. nearly due e. Natchez, and by p-r. 66 ms. 
below and sthrd. Jackson. Lat. 31° 27', long. 
13° 12' w. W. C. Pop. 600. 

BIonticello, p-v. and st.jus. Wayne co. Ky., 
situated in the nrthwstrn. part of the co., by p-r. 
1 :6 ms. nearly due s. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 53', 
long. 7° 44' w. W. C. 

Monticello, p-v. Fairfield co. O., by p-r. 35 
ms. s. e. Columbus. 

Montmorency, p-v. Jefferson co. Pa., by p-r. 
242 ms. N. w. W. C, and 171 ms. n. w, by w. 
Harrisburg. 

Montpelier, p-t. and st. jus. Washington co. 
Vt., and capital of the state, is situated 36 ms. s. 
E. Burlington, 103 n. e. Bennington, 140 n. w. 
Boston, 524 n. by e. W. C, and 120 s. e. Mon- 
treal, at the confluence of the two head branch- 
es of Onion r. ; lat. 44° 17', long. 4° 25' e. W. 
C. It is surrounded by rough hills, is on broken 
ground, and has a wild situation ; was first set- 
tled 1786, and was made the seat of govern- 
ment of that state 1805. The village of Mont, 
pelier is in the s. w. part of the town, within 10 
ms.of the geographical centre of the state, and _ 
is a great thoroughfare for travellers. Since 
1805 its growth has been somewhat rapid, and 
it is a place of considerable business. It con- 
tains a state house, court house, one or two 
churches, a jail, masonic hall, and a flourishing 
academy; there are also some manufactures in 
the town, and 2 weekly papers are published 
here. The town is well watered, and Onion 
and North-branch rs. afford fine mill sites, many 



MOO 



^10 



MOR 



of which are improved. Pop of the v. 1,193, 
of the t. including the v. 2,985. 

MoNTPELiER, p-v. Hanover co. Va., 24 ms. 
nrthrdly. Richmond. 

MoNTPELiER, p-v. Richmond co. Va., by p-r. 
105 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Montreal r., a sthrn. confluent of lake Su- 
perior, rises interlocking sources with those of 
Menomonies and Wolf rs., branches of Fox r. 
of Green Bay, and with those of Chippeway and 
St. Croix, branches of Misp. r. The country 
from which these various streams derive their 
sources, is flat and interspersed with lakes and 
ponds. Short portages intervene between the 
navigable channels. The general course of 
Montreal r. is to n. w. ; comparative length 
about 100 ms. Mouth into lake Superior, 20 
ms. E. of Chegoimegon bay. 

xMoNTROSE, p-v. and st. jus. Susquehannah co. 
Pa. This is a very neat village, occupying a 
remarkable site. It stands on the elevated ta- 
ble land, encircled on three sides by the Sus- 
quehannah r. In the vicinity rise the higher 
sources of Tunkhannock, Meshoppen, and Wy- 
alusing, flowing sthwstrdly. into Susquehannah, 
whilst, also from the same vicinity, crs. are dis- 
charged northeastwardly into the same stream. 
Montrose is 31 ms. s. e. Oswego, in the state of 
New York, 71 n. w. Milford, on Del. r., and by 
p-r. 163 ms. n. e. by e. Harrisburg. Lat. 41° 
51', long. 1° E. W. C. 

MoNT Vernon, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 
28 ms. s. Concord. It occupies a very elevated 
position. Pop. 762. 

MoNTviLLE, p-t. Waldo CO. Me., 30 ms. n. e. 
Wiscasset, without considerable streams ; has 
an eminence in the centre. Pop. 1,743. 

Montville, P-t. New London co. Conn. 35 
ms. s. E. Hartford, next s. Norwich, and n. New 
London, w. Thames r. and 7 ms. n. its mouth ; 
surface uneven, with good land ; contains the 
Indian reservation of Mohegan, in which are 
3,0f*0 acres of very good soil. Pop. 1,964. 

Montville, p-v. Geauga co. O., by p-r. 178 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

MooERS, p-t. Clinton co. N. Y., 23 ms. n. w. 
Plattsburgh. Pop. with EUenburgh, 1,222. 

Moore, co. N. C, bndd. s. w. by Richmond, 
w. by Montgomery, n. w. by Randolph, n. by 
Chatham, and e. and s. e. by Cumberland. It 
lies in form of an isosceles triangle, two sides 
44 ms., and base 34, area 748 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 35° 04' to 35° 30', and in long, 
from 1° 58' to 2° 44' w. W. C. Deep r. curves 
into, and again leaves the nthrn. boundary of 
Moore, flowing estrdly. into Haw r., which 
gives a northern declivity to this part of the co. 
The eastern part is also drained into Haw r., 
whilst the southern gives source to Lumber r. 
The St. just., Carthage, is 55 ms. sthwstrdly. 
from Raleigh. Pop. 1820,7,128; 1830, 7,745. 

Moorefield, p-v. and st. jus. Hardy co. Va., 
situated on the right bank of the south branch of 
Potomac, 50 ms. a little s. of w. Winchester, 
and by p-r. 123 ms. w. W. C. Lat. 39° 02', 
long. 2° 02' w. W. C. 

Moorefield, p-v. Nicholas co. Ky., by p-r. 
68 ms. N. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Moorefield, p-v. Harrison co. 0., by p-r. Ill 
ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. 



Mooresburg, p-v. wstrn. part of Columbia co- 
Pa., 10 ms. n. e. Northumberland, and by p-r- 
71 ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Mooresfield, or Moorestown, p-v. Chester, 
Burlington co. N. J., 13 ms. e. Philadelphia. 

Moore's Hill, and p-o. Dearborn co. Ind., 
about 100 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Moore's Ordinary, and p-o. Prince Edward 
CO. Va., by p-r. 137 ms. s. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

Moore's Prairie, and p-o. Jefferson co. II., by 
p.r. 79 ms. a little e. of s. Vandalia. 

Moore's Salt Works, and p-o. Jefferson co. 
0., by P-r. 147 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. 

Mooresville, p-v. northern part of Lime- 
stone CO. Ala., by p-r. 124 ms. northward Tus- 
caloosa. 

Mooresvjlle, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Maury 
CO. Ten. 16 ms. from Columbia, the co. st., and 
by p-r. 61 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 

Mooresville, p-v. Morgan co. Ind., by p-r. 
16 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Moorland, p.v. Wayne co. 0., by p-r. 92 ms. 
n. e. Columbus. 

Mooring's Cross Roads, and p-o. western 
part of Pitt county N. C, 10 ms. n. w. Green- 
ville, the county seat, and by p-r. 95 ms. e. Ra- 
leigh. 

Moose Isl., Me. (See Eastport.) 

Moose r., N. H., rises on the n. side of the 
White mtns. near Durand, through which it 
passes, and unites with the Ameriscoggin in 
Shelburne. Its source is near that of Israel's 
r., which passes w. into Connecticut. 

Moose r., N. Y., runs into the e. side of 
Black r., at the High Falls in Turin. 

Moosehead Lake, Kennebec co. Me., 60 ms. 
long; the source of the e. branch of Kennebec 
r. has an irregular form, and lies in a tract little 
inhabited. 

MoosEHiLLocK, Or Mooshclock, N, H. a noble 
eminence in the s. e. part of Coventry. The 
height of the n. peak, as estimated by Capt. 
Partridge, is 4,636 ft. ; that of the s. peak, 
4,536. Baker's river has its source on its e. 
side. 

Moosup r., joins the Quinnebaug in Plain^ 
field, Ct. 

MoREAU, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 21 ms. n. 
e. Ballston Spa, and 50 n. Albany. Situated in- 
the Great Bend ot the Hudson, embracing part 
of Baker's falls. Glen's falls, and the Great dam 
at Fort Edward, and possessing extensive wa- 
fer power; soil in general good for farming; 
timbered with pine, &c. in some parts, and 
contains likewise a large tract of beech and ma- 
ple. Here is an extensive manufactory of gun- 
powder, and a paper mill, beside other manu- 
factories of various kinds. The navigation of 
the Champlain canal is in the Hudson, along 
the line of this town; 6 schools, attended 7 mo. 
in 12. Pop. 1,690. 

Moreman's r., Albermarle co. Va. Though 
called a r , it is only a creek about 10 ms. long, 
but it is one of the extreme heads of Ravenna 
r., having its source in the Blue Ridge. 

Moreman's r. p-o., on Moreman's r. 10 ms. 
N. w. Charlotteville, and in the northwestern an- 
gle of Albermarle CO. Va. 

Moretown, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 8 ms. w. 



MOR 



311 



MOR 



Montpelier. Much of this town is mountain- 
ous, and incapable of being settled. It is wa- 
tered by Mad river which furnishes several 
mill privileges ; 6 school districts. Population 
815. 

Morgan, t. Orleans co. Vt., 52 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier ; contains Knowlton's lake, 4 ms, 
long, and part of Clyde r. Pop. 331. 

Morgan, co. Va., bndd. by Berkeley e. and 
s. E., Frederick s., Hampshire s. w., Potomac r. 
separating it from Alleghany co. of Md. n. w., 
and by Washington co. Md. n. Greatest length 
along Berkeley 22 ms., mean width 16, and 
area 352 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 
22' to 39° 40', and in long, from 0° 58' to 1° 25' 
w. W. C. The declivity of this mountainous 
CO. is from s. w. to n. e., and drained by Sleepy 
and Great Cacapon crs. Though very broken 
and rocky, this co. contains much excellent r. 
and valley soil. Cf. t. Berkeley Springs. Pop. 
1820, 2,500; 1830,2,094. 

Morgan, co. Ten. bndd. n. w. by Fentress, 
Campbell N. e., Anderson e., Roane s. e., Bled, 
soe s., and White w. Length 45 ms., mean 
breadth 22, and area 990 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 35° 56' to 36° 25', and in long. W. C. 
from 7° 14' to 8° w. It occupies a part of the 
table land between the vallies of Cumberland, 
and Tennessee rs. The northern section slopes 
to the northward and in that direction discharg- 
es the higher sources of the South Fork of 
Cumberland r. The opposite slope falls to the 
s. E. and is drained by various branches of Em- 
ery's r. a tributary of Tennessee r. The sur- 
face of Morgan co. Ten. is elevated and bro- 
ken. Cf t. Montgomery. Pop. 2,582. 

Morgan, co. Ala., bndd. e. by the Cherokee 
territory of that state, s. by Blount co., w, by 
Lawrence, n. w. by Ten. r. separating it from 
Limestone, and n. e. by Ten. r. separating it 
from Madison. Length from e. to w. 30 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 34° 18' to 34° 4] ', and in 
long, from 9° 40' to 10° 13' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is to the northward, and drain- 
ed in that direction into Ten. r., by Flint r. and 
Cotaco cr. Its southern boundary extends along 
the dividing ridge, between the valley of Ten., 
and the sources of Mulberry, and branch of 
Black Warrior. Cf t. Somerville, or Summer- 
ville. Pop. 9,062. 

Morgan, c. h., Morgan co. Ten. (See Mont, 
gomery, Morgan co. Ten.) 

Morgan, co. 0., bndd. s. e. by Washington, 
Athens s. w.. Perry w., Muskingum n. w., 
Guernsey n. e., and Monroe e. Length 32 ms., 
mean breadth 18, and area 576 sq. ms. Lat. 
39° 4U', long. W. C. 4° 50' w. Slope s. s. e. 
and traversed in that direction by the Muskin- 
gum r. Surface broken and hilly. Cf t. Mac- 
Connellsville. Pop. 1820, 5,297 ; 1830, 11,799. 

Morgan, p-v. Ashtabula co. 0., by p-r. 187 
ms. N. e. Columbus. 

Morgan co. Ind., bndd. by Monroe s., Owen 
s. w., Putnam n. w., Hendricks n., Marion n. 
E., and Johnson E, Length 26 ms., breadth 21, 
and area 546 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 
9° 30' w. This co. approaching very nearly to a 
square, is entered near the nrthestrn. angle by 
the main stream of White r., which crossing di- 



agonally, leaves it at the s. w. angle, after hav- 
ing divided it into two not greatly unequal sec- 
tions. Cf t. Martinsville. Pop. 5,593. 

Morgan, co. II. bndd. s. e. by Macaupin, s. w. 
by II. r. separating it from Pike, n. w. by II. r. 
separating it from Schuyler, n. Sangamon r. sep- 
arating it from Sangamon co., and again on the 
e. by Sangamon co. Length from s. to n. 42 
ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,260 sq. ms. 
Lat. of its centre 39° 50', long. W. C. 13° 18' 
w. Slope almost due w. towards II. r., which 
is also the general course of the Sangamon on 
its nrthrn. border. The eastern boundary fol- 
lows the dividing ridge between the confluents 
of II. and Sangamon. Cf t. Jacksonville. Pop. 
12,714. 

Morganfield, p-v. and st. jus. Union co. Ky., 
situated 12 ms. e. Shawneetown, on O. r., about 
an equal distance s. e. from the mouth of Wa- 
bash r., and by p-r. 197 ms. a little s, of w. 
Frankfort. Lat. 37° 41', long. 11° w. W. C. 
Pop. 292. 

Morgan's Store, and p-o. Montgomery co. 
N. C, by p-r. 121 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Morgantown, p-v. Berks co. Pa., 10 ms. estrd. 
Reading, and 58 in a like direction from Har- 
risburg. 

Morgantown, p-v. and st. jus. Monongalia 
CO. Va., situated on a high bottom of the right 
bank of Monongahela r., 35 ms. below and n. n. 
E. Clarksburg, about 60 ms. s. Pittsburg, and by 
p-r. 201 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 39° 40', 
long. 2° 50' w. W. C. 

Morgantown, p-v. and st. jus. Burke co. N. 
C., situated near the right bank of Catawba r., 
35 ms. N. N. E. Rutherfordton, and 205 ms. al. 
most exactly due w. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 45', 
Icn?. 4° 39' w. W. C. 

Morgantown, p-v. wstrn. part of Blount co. 
Ten., by p-r. 152 ms. e. Nashville. 

Morgantown, p-v. and st. jus. Butler co. Ky. 
situated on the left bank of Green r. 32 ms. n. 
N. E. Russelville, and by p-r. 144 ms. s. w. by w. 
Frankfort. Lat. 37° 12', long. 9° 40' w. W. C. 

Morganville, p-o. Nottaway co. Va., by p-r. 
56 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

MoRiAH, p-t. Essex CO. N. Y. on the w. shore 
of lake Chainplain. Soil good for grass and 
well watered. Timbered with maple, beech, 
ash, basswood, &c. Contains iron ore ; has 
two mill streams ; a quarry of white limestone 
or marble, and some asbestos ; 10 ms. s. Eliza- 
bethtowm, and 112 n. Albany, 4 schools, at- 
tended 8 months in 12. Pop. 1,742. 

Morning Sun, p-o. Shelby co. Ten., by p-r. 
205 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Morris, co. N. J. is bndd. n. e. by Bergen, s. 
E. by Essex, s. by Somerset, s. w. by Hunter- 
don, and N. w. by Sussex cos., and contains an 
area of about 500 sq. ms. It is watered by 
several streams. Rockaway and other conflu- 
ents of the Passaic, and some streams flowing 
s. into the Raritan. The surface of this county 
is undulating, except in the n. w. part, which is 
mountainous. The Passaic is formed on its 
estrn. border by the union of the Pompton and 
Rockaway rs., about 5 ms. above the falls of 
the former. The soil is generally very produc- 
tive in grain, pasturage, and fruits. Cf t. Mor 
ristown. Pop. 1820, 21,368 ; 1830, 23,580. 



MOS 



312 



MOU 



MoRRisANA, uiecii CO. i'a. (>i'ee Iti/erson's 
Station, Gieenco. Pa.) 

Morris Canal, N. J. (See " Rail-roads and 
Canals") 

Morris Covk, p-o. Bedford co. Pa., 5 or 6 
ms. N. w. from the borough of Bedford, and bj' 
p-r. 132 N. w. W. C. 

Morris Hill, p-o. Alleghany co. Va. by p-r. 
184 ms. w. Richmond. 

Morriston's Bluff, and p-o. Pope co. Ark. 
It is on the Ark. river 23 ms. above and wstrd. 
Dwight, and by p-r. 101 ms. above and nthwstrd. 
Little Rook. 

Morrison's Tan Yard, and p-o. Mecklenburg 
CO. N. C. by p-r. 148 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

MoRRiSTOWN, p-t. Orleans co. Vt. 20 ms. n. 
w. Montpelier, 29 n. e. Biirhngton. It is very 
level for an interior t. ; diversified, however, 
with gentle hills and vales. Soil, in general, 
very good. Timbered with maple, beech, 
birch, hemlock, &c. Watered on the n. e. 
part by Lamoille r. 13 school dists. Pop. 1,315. 

MoRRisTOWN, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. on 
St. Lawrence river 12 ms. above Ogdensburgh. 
The shores of the r. hereabout present the most 
beautiful scenery. 6 schools, attended 4 months 
in 12. Pop. 1,600. 

MoRRisTowN, p-t. and st. jus. IMorris co. N. 
J. 18 ms. N. w. Newark, 19 w. n. w. Elizabeth 
t., 28 w. N. w. Ne w York. The village stands 
on a fine elevated plain, with steep slopes on 
two sides of the public square, and picturesque 
views. The court house is a fine building, and 
contains the jail. Near it is the bank. It is on 
the Oswego mail route, and daily stage coaches 
run on two routes for New York. The Ame- 
rican army wintered here in tlie revolutionary 
war, while the British held New Brunswick. 
The house is standing in which Washington had 
his quarters. There is a church for Presbyte- 
rians, one for Episcopalians, one for Baptists, 
and one for Methodists. Pop. 3,630. 

MoRRiSTOWN, p-v. Belmont co. Ohio, by p-r. 
115 ms. estrd. Columbus. Pop. 267. 

Morrisville, p-v. in the estrn. part of Bucks 
CO. Pa. 25 ms. n. e. Phil. 

Morrisville, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Fau- 
quier CO. Va. by p-r. 62 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Morrisville, p-v. Hickman co. Ky. by p-r. 
313 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

MoRTONSviLLE, p-v. Woodford CO. Ky. about 
30 ms. s. s. e. Frankfort. Pop. 145. 

MoRVEN, p-v. Anson co. N. C. by p-r. 132 ms. 
s. w. Raleigh. 

MoRVEN, p-v. Shelby co. Ind. by p-r. 42 ms. 
s. E. Indianopolis. 

Moscow, t. Somerset co. Me. 28 ms. n. of 
Norridgewock, e. Kennebec r. and crossed by 
one of its streams. Pop. 405. 

Moscow, p-v. Lafayette co. Tenn. by p-r. 246 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Moscow, p-v. Hickman co. Ky. by p-r. 320 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Moscow, p-v. on O. r. in the sthrn. part of 
Clermont co. 0. by p-r. 127 ms. s. w. Columbus. 
Pop. 196. 

Moscow, p-v. Rush co. Ind. by p-r. 52 ms. s. 
E. by E. Indianopolis. 

Moss Creek, p-v. Jefferson co. Ten. by p-r. 
§39 ms. ©strd. Nashville. 



MoTTE Isle, Vt. in lake Champlain, 8 miles 
long and 2 broad. 

MoTTS, p-o. Wilcox CO. Ala. by p-r. 102 ms. 
sthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

MoTTviLLE, p-v. St. .Toseph's CO. i\1ich. by 
p-r. 151 ms. s. w. by w. ^ w. Detroit. 

MouLTON, P-v. and st. jus. Lawrence co. Ala., 
situated near the head of a cr., flov/ing nrthrd. 
into Ten. r., 50 ms. s. w. by w. Huntsville, and 
by p-r. Il6 ms. n. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 34° 33', 
and long. 10° 28' w. W. C. 

MouLTONBOROirGii, p-t. Str..fford co. N. H. on 
lake Winnipiseogee, 50 ms. n. of Concord, 
Broken by mtns. and ponds. Bog ore is found 
,in this town, and there is a mineral chalybeate 
spring. There is a large spring in the town 
which furnishes water sufficient for mills. On 
the stream thus produced, nearly a mile below 
its source, is a beautiful water fall of 70 feat 
perpendicular. Descending on the left of this 
fall, a cave is found, containing charcoal, and 
other evidences of its having been a hiding 
place for Indians. Soil fruitful, though in some 
parts rocky. The Ossipee tribe of Indians 
once resided in this vicinity. Pop. 1,422. 

MouNDviLLE, p-v. Iowa CO. Mich. (Huron) 
as laid down on Tanner's improved U. S. map, 
situated on the road from Fort Winnebago to 
both Prairie du Chien, and Galena, 10 ms. e. of 
the Fork, 52 ms. s. w, by w. from Fort Winne- 
bago, 74 ms. northestwrd. Galena, and 97 e. of 
Prairie du Chien, on the ridge between the 
sources of Peektano, branch of Rock r. and 
the valley of Ouisconsin r. 

Mountain Cove, p-o. Nicholas co. Va. by 
p.r.273 miles wstrd. W. C. 

Mountain Creek, and p-o. Lincoln co. N. C. 
by p-r. 175 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Mountain Creek, p-o. Harris co. Geo. by 
p-r. 145 ms. wstrd. Milledgeville. 

Mountain Island, p-o. Owen co. Ky.44 ms. 
nrthrd. Frankfort. 

Mountain Shoals, and p-o. nrthrn. part of 
Laurens dist. S. C. by p-r. 81 ms. n. w. Colum- 
bia. The falls or shoals of Ennoree r. from 
which the place is named, is just below the 
mouth of Beaver Dam cr., 16 ms. n. of Lau- 
rensville. 

Mount Airy, p-o. Randolph co. Mo. by p-r. 
85 ms. N. n. w. Jefferson city. 

Mount Airy, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by 
p-r. 177 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Mount Airv, p-v. in Surry co. N. C. by p-r. 
172 ms. N. Av. by w. Raleigh. 

Mount Airy, p-v. Tuscaloosa, Ala. 10 ms. 
from the village of Tuscaloosa. 

Mount Airy, p-v. Bledsoe co. Ten, by p-r. 
152 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Mount Alto, p-o. in the Blue Ridge, wstrn. 
part of Albemarle co. Va. by p-r. 104 miles s. 
w. by w. W. C. 

Mount Ariel, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 128 ms. w. Columbia. 

Mount Bethel, p-v. Northampton co. Pa, 
by p-r. 208 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Mount Carbon. (See Port Carbon.) 

Mount ( armel, p-v. Covington co. Misp. 
about 110 ms. e. Natchez. 

Mount C armel, p-v. Fleming co. Ky. by p-r. 
about 85 ms. e. Frankfort. 



MOU 



313 



MOU 



Mount Clemens, p-v. and st. jus. Macomb 
CO. Mich, on Clinton river or Huron of lake St. 
Clair, about 3 ms. above its mouth, on the road 
from Detroit to Fort Gratiot, 26 ms. n. n. E.the 
former, and 45 s. s. w. the latter place. Lat. 
42° 35', long. W. C. 5° 47' w. 

Mount Clio, p-v. on Lynch's cr., estrn. side 
of Sunipter dist. S. C. by p.r. 52 ms. a little n. 
of E. Columbia. 

Mount Comfort, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten. by 
p-r. 15-' ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

•Mount Crawford, p-v. in the western part 
of Rockingham co. Va. by p-r. 152 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C. 

Mount Croghan, p-v. Chesterfield dist. S. 
C. by p.r. 110 ms. n. e. Coliunbia. 

Mount Desert, isl. and p-t. Hancock co. Me. 
15 ms. long and 12 wide. Lat. 44° 12', and is 
a peninsula between Union r. and Mt. Desert 
sound. Pop. 1,603. 

Mount Eaton, p-v. Wayne co. 0. by p-r. 100 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Mount Eden, p-o. in the western part of 
Spencer co. Ky. !•< ms. w. Taylorsville, and 37 
s. vv. by w. Frankfort. 

Mount Elon, p-v. Darlington dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 75 ms. e. Columbia. 

Mount Gallagher, p-v. Laurens dist. S. C, 
by p-r. 90 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Mount Gilead, p-o. in the western part of 
Loudon CO. Va, by p-r. 43 ms. nthwstrd. from 
W. C, and 8 in a similar direction from Lees- 
burg. 

Mount Gould, p-v. Bertie co. N. C. by p-r. 
144 ms. a little n. of e. Raleigh. 

Mount Henry, p-o. Montgomery co. Ten. by 
p-r. 58 ms. n. v^. by w. Nashville. 

Mou-NT Hill, p-o. x'^bbeville dist. S. C. by p.r. 
99 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Mount Holly, p.t. Rutland co. Vt. 60 ms. s. 
Montpelier, and 20 w. Windsor. Mill r. is,the 
only stream of consequence. Better adapted 
to grass than grain. Here are found amianthus, 
common and ligniform asbestos, and fossil 
leather. There are 10 school dists. Pop. 1,318. 

Mount Holly, p.v. and st. jus. Gloucester co. 
N. J. on Rancocus cr., 7 ms. s. e. Burlington, 
and 17 e. Philadelphia. It has a handsome 
court house and jail, a bank, and several church- 
es. The cr. is navigable to the village. 

Mount Holyoke, Hadley, Mass., e. Conn. r. 
3 ms. s. E. Northampton. It is 830 ft. above 
the level of Conn, r., and affords an extensive 
and beautiful view of the surrounding country. 

Mount Hope, bay, the n. e, arm of Narragan- 
set bay, receives Taunton r. 

Mount Hope, on the w. shore of the above 
bay, in Bristol, R. I. is a beautiful eminence, 
and is celebrated as the residence of the fa- 
mous Wampanoag, Indian king Philip. 

Mount Hope, p.v. Lancaster co. Pa. by p-r. 
34 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. 

Mount Hope, p.v. Williamsburg dist. S. C, 
by p.r. 81 ms. s. e. by e. Columbia. 

W CUNT Hope, p-o. in the southern part of She- 
nandoah CO. Va. by p-r. 98 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Mount Hope, p-o. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. {See 
Mount Airy, same county and state.) 

Mount Hope, p.o. Lawrence co. Ala. by p-r. 
104 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 



Mount Hope, p.v. Lawrence co. Ala. by p-r. 
114 ms. nthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Mount Horeb, p.o. Nelson co. Va. by p.r. 
Ill ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Mount Horeb, p-v. Jasper co. Geo. 24 ms. n. 
w. Milledgeville. 

Mou-\t Independence, Orwell, Vt. about two 
ms. s. E. Ticonderoga fort. It figured as a 
military position in the early history of our 
country. 

Mount Israel, p.v. Albemarle co. Va. by p.r. 
145 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Mount Jackson, p-o. wstrn. part of Beaver 
CO. Pa. 20 ms. wstrd. Beavertown. 

Mount Jackson, p.o. Shenandoah co. Va. 97 
ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Mou^T Joy, p.o. tsp. Lancaster co. Pa. be. 
tween little Chiques and Conewago crs. The 
p.o. is 2l ms. s. E. Harrisburg, and about 10 w. 
Lancaster. Pop. tsp. 1820, 1,835. 

Mount Laurel, p-o. in the sthwstrn. part of 
Halifax co. Va., by p.r. 125 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Mount Lebanon, p-v. Augusta co. Va,, by 
p.r. 184 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Mount Level, p.v. Dinwiddle co. Va., by p.r. 
47 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Mount Lewis, p.v. Lycoming co. Pa. 25 ms. 
westerly from Williamsport, and 118 ms. north- 
wardly from Harrisburg. 

Mount Lineus, p-v. Monongalia co. Va., by 
p-r. 240 ms. n. vv. by w. W. C. 

Mount Meigs, p.o. in the estrn. part of Mont, 
gomery co. Ala., by p.r. 110 ms. s. e. Tusca. 
loosa. 

Mount Meridian, pv. in the western part of 
Augusta CO. Va., by p-r. 176 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C. 

Mount Maria, or Mariah, p.v. on the right 
bank of Lackawaxen r. and in the extreme north, 
ern part of Pike co. Pa., 24 ms. n. w. by w. Mil- 
ford, and 144 ms- n. Phil. 

Mount Morris, p.t. Livingston co. N. Y., on 
the Genessee r. 8 ms. s. s. w. Geneseo. Land 
of a good quality, presenting a pleasing variety 
of surface, heavily timbered with maple, beech, 
oak, elm, &c., 6 schools continued 8 months in 
12. Pop. 2,534. 

Mount Morris, p-o. Green co. Pa. 

Mount Mourne, p.v. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r. 
153 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Mount Olympus, p-v. Madison co. Misp., by 
p.r. 140 ms. n. e. Natchez. 

Mount Pinson, p.v. Madison co. Ten., by p-r. 
166 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Mount Pisgah, p.o. Iredell co. N. C, by p.r. 
152 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Mount Pisgah, p.v. in the sthrn. part of Wil. 
cox CO. Ala., by p.r. 128 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

Mount Pisgah, p.o. Bloimt co. Ten., 8 ms. 
sthrd. Maryville, the co. t., and by p.r. 168 ms. 
a little s. of e. Nashville. 

Mount Pleasant, p.t. Westchester co. N. Y., 
on the E. side of Hudson r., 33 ms. n. N. Y., 
130 s. Albany. The land is of good quality, and 
the town is abundantly supplied with mill seats. 
It contains a copper mine, and a marble quarry. 
The Sing Sing state prison, containing cells for 
1,000 prisoners, is here. On the 30th Sept. 
1831, there were 980 convicts in this prison, and 
during the succeeding year, 289 were received 



MOU 



314 



MOU 



at it, making a total of 1,269. Of these were 
discharged, died, pardoned, transferred to Au. 
burn prison, or escaped during the cholera, 
(there were 3 of these,) 437, leaving Sept. 30th, 
1832, 832 convicts. The prisoners are era- 
ployed in the quarries. The amount received 
during the year for the support of the prison, 
including a balance left the year preceding Sept. 
30th, 1831, ($3,336 16,) was i?72,301 16 ; of 
which was expended <*^68,051 83, leaving a 
balance of |$4,249 33. The receipts from the 
earnings of the convicts amounted to $38,767 
70 ; their labor was suspended 2 months during 
the prevalence of the cholera. There are 16 
school dists. in Sing Sing. Pop. 4,932. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. and tsp. in the s. w. 
angle of Wayne co. Pa., on the head of Lacka- 
waxen cr. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 874. (See 
Pleasant Mount, Wayne co. Pa.) 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. and tsp. on the waters 
of Jacob's and Sewickly crs., in the sthrn. part 
of Westmoreland co. Pa. The village and p-o. 
is situated about 11 ms. s. Greensburg, the co. t. 
Fop of tsp. in 1820,874. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Frederick co. Md., by 
p-r. 49 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Spottsylvania co. Va. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. in the wstrn. part of 
Rockingham co. N. C., 10 ms. w. Wentworth, 
and 136 n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. in the nthrn. part of 
Fairfield dist. S. C, 13 ms. northwardly from 
Winnsborough, and 44 ms. in a similar direction 
from Columbia. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Monroe co. Ala. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Wilkinson co. Misp. 
10 ms. northwardly from Woodville, the co. t. 
and 23 southwardly Natchez. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. in the eastern part of 
East Baton Rouge, La. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Williamson co. Ten. 
about 23 ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

Mount Pleasant, p-t. and st. jus. Harlan 
CO. Ky. on the left bank of Cumberland river, 
about 70 ms. n. n. e. Knoxville in Tenn. and 
by p-r. 152 ms. s. e. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 47', 
long. 6° 21' w. W. C. This is the most south- 
eastward CO. seat in Ky. The situation is ele- 
vated, mountainous and romantic. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. .lefferson co. 0. by p-r, 
135 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus, 21 s. w. 
Steubenville, and 273 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 
This fine village is situated on a hill, and is 
chiefly composed of one main street, and con- 
tains a printing office, bank, several stores, and 
schools. The Friend's meeting house is a ca. 
pacious building, 92 by 62 ft., the Seceders and 
Methodists have also meeting houses. Pop. 
554. 

Mount Pleasant, tsp. around and compri- 
sing the foregoing village, is in the southwest- 
ern part of .lefferson co. 0., and in 1820, con- 
tained 1,468 inhabitants, which had augmented 
to 2,362 in 1830 ; in both times including the 
village. The tsp. is drained by Indian Short 
or., and gives by the rapid descent of its 
branches numerous and excellent sites for 
mills and manufactories, which are numerous 
and valuable, consisting of grist and saw mills, 
paper mills, and cloth factories. 



Mount Pleasant, p-v. and st. jus. Blartinco- 
Ind, by p-r. 121 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis, and 
659 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Mount Pleasant, p-v. Union co. 11. by p-r. 
167 ms. s. Vandalia. 

Mount Pleasant Mills and p-o. on a branch 
of the Mantango cr., and in the sthestrn. part 
of Union co. Pa. by p-r. 46 ms. a little w. of n. 
Harrisburg. 

Mount Pocono, p-o. northern part of North- 
ampton CO. Pa. by p-r. 221 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Mount Prairie, p-o. Ralls co. Mo. by p-r. 
145 ms., but by direct distance only about 100 
N. N. e. Jefferson city, and about a like distance 
n. w. St. Louis. 

Mount Prospect, p-v. Edgecome co. N. C. 
15 ms. sthrd. Tarboro', and by p-r. 82 miles e. 
Raleigh. 

Mount Republic, p-v. in the central part of 
Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 164 ms. n. e. Harrisburg, 
and 127 n. Phil, 

Mount Reserve, p-o. Bedford co. Tenn, 
about 35 ms. s. Nashville. 

Mount Richardson, p-v. Jackson co. Tenn. 
by P-r. 67 ms. n. e. by e. Nashville. 

Mount Salus, p-v. Hinds co. Misp. situated 
on the main road from Natchez to Florence in 
Ala. 12 ms. w. Jackson, the seat of government 
for the state, and 91 ms. n. e, from Natchez. 

Mount Seir, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C. by 
p-r. 158 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Mount Sharon, p-v. Blount co. Ala. 93 ms. 
n. n. e. Tuscaloosa, and about 40 southwardly 
from Hunts ville. 

Mount Sidney, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 
131 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Mount Sterling, p-v. and st. jus. Montgom- 
ery CO. Ky. on the table land between the 
sources of crs. flowing northwardly into Lick- 
ing from those pursuing an opposite direction 
into Ky. r. 33 ms. e. Lexington, and 57 ms. a 
little s. of E. Frankfort. Lat. 3ti° 04', long. 6° 
55' w. W, C. Pop. 561. 

Mount Sterling, p-v. Madison co. 0. by p-r. 
wstrd. Columbus. 

Mount Sterling, p-v. Switzerland co. Ind. 
by p-r. 102 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Mount Tabor, t. Rutland co. Vt. 26 ms. s. 
w. Windsor, 36 n. e. Bennington. It is moun- 
tainous, and much of it incapable of being set- 
tled. Pop. 210. 

Mount Tirza, p-v. Person co. N. C. by p-r. 
89 ms. N. N. w. Raleigh. 

Mount Tom, Mass. w. Connecticut r., near 
Northampton, opposite Mt. Holyoke. It gives 
name to a range of mtus. commencing in New 
Haven, Conn., and extending n. to East Hamp- 
ton, Mass., where it crosses Conn. r. and 
unites with the Lyme range at Belchertown. 

Mount Vernon, p-t. Kennebec co. Me. 18 
ms. N. w. Augusta. Pop. 1,439. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. Chester co. Pa, about 
45 ms. s. w. by w. Phil., and by p-r. 104 ms. n, 
E. W. C. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. Rowan co. N. C. 11 ms. 
northward Salisbury, and by p-r. 131 miles w. 
Raleigh, 

iVIouNT Vernon, p-v. in the western part of 
Spartanburg dist. S. C. 105 ms. n. w. Columbia, 
and 9 w. Spartanburg, 



MOU 



315 



MUL 



Mount Veknon, p-v. and st. jus. Montgome. 
ry CO. Geo. situated e. from the Oconee r. by 
p-r. 85 ms. s. s. e. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 13', 
long. 5° 39'w. W. C. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. on the left bank of Ap- 
palachicola r. immediately below the junction 
of Flint and Chattahooche rs. , and is the north- 
western angle of Gadsden co. Flor. about 160 
ms. a little n. of e. Fensacola, and by p-r. 52 
ms. N. w, by w. Tallahasse. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Eock Castle 
CO. Ky. by p r. 8l ms. s. e. Frankfort. Lat. 
37° 22', long. 7° 12' w. W. C. Pop. 142. 

Mount Vernon, Bullitt co. Ky. {See Mount 
Washington, Bullitt co. Ky.) 

Mount Vernon, p-v. Mobile co. Ala. by p-r. 
189 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. Warren co. Misp. about 
60ms. N.N. E. Natchez, 

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Knox co. 
O. on the left bank of Owl cr., by p-r. 45 ms. n. 
E. Columbus. This village contains the usual 
appendages belonging to a st. jus. of a co., 
with numerous mills and factories in the vicini- 
ty. Lat. 40° 24', long. 5° 30' w. W. C. Pop. 
1,021. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Posey co. 
Ind., by p-r. 187 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. It is 
situated on Ohio r. in the bend above the mouth 
of Wabash. Lat. 38° 50', long. 11° w. W. C. 

Mount Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
II., by p-r. 65 ms. s. s. e. Vandalia. Lat. 38° 
21', long. 11° 58'w.W. C. 

Mount Vjew, p-v. Davidson co. Ten., 16 ms. 
from Nashville. 

Mountville, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., 6 miles 
sthrd, Lancaster, and byp-r. 32 ms. s. e. Harris- 
burg. 

Mountville, p-v. Loudon co. Va., 42 ms. n. 
w. by w. W. C, 

Mount Vintage, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 63 ms. s. w. by w. Columbia. 

Mount Washington, N. H. (See White mtns.) 

Mount Washington, t. Berkshire co. Mass., 
130 ms. s. w. Boston. This town is situated on 
the height of land between the Housatonic and 
Hudson rs., upon the Taghgannuck range, the 
principal summit of which is in this town, and is 
about 3,000 ft. above the level of the sea. A 
broken tsp. of scattered habitations. Pop. 345. 

Mount Washington, p-v. estrn. part of Bullitt 
CO. Ky., 7 ms. n. e. by e. Shepherdsville, and 
62 s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Mount Washington, p-v. Copiah co. Misp., 
by p-r. about 55 ms. e. Natchez. 

Mount Washington, p-v. Catahoola parish. 
La., by p-r. 263 ms. n. w. New Orleans. 

Mount Welcome, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C, by 
p-r. 159 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Mount Willing, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C, 
situated on a branch of Little Saluda, 12 ms. n. 
E. Edgefield, and 40 ms. w. Columbia. 

Mount Willing, p-v. East Feliciana, 12 ms. 
E. St. Francisville. 

Mount Wilson, p-v. Fentress co. Ten., about 
130 ms. E. Nashville. 

Mount Yonah, p-o. Habersham co. Geo., by 
p-r. 159 ms. n. Milledgeville. 

Mount Zion, p-o. nrthrn. part of Hancock co. 
Geo,, 31 ms.N. e. Milledgeville. 



Mount Zion, p-v. Monroe co. Misp., by p-r. 
163 ms. N. E. Jackson. 

Mount Zion, p-v. sthrn. part of Union co. Ky., 
by p-r. 236 ms. s. w.by w. Frankfort. 

Mount Zion, p-v. Lowndes co. Misp., by p-r. 
256 ms. n. e. Natchez, and 10 ms. from Colum- 
bus, the county seat of Lowndes. 

Mouth of Black river, p-o. extreme north- 
ern part Lorain co. O., by p-r. 139 ms. n. n. e. 
Columbus. 

Mouth of Paint Rock creek, sthrn. part of 
Roan CO. Ten., by p-r. 10 ms. s. Kmgston, the 
county seat, and 166 ms. e. Nashville. 

Mouth of Aionocacy, p-o. extreme western 
part of Montgomery co. Md., by p-r. 43 ms. n. 
w. W. C. 

MouTU OF Sandy Creek, and p-o. n. estrn. 
part of Henry co. Ten., 94 ms. n. w. by w. ^ w. 
Nashville. 

Mouth of Tellico, p-o. Monroe co. Ten., on 
Ten. r., where the road from Knoxville to 
Athens crosses that stream, 42 ms. s. w. of 
Knoxville, and by p-r. 166 ms. s. e. by e. Nash- 
ville. 

Mud Camp, p-v. Cumberland co. Ky., 152 ms. 
sthrd. Frankfort. 

Mud cr. Ontario co. N. York, rises in Bris- 
tol, and after a course of about 43 ms. enters 
the Canandaigua outlet at the village of Lyons. 
A very valuable stream. 

Muddy r. Ky., rising in Todd and Logan cos., 
interlocking sources with Red r. branch of 
Cumberland, and flowing to the nthrd. leaves 
Todd and Logan, and for about 12 ms. forms a 
boundary between Butler and Muhlenburg cos., 
finally falling into Green r. opposite Ohio co. 

Muhlenburg, co. Ky., bndd. s. by Todd, s. w. 
by Christian, w. by Pond r. separating it from 
Hopkins, n. by Green r. separating it from Da. 
viess, N. E. by Green r. separating it from Ohio 
CO., and s. e. by Muddy r. separating it from 
Butler. Length diagonally s. e. to n. w. 38 ms., 
mean width 13, and area 494 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 37° 04' to 37° 32', and in long, from 
9° 47' to 10° 17' w. W. C. It will be seen that 
this CO. is bounded on all sides except to the s. 
by rivers. The declivity is to the n. n. w. Cf. 
t. Greenville. Pop. 1820, 4,979, 183 ), 5,340. 

Mulberry, r. of Ala., the n. wstrn. and main 
branch of Tuscaloosa or Black Warrior r. ha- 
ving its sources in the table land between the 
basins of Mobile and Tennessee rs. The gene- 
ral course is s., draining the wstrn. half of 
Blount and all Walker co., and uniting on the 
wstrn. border of Jefferson, with the Locust fork 
to form the Black Warrior. The valley of the 
Mulberry comprises an ai*ja of 1,500 sq. ms., 
lying in form of a triangle, base 60 ms. and al- 
titude 50 ms. The valley is traversed and divi- 
ded into two not very unequal sections by lat. 34°. 

Mulberry, p. v. in the nthrn. part of Lincoln 
CO. Ten., about 50 ms. s. Nashville. 

Mulberry, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Autauga 
CO. Ala., by p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Mulberry, p-v. Crawford co. Ark., by p-r. 
136 ms. wstrd. Little Rock. 

Mulberry Gap, p-v. Claiborne co. Ten., by 
p-r. 264 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Mulberry Grove, and p-o. Harris co. Geo., 
by p-r. 135 ms. wstrd. Milledgeville. 



MUS 



316 



MUS 



MuLLENSFORD, and p-0. Franklin co. Geo., by 
p-r. 114 ms. N. Milledgeville. 

MuLLicus r. N. J., runs into the Atlantic 
through New Inlet, 4 ms. e. of Leeds. It is 
navigable 20 ms. for vessels of 60 tons, and 
forms the boundary of Burlington and Gloucester 
cos. 

Mulloy's, p-o. Robertson co. Ten., by p-r. 

29 ms. N. w. Nashville. 

MuNCY, post tsp. on both sides of Muncy cr. 
in the sou'oheastern part of Lycoming co. Pa. 80 
ms. N. Harrisburg. 

MuNCYTowN, p-v. and st. jus. Delaware co. 
Iiid. by p-r, 59 ms. n. e. Indianopolis, lat. 40° 
13' and long. W. C. 8° 36' w. 

MuNFORDsviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Hart co. Ky. 
situated on the right bank of Green r., 20 ms. 
N. Glasgow, 32 s. Elizabethtown, and 97 s. w. 
Prankfort. Lat. 37° 17', long. 8° 50' w. W. G. 
Pop. 194. 

MuNSTER, p-v. Cambria co. Pa. eastward 
Ebensburg, and by p-r. 130 ms. westward Har- 
risburg. 

MuRFREsBORo', p-v. Hertford, N. C. 

MuRFRESiiORo', p.v. and st. jus. for Ruther- 
tord CO. Ten. situated on a branch of Stone r. 

30 ms. s. e. Nashville, and 82 ms. a little e. of 
N. Huntsville in Ala. Lat. 35° 51', and long. 
9° 1 5' w. W. C. 

Murray, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y. Pop. 2,790. 

Murray's Mills, and p-o. Dearborn co. Ind. 
by p-r. 117 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Murraysville, p-v. Lorain co. 0. by p-r. 128 
ms. N. N e. Columbus. 

Murraysville, p-v. on a branch of Turtle 
«r. and in the wstrn. part of Westmoreland co. 
Pa., 12 ms. N. w. Greensburg, and 20 ms. a lit- 
tle s. of E. Pittsburg. 

Murrill's Shop, and p-o. Nelson co. Va. by 
p-r. 110 ms. w. Richmond. 

Murrinsville, p-v. Butler eo. Pa. by p-r. 251 
ins. N. w. W. C. 

Muscogee, one of the western cos. of Geo. 
■bndd. by Harris n., Talbot n. e., Marion e., 
Randolph s., and the Chattahoochee r. separa- 
ting it from the Creek country in Ala. w. 
Length e. to v.'. 25 ms., breadth 20, and area 
500 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 17' to 
31° 35', and in long, from 7° 52' to 8° 14' w. 
W. C, The slope of this co. is westward and 
drained by the different branches of Upotoi cr. 
Cf. t. Columbus. Pop. 3,508. 

MusKEGAT, isl. Mass. lying between Nan. 
tucket and Martha's Vineyard, in the form of a 
horse shoe, about 3 ms. in extent. 

Muskingum, important r. of Ohio, and one of 
the great branches of the r. Ohio, from the right 
or N. w. side. It is formed by two branches, 
Tuscarawas from the northeastward, and White 
Woman's r. to the northwestward. White Wo- 
man's r. rises near the centre of the state of 
Ohio, interlocking sources with those of Scioto, 
Huron of Erie, Vermillion, and Black rs. Com- 
posed of two branches, Mohiccon and Killbuck 
crs., White Woman's r. drains Wayne, Holmes, 
Richland, Knox, and part of Coshocton coun- 
ties; general course s. e. joining Tuscarawas 
in Coshocton co., between the villages of Co- 
shocton and Caldersburg, after a general com- 
parative course of 60 ms. Tuscarawas has in- 



terlocking sources with those of Cuyahoga and 
Big Beaver. In the higher part of its course 
for 50 ms. it pursues a southern course, out of 
Medina and Portage cos. over Stark into Tus- 
carawas CO. Inflecting abruptly to the w. and 
entering Coshocton, it unites with AVhite Wo- 
man's r., as already noticed, after a general 
comparative course of 60 ms. It is at the 
junction of Tuscarawas and White Woman's 
rs. that the united waters take the name of 
Muskingum, which flowing s. 10 ms. receives 
a large eastern branch, Wills cr., and bending 
to about fa.s. w. 15 ms. receives Licking creek, 
and falls over a ledge of rocks at Zanesville. 
Below Zanesville, with large partial bends, the 
general course is s. e. 50 ms. comparative dis- 
tance to its influx into O. river at Marietta. 
The Tuscarawas branch drains all Tuscara- 
was and Stark, with parts of Harrison, Colum- 
biana, Portage, Medina, Wayne, Holmes, and 
Coshocton cos. Wills creek drains and its 
valley is nearly commensurate with Guernsey 
CO. The Muskingum r. properly so called, 
winds over the southern side of Coshocton, and 
over Muskingum, Morgan, and Washington 
cos. The entire Muskingum valley approach- 
es remarkably near a circle, of 100 ms. diame- 
ter; but with allowance for the salient parts, 
the area is about 8,000 sq. ms. The Ohio and 
Erie canal enters this valley in Licking co. and 
is carried n. e. to Coshocton, and thence along 
the main channel of Tuscarawas to the Portage 
Summit. (See art. Rail Roads and Canals.) 
The level of the canal on the Portage summit 
is 973 feet above the ocean tides, whilst that of 
Ohio at Marietta, but little if any exceeds 600 
feet of similar relative height. The arable soil 
around the sources of the higher fountains of 
White Woman's and Tuscarawas rs. must ex- 
ceed 1,000 feet above the ocean, or the difl'er- 
ence of level of the valley amounts to at least 
an equivalent to a degree of lat. The actual 
extremes of lat. are 39° 20' and 41° 10'. The 
soil of the Muskingum valley is of unsurpassed 
fertility. The surface presenting the usual 
features of the rs. of Ohio ; that is, level at the 
sources and becoming more and more hilly ap- 
proaching the main recipient, the Ohio r. The 
true cause of this inversion of the common char, 
acter of rs., will be seen by reference to article 
O. r. 

Muskingum, co. Ohio, bndd. by Morgan s. e. 
and s.. Perry s. w., Licking w., Coshocton n., 
and Guernsey E. Length 27 ms., mean breadth 
26, and area 700 sq. ms. Lat. 40°, and long. 
W. C. 5° w. intersect almost exactly at the 
centre of this co. It is traversed from n. to s. 
and very nearly equally divided by Muskingum 
r. Surface moderately hilly, and soil fertile. 
Cf. t. Zanesville. Pop. 1820, 17,824, 1830, 
29,334. The n. wstrn. angle is traversed by 
the Ohio and Erie canal, and in the opposite di- 
rection the U. S. road passes over at the great- 
est breadth. 

MuscoNETCUNK, lake, or Hopatcong, 9 ms. 
long, 14 ms. n. n. w. Morristown, N. J., has 
been dammed at the outlet (South) and supplies 
Morris canal through a feeder, 

MuscoNETCUNK, r. N. J., rises in Musconet- 
cunk lake, and flowing s. w. divides Sussex and 



NAN 



317 



NAN 



Warren from Morris and Hunterdon cos., and 
falls into Delaware r. 5 ms. below Easton. It 
is a fine mill stream. 

Myers, or Meyers cr., a small stream of 
Frankfort, Herkimer co. N. Y., which enters 
the Mohawk near the e. extremity of the long 
level of the Erie canal. 



Myers, p-o. Venango co. Pa., by p-r. 256 ms. 
N. w. W. C. 

Myerstown, p-v. on a branch of Quitapahilla 
cr., Lebanon co. Pa., 31 ms. a little n. of e. Plar- 
risburg, and 5 ms. w. from the boro' of Lebanon. 

Mystic, r. of Mass., flows into Boston har- 
bor, navigable for sloops to Medford. 



Nacodchy Valley, ~p.o. (See Cooperstown, 
Habersham co. Geo.) 

Naglesville, formerly Tobyhanna, p.v. 
southern part of Pike co. Pa. by p-r. n. n. e. 
W. C. 

Nahant, Essex co. Mass. a peninsula ex- 
tending from the s. shore of Lynn far into the 
sea. It is considered a great natural curiosity. 
It appears once to have been two islands, but is 
now connected to the main land by two ridges 
of pebbles and sand thrown up by the water. 
The surface is broken, and the shores are bold 
and rocky. It is a place of great resort in the 
summer. The air is fragrant and cooling; the 
scenery romantic ; the walks round the margin 
of the cliffs pleasant, and the prospect grand. It 
is 9 ms. s. of Salem, and 14 n. e. Boston. 

Nahunta, cr. and p-o. northern part of 
Wayne co. N. C. by p-r. 45 ms. s. e. by e. Ra- 
leigh. 

Namasket, r. Mass. joins Bridgewater r. to 
form the Taunton. 

Nanceville, p-o. Floyd co. Ind. by p-r. 129 
ms. a little e. of s. Indianopolis. 

Nankin, p-v. western part of Wayne co. Mich. 
by p-r. 17 ms. w. Detroit. 

Nanjemoy, cr., bay, and p-o. in the south- 
western part of Charles co. Md. The p-o. is 
by P-r. 47 ms. nearly due s. W. C. Nanjernoy 
bay is a small opening from the left bank of 
Potomac river at the great bend above Port 
Tobacco. 

Nansemond, CO. Va. bndd. by Black Water r. 
w. separating it from Southampton, by the Isle 
of Wight N. w., Hampton Roads n. e., Norfolk 
CO. E., Pasquotank co. N. C. s. e., and Gates co. 
S. G. s. Length diagonally s. w. to n. e. 40 ms., 
mean breadth 1 6, and area G49 sq. ms. Exten- 
ding in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 54', and in long, 
from 0° 6' to 0° 41' e. W. C. The northern 
part has a gentle inclination to the n. n. e., and 
is drained by the branches of Nansemond r., 
which stream, or rather bay, extends about 18 
ms. towards the centre of the co. The south- 
western section has a slight declivity to s. s. w., 
and is drained into Nottavvay r. The south- 
eastern angle is low, marshy, and in part oc- 
cupied by a small lake called Druminond's pond. 
From this pond, a small lateral canal has been 
constructed into the main trunk of the Dismal 
Swamp canal. Lake Drummond canal answers 
the double purpose of a feeder, and of a navi- 
gable channel; it is 5 ms. in length, 16 feet 
wide, and 4^ ft. in depth. The general surface 
of Nansemond is level, and contains a good 
share of productive soil. Cf. t. Suffolk. Pop. 
1820, 10,491, 1830, 11,784. 

Nansemond, r. Va. rising in Isle of Wight 
and Nansemond cos. Va., but chiefly in the lat. 

41 



ter. It opens by a comparative wide bay from 
Hampton Roads, and is navigable for vessels of 
100 tons draught, something above 20 ms. to 
Suffolk, the CO. t. of Nansemond co. 

Nantaseet Road, the entrance into Boston 
harbor, Mass. It affords safe anchorage in 5 
to 7 fathoms water, and was formed in 1831. 

Nanticoke, r. of Del. and Md. is formed 
from two branches, Nanticoke Proper, and 
viarshy Hope, both rising in Del. The Nanti- 
coke rises within, and drains the central and 
western parts of Sussex co. Del., and flowing 
soQthwestward enters Dorchester co. Md., in 
which it receives from the n. Marshy Hope. 
The latter rising in Kent co. Del. traverses the 
southeastern angle of Caroline co. Md., from 
which, entering Dorchester, it falls into the 
Nanticoke. Below the junction of the two 
branches, the Nanticoke gradually widens into 
a bay from one to two ms. wide, until finally 
merged into the still wider Fishing bay. The 
entire comparative course of Nanticoke, by 
either branch, is about 50 ms., the valley lying 
between those of Pocomoke and Choptank. 

Nanticoke, mtn. Luzerne co. Pa. extends 
along the left bank of Susquehannah r. about 8 
ms. downwards from Nanticoke falls. 

Nanticoke Falls, or rather rapids in the Sus- 
quehannah r. 6 ms. below Wilkesbarre. The 
river after having flowed down the Wyoming 
Valley to the s. w. turns abruptly to the w., and 
piercing the Nanticoke mtn. again resumes a s. 
w. course. 

Nanticoke, v. Broome co. N. Y. 155 ms. s. 
w. Albany. 

Nanticoke, p-o. near Nanticoke falls, 7 ms. 
s. w. Wilkesbarre, and by p-r. 107 miles n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

Nantikoke, hundred, of Sussex co. Del., 
and occupies the southwestern part of Sussex 
CO. on Nantikoke r. Pop. 2,366. 

Nantucket isl., co. and p-t., situated in the 
ocean about 20 ms. s. Chatham, Barnstable co. 
Mass., and about 15 ms. e. Martha's Vineyard, 
being 100 ms. s. e. Boston on a straight line, 
and 125 round Cape Cod. It is 15 ms. long, 
and 1 1 wide at its greatest breadth. The soil is 
light and sandy, but in some parts productive. 
The people, are almost all whalemen and sea- 
men, and are considered as among the most 
skilful and adventurous in the world. The ship 
masters have, with commendable zeal, estab- 
lished a marine reading room, cabinet, &c. 
Nantucket is the name for the island, county, 
and town. The climate is much milder than 
that of the neighboring continent. There is not 
a tree of natural growth on the isLind, though 
it was formerly well wooded. The exports 
are spermaceti and right v/hale oil, whalebone, 



NAS 



318 



NAT 



and sperm candles ; of these and oil there are 
5j manufactories. There were in 1829, sixty- 
ships employed in whaling from this port. 
Other ships have since been built. The value 
of this fleet, as fitted for sea amounts to about 
ji2,000,000. On the s. e. of the island are Nan- 
tucket Shoals, where numerous vessels hare 
been wrecked. They extend 50 ms. in length, 
and 45 in width. The harbor of Nantucket is 
safe from all winds, being almost landlocked. 
There are in Nantucket 7 or 8 houses of reli- 
gious worship, 2 banks and 2 insurance offices. 
There is a bar of sand at its mouth, on which 
there are 7^ ft. of water at low tide. The taxa- 
ble property of this island in 1832, amounted to 
$3,835,288 40. Pop. 1820, 7,266, 1830, 7,202. 

NA.NTaciCET Bay, N. J., opposite Bombay 
Hook. 

Napt^ks, p-t., Ontario co. N.Y., 20 ms. s. w. 
Canandaigua. Contains fine groves of pine. 
13 school dists.; schools continued 5 months in 
12. Pop. 1,941. 

Naples, or Henderson bay, extends from 
Chaurnont bay to the s. vv. into Henderson. 
{See Henderson.) 

Naples, p-v. Morgan co. II., by p-r. 125 ms. 
N. w. Indianopolis. 

Napoleon, p-v. Hipley co. Ind. by p-r. 67 ms. 
s. K Indianopolis. 

Napoli, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 
852. 

Nap's cr. p-o. Pocahontas co. Va., by p-r. 242 
ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 

Naragan.set Bay, R. I., sets up from Si to n. 
between Point Judith on the w., and Point Sea. 
conet on the e. It is about 30 ms. long, and 15 
broad. Embracing several very considerable 
isls. and good harbors, and receiving Provi- 
dence and Taunton rs. It is accessible from 
the ocean at all seasons. 

Narmarcunhawack, r. N. H., a branch of the 
Ameriscoggin, rises in the tsp. of Success, and 
unites with the main stream at Paulsburgh. 

Nash, co. N. C, bndd. s, w. by Contentny cr., 
separating it from Johnson, w. and n. w. by 
Franklin, n. e. by Fishing cr., separating it from 
Halifax, and by Edgecombe e. and s. e. Length 
36 ms., mean width 18, and area 648 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 35° 42' to 36° 13'. The 
declivity of this co. is to the s. e. by e., and 
drained by various branches of Tar r. Cf. t. 
Nashville. Pop. 1820, 8,185, 1830, 8,490. 

Nash and Sawyer's LocATio>f, a tract of 
€,184 acres, granted May 20th, 1773^ -to- Nash 
and Sawyer, for exploring a route through the 
White mtns. 

Nashavvn, one of the Elizabeth isls., on the 
s. E. side of Buzzard's bay, 9 ms. long, and 2 
broad. 

Nashawenna, another of the Elizabeth isls., 
lying between Cutahunk and Presque Isle. 

Nash's Stream, N. H., a branch of the Up- 
per Anionoosnck, has its sources in Stratford 
and the lands e., and unites with the r. in the 
N. w. part of Piercy. 

Nashua r., a beautiful stream in the s. part of 
Hillsborough co., has its source in Worcester 
CO. Mass., and falls into the Merrimack at Dun- 
stable, N. H. 

Z'Tashua, v. on the preceding r., m Dunstable, 



Hillsboro co., 11ms. from Amherst, 36 from 
Boston, and 32 from Concord. It is a manufac- 
turing village, and a place of considerable busi- 
ness. The r. falls 65 ft. in the distance of 2 ms. 

Nashville, p-v. and st. jus. Nash co. N. C, 
situated on Peach Tree creek, by p-r. 44 ms. 
N. e. by E. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 56', long. 1° 2' w. 
W. C. 

Nashville, p-t. and st. jus. Davidson co., and 
seat of the government of Ten. is situated on 
the left bank of Cumberland r. Lat. 36° 05', 
long, 9° 43' w. W. C, and by actual calculation, 
a small fraction above 565 statute ms. s., 70° w. 
W. C. ; but by p-r. the stated distance between 
the two places is 709 ms. Nashville is 1 10 ms. 
N. Huntsville, 218 ms. s. w. Frankfort, Ky., 430 
N. e. Natchez, and 480 n. n. e. New Orleans. 
The site is a high bank on the concave side of 
Cumberland r., the central point of a very fer- 
tile and well cultivated country. It is by far the 
largest town in Tennessee, is regularly laid out, 
and contains several public buildings, some of 
which are handsome ; among these are several 
churches, a court house, market house, jail, a 
state bank, a branch of the U. S. bank, and a 
private banking house. This flourishing town 
possesses all the features of a commercial depot, 
and is one of much enterprise and wealth. It 
communicates with New Orleans by steam boat 
navigation, and the Cumberland is navigable at 
times to this place, for vessels of 400 tons bur- 
then ; 9 months in the year, for those of 30 or 
40 tons. The University of Nashville, incor- 
porated 1806, is now a flourishing institution ; 
it has a very valuable philosophical and chemi- 
cal aparatus, a museum of natural history, and 
a mineralogical cabinet containing over 10,000 
specimens. The library contains 2,000 volumes, 
and the students' libraries about 1,200. Num- 
ber of professors and teachers, including a pre. 
sident, 6 ; alumni, 103; students, 1832 — 3, 95. 
Commencement is on the 1st Wednesday in Oc- 
tober. In the vicinity of Nashville an extensive 
state penitentiary has been erected ; it is of 
stone, over 300 ft. long, 50 wide, containing 
cells for 200 convicts. Pop. whites, 3,554 ; 
colored, 2,012 ; total 5,566. 

Nassau, r. of Flor., gaining importance only 
as giving name to a co. This small stream ri- 
ses in the angle between St. John's and St. Ma- 
ry's rs., flows estrd. 30 ms. to its outlet by Nas- 
sau inlet to the Atlantic, between Cumberland 
and Talbot's isls. 

Nassau, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y. 18 ms. s. e. 
Troy, 14 from Albany. Surface uneven. Val- 
lies rich and fertile. 14 schools, continued 9 
months in 12. Pop. 3,255. 

Nassau, n. estrn. co. of Flor., bndd. by Nassau 
r. separating; it from Duval co. s., by Duval co. 
s. w,, St. Mary's r. separating it from Camden 
CO. of Geo. w. and n., and by the Atlantic e. 
Length from e. to w. 36 ms., mean width 16, 
and area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
30° 27' to 30° 46', long, from 4° 40' to 5° 14' 
w. W. C. Cumberland isl, constitutes the outer 
part of this co. towards the Atlantic. The 
general surface of the co. is level, part marshy. 
Cf. t. Fernandina. Pop. 1,511. 

Natchaug, r. Conn, joins the Shetucket in 
Windham. 



NAT 



319 



NEE 



Natchez, city, p-t. and st. jus. Adams co. 
Misp., is situated on the left bank of Misp. r. 
at lat. 31° 33', long. 14° 30' w. W. C. 322 miles 
above New Orleans, following the bends of the 
Misp., but only 157 over lake Pontchartrain, 
and thence by the road direction nearly n. w., 
and by p-r. 98 nis. s. w. Jackson, the seat of 
government. At Natchez, the bluff reaches 
the r. and is entirely composed of clay unmixed 
with the smallest pebble ; the whole rising on 
a substratum of pudding stone rock. The 
rock, however, lies below the higher level of 
the r,, and is only visible at a very luw stage of 
the water in that stream. It is loose, friable, 
and much admixed with petrifactions of wood. 
Above this rock rests the clay superstrata, ad. 
inixed with sand, and in some places, in dig- 
ging wells, beds of sand are detected. The 
surface of the ground on which the city stands, 
and that of the whole adjacent co. is waving, 
not unlike a sea in a storm, and curiously con- 
trasted with that of La. on the opposite side of 
the Misp. The streets of Natchez are extend, 
ed at right angles ; many of the houses are 
elegant, though generally the style of building 
is plain. It contains five places of public 
worship ; Presbyterian, Episcopal, Roman 
Catholic, Methodist and Baptist. The public 
edifices are a court house, jail, and 3 banks ; 1 
of §1,000,000, 1 of ^3,000,000 capital, and a 
Branch of the U. S. Bank. The pleasantly 
waving site of Natchez, rising from 100 to 200 
ft. above high water in Misp. affords an airy, 
and for 9 months in the year, a healthful, agree- 
able, and advantageous residence. There are, 
however, casual seasons, when all classes are 
subject to bilious and remittent fevers. There 
is perhaps no other city of the U. S. where the 
amount of manufacturing and commercial busi- 
ness bears so large a proportion to its popula- 
tion. In 1820, the exports of cotton exceeded 
35,000 bales. The quantity of goods sold here 
as early as 1800, was very great ; and within 
the last 30 years has been constantly increas- 
ing. The city is a corporation, governed by a 
mayor, alderman, and city council. Pop. 2,789. 
Natchitoches, northwestern parish of La., 
bounded by the parish of Claiborne n. e., Ra- 
pides s. E., Opelousas s., Sabine r. separating it 
from Texas s. w., and by a meridian line from 
lat. 32° to 33°, also separating it from Texas 
N. w., and by Lafayette co. in Ark. n. Length 
s. to N. 150 ms., mean width 40, and area 6,000 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° to 33°, and 
in long, from 15° 32' to 16° 24' w. W. C. Con- 
siderably the largest part of this very extensive 
parish is barren pine wooded land, or equally 
sterile oak flats. The alluvion of Red r. is, 
however, to this character of soil, a complete 
exception. The lower and southern section of 
the parish is traversed by Red r. and its nu- 
merous outlets, affording some of the finest cot. 
ton lands in La. This is the only tolerably 
well peopled part of the parish, and of the pop. 
of 7,486, in 1820, the far greater part were 
resident in the town and vicinity of Natchito- 
ches, the St. jus. Pop. 7,905. 

Natchitoches, p-t. and st. jus. for the parish 
of Natchitoches, La. is situated on the right 
bank of Redr. at lat. 31° 44', long. 1G° 10' w. 



W. C, 355 ms. by the road through Attacapas 
and Opelousas, n. w. by w. New Orleans, and 
as stated on the p-o. list 1,339 s. w. by w. W. 
C. This v. is built chiefly in one street along 
the r. at the foot of a blufl'. Not quite 1 mile s. 
of the present town is the spot where the ori- 
ginal French settlement was made in 1717. 

Natchitoclies is the extrene southwestern en- 
trepot of the U. S. towards Texas, and has 
been consequently a place of importance ever 
since the acquisition of La. by the U S. In it- 
self it is a very pleasantly situated village. 

Natick, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 17 ms. w. 
Boston, situated on Charles river ; a pleasant 
fanning town. Here labored the apostolic 
Elliott among the Natick Indians. By his ad. 
vice, they adopted the form of government 
proposed by Jethro to Moses, choosing one 
ruler of a hundred, two rulers of fifties, and 
ten rulers of tens. There is an extensive 
wheel factory at Natick bridge. Pop. 890. 

Natural Bridge, a fine deviation from the 
ordinary course of nature in the phenomena of 
streams. A small water course called Cedar 
cr. in the southern angle of Rockbridge co. 
Va. before it joins James r., passes under a 
natural arch of rocks, affording a splendid as- 
semblage of bold and contrasted features in 
scenery. A visit to the Natural Bridge can be 
rendered still more interesting from the prox- 
imity to the peaks of Otter. This highest part 
of the Appalachian system s. w. from the Del. 
rises 10 ms. s. from the Natural Bridge. On 
Tanner's maps the Natural Bridge is laid down 
at lat. 37° 35', long. 2° 34' w. W. C, 14 ms. s. 
w. Lexington, and 180 w. Richmond. 

Natural Bridge, p.v. in the southern part of 
Rockbridge co. Va. 16 or 17 ms. s. w. Lexing- 
ton, the CO. St., 30 ms. n. w. Lynchburg, and by 
p-r. 224 s. w. by w. W. C, and 176 a very little 
s. of w. Richmond. 

Naudaway, r., a confluent of Mo. rises about 
lat. 42°, interlocking sources with the Racoon 
fork of Des Moines, Grand, and Nishnebatona 
rs. ; flowing thence by a gsneral course of a little 
w. of s., falls into Mo. at lat. 39° 55', about 70 
ms. in a direct distance above the influx of Kan- 
sas r. The valley of the Naudaway lies be- 
tween those of Nishnebatona and Grand rs. in 
long, between 17° and 18° 10' w. W. C. 

Naugatuck, r. Conn, rises in the n. w. part 
of the state, and joins the Housatonic at Derby. 
Above Waterbury, it is called iVtattaluck. 

Naylor's Store and p-o. St. Charles co. Mo. 
by p-r. about 25 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

Nazareth, Lower and Upper, two contiguous 
tsps. of Northampton co. Pa. on Bushkill and 
Mauskissy crs. about 8 ms. nrthwstwrd. Easton. 
The joint pop. 1820, 1,747 ; 1830, 2,146. 

Nazareth, p-v. Northampton co. Pa. 7 ms. n. 
w. Easton, and 10 n. Bethlehem. This v. be- 
longs to the Moravian society, and contains a 
school of that sect. 

Neddock, Cape, York, Me., York co. Long. 
6° 20' E. W. C, lat. 43° 8'. It is a rocky, 
barren bluff, with a small pop. of poor fisher- 
men. 

Needham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 12 ms. s. 
w. Boston, on Charles r. Soil coarse, and sur- 
face uneven. Here is a perpendicular fall in 



NEP 



320 



NEW 



he river of 20 ft. at which mills are erected. 
Pop. 1,418. 

IMeffsville, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., by p.r. 
39 ms. e&trd. Harrisburg. 

Nelson, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 40 ms. from 
Concord, on the height of land between the 
Conn, and JVIerrimack rs. Surface hilly, but 
good for grazing. Streams small. Contains 
mill privileges. Pop. 875. 

Nelson, p-t. Madison co. N. Y. 6 ms. w. 
]V!orrisville, 109 w. n. w. Albany. Situation 
elevated. Soil good and fertile. It is better 
for grass than grain. 15 schools, continued 7 
montlis in 12. Pop. 2,445. 

Nelson, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 162 ms. 
nthrd. Harrisburg. 

Nelson, co. Va. bndd. hy the Blue Ridge, 
separating it from Rockbridge w. and Augusta 
8. w., by Albemarle n. e. and e., James r. sepa- 
rating it from Buckingham s. E., and Amherst 
s. and s. w. The longest line is a diagonal 
from the extreme southern to the extreme 
northern angle, about 40 ms. ; the co.is in form 
of a trapezium ; greatest breadth 28 ms., and 
area 560 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 
32' to 38° 02', long, from 1° 50' to 2° 7' w. W. 
C. Declivity s. of s. e., and is drained by the 
different branches of Rock and Tye rs. The 
surface hilly, and towards James r. traversed 
by South mtn. Cf. t. Loviugton. Pop. 1820, 
10,137; 1830, 11,251. 

Nelson, co. Ky. bndd. by Bullitt w., Spencer 
N. and N. R., Chaplin's Fork of Salt r. separating 
it from Washington s. e., and the Rolling Fork 
of Salt r. separating it from Hardin s. w. 
Lenoth from w. to e. 38 ms., mean breadth 8 
ms.lnd area 304 sq. ms., N. lat. 37° 42' to 37° 
58', long. W. C. 8° OG' to 8° 44' w. Thi^s co. 
lies between the two main branches of Salt r. 
discharging small creeks nrthrd. and sthrd. 
respectively. Soil highly productive. Cf. t. 
Bardstown.' Pop. 14,932, or nearly 50 to the 
sq. mile. 

Nelson, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 146 m.s. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Nelson's p-o. Robeson co. N. C. by p-r. 68 
ms. s. s. w. Raleigh. 

Nelsonville, p-o. Athens co. 0. by p-r. 59 
ms. s. E. Columbus. 

Nemawhaw, the name of two confluents of 
Mo. called relatively Great and Little Nemaw- 
haw. Great Nemawhaw rises between the val- 
leys of the Republican fork of Kansaw r. and 
Platte r., and between lat. 40° and 41°, and 
about 21° long. w. W. C. Flowing thence by 
a course of a little s. of e. 170 ms. falls into the 
Mo. at lat. 40° 05', and by direct distance 70 
ms. above, and n. w. from the influx of Nauda- 
way. Little Nemawhaw, a very inferior stream 
10 the preceding, falls into the right side of 
Mo. a short distance above the influx of the 
Nishnebatona, after a general course of about 
70 ms. from the nrthwstwrd. 

Neoshoo r. {See Grand r. br. of Arkansas r.) 
Neponset, r. Mass. flows into Boston harbor, 
and is navigable for vessels of 150 tons 4 ms. to 
Milton. 

Neponset, v. on both sides of Neponset r. 6 
ms. s. Boston. Contains a number of mills and 
manufacturing establishments. 



Nescopeck, mtn. in the sthrn. part of Luzerne 
CO. Pa. between Wapwallopen and Nescopeck 
crs. The local name is confined to a ridge of 
about 12 ms. in length ; but it is merely a ridge 
of the chain which separates the valleys of the 
Lehigh and Lackawaxen r. from that of the 
Susquehannah, and which rises into bold peaks 
to the estrd. of Wilkesbarre. 

Nescopeck, cr. in the southern part of Lu- 
zerne CO. Pa. interlocking sources with the ex- 
treme Vi'strn. crs. of the Lehigh, and flowing 
wstrd. into the Susquehannah opposite Berwick. 
The valley of the Nescopeck lies between those 
of the Catawissa and Wapwallopen crs. 

Nescopeck, p-v. and tsp. Luzerne co. Pa. 
The v. stands on the left bank of Susquehannah 
r., above the mouth of Nescopeck cr. and op- 
posite the borough of Berwick, by p-r. 86 ms. 
above and n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Neshaminy, small r. or large cr. of Bucks co. 
Pa,, heads partly in Montgomery co., but most- 
ly in the central part of Bucks, interlocking 
sources with the Tohickon, Perkiomen, and 
Wissihickon cr. flows sthestrd. into Del. river, 
which it joins 4 ms. below Bristol, after a com- 
parative course of about 25 ms. 

Neshanoce, cr. Mercer co. Pa., the eastern 
branch of Shenango. {See Shenango r.) 

Nether Providence, p-v. Del. co. Pa. by p-r. 
124 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Nettle cr. and p-o. in the nrthwstrn. part of 
Wajme co. Ind. by p-r. 61 ms. estrd. Indianopolis. 
Neuse, r. N. C. rises in Person and Orange 
COS., interlocking sources with those of Haw r. 
branch of Cape Fear r., and Dan r. branch of 
Roanoke. The different higher constituents unite 
in the n. w. angle of Wake, and crossing that 
CO. and Johnson in a southeasterly direction, it 
thence enters Wayne, and assuming an estrly. 
course over the latter, Lenoir and Craven cos. 
to Newbern. Now gradually opening into a 
wide bay, curving first s. e. and thence n. e. into 
Pamlico sound between Beaufort and Carteret 
cos. The valley of the Neuse lies between 
those of Cape Fear and Tar rs. The length of 
the Neuse, by comparative courses, is about 
200 ms. The valley, independent of the great 
bends of the stream, 180, but comparatively 
narrow, the mean breadth not averaging above 
25 ms., and area 4,500 sq. ms., lying between 
lat. 34° 50' and 36° 22', and between long. 0=- 
30' E. to 3° 10' w. 

Neverslnk, or Nwisink, t. Sullivan co. N, 

Y., 15 ms. N. VIonticello, 39' w. Kingston. 9 

schools, continued 7 months in 12. Pop. 1,257. 

Neville, p-v. Clermont co. Ohio, by p-r. 123 

ms. s. w. Columbus. 

New r., the local name of Great Kenhawa 
r., above the mouth of Gauley r. {See Cheat 
Kenhawa r.) 

New r., p-v. western part of Monroe co. Va., 
26 ms. wstrd. Union, the co. seat, and by p-r. 
296 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

New r. inlet, Onslow co. N. C, about 50 ms. 
a little s. of w. cape Look-Out, is a strait be- 
tween two sand islands, and the entrance to 
the mouth of a small r. called New r., which, 
rising in Lenoir, and thence traversing Onslow 
county, opens to the Atlantic ocean by this 
entrance. 



NEW 



321 



NEW 



New r., small stream of Beaufort dist, S. 
C, draining the swamps between Savannah and 
Coosaw Hatchie rs., flows s. s. e., and near the 
Atlantic ocean breaks into several branches, 
one entering the estuary of Savannah r., and 
another Calibogue sound. 

New r., of La., is the drain of the lowlands 
between the Misp. and Amite rs., and flowing 
N. E. by E., falls into the s. w. angle of lake 
Maurepas. 

New Albany, p-v. Bradford co. Penn. by p-r. 
116 ms. nrthrd. from Harrisburg. 

New Albany, p.v. and st.jus. Floyd co. Ind. 
by p-r. 121 ms, a little e. of s. Indianopolis. It 
is situated on the right bank of 0. r. at the foot 
of the rapids, and nearly opposite Shipping 
port in Ky. Mr. Flint states that the main street 
is 3-4 of' a mile in length. It has a convenient 
harbor for boats, and is a fine thriving v. Fop. 
2,079. 

New Albion, t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y. Pop. 
380. 

New Alexander, p-v. Columbiana co. O. 
by p-r. 138 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

New Alexander, p-v. Cross Creek tsp. Jef- 
ferson CO. Ohio. 

New Alexandria, p-v. Westmoreland co. 
Penn. 11 ms. n. e. from the borough of Greens- 
burg, and 8 by p-r., 171 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 
New Antrim, p-v. Washington co. Va. by 
p-r. 3 3 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Newark, or Arthur Kull, bay, N. J. form- 
ed by the confluence of the Passaic and Hack- 
insack rs. and separated from Hudson r. on the 
E. by Bergen neck. It communicates through 
the kills, 4 miles long, with N. Y. bay, and 
through Staten isl. sound with Amboy bay. 

Newark, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. n. e. 
Owego. Pop. 1,027. 

Newark, p-t. and cap. Essex co. N. J. the 
most po'.'ulous t. in the state, is on the w. side 
of Passaic r., 3 ms. from its mouth, in Newark 
bay ; 9 ms. w. N. Y., 5 n. e. Elizabethtown, 
and is a remarkably beautiful and flourishing 
place. Itis noted for the variety and excellence 
of its manufactures ; particularly carriages, 
saddlery, leather, shoes and jewelry, which are 
sold in different parts of the U. S. to a great 
amount. About 2,000,000 of pairs of shoes 
are said to be produced annually by one manu- 
factory. There are quarries of excellent free 
stone in the vicinity, which are extensively 
worked for N. Y. and other places. The New- 
ark cider, which is made near this place, is 
produced from two or three sorts of apples, 
and is of proverbial excellence. The Morris 
ctnal, terminating here, affords great advanta- 
ges and has added to its trade, population and 
enterprize. There are a fine court house, aca- 
demy, 3 banks, and several churches, for Pres- 
byterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists 
and Catholics ; some of them are very large and 
beautiful. The v. is situated on a beautiful lev- 
el, and principally on a fine street of remarka. 
ble breadth and straightness. Pop. 1830, 10,- 
953 ; 1833, supposed to be over 12,500. 

Newark, p.v. in the northwestern part of New 
Castle CO. Del. 12 ms. s. w. by w. Wilmington, 
52 ms. N. N. w. Dover, and 113 ms. n. n. e. 
W. C. 



Newark, p-v. in the southeastern part of 
Worcester co. Md. by p-r. 158 ms. s. e. by e. 
W. C. 

Newark, p-v. in the southeastern part of 
Louisa CO. Va. by p-r. 31 ms. n. w. Rich- 
mond. 

Newark, p-v. and st. jus. Licking co. 0. by 
p-r. 34 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus, and 362 
ms. a little w. of n. w. by w. W. C. lat. 40° 04', 
long. W. C. 5° 27' w. It is situated at the main 
forks of Licking cr. and on the Ohio and Erie 
canal, and contains the usual co. buildings, sev- 
eral stores, 2 printing offices, 2 ware houses, 
market house, 5 or 6 taverns, several schools, 
and 2 or 3 places of public worship. Pop. 999. 
The elevation of the water in the canal at New. 
ark is 834 ft. above the mean level of the Atlan- 
tic tides, and 360 ft. above the mean level of O. 
r. at the mouth of Scioto. 

New Ashford, t. Berkshire co. Mass. 20 ms. 
N. Lenox, 121 from Boston. Pop. 285. 

New Athens, p-v. in the southeastern part of 
Harrison co. O. by p-r. 130 ms. a little n. of e. 
Columbus, and 6 ms. s. Cadiz, the co. seat. 
Franklin college is located here. Population 
198. 

New Baltimore, Greene co. N. Y. 16 ms. 
N. Catskill, 20 s. Albany. Watered by Cox- 
sackie and Haanekrai crs. which supply mill 
seats in abundance. Surface, broken; soil, di- 
versified. Has a landing on the Hudson. There 
is a spring in this t. which is said to rise and 
fall at certain periods. 10 schools, continued 9 
months in 12. Pop. 2,370. 

New Baltimore, p-v. in the eastern part of 
Fauquier co. Va. 45 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

New Barbadoes, t. Bergen co. N. J. w. Hack- 
ensack r. Pop. 1,693. Hackensack, the st. 
jus. is a V. in this t. 

New Bedford, p-t. and port of entry, Bristol 
CO. Mass. 52 ms. s. Boston, lat. 41° 38', long. 
6° 10' E. W. C. It is beatifully situated on the 
w. side of the Acushnet r., which here empties 
into Buzzard's bay. It is chiefly built of wood 
on an inclined plane, and presents a lively and 
picturesque appearance. This is ona of the 
most flourishing tovvns in New England, as is 
indicated by the rapidity of its growth, and the 
wealth and enterprize of its inhabitants. The 
citizens are much engaged in commerce, but the 
whale fishery constitutes the chief business of 
the place. A steamboat runs to Nantucket, and 
sometimes is used for towing vessels over the 
bar. Here are three banks, whose united 
capital is nine hundred thousand dollars ; three 
insurance offices, each with a capital of 350,000 
dollars ; 11 places of public worship, 3 Baptists, 
2 Presbyterians, 2 Methodist, 1 Unitarian, 1 
Quaker, 1 Catholic, and a chapel for seamen ; 
also a court house, jail, lyceum, an academy, 
and 1 daily, and 3 weekly papers. There are 
seven considerable manufactories of sperm can. 
dies, and there are employed fifty thousand tons 
of shipping in the foreign and whale fishery — 
forty thousand, probably, engaged in the whale 
business —about 1,200 tons in the cod and 
mackerel fishery, and 8,000 tons coastwise. 
The number of foreign clearances at the port of 
New Bedford, 1831, was 101, and of foreign 
entries 83. Of the arrivals 58 were from wha- 



NEW 



322 



NEW 



ling voyages, importing 41,144 bbls. of sperma- 
ceti oil, 53,145 bbls. wiiale oil, and 381,000 lbs. 
whale bone. There remained at sea, on wha- 
ling voyages, at the end of the year, 100 ships, 
9 barques, and 7 brigs, measuring 35,208 tons, 
navigated by 2,635 men. Of these vessels, 56 
are in the Pacific ocean, and the rest on the 
Brazil Banks, in the Indian ocean, and else- 
where. From sources which it is stated may 
be relied upon, as substantially correct, it ap- 
pears that the amount of tonnage belonging to 
the dist. of New Bedford, Dec. 31, 1832, was 
70,400 tons ; whole number of ships and barques 
180; of which 150 were owned in New Bedford, 
24 in Fairhaven, and 6 in Rochester, Ware- 
ham, Dartmouth and Westport ; and produce of 
the whale fishery of the dist. in 1832, 38,885 
bbls. sperm oil, 90,872 bbls. whale oil, and 781,- 
700 lbs. of whale bone. Pop. 1820, 3,947; 
1830,7,592. 

New Bedford, p-v. s. w. part of Mercer co. 
Penn., 15 ms. s. w. from the borough of Mercer, 
and 55 n. w. Pittsburg. 

New Bedford, p-v. Coshocton co. O., by p-r. 
99 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. Pop. 5l. 

New Berlin, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., on 
the w. bank of the Unadilla, 7 ms. n. e. Norwich, 
93 w. Albany. It is supplied with good mill 
seats by the Unadilla, and some of its branches. 
Here are manufactories on a large scale. 14 
schools, continued 7 months in 12. Pop. 2,643. 
New Berlin, p-t. and st. jus. Union co. Pa., 
by p-r. 60 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg, 11 ms. w. 
Sunbury, lat. 40° 52', and very nearly on the 
meridian of W. C. 

Newbern, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Montgom- 
ery CO. Va., 16 ms. s. w. by w. Christiansburg, 
and by p.r. 324 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, 

Newbern, p-t. and st. jus. Craven co. N. C, 
situated on the point above the union of the 
Neuse and Trent rs., by p-r. 351 ms. nearly due 
s. W. C. and 119 s. e. by e. Raleigh. Newbern 
was long the seat of government of N. C, and 
is still the largest t. of the state. It is a port of 
entry, and though large vessels cannot ascend 
Neuse bay, the trade is considerable in lumber, 
tar, turpentine, pitch, &c. Pop. 1820,2,467; 
1830, 3,776. 

Newberry, p-v. on the point above the junc- 
tion of Lycoming cr. with Susquehannah r. Ly- 
coming CO. Pa., 2 ms. w. Williamsport, and 89 
N. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Newberry, dist. of S. C, bndd. by Laurens 
w. and N. w., Union n.. Broad river, separating it 
from Fairfield n. e., Lexington s. e., and the Sa- 
luda r. separating it from Edgefield, s. and s. w. 
Length 26 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 540 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 03', to 34° 
30', and in long. 4° 20' to 4° 55' w. W. C. The 
dividing ridge between the sources of waters 
flowing s. eastward into Saluda, and n. eastward 
into Broad and Ennoree rs. traverses this co. 
and subdivides it into two not very unequal in- 
clined plains. Bush r. and Little r. both rising 
in Laurens, flow s. eastward over the western 
part of Newberry and falling into Saluda. En- 
noree r. forming a part of the northern bounda- 
ry, then enters Newberry, and falls into Broad 
r. in the n. eastern angle of the dist. The n. 
eastern declivity thus falling toM'srds Ennoree 



and Broad rs. is drained by Cannon's and Kel- 
ler's crs. flowing eastward into the latter, and 
by King's, Indian, and Duncan's crs. flowing n. 
eastward into the former. There is much ex- 
cellent soil in Newberry. Staples, cotton, 
grain, &c. Cf. t. Newberry. Pop. 1820, 16,- 
104; 1830, 17,441. 

Newberry, p-t. and st. jus. Newberry dist. S. 
C, situated near the centre of the dist., by p-r. 
43 ms. N. w. by w. Columbia, lat. 34° 12', long. 
4° 23' w. W. C. 

Newberry, p-v. in the s. western part of Ge. 
auga CO. 0., by p-r. 147 ms. n. e. Columbus. 
Pop. of Newberry tsp. 594. 

Newberry town, p-v. York co. Pa., 2 ms. n. 
w. by w. from the borough of York, and 14 ms. 
s. s. w. of Harrisburg. 

Newberry town, (see Newberry, York co. 
Pa.) 

Newbiggen cr., p-o. Pasquotank co. N. C, 9 
ms. s. e. Elizabeth city, and by p-r. !90 n. e. by 
E. Raleigh. 

New Bloomfield, p-v and st. jus. Perry co. 
Pa., by P-r. 36 ms. s. w. Harrisburg. 

Newborn, p-v. Jasper co. Geo., by p.r. 63 
ms. northwestward Milledgeville. 

New Boston, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 9 
ms. from Amherst, 22 s. Concord, 57 from Bos- 
ton. Watered by the s. branch of the Piscata. 
quog, and several other streams. This is a 
mountainous t. In the s. part is a considerable 
elevation, on one side of which it is nearly per- 
pendicular. Its height, taken from the road 
through the notch of the hill, is 572 ft. Pop. 
L684. 

New Braintree, p.t. Worcester co. Mass., 
18 ms. w. N. w. Worcester, 66 w. Boston. It is 
excellent grazing land, with fine hills, well wa- 
tered. Pop. 825. 

New Britain, p-v. of Berlin, Hartford co. 
Conn., 10 ms. s. w. Hartford. Here are vari- 
ous and extensive manufactures of brass, and 
plated ware, of different kinds ; three manufac- 
tories of suspenders, — one of silver spoons, and 
another of machinery for cotton factories, 
which is operated by steam power. These and 
similar causes have rendered this one of the 
most thriving and pleasant villages in the state. 
New Bhitain, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., 24 miles 
nrthrd. Phil. 

New Brunswick, city and st. jus. of Middle- 
sex CO. N. J., lies in Middlesex and Somerset 
COS., the principal street being the county line. 
It is situated on the s. w. side of the Raritan, 
12 ms. above its mouth, near the head of navi- 
gation, at the termination of the Delaware and 
Raritan canal, and is surrounded by a fertile 
country. It is 31 ms. s. w. N. York, 25 n. e. 
Trenton, and 55 n. e. Phila., lat. 40° 30', long. 
2° 39° w. V/. C. A part of the town is in a low 
situation, but it has extended to the surround- 
ing hills, which are very pleasant, and the whole 
is healthy. New Brunswick is a place of con- 
siderable business, and grain is the principal 
export. Among the public buildings are 6 
churches, 1 for each reformed Dutch. Presbyte- 
rians, Episcopalians, Baptists, Methodists and 
Catholics; a courthouse, jail, 2 banks, Rutgers 
college, and a theological seminary. The col- 
lege was founded in 1770, and the principal 



NEW 



323 



NEW 



building is of stone, 3 stories high ; this is how- 
ever appropriated in part to other purposes. 
There are 6 instructors, (132 — 3,) 70 students, 
and in the libraries rising of 6,000 volumes. 
Commencement is on the 3d Wednesday in 
August. The Theological seminary is connect- 
ed with the college, in which are 3 professors 
and 20 students ; and a grammar school also, in 
which are about 30 scholars. In the vicinity of 
New Brunswick is a bed of peat, about 1 1 ft. in 
depth, and of great size. Pop. 7,831. 

New Buffalo, p-v. Perry co. Pa. by p-r. 20 
ms. northwestward Harrisburg. 

Newburgh, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. n. Wal- 
do CO., 54 ms. E. Augusta. Pop. 626. 

Newburgh, p-t. port of entry, and half shire 
town. Orange co. N. Y. on the w. bank of the 
Hudson, 95 ms. s. Albany, 65 by the river and 
70 on the stage road n. New York. The vil- 
lage is incorporated, and is pleasantly situated 
on the slope of a hill which rises very abruptly 
from the river, commanding a fine view of the 
Hudson, West Point, the Highlands, &c. It is 
well built, and is a place of considerable com- 
mercial importance ; being one of the great 
thoroughfares from the west, from whence it 
commands a very extensive trade ; the whaling 
business has been commenced. The principal 
streets are laid out parallel with the river, some 
of which are paved, and these are crossed by 
others running west from the Hudson. It con- 
tains a court house ; bank ; 2 churches for Pres- 
byterians, 1 for Episcopalians, and 1 for Metho- 
dists ; and a respectable academy. Some ship- 
ping is owned here, and it enjoys, wiJi every 
important town on the river, great facilities for 
intercourse with the metropolis. The town is 
excellent for agricultural purposes, is well wa- 
tered, and there are several manufactories in it. 
On Chambers creek is an extensive iron foundry. 
Pop. 6,424. 

Newburg, p-v. sthwstrn. part of Cumberland 
CO. Pa. 19 ms. s. w. by w. Carlisle, and 37 ms. 
a little s. of w. Harrisburg. 

Newburgh, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O. 6 ms. s. 
E. Cleaveland, the county seat, and by p-r. 144 
ms. N. E. Columbus. Pop. Newburgh tsp. 869. 

Newburgh, p-v. northwest part of Warrick 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 181 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

New Burlington, p-v. western part of Ham- 
ilton CO. Ohio, 12 ms. from Cincinnati, and by 
p-r. 124 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Newbury, p-t. Orange co. Vt. w. Conn, r., 27 
ms, e. Montpelier, 47 n. e. Windsor. Well sup- 
plied with mill streams. Contains several min- 
eral springs. Two bridges cross the Conn, 
from different parts of this town. The legisla- 
ture has holden two sessions in this place ; the 
one in 1787, the other in 1801. Here is the 
bend in the Conn, denominated the Great Ox 
Bow. Pop. 2,252. 

Newbury, t. Essex co. Mass. s. Merrimack 
r., opposite Salisbury, with which it is connect- 
ed by a bridge, 32 ms. n. e. Boston. Land in 
general of an excellent quality. Parker r. a 
fine mill stream, falls nearly 50 ft. in the course 
of I5 ms. in this town. Limestone of a good 
quality is found here ; also marble, serpentine, 
amianthos, asbestos, and arsenical iron pyrites. 
Here are two academies. Pop. 3,603. 



Newbury, p-v. and tsp. York co. Pa. The 
village is situated 10 ms. s. s. e. Harrisburt^, 
and 14 n. n. w. the borough of York. 

Newbury, dist. and p-t. S. C. {See New- 
berry.) 

Newburyport, p-t. port of entry, and one of 
the shire towns of Essex co. Mass. is situated 
on the s. side and near the mouth of Merrimack 
river, 32 ms. n. e. Boston. It is the smallest 
town in Mass., and contains only 647 acres. It 
is a delightful town, and is entirely surrounded 
by the Merrimack and Newbury rivers. A 
handsome bridge across the former, suspended 
by chains, connects it with Salisbury. The 
harbor is deep, and safe, but difficult of en- 
trance ; an appropriation has been made how- 
ever by congress, for removing the obstruc- 
tions. The streets are very regularly laid out, 
crossing each other at right angles, and the 
buildings, generally, are in unusual good taste. 
There are in the town a court house and mark- 
et, of brick ; a town hall ; 7 churches, and a 
jail of stone. The business of the place is still 
important, although it suffered severely by the 
restrictions on commerce previous to the late 
war, and by a destructive fire in 1811, which 
destroyed over 250 buildings. A large amount 
of shipping is owned here, and the cod and 
mackerel fishery have been pursued from 
hence very successfully. Here are manufac- 
tures of morocco, cordage, carriages, silver 
and gold plate, a brewery, and several distille- 
ries. A small silk factory is here, and the only 
stocking factory in 1831 in the U. S. was then 
here. Pop. 1820, 6,852 ; 1830, 6,375. 

Newburyport, cf. t. Berrien co. M ich. situ- 
ated at the mouth of St. Joseph's r. of Mich. 
It stands on the shore of lake Michigan and on 
the right or n. side of the r., and opposite to 
the old vil. of Saraiiac. n. lat. 42° 05', long. 
W. C. 90 30' w. About 200 ms. a Utile s. of 
w. Detroit. 

Newby's Bridge, and p-t. Perquimans co. N. 
C. by p-r. 209 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Newby's Cross Roads, and p-o. Culpepper 
CO. Va. by p-r. 70 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

New Canaan, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 8 ms. 
N. Long Island sound, 77 ms. s. w. Hartford. 
Surface mountainous. Soil a ha:d gravelly 
loam, tolerably well timbered. 9 school dists. 
and 1 academy. Pop. 1,826. 

New Canton, p-v. on the right bank of James 
r., at the mouth of State cr., and in the north, 
eastern part of Buckingham co. Va., 63 ms. w. 
and by land from Richmond. 

New Canton, p-v. northestrn. part of Haw- 
kins CO. Ten., by p-r. 244 ms. a little n. of e. 
Nashville. 

New Carlisle, p-v. Clarke co. 0. by p.r. 66 
ms. wstrd. Columbus, and 23 ms. westward 
Springfield, the co. seat. Pop. 343. 

New Carthage, p-v. Concordia parish. La. 
by p-r. 284 ms. n. w. New Orleans. 

New Castle, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. w. of 
Sheepscot r., 7 ms. e. Wiscasset. Pop. i,.544. 

New Castle, or Great Island, isl. and t. 
Rockingham co. N. H., lat. 43° 5'. It is a 
rough and rocky isl. in Portsmouth harbor. It 
is connected with Portsmouth by a handsome 
bridge. Fishing is here pursued with success. 



NEW 



324 



NEW 



Fort Constitution and the light house stand on 
this isl. Pop. 845. 

New Castle, t. West Chester co. N. Y. 37 
ms.N. N. Y., 128 s. Albany, 6 w. Bedford ; lO 
schools continued 7 months in 12. Pop. 1,336. 

New Castle, p-v. on the peninsula between 
Shenango and Neshanock crs. and near the s. 
border of iVlercer co. Pa. 18 ms. s. s. w. from 
the borough of Mercer, 41 n. n. w. Pittsburg, 
and 264 ms. n. w. W. C. 

New Castle, nrthrn. co. of the state of Del., 
bndd. by Kent co. of the same state s., Kentco. 
of Md. s. w., Cecil co. of Md. w., Chester co. 
of Pa. N. w., Delaware co. Pa. n., and by Del. 
r. separating it from Salem co. N. J. e. Length 
from s. to N. 38 ms., mean breadth 12, and 
area 456 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 
18' to 39° 50', and long, from 1° 17' to 1° 38' e. 
W. C. The line of demarcation between Md. 
and Del. states following, particularly in the 
northern part, very nearly the dividing ridge or 
summit, separating the sources of crs. flowing 
westward into Chesapeake, from those pursu- 
ing an eastern course into Delaware bay; the 
slope of New Castle co. is consequently to the 
eastward. The northern part is traversed and 
drained by the different confluents of Brandy- 
wine creek, which enters the Del. in the vicini- 
ty of Wilmington. Below t-he Brandywine, 
flow also into Del. in this co. the Appoquini- 
minck and Black Bird creeks. Duck creek on 
the s. separates New Castle from Kent. {See 
Chesapeake and Delaware canal.) Some parts 
of this CO. towards Del. r. are low and marshy, 
but receding vvstrd. and northwestwa-d, the sur- 
face rises into waving hills, and though no 
where much elevated the interior is pleasantly 
diversified. The soil is mostly productive in 
grain, grasses and orchard fruit. The falls in 
the diff'erent branches of Brandywine have 
made the northern part of New Castle a manu- 
facturing county. Cf. ts. Wilmington and New 
Castle. Pop. 1820, 27,899, 1830, 29,710. 

New Castle, p-v. and st. jus. New Castle co. 
Del., situated on the bank of Del. r., 5 ms. a 
little w. of s. Wilmington, 32 s. w. Phil., and by 
p-r. 103 ms. n. e. W. C. Lat. 39° 40', long. 1° 
24' E. W. C The village of New Castle ex- 
tends lengthwise along the Del., and is tolera- 
bly compact and well built. The site is a ri- 
sing plain,- and the Hundred, in 1810, con. 
tained a pop. of 2,438, in 1820, 2,671, in 1830, 
2,463. 

New Castle, p-v. in the forks of Craig's 
creek, western part of Botetourt co. Va., 15 ms. 
a little s. of w. Fincastle, and by p-r. 210 ms. s. 
w. by w. W. C. 

New Castle, p-v. Wilkes co. N. C. by p-r. 
175 ms. a little n. of w. Raleigh. 

New Castle, p-v. and st. jus. Henry co. Ky. 
24 ms. N. w. Frankfort, 38 ms. n. e. by e. Louis- 
ville, and by p-r. 564 ms. a little s. of w. W. C- 
Lat. 38° 25'. long. 8° 08' w. W. C. Pop. 538. 

New Ch;'Ster, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 16 ms. 
s. Plymouth, 24 ms. from Concord, 44 from 
Haverhill, 25 from Hanover, and 86 from Bos- 
ton. Watered by Pemigewasset and Blackwater 
rs. and several small streams. Timbered with 
white pine, birch, beech, hemlock, maple, &c. 
Pop. 1,090. 



New Columbia, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Union 
CO., Pa., 68 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 
Newcomh, t. Essex co. N. Y. Pop. 62. 
Newcomb, P-v. Preble co. Ohio, by p-r. 8 ms. 
s. Eaton, the county seat, and 100 ms. a little s. 
of w. Columbus. 

Newcomerstown, P-v. in the s. wstrn. angle 
of Tuscarawas co. Ohio, 96 ms. n.e. by E.Co- 
lumbus, and 12 ms. e. Coshocton. It is situ- 
ated on Tuscarawas r. and on the Ohio and Erie 
canal. Lat. 40° 16'. Pop. 100. 

New Covington, p-v. in the nthrn. part of 
Luzerne co. Pa., 19 ms. nthrd. from Wilkes- 
barre, and by p-r. 144 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

New Cumberland, p-v. on the point above 
the entrance of Yellow Breeches cr. into Sus- 
quehannah r., and in the extreme estrn. angle 
of Cumberland co. Pa., 3 ms. s. Harrisburg. 

New Derry, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa., 6 
ms. estrd. Greensburg, the co. t., by p-r. 188 ms.. 
N. w. W. C. 

New Design, p-v. Trigg co. Ky., by p-r. 217 
ms. s. w. by w. Fiankfort. 

New Durham, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. Sur- 
face very uneven, a portion so rocky as to be 
unfit for cultivation. It is well watered. In 
this town there is a remarkable cave. Pop.. 
1,162. 

New Egypt, v. Monmouth co. N. J., on Crosa- 
wick's cr., 18 ms. s. w. Freehold. 

New England, a name given to the six states 
of the Union lying east of New York, viz. Maine, 
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is bndd. n. 
by Lower Canada, e. by New Brunswick, s. by 
the Atlantic and Long Island sound, and w. by 
New York. It lies between 41° and 48° 12' 
lat., and between 2° 45' and 10° long. e. W. C, 
and contains 65,475 sq. ms. The inhabitants 
are almost exclusively of unmixed English ori- 
gin, and though never united as a political 
whole, they have at different periods been cor^. 
nected by their common interests. From the 
earliest settlement of their country they have 
enjoyed peculiar advantages for literary and re- 
ligious instruction, and being trained to habits of 
industry, economy and enterprize, by fhe cir- 
cumstances of their peculiar situation, as well 
as by the dangers of prolonged wars, they pre- 
sent traits of character which are considered as 
remarkable abroad, as they are common and 
universal at home. Some of the first settle- 
ments were made in the territory of Maine, 
which had been visited by Martin Pring, an 
English navigator, in the years 1603, and 1606; 
but the most important was that of Massachu- 
setts, which was commenced in the year 1620, 
by the Pilgrim forefathers of New England, 
who had been expelled from England for as. 
serting liberty of conscience, and v;ho found 
Holland not sufficiently remote from their op- 
pressors, to secure to themselves or theii*oft- 
spring, the civil and religious blessings which 
they desired. While the French missions, and 
the English colonies in Maine, have scarcely 
left any traces of their existence, the principles 
which were regarded as fundamental by the 
Plymouth Pilgrims, have produced effects which 
may be more or less plainly traced in the insti- 
tutions and condition of all the United States, 



NEW 



325 



NEW 



and have diffused an influence which is felt at 
the present day in every country of Europe. 
As early as 1638, Harvard -ollege was founded, 
and in 1647, the legislature of Mass. passed a 
law making effectual provis'on for the instruc- 
tion of every child in the rudiments oi learning. 
The support of public worship was also legally 
provided for. In consequence of these and si- 
milar enactments, the people are generally well 
instructed and moral ; and from them has been 
furnished a large portion of the learned and influ- 
ential men who have figured in other parts of the 
Union. In Rhode Island, where no provision 
was made by law for the support of either 
learning or religion, the experience of manj'- 
years has induced the people to take measures 
to secure, as far as possible, the advantages in 
these respects, enjoyed by the other parts of 
New England. A large part of the distin- 
guished men of the U. S. have been educated 
at Harvard and Yale colleges ; and though 
there are many respectable institutions of learn, 
ing in other parts of the country, still, many 
students from the s. and w. are annually taught 
in the colleges of New England. Teachers of 
schools, of all descriptions and in different 
states, are derived from the same quarter of 
the Union, ediication being so easily and cheap- 
ly obtained, that instructers are to be found m 
abundance. Many defects have hitherto exist- 
ed in the systems of popular education in New- 
England ; but notwithstanding all such impedi- 
ments, she has maintained the superiority in 
common instruction and general intelligence, 
not only in the U. S., but probably also in the 
world. Improvements, however, have been 
commenced : iVlass. with liberal and enlight- 
ened views, taking the lead in measures which 
promise much for the interests of education. 
Evidence of the good morals of the New Eng- 
landers might be adduced from various facts, 
did the nature and limits of this work permit. 
The Pequod war, in 1634, placed in their pow. 
er the first, and it is believed, the only land 
ever claimed on the ground of conquest. The 
laws of the colonies forbade any land to be ob- 
tained from the Indians by individuals, and the 
government frequently paid for the same tracts, 
several times over, to av^id the imputation of 
injustice. Crimes have always been compara- 
tively rare, and duelling is almost unknown in 
their criminal records. Criminals have gene- 
rally been among those who were least instruct- 
ed, and the conviction is deep and general in 
New England, that the general diffusion of 
learning and religion is indispensable to the 
good order of society, and to the existence of 
a free and popular government. The intelli- 
gence and enterprizing spirit of the people are 
seen in the expedients to which they resort to 
obtain a livelihood at home, as well as their 
judgment and foresight in choosing places to 
which to emigrate. They have never found 
the means of accumulating wealth, or even of 
subsisting, without persevering labor and econ- 
omy ; their soil and climate offered no attrac- 
tions to adventurers, and their simple habits 
and strict rules of society, are unpalatable to 
persons of that class. The early circumstan- 
ces of New England obliged its inhabitants to 

42 



dwell in villages, as the Indians could thus be 
best resisted ; the first settlers were thus con. 
fined to a few spots on the coast, long enough to 
discipline them in the political, intellectual, and 
religious principles of the pilgrims ; so that, 
tho' the emigrants from England brought over 
much ignorance, and even vice, they were re. 
strained, if not entirely reformed, by the pure 
and inteiUgent society to which they were in. 
troduced. At every step of their progress in 
extending their settlements, the colonies carried 
with them their schools and churches. Had 
not the population been prevented by circum. 
stances from spreading too fast, this probably 
could not have been tlie case, and it would have 
degenerated both intellectually and moral'y. 
Many of the pilgrim settlers, had been men 
distinguished for their learning and piety in 
England, and their influence produced happy 
and permanent impressions on the community, 
which they had aided in founding. These in. 
fluences extended to ail the early settlements, 
and have been still more widely diffused by the 
amount of emigration which has taken place in 
later years, from New England to various parts 
of the country, especially the western states. 
The early colonies first spread slowly along the 
coast, then along Conn. r. ; and afterwards, as 
the strength of the people increased, and their 
enemies diminished, gradually occupied the re- 
maining territory of Mass., Conn., R. I., and 
the lower parts of N. H. and Vt. It is stated 
that the number of " regulars," furnished by N. 
England during the revolutionary war, was 117,- 
441 ; 6,7,907 of these by Mass., and 31,939 by 
Conn. The close of the war of the revolution 
opened the adjacent states to the colonists of 
New England, and every opportunity has been 
improved for extending their settlements. Con- 
siderable portions of New Jersey, New York, 
and a part of Pennsylvania were settled by New 
Englanders ; and Ohio, which within 30 years 
has grown up from a wilderness to an important 
state, derived a large part of its inhabitants, and 
most of its enterprize and prosperity, from New 
England emigrants ; the same is true to a less 
extent, of Illinois, Michigan Territory, &c. ; 
and emigrants now proceed every year to those 
states, to Florida, Texas, and even to the Oregon 
Territory, with as much readiness "and confi- 
dence of success, as they once did to N. York, 
or in earlier days to the Conn, river. There 
are in New England 13 colleges, 3 in Mass., 3 
in Conn., 2 in Me., 2 in Vt., 1 in N. Hampshire, 
and 1 in R. I. : 6 theological seminaries, 4 of 
which are in Mass., 1 in Me., 1 in Conn. : 8 
medical schools, 2 in Me., 3 in Vt., 2 in Mass., 
and 1 in Conn.: 4 law schools, I in V'ass. and 
3 in Conn. The following table will show the 
number of newspapers and periodicals of the 
New England states, at different periods : — 

irTS. 1810. 1828. 

Maine, 29 

Massachusetts, 7 32 78 

New Hampshii-p, 1 12 17 

Verm nt, 14 21 

Rhode Island, 2 7 14 

Connecticut, 4 11 33 

The population of this portion of the U. S. 
has been gradually but not rapidly increasing. 
In 1700 it was about 120,000, and in Martin'a 



NEW 



326 



NEW 



London Magazine we find it stated in 1755, at 
345,000; the troops in the provinces at that time 
not being reckoned. The following is the pop. 
of the six N. E. states by the censuses of 1820 

and 1830 : 

1820. 1830. Increase pr.ct. 

Maine, 298,335 399,462 34 

New Hampshire, 244,161 269,533 10 

Vermont, 235,764 280,676 19 

Massachusetts, 523,287 610,014 17 

Rhode Island, 83,059 97,210 17 

Connecticut, 275,248 297/m 8 

Total, 1,659,854 1,954,609 

According to the census of 1830, the increase 
of the U. S. for the preceding 10 years was 
about 35 per cent. The average increase in 
the states of New England, during the same pe- 
riod, was 17^ per cent. To prevent repetition, 
the reader is referred to individual states, and 
to the art. United States, for farther details, in 
agriculture, manufactures, arts, &c. 

New Fairfield, Fairfield co. Conn., 64 ms. 
s. w. Hartford, 7 n. Danbury. Tsp. broken, soil 
hard and gravelly. Pop. 940. 

Newfane, p-t. and st. jus. Windham co. Vt. 
10 ms. w. Conn, r., 12 n. w. Brattleborough, 110 
ms. from Boston, 80 from Albany, 110 from 
MontpeUer, and 50 from Wmdsor. Well wa- 
tered and supplied with mill seats. Diversified 
Willi high hills and deep vallies. Timbered 
with rock maple, beech, birch, walnut, oak, &c. 
and contains a variety of minerals. The centre 
village, which contains a c. h., jail, and acade- 
my, stands on an elevated situation, and affords 
a very extensive and picturesque prospect. 
From the meeting house may be seen some part 
of at least 50 towns, lying in Vt., N. H. and 
Mass. Here are a co. grammar school, and 12 
school dists. Pop. 1,441. 

Newfane, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 276 ms. w. 
Albany, 10 n. Lockport. Pop. 1,448. 

Newfielu, t. York co. Me., 40 ms. n. w. 
York, 36 w. n. w. Portland, e. Strafford co. N. 
H. Pop. 1,286. 

Newfield, p-t. Tompkins co. N. Y., 9 ms. s. 
w. Ithaca. Well watered; limestone plentiful, 
and some marie. 15 schools, 5 months in 12. 
Pop. 2,664. 

Newfound lake, Grafton co. N. H., 6 ms. 
long from n. to s. and 2 broad. Communicates 
with the Merrimack at Bridgewater. 

Newfound river mills, p-o. Hanover co. Va., 
30 ms. northward Richmond, and by p-r. 98 ms. 
s. s. w. W. C. 

New Gaillard, (-See New Gilead, Moore co. 
N. C.) 

New Garden, p-v. between Red and White 
Clay crs. Chester co. Pa., 45 ms. s. w. by w. 
Phil., 12 ms. N. w. by w. Wilmington, Del., and 
by p-r. 123 ms. n. e. W. C. 

New Garden, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 
82 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

New Garden, p-v. western part Columbiana 
CO. O., by p-r. 9 ms. w. New Lisbon, the co. st., 
and 142 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

New Garden, p-v. Wayne co. Ind., by p-r. 84 
ms. E. Indianopolis. 

New Geneva, p-v. on the right bank of Mo- 
nongahela r. in the s. western part of Fayette 
CO. Pa., 20 ms. by land sthrd. Brownsville, and 
fay p-r. 217 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 



New Germantown, p-v. in the n. western part 
of Perry co. Pa., by p-r. 46 ms. wstrd. Harris- 
burg. 

New Gilead,, formerly New Gaillard, p-v. 
Moore co. N. C, by p-r. 8 ms. s. westward Car- 
thage, and 63 s. w. Raleigh. 

New Glasgow, p-v. n. western part of Am- 
herst CO. Va. 20 ms. n. n. e. Lynchburg, and 
by p-r. 175 ms. s. w. W. C, and 132 ms. nearly 
due w. Richmond. 

New Gloucestsr, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 
23 ms. N. Portland, and is crossed by a small 
stream flowing to the tide. Pop. 1,682. 

New Guilford, p-v. Coshocton co. 0., by p-r. 
63 ms. N. e. by e. Columbus. 

New Hagerstown, p-v. in the estrn. part ot 
Tuscarawas co. 0., by p-r. 124 ma. n. e. by e. 
Columbus, and 18 ms. s. e. by e. New Philadel- 
phia, the CO. St. Pop. 102. 

New Hampshire, one of the U. S., bndd. n. by 
Lower Canada, e. by Me. and the Atlantic, s. 
by Mass. and w. by the w. bank, of Conn, river, 
which forms the e. boundary of Vt. It lies be- 
tween 42° 40' and 45° 20' n. lat., and between 4° 
30' and 6° 15' e. long. W. C. Its extreme 
length is 168 ms., its greatest breadth 90, and 
its whole area, 9,491 sq. ms. New Hampshire 
was first discovered in 1614, by Capt. John 
Smith, the English navigator, and was after- 
wards named by John Mason, to whom it was 
granted in 1622, by a patent in which it is called 
Laconia. The first settlements were made in 
the following year at Dover and Portsmouth. 
In 1629, the territory between the Merrimack 
and Piscataqua rs. and extending 60 ms. from 
the sea, was granted to Mason alone, by whom 
it was then first called New Hampshire. In 
1641, all the settlements of the state united 
themselves to Mass. and formed part of the 
county of Norfolk. In 1679, they were again 
constituted a separate province by Charles II., 
and in 1680, the first assembly convened. From 
1689, with the exception of a short period, it 
was again united with Massachusetts, until 1741, 
when it was constituted a separate government 
under the care of Gov. Wentwonh. A few set- 
tlements were commenced in Coos co. before 
1775, but were abandoned until the conclusion 
of peace. During the war of the revolution, 
the government of New Hampshire was con- 
ducted by a temporary administration ; and in 
1784, a new constitution was adopted, which, 
with the amendments of 1792, forms the pre- 
sent constitution of the state. The legislative 
power of the present government is vested in 
a senate of 12 members, who are chosen by 
districts, and a house of 229 representatives 
from the towns ; each branch having a nega- 
tive on the other. The executive is composed 
of a governor, and a council of five members. 
The governor is annually elected by the people, 
and has a negative on both branches of the 
legislature. The regular time for the annual 
session of the legislature, is the first Wednes- 
day in June. The judiciary department is 
composed of a superior court and a court of 
common pleas, each consisting of three judges, 
who are removeable only by impeachment, ex- 
cept that they are disqualifi.ed by attaining 70 
years of age. The surface of the state ia near- 



NEW 



327 



NEW 



ly level for 20 or 30 ms. from the sea coast, 
which extends but 18 miles, and is generally a 
sand beach with salt marshes within ; back of 
this it becomes hilly, and in many parts moun. 
tainous. Between the Connecticut and Merri- 
mack rs. lie Monadnock, Sunapee, Kearsarge, 
Moosehillock, and Carr's mtns. In the lower 
part of Coos co. is a cluster of mtns., called the 
White hills, or White mtns., among which are 
the most elevated peaks of the U. States. This 
region, which is wild and almost entirely unin- 
habited, abounds in sublime scenery, and for- 
merly afforded much wild game. There are 
now many deer, wild cats, and some bears, &c. 
New Hampshire has been called the granite 
state, from the quantities of that rock quarried 
within it; and the Switzerland of America, on 
account of its wild and picturesque mountain 
scenery, its lakes, cascades, &.c. The largest 
collection of waters in the state is Lake Win- 
nipiseogee, which is one of the most varied and 
beautiful in the United States, and a favorite 
resort of travellers. Besides this are Connec- 
ticut, Ossipee and Squam lakes, &c. which af- 
ford fish and fowl. Lake Umbagog is partly in 
this state and partly in Maine. The state is re- 
markably well watered, and five of the princi- 
pal rivers of New England have their sources 
within its borders. The air is pure and salu- 
brious, and the climate, though severe, very 
healthy. The soil of New Hampshire is gene- 
rally fertile, and mostly capable of cultivation. 
The best lands are those bordering the rivers, 
which are enriched by the annual floods. The 
hills afford excellent pasturage. By far the 
greatest part of the inhabitants is occupied in 
agricultural pursuits. The principal produc- 
tions are maize, wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, 
&c. Large quantities of pork, beef, butter, 
cheese, &c. are annually exported. The state 
produces excellent timber, much of which is 
also sent abroad. The white pine attains a 
very large size. The ginseng, long supposed 
to grow only in China and Tartary, is found 
here in abundance and of excellent quality. 
Apples are abundant, and excellent; pears, 
plums, cherries, &c. are also produced. Beau- 
tiful and fine grained granite is found in va- 
rious parts of the state, of which large quan- 
tities are transported for building stone. Iron 
and copper ore of excellent quality have been 
found at Franconia ; and very good plumbago 
or black lead, at Bristol. There are many 
internal improvements and channels of com. 
munication. A large part of the commerce of 
the lower counties finds its vent by the Merri- 
mack river into Mass., while most of that from 
the upper counties passes e. to Portland, Me. 
Indeed so important has the road through the 
White mtns. been considered to that state, 
that the legislature of Me. have sometimes ap. 
propriated money for its improvement. Merri- 
mack r. has been dammed, locked and canalled 
by the state, at the falls between Concord and 
IVIass., so as to be navigable in boats ; and 
great quantities of lumber, granite, produce, 
-and foreign merchandize, are transported by 
that channel. Numerous factories are erected 
at the falls. The Middlesex canal opens a 
eommimication between the bend of the Merri- 



mack r. and Boston harbor. Piscataqua r., at 
the mouth of which is Portsmouth, the port of 
the state, and a navy yard of the U. S., is rather 
an arm of the sea, which receives 5 small rs. 
the principal of which is Salmon Falls r. An. 
droscoggin and Saco rs. which flow into Me., 
rise in the upper parts of N. Hampshire ; the 
last has its source on Mt. Washington. By the 
report of the secretary of the treasury, the 
amount of American and foreign tonnage en- 
tered in N. H. for the year ending Sept. 30th, 
1830, was 9,416: departed, 4,6 >2; value of 
imports, $130,828 ; exports, domestic, $93,499 ; 
foreign, f 2,685 ; total exports, $96,184. On 
the 1st of January 1833, the banking capital of 
the state was ^22,271,308 ; specie on hand 
^464,571 ; bills in circulation ^12,386,430. 

The state is divided into 8 count'es and 2l5 
towns ; none of which are large. Portsmouth 
is the chief in size, and Concord is the seat of 
government. The population of New Hamp. 
shire has been steadily on the increase. In 
1800 it was 183,858, in IBIO, 214,460. In 
1820 and 1830 the pop. of the counties and 
state was as follows : 

Counties. Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. 

Cheshire, 20,803 27,016 

Coos, 5,549 8,388 

GraftoD, 32,989 38,682 

Hillsborough, 35,761 37,724 

Merrimack, 32,843 34,014 

Rockingham, 40,526 44,325 

Strafford, 51,117 58,910 

Sullivan, 18,533 19,669 



Total, 244,161 269,328 

Of the foregoing there were white persons. 

Males. Females. 

Under 5 years of age, 19,428 18,538 

From 5 to 15, 34,258 32,315 

" 15 to 30, 36,038 39,387 

" 30 to 50, 25,463 28,586 

" 50 to 70, 12,277 14,336 

" 70 to 90, 3,62G 4,195 

90 and above, 89 180 



Total, 131,184 137,537 

Of these were deaf and dumb, under 14 years of 
age, 32 ; between 14 and 25, 55 ; above 25, 49. 
Blind 105. Aliens 410. 
Free colored persons. 

Males. Females. 

Under 10 years of age, 67 66 

From 10 to 24, 78 95 

" 24 to 36, 54 54 

" 36 to 55, 44 61 

" 55 to 100, 31 45 

100 and upwards, 5 2 

Total, 279 602 

There arc 5 female slaves in the state. Of color- 
ed persons there were 9 deaf and dumb; blind, none 
Recapitulation, 

White persons. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 
268,721 602 5 269,328 

The counties of Merrimack and Sullivan 
have been formed since the census of 1820, 
from other counties, and the pop. above named 
was embraced within their limits, in 1820. The 
common schools of New Hampshire are es- 
tablished by law, and are generally well sup- 
ported ; and there are academies and high 
schools in many of the large towns. Dartmouth 
college at Hanover is the only oae in the state i 



NE t'V 



3:28 



NEW 



it was founded in 1770. In the number ot its 
graduates, it is the third in the United States ; 
and the libraries connected with it contain 
14,000 volumes. There is a state prison at 
Concord. There are various religious denomi- 
nations in the slate. The Congregationalists 
have 146 churches, 116 ministers, and 12,807 
communicants ; Baptists 75 churches, 61 minis- 
ters, and 5,279 com.; Free Will Baptists 67 
churches, 51 ministers, and 4,500 com. ; Me- 
thodists 30 ministerti, and 3,180 com. ; Presby- 
terians 11 churches, 9 ministers, and 1,499 com.; 
Christ-ians have 17 ministers ; Friends 13 so- 
cieties ; Universalists 20 congregations ; Unita- 
rians 10 ministers; Episcopalians 8 ministers; 
Catholics 2 churches ; Shakers 2 societies, and 
Sandemanians 1. 

New Hampton, p-t. Straftbrd co. N. H., 30 
ms. N. Concord, watered in the w. part by Pe- 
migewasset r. The surface is broken and un- 
even. The soil remarkably fertile. Here is. a 
flourishing ' academical and theological institu- 
tion,' embracing 4 departments, theological, 
classical, English, and a female department. 
In all these there are 8 professors and teachers, 
and 314 students ; viz. classical 96 ; English 110 ; 
temale 108. The theological department has 
been discontinued. Pop. 1,905. 

New Hampton, p-v., eastern part Madison co., 
O., by p-r. 15 ms. w. Columbus. 

New Hanover, p.V. Montgomery co. Pa., 24 
ms. nthrd. Phil. 

New Harmony, p-v. Posey co. Ind., by p-r. 
171 ms. s. s. w. Inciianonolis, and 732 ms. a lit. 
tie s. of w. W. C, lat 38° 10', long. W. C. 11° 
west. This v. has been the scene of some in- 
teresting revolutions. It was founded in 1814 
by a society of Germans, called " the Har. 
monites," who removed there from their settle- 
ment of the same name in Butler co. Pa., on the 
Conequenessing cr. The principles of their 
civil polity, as far as developed to thepublic, 
was a community of goods, landed and personal. 
Their civil and religious leader was George 
Rapp. They were remarkable for industry, 
quietness, decency, and indeed every moral 
quality which gives force to a people. With 
such principles they soon made a garden of 
New Harmony. But MAN continued to be 
MAN on the Wabash, as he had done since he 
came with his partner weeping down from the 
hill of Eden. Robert Owen of Lanark, who 
had heard of New Harmony, having discovered, 
or thought he had discovered, a gold mine in 
the human heart, came to America and pur- 
chased New Harmony for ^190,000, and began 
his experiment on a plan directly the reverse of 
the Harmonites. With the German reformer 
all was order and obedience, and of course suc- 
cess in his operations ; with the Scotch re- 
former, all was equality, and the result answered 
to the means. Robert Owen left New Har- 
mony covered with the weeds of discord. It is 
probable all reflecting persons will respond to 
the humane wish of Mr. Flint. " It is to be 
hoped that this beautiful village, which has been 
the theatre of such singular and opposing ex- 
periments, will again flourish." The actual 
population is not given by either the census re- 
turns, or by Mr. Flint. 



Nuw Hakrisburg, p-v. Stark co. 0., by p-r. 
132 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. 

New Hartford, p.t. Litchfield co. Conn., 20 
ms, N. w. Hartford. Watered by the Far- 
mington or Tunxis r., which affords numerous 
sites for mills, &c. It is likewise watered by 
numerous small streams, is hilly and mountain- 
ous, and timbered with deciduous trees, except 
in the n. part of the town, where the perennial 
or evergreen region of Connecticut commences. 
Pop. 1,766. 

New Haktford, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., near 
Utica, and 100 ms. w. Albany. The village is 
very neatly built, and in its immediate vicinity 
are several handsome country seats. Pop. 
3,599. 

New Haven, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 26 ma. s. 
Burlington, 31 w. Montpelier. It is watered by 
Otter cr.. Little Otter cr., and New Haven r., 
and contains good mill privileges. Quarries of 
excellent marble are found in almost every part ; 
timber, maple, beech, birch, elm, basswood, &c. 
Pop. 1,834. 

New Haven co. Conn., bndd. n. by Litchfield 
and Hartford cos., e. by Middlesex co., s. by 
Long Island sound, and w. by Litchfield co. and 
the Ousatonic r. which separates it from Fair- 
field CO. Its average length from e. to w. is 
about 26 ms., and its width from n. to s. 21 ms. 
Containing 540 sq. ms., or 345,600 acres. This 
CO., lying on Long Island sound, has a very ex- 
tensive maratime border, but its foreign trade 
is chiefly confined to New Haven harbor. Its 
fisheries of oysters and clams and other fish are 
valuable. It is intersected by several streams, 
none of them of very large size, but of some 
value for their water power and fish. Of these 
the principal are the Pomperaug and Naugatuck, 
on the w. ; the Quinnepiack, the Menunkatuck, 
and West and Mill rs. on the e. The Quinne- 
piack is the largest, and passes through exten- 
sive meadows. A part of its course is pursued 
by the Farmington canal, which passes through 
this CO. from n. to s. There is a great variety 
of soil in this county, as well as of native vege- 
table and mineral productions. The range of 
secondary country which extends along Conn. r. 
as far as Middletown, there leaves that stream, 
crosses into this co. and terminates at New 
Haven. This intersection of the primitive for. 
mation by a secondary ridge, affords a' great 
variety of minerals, and materials for different 
soils. Considerable tracts on the mountains 
and sandy plains are of little value. This co. 
contains the largest city in the state, one of its 
caps., a seaport with pretty extensive trade, and 
one of the most beautiful towns in the union. 
The manufactures are not very numerous. 
There are however large manufactories of cot- 
ton, and buttons, at Humphreysville, in the 
wstrn. part of the co. ; an extensive gun manu- 
factory at Whitneyville, near New Haven, and 
a number of manufactories of various articles at 
Meriden and other towns. New Haven is the 
CO. St. Pop. in 1820, 39,616, 1830, 43,847. 

New Havex, city, seaport, and st. of jus. of 
New Haven co. Conn., and one of the capitals 
of the state, is 34 ms. s. w. Hartford, 52 w. New 
London, 76 n. e. New York, and 301 from W. C. 
in lat. 41° 17', and long. 3° 58' e. W. C. It is 



NEW 



3:29 



NEW 



beautifully situated about 4 ms. from Long Island 
sound, at the bead of New Haven bay, on a large 
and level plain, surrounded, except in the di- 
rection of the harbor, by a grand amphitheatre 
of hills, two of which present bold and perpen- 
dicular precipices of rude and naked trap rock. 
These abrupt eminences, which are called East 
and West rock, are 350 to 370 ft. high, and 
in connection with the surrounding scenery 
are said very much to resemble the famous 
" Salisbury craig" in England. New Haven 
was first settled by the English in 1638, and 
was united with the Connecticut colony in 16b5. 
The Indian name was Quinnipiack. The city 
was incorporated in 1764, is 3 ms. long from 
E. to w. and 2 wide, and includes the old and 
new townships, each of which is regularly laid 
out by right lines which divide it into spacious 
squares. The central square of the old town- 
ship, which is 182 yards on each side, is, with 
its ornaments, one of the finest in the U. S. 
The city is characterized by an appearance of 
plainness, neatness and order. Its houses and 
private edifices, are mostly of wood, not ex- 
pensive, but neat and convenient. The public 
square and the principal streets are finely orna- 
mented with large and spreading elms, and 
other shade trees ; and a great part of the 
houses have gardens attached to them, filled 
with fruit trees and shrubbery, giving to the 
city a rural and delightful appearance. The 
central square is intersected by a beautiful 
street, overspread by elms. The east section 
is free from buildings and occupied only by ma- 
jestic elms. On the west, are situated the new 
state house, 2 Congregational, I Episcopal, and 
1 Methodist church. The new state house is a 
splendid edifice, built after the model of the 
Parthenon, commanding in its appearance ; and 
for the beauty of its proportions, and the style 
of its workmanship, it holds a high rank among 
the best specimens of architecture in the coun- 
try. It is situated near the centre of the sec- 
tion, and includes a large hall for city and town 
meetings, the halls of legislature, with com- 
mittee rooms, court rooms, &c. The Episco- 
pal church is a large Gothic edifice, built of 
dark stone from East Rock. In the new town- 
ship, is also a new Episcopal church, in the 
Gothic style, an elegant Congregational church 
also lately erected, and a Baptist church of 
stuccoed stone. The state hospital, erected in 
1832, is a fine stuccoed edifice, with a colon- 
nade, standing on an eminence about half a mile 
s. w. from the centre of the city. This institu- 
tion is one that must prove highly useful, and 
honorable to the state. Yale college, one of 
the oldest and most distinguished literary in- 
stitutions of the country, is located here. It 
was founded in 1700, and received donations in 
books and money, the former from clergymen 
in Connecticut and others, and the latter chief- 
ly from England. Its name was derived from 
its principal foreign donor. It was chartered 
in 1701, was originally located at Killingworth, 
was removed to Saybrook in 1707, and to New 
Haven in 1717. The original design of the in- 
stitution was to afford instruction to young men 
designed for the ministry. A large proportion 
of all the youth who have received a classical 



education in the U. S. have, however, been in- 
structed here. It has long suffered for want of 
funds. The whole amount of pecuniary dona- 
tions received from all sources, since it was foun- 
ded, is less than ^150,000, viz. from the state 
|g75,000,and from individuals about ^7.J,000. It 
has not an endowed professorship, and its annual 
income is only about $2,000. The receipts of 
the students' bills constitute, therefore, the only 
means of defraying the expenses of instruction, 
and these have hitherto been insufficient. A 
fund of ^100,000 has however been recently 
raised, by individual subscriptions, for the ben- 
efit of the institution, which will greatly facili- 
tate its means of instruction, and remove its 
present embarrassments. The general man- 
agement of the college is committed to the cor- 
poration, consisting of its president, the govern- 
or and lieutenant governor of the state, the 6 
oldest members of the state senate, and the 
same number of distinguished clergymen of the 
state, chosen by the corporation. The faculty, 
to whom is entrusted the government and in- 
struction of the pupils, consists of a president, 
15 professors, viz. of law; ofthe principles and 
practice of surgery ; of chemistry ; pharmacy ; 
mineralogy and geology; ofthe Latin language 
and literature; of the theory and practice of 
physic; of materia medica and therapeutics ; ol 
didactic theology ; of anatomy and physiology ; 
of obstetrics; of sacred literature ; of divinity; 
of rhetoric and oratory ; of mathematics and 
natural philosophy; and of the Greek language 
and literature ; 8 tutors ; besides assistants to 
the professors of law and chemistry, and in- 
structers in elocution, drawing, and perspec- 
tive, botany, and in the German, French, and 
Spanish languages. The situation of the col- 
lege buildings is very fine, healthful, and con- 
venient. They consist of 4 buildings 100 ft. by 
40, each of 4 stories, and containing 32 rooms 
for students ; a chapel, in which is one story 
appropriated to the theological school, and one 
to the college library; with 2 other buildings, 
called the lyceum and atheneum, appropriated 
to recitation and lecture rooms, rooms for the 
professors, and libraries for the literary socie- 
ties. These are all built of brick, and are rang- 
ed in a line, on a gentle elevation facing the 
city green, with a broad yard in front, shaded 
with elms and maples. In the rear of these is 
another range of buildings, consisting of the 
chemical laboratory; the commons hall, in the 
2d story of which, is an elegant and spacious 
apartment, fitted up for the mineralogical cabi. • 
net ; and a third, a neat and tasteful building of 
stuccoed stc ne, recently erected, for the recep- 
tion of a part of Col. Trumbull's paintings, 
(which have lately become the property ofthe 
college,) and other pictures. A short distance 
from these, are the buildings ofthe law and 
medical schools. The medical institution is 
furnished with a library and an anatomical mu- 
seum. The lectures commence the last week 
in October and terminate the last week in Feb- 
ruary. During the course, from 50 to 100 lee. 
tures are given by each professor. The library 
of the college, consists principally of old and 
valuable books, and contains 9,500 vols. The 
libraries of the literary societies of the stu- 



NEW 



330 



NEW 



dents amount to 10,000 volumes. The philo- 
sophicaland chemical apparatus, are both exten. 
sive and valuable. The mineralogical cabinet, 
contains more than 16,000 specimens, and is 
the most valuable in the country. Commence- 
ment is on the third Wednesday in August. 
The number of academical students, 1832 — 3 
was 354; theological, 49; law, 31; medical, 
(1831)69. Number of living graduates (1831) 
2,506; alumni 4,609; degrees conferred 5,138. 
There are 10 very respectable sciiools of the 
higher class for young ladies, in which about 
400 pupils are educated. The Farmington ca- 
nal, which in connection with the Hampshire 
and Hampden canal, was designed to afford a 
communication with Connecticut river at North- 
ampton, terminates here. The harbor of New 
Haven is well protected from winds, but is shal- 
low and gradually filling up ; there being but 7 
feet of water on the bar at low tide. To rem- 
edy this, a wharf with flood gates has been late- 
ly erected, at considerable expense, forming a 
spacious basin, where the water may be always 
kept at high tide mark. There is another wharf 
extending 3,943 feet into the harbor ; longer 
than any other in the U. S. by 2,000 feet. The 
harbor bridge is half a mile in length, 27 feet 
wide, and cost ^60,000. The foreign com. 
merce of the city was formerly very extensive, 
but is now principally confined to the West In- 
dies. Its coasting trade is more important. 
Regular lines of packets run to New York, 
with which city there is a daily communication, 
by swift and commodious steamboats. Among 
other objects of enterprise in the city, are a 
large carpet manufactory, and a carriage man- 
ufactory, one of the most extensive in the U. S. 
It is a coach making village, comprising the 
habitations of the workmen, and a large building 
with a Doric front in which are the workshops, 
chapel, &c. The ground is laid out for gar- 
dens, and ihe whole occupies a beautiful situa- 
tion, near the mouth of Quinnipiack river, and 
the N. side of the harbor. There are in the city, 
beside what have been mentioned, the county 
jail, an almshouse, custom house, museum, 3 
banks, 2 insurance offices, and 6 printing offi- 
ces, from which are issued 5 weekly newspa- 
pers, and three other periodicals. The Frank- 
lin institution has been lately established for the 
benefit of the citizens, and at great expense, by 
an enterprising mechanic of the city. It is an 
institution for popular lectures, and comprises a 
spacious lecture room, chemical apparatus, and 
a mineralogical cabinet. At Whitneyville, a 
village at the base of East Rock and within the 
limits of the town of New Haven, is a very ex- 
tensive gun manufactory, established a few 
years since by an enterprising citizen of New 
Haven and one of the most ingenious and in- 
ventive mechanics of our country; from whom 
the village derives its name. The burying 
ground of New Haven is a level spot, regularly 
laid out in squares and ornamented with rows 
of poplars. It contains a great number of very 
handsome monuments, many of them made from 
ancient models, and is said to be one of the 
most solemn and impressive spots of the same 
kind in our country. There are 10 chucches 
in th« city, viz. 4 Congregational, 3 Episcopal, 



1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 2 African. Pop. of 
the city and town, 1820, 8,326. In 1830, city 
10,180 ; town exclusive of the city, 498 ; total 
10,678. 

New Haven, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. s. lake 
Ontario, 10 ms. e. Oswego, has good land, 
pretty well supplied with mill seats by Cat- 
fish cr., &c. Fruit grows very well. Pop. 
1,410. 

New Haven, p-v. Huron co. O. by p-r. 95 ms. 
northward Columbus. Pop. tsp. New Haven, 
615. 

New Holland, p-v. southern part of Picka- 
way CO. 0. by p-r. 44 ms. southward Colum- 
bus. 

New Holland, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa. 13 ms. 
N. E. Lancaster city, and 55 ms. a little n. of w. 
Phil. 

New Hope, p-v. on the right bank of Del. r. 
Bucks CO. Pa. opposite Larabertsville in New 
.Jersey, 11 ms. n. e. Doylestown, and 34 n. n. 
E. Phil. 

• New Hope, p-v. Augusta co. Va. by p-r. 114 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

New Hope, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 112 ms. nrthrd. Columbia. 

New Hope, p-v. Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 26 
ms. N. E. Milledgeville. 

New Hope, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten. by p-r. 56 
ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

New Hope, p-v. Brown co. 0. by p-r. 97 ma. 
s. s. w. Columbus. 

New Hope, Perquimans co. N. C. (See Du- 
rant's Neck.) 

New Hope Forge and p-o. Iredell co. N. C. 
by p-r. 372 ms. s. w, W. C., and 166 westward 
Raleigh. 

New Iberia, p-v. on the right bank of Teche 
r. parish of St. Martin's, La. about 200 ms. fol- 
lowing the p-r., and in a direct course almost 
due w. New Orleans. It is a small village con- 
taining about 200 inhabitants, situated on a bank 
something higher than those of Teche r. gene- 
erally. It is 11 ms. s. St. Martinsville, the st. 
jus. for the parish, and 45 ms. s. s. e. St. Landre 
in Opelousas. 

NewichawaNnock. (See Piscataqua r.) 

Newington, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 4 ms. 
w. Portsmouth, 46 e. by s. Concord ; the soil is 
generally sandy, but there is some good soil 
near the streams. From Fox point to Goat 
Island, and thence to the Durham side, a bridge 
has been thrown across the Piscataqua 2,600 
ft. long, and 40 ft. wide, which cost ,^65,401. 
Pop. 547. 

New Inlet, N. J. between Brigantine and 
Tucker's beaches, leads from Great bay into 
the sea s. of Little Egg harbor. Long, about 
3° E. W. C, lat. 39° 50'. It is at the mouth of 
MuUicus r. 

New Ipswich, p-t. Hillsboro' co. N. H. 50 
ms. s. w. Concord, 52 n. Boston, 5 ms. by 6 ; 
20,860 acres, crossed by Souhegan r., over 
which is a stone bridge, on the turnpike road. 
The first cotton factory in N. H. was built here 
in 1803. It is fertile, and has a flourishing aca- 
demy, founded 1789. Pop. 1,673. 

New Jefferson, p-v. German tsp. Harrison 
CO. O. 

New Jerssy, one of the U. S,, bndd. n. by 



NEW 



331 



NEW 



New York, e. by the Atlantic and the Hudson 
r., which separates it from N. Y., s. by Del. 
bay, and w. by the Del. r. which separates it 
from Fa. It is situated between 38° 56' and 
41° 21' N. lat., and between 1° 45' and 3° 30' e. 
long. W. C. Its greatest length is 1 63 ms., and 
its width 52, and it contains about 8,320 sq. ms. 
The first settlement within the limits of New 
Jersey, was made by the Danes in 1624, at Ber- 
gen, so called from a city of Norway. In 1626, 
a company was formed in Sweden for the pur- 
pose of colonizing some part of America, and 
in the following year the Swedes and Fins 
made a settlement on the w. bank of the Del. r. 
In 1640, the English formed a settlement on the 
eastern bank of the same river, but they were 
soon driven out by the Swedes in concert with 
the Dutch. In 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, govern- 
or of the New Netherlands, conquered the 
country, and transported most of the Swedes to 
Europe. In 1664, it was taken from the Dutch 
by King Charles II., and granted by charter to 
the Duke of York. In 1676, after having been 
reconquered by the Dutch, and restored by 
treaty, it was divided into East and West Jer- 
sey, which were reunited by Queen Anne in 
1702. In 1738, they were placed under a sepa- 
rate governor. In the controversies preceding 
the revolution. New Jersey was early and sin- 
cerely attached to the interests of the mother 
country ; but when compelled to seek a separa- 
tion as the only refuge from arbitrary oppres- 
sion, she was one of the first to resolve on in- 
dependence, and the second colony which adopt- 
ed a constitution for her own government. She 
was prompt in accepting the present constitu- 
tion of the U. S., and during the scenes of the 
revolution was distinguished for her patriotic 
exertions. The battles of Princeton, Trenton 
and Monmouth, were fought within her limits. 
The present constitution was adopted in 1776. 
The legislature is composed of a legislative 
council, a house of assembly ; the former con- 
taining 14 members, one from each county, the 
latter 50. They are annually chosen, and meet 
on the 4th Tuesday of October. The governor 
is also elected annually, by a joint vote of both 
houses of the legislature. In case of vacancy, 
the vice president of the legislative council acts 
as governor. The judiciary consists of a court 
of chancery, of which the governor is chancel- 
lor, a supreme court of three judges, circuit 
courts, and courts of common pleas in the dif- 
ferent counties, beside inferior tribunals. Re- 
sidence for one year in the co. and payment of 
taxes, are the qualifications for an elector. The 
soil of New Jersey, and face of the country, pre- 
sent every variety. The n. w. and n. portions of 
the state are hilly and mountainous, but inter- 
spersed with rich valleys, and extensive tracts, 
well adapted for grazing, and the production of 
all kinds of grain and vegetables. The middle 
parts are agreeably diversified, and generally of 
good quality. The more southern cos. are of 
alluvial formation, generally level, with loam 
or sandy soil, and mostoarts well improved and 
highly productive. The lands in the vicinity 
of New York and Philadelphia produce great 
quantities of fruit and vegetables for those mar- 
kets. The apples and cider of N. Jersey are 



proverbially excellent. Wheat, maize, rye, 
barley, &c. are staple productions. The great 
quantities of lime in the northern, and marl in 
the middle parts of the state, of late years ex- 
tensively used as manure, have greatly im- 
proved the quality and productions of the lands. 
A part of the southern portion of the state and 
the sea coast is sandy, and valuable only for 
fuel and timber; but the quantity of land of this 
description has been greatly overrated. The 
principal mineral productions are, iron, copper, 
copperas, paints and various colors. Iron is 
abundant, and is extensively manufactured. 
Ores of gold and silver have been discovered 
in Warren co. Copper mines were wrought 
before the revolution. Free stone, limestone, 
marl, and varieties of fine clay for potters' use, 
large quantities of which are exported, are also 
found. The state, excepting the n. boundary, is 
almost surrounded by navigable water. It is 
intersected by many navigable rs., and has nu- 
merous streams for mills, iron works, and eve- 
ry species of manufactures requiring water 
power. The principal of these streams are the 
Raritan, Hackensack, Passaic, Salem, Tom, 
Cohanzey and Maurice rs. Raritan bay is an 
extensive arm of the sea on the e. coast, afford- 
ing a ready communication at all times between 
the ocean and Perth Amboy, the principal sea 
port in the state. The internal communica- 
tions are generally good. The great thorough- 
fare between the n. and s. states passes through 
N. J. ; and the advantages which the state en- 
joys as it regards distance and facilities in 
transporting goods to market, are not exceeded 
by those of any equally extended district of the 
country. In addition to the natural advantages 
of water communication, the state enjoys the 
benefit of many internal improvements. The 
Morris canal, uniting the Passaic and Del. rs. 
has been completed. The Delaware and Rari- 
tan canal, a splendid work, is in active progress. 
It will connect those rivers by a channel of 70 
ft. wide, and 7 deep, adapted for sloop naviga- 
tion, and completing an internal water commu- 
nication between Albemarle sound and N. Y. 
A rail road from Camden, across the staie to 
Amboy, is nearly completed, and others are in 
progress in several parts of the state. New 
Jersey is divided into 14 cos., Bergen, Morris, 
Sussex, Warren, Essex, Somerset, Hunterdon, 
Middlesex, Burlington, Monmouth, Gloucester, 
Salem, Cumberland and Cape May. These 
are subdivided into townships. Trenton is the 
capital, and Newark is the largest town in the 
state. The pop. of N. Jersey, though not rap- 
idly increasing, has been steadily progressive ; 
and its increase has been considerably in ad- 
vance of some others of the Atlantic states. In 
1790 the pop. was 184,139 ; in 1800, 211,149 ; 
in 1810, 245,562 ; in 1820, 277,575, and in 1830, 
320,823. The latter in detail, as follows : 



Cos. 


Pop. 


Cos. 


Pop. 


Bergen, 


22,412 


Middlesex, 


23,157 


Burlington, 


31,107 


Monmouth, 


29,233 


Cape May, 


4,936 


Morris, 


23,666 


Cumberland, 


14,093 


Salem, 


14,155 


Essex, 


41,911 


Somerset, 


17,689 


Gloucester, 


28,431 


Sussex, 


20,346 


Hunterdon, 


31,060 


Warren, 


18,627 



NEW 



332 



NEW 



Of which there were white persons, 

males. 
Under 5 years of age, 25,071 

Between 5 and 15 40,949 

" 15 and 30 44,124 

" ZO and 50 28,274 

" 50 and 70 11,511 

" 70 uid 90 2,555 

" 90 and over, 45 



Total 152,529 147,737 

Of the above were deaf and dumb, 207 ; blind, 
205 ; and aliens, 3,36.'). 

The colored population were, 



Free. 


Slaves. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. Females. 


Under 10 years of age, 3,033 


2,811 


5 8 


From 10 to 24 3,234 


2,890 


12 20 


" 24 to 3(i 1,458 


1,428 


395 424 


" 36 to 55 1,196 


1,113 


383 451 


" 55 to 100 573 


554 


261 288 


" 100 and upwards, 7 


6 


3 4 



Total 9,501 8,802 1,059 1,195 

of which were deaf and dumb 15 ; blind 22. 

Recapitulation. 
White persons. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

300,206 18,303 2,254 320,823 

The manufactures of the state are extensive 
and flourishing. They are chiefly of iron, cot- 
ton, woollen, paper, leather, carriages, shoes, 
&c., large quantities of which are sent abroad. 
There are 13 manufactories where glass is 
made, of various kinds, chiefly from sand fotmd 
in the state. Iron is one of the most important 
articles of manufacture, and the forges, furna- 
ces and mills are very numerous in several of 
the counties. Chain cables are made at Dover, 
and cut nails in abundance at Patterson. In 
1829 there were in Patterson 487 looms, and 4 
machine factories, in one of which, in the pre. 
ceding year, were made 15,048 spindles. Con. 
nected with the last was a foundry, producing 
annually 35,000 pounds of brass, and 1,020,000 
pounds of iron castings. The cotton and flax 
annually used amounted to 2,779,600 pounds, 
and the quantity of cloth manufactured is 2,. 
604,450 yards. The foreign trade of New Jer. 
sey being carried on through the ports of New 
York and Philadelphia, its amount cannot be 
accurately ascertained. The amount of ton- 
nage in 1829 was 32,465 tons, besides about 
5,000 tons registered at New York. By the 
report of the secretary of the treasury, Sept. 30, 
1830, the amount of tonnage entered the previ. 
ous year was 586 ; departed 627. Value of im. 
ports, f 13,444; of exports, domestic $8,224; 
foreign ^100. Total exports, $8,324. The 
system of common school instruction in the 
state, has hitherto been very defective ; but in 
consequence of the recent efforts of the friends 
of education, the attention of the public has 
been called up to the subject, and measures 
have been commenced which promise impor- 
tant and cheering results. The state possesses 
a school fund which commenced in 1816. The 
income from it, which is about $22,000, is an. 
nually distributed in small sums, to such towns 
as raise an equal amount for the support of 
schools. Academies and private schools are 
numerous and excellent. There are in the state 
two colleges — Nassau Hall at Princeton, foun- 
ded in 1746, which enjoys a high reputation ; 
and Rutger's college at New Brimswick, foun. 
ded in 1770. There is a theological seminary 



at Princeton, under the superintendence of the 
general assembly of the Presbyterian church, 
and a similar institution at New Brunswick, un- 
der the care of the general synod of the Dutch 
Reformed church. Twenty-two newspapers 
are published in this state. The religious de- 
nominations of the state are, Presbyterians, 
who have 85 churches, 88 ministers, and 12,519 
communicants; the Methodists 10,730 mem- 
bers ; Dutch Reformed, 28 ministers and 28 
churches ; Baptists 34 churches, 21 ministers, 
and 2,324 communicants ; Episcopalians 20 min- 
isters, and some Friends and Congregational- 
ists, and Catholics, 

New Jerusalem, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., 11 mr. 
from Reading, and 65 e. Harrisburg. 

New Kent, co. Va., bndd. by Chickahomina 
r. separating it from Charles City co. s. and 
Plenfico s. w. ; by Hanover n. w. ; Matapony r. 
separating it from King William n. ; and by 
James City co. s. e. Length diagonally from e. 
to w. 33 ms., mean width 7, and area 231 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 19' to 37° 36', 
and in long, from 0° U' e. to 0° 24' w. W. C. 
It is obvious from the position of Nev/ Kent, 
between two rs. that it is composed of two nar- 
row inclined plains. The surface hilly. Pop. 
in 1820, 6,630. 

New Kent, c. h. and p-v. near the centre of 
New Kent co. Va., by p-r. 133 ms. a little w. of 
s. W. C, and 30 e. Richmond, lat. 37° 26', long. 
0° 06' w. W. C. 

New Lebanon, p-t. Columbia co. N.Y., 30 
ras. N. E. Hudson, is of irregular form, with 32 
sq, ms., has good land, with Williamstown mtn, 
on the E., arable hills on the s. and a large rich 
valley n. e. and n. where flows Lebanon creek. 
Limestone lies below the soil, with lead and 
other ores, marl, &c. Pop. 2,695. {See fol- 
lowing article.) 

New Lebanon, p-v. Columbia co. N. Y. 24 
ms. s. E. Albany, and 6 w. Pittsfield, Mass. 
This is one of the principal watering places of 
the U. S. The water flows abundantly from 
the s. side of a fine hill near the n. e. corner of 
the t. and a hotel 150 ft. long, and a small vil- 
lage have been erected near it. The water is 
always at 72° Fahrenheit, and esteemed for 
bathing, for wh;ch there are accommodations. 
The water is but slightly impregnated, and very 
pure. The scenery is far more agreeable than 
that of Saratoga or Ballston, and the views 
from near the hotel are very fine and exten. 
sive, over a variegated and well cultivated 
country. About 2 ms. distant is a Shaker vil. 
lage, where agricultural and mechanic arts in 
several branches are conducted with great neat, 
ness, economy and success. The property is 
all held in common by the members of the soci- 
ety. 

New Lebanon, p-v. and st. jus. Camden co. 
N. C, situated on one of the head branches of 
Pasquotank r. at the sthrn. extremity of the 
Dismal swamp canal, about 30 ms. s. Norfolk 
in Va. and by p-r. 201 ms. n. e. by e, Raleigh, 
lat. 36° 25', long. 0° 42' e. W. C. 

New Lexington, p-v. Perry co. 0, by p-r. 54 
ms. s. E. Columbus. 

New Liberty, p-v. Owen co. Ky. 26 miles 
northward Frankfort. 



NEW 



333 



NEW 



New Lisbon, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 10 ms. s. 
w. Cooperstown, 76 w. Albany, has arable and 
grazing hills and rich vallies, crossed by But- 
ternuts or. and a branch of Otsego or. which 
give mill seats. Pop. 2,232. 

New Lisbon, p-v. and st. jus. Columbiana co. 
O. situated on Little Beaver, 33 ms. n. Steuben- 
ville, 54 ms. n. w. by w. I'ittsburg, and by p-r. 
152 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus, and 282 ms. 
nthwstrd. W. C. lat. 40° 47', long. W. C. 3° 
43', w. According to Flint this place contained 
when he wrote (early in 1832,) the ordinary co. 
buildings, bank, two places of public worship, 
6 taverns, 9 stores. In the tsp. of Centre, in 
which New Lisbon is situated, there were 4 
merchant mills, 4 saw mills, a paper mill, 2 
woollen factories, 1 fulling mill and 1 carding 
machine. Pop. 1,129. 

New London, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., e. 
Sunapee lake, containing 17,000 acres, it is 33 
ms. N. w. Concord, 75 from Portsmouth, and 9 
from Boston, and has 3 ponds, good deep soil, 
maple, birch, &c. Incorporated 1779. Pop. 
913. 

New London, co. Conn. bndd. by Hartford, 
Tolland and Windham cos. n., by Windham co. 
and R. I. e., by L. I. sounds., by Middlesex co 
w. Length 30 ms., mean width 20, area about 
600 sq. ms. It abotmds in harbors, crs. and 
bays, convenient both for fishing and naviga- 
tion. The r. Thames formed by the juncture 
of the Quinebaug and Shetucket, affords steam 
and sloop navigation to Norwich. Just below 
Norwich, the Thames receives the waters of 
the Yantic, and thus furnishes an admirable en. 
trance for vessels. The different branches of 
the Thames afford excellent water power ; and 
a canal is proposed along the Shetucket valley, 
into Mass. The Niantic, Pequonock, Mystic, 
Stonington, Wickatequack, and Pacatuck are 
among the important and beautiful bays which 
indent that portion of coast included within the 
territorial limits of this co. The n. w. part of 
the CO. is mountainous, and much of the surface 
is hilly and rocky ; but much arable and gra- 
zing land is found in the co. The soil is gen- 
erally productive. Fruits, grain, lumber, fish, 
are the staples. Considerable attention is paid 
to manufactures. By a return made to the sec- 
retary of stale at Washington in June, 1832, it 
appears that there are in the co. 14 cotton mills, 
which employ 22,688 spindles and 580 looms. 
Amount of capital invested .$746,000 ; quantity 
of wool consumed, 1,647,928 lbs. ; yarn sold 
the previous year 2,500 lbs. ; yds. cloth sold in 
same time, 5,048,780. Capital invested in the 
manufacture of woollens $206,000 ; quantity of 
wool consumed 271,600 lbs. ; annual value of 
woollen manufactures .$187,784. New Lon- 
don and Norwich are shire towns. Pop. in 
1820, 35,943, in 1830, 42,201. 

New London, city, port of entry, p-t. and 
half shire, N. London co. Conn., on the w. bank 
of the Thames, and 3 ms. from L. I. sound. It 
is 42 ms. s. e. Hartford, 53 e. NewHa^en, and 
14 s. Norwich. Long. 4° 0' 48" e. W. C, lat. 
41° 0' 25*' N. The town is three quarters of a 
mile broad, by 4 ms. long, comprising an area 
of 2,400 acres. The surface is rather hilly, 
soil good, producing spontaneously the best of 

43 



oak and walnut timber. Granite is found here 
in great abundance. The city is situated on the 
declivity of a hill, and at the head of a harbor 
bearing its own name. It contains 4 places of 
public wo'ship; one for Presbyterians, another 
for Episcopalians, a third for Baptists, and a 
fourth for Methodists. Besides these and the 
ordinary county buildings, there are in the city 

2 banks and an insurance office. The harbor 
is one of the best in the United States, being 

3 ms. long, and rarely obstructed with ice, and 
having 5 fathoms water. It is environed by 
hills, and defended by 2 forts ; the one upon its 
west side is called fort Trumbull, and is de- 
lightfully situated about a mile below the city ; 
while the other, upon its east side, is called fort 
Griswold, and rises from the top of a com- 
manding eminence opposite the city, and in the 
town of Groton. These advantages, together 
with its light-house, on a point of land project, 
ing from the w. shore, and forming the divi- 
ding point between the harbor and sound, ren- 
der this in every respect a safe and commo- 
dious harbor. It has served in a great degree 
as the port of Conn, river, the impediments in 
which frequently prevent its being navigated by 
large vessels fully laden. The commerce is 
quite considerable, both in the coasting and 
foreign trade, and it has a steam boat commu- 
nication with the city of New York. The 
whale fishery is also an important branch of 
commerce. About half a million of dollars is 
devoted to its prosecution, and not less than 25 
ships, which give employment to about 700 sea- 
men, are engaged in this adventurous business. 
Several vessels are also engaged in sealing. 
Fort Griswold, to which reference has been 
made, was, together with the circumjacent 
country, the seat of a revolutionary struggle, 
which is commemorated by a noble granite mo- 
nument, 150 ft. high, bearing an embedded 
marble slab, which contains the names of those 
who there fell in defending their country, to- 
gether with the following appropriate and scrip- 
tural inscription, " Zebulon and Napthali were 
a people that jeoparded their lives unto the 
death in the high places of the field." Pop. 
1820, 3,330; 1830, 4,335. 

New London, p-v. near the wstrn. border of 
Campbell co Va. 11 ms. s. w. Lynchburg, and 
191 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

New London, cross roads, p-v. in the sthrn. 
part of Chester co. Pa. 40 ms. s. w. by w. 
Phil, and by p-r. 93 ms. n. e. W. C. Pop. tsp. 
1820, 1,200. 

New London, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Jef- 
ferson CO. Ind., situated on Ohio r. 12 ms. below 
Madison, the co. St., and by p-r. 97 ms. s. s. e. 
Indianopolis. 

New London, p-v. and st. jus. Ralls co. Mo., 
by p-r. 167 ms. n. n. e. Jefferson city, and by the 
common road 105 n. n. w. St. Louis. It is situ- 
ated on Salt r. of Mo., 39° 33', long. W. C. 14° 
21' w. 

New Lyme, p-v. Ashtabula co. Ohio, by p-r. 
183 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

New Madison, p-v. Dark co. Ohio, by p-r. 
110 ms. wstrd. Columbus. 

New Madrid, s. e. co. Mo., bndd. s. by Crit- 
tenden CO. Ark., s. w. by St. Francis r. sepa- 



NEW 



334 



NEW 



rating it from Lawrence co. Ark., n. w. Stod- 
dard CO. Mo., N. Scott CO. Mo., N. E. Mississippi 
r. separating it from Hickman co. Ky., Missis. 
sippi r. E. separating it from Obion and Dyer 
COS. Ten. Length from s. to n. 65 ms., mean 
breadth 25, and area, 1,625 sq. ms. Lat. 36^* 
and long. W. C. 13° w. intersect near the centre 
of this CO. Slope is almost directly s., as in 
that course flow the Misp. and St. Francis rs. 
The surface is with very partial exceptions an 
annually inundated plain. In 1812, this part of 
the U. S. was considerably disturbed and in 
some places disrupted by an earthquake. 
Where the soil is of sufficient elevation for cul- 
tivation, it is generally very productive, and the 
climate sufficiently warm in summer to admit 
the cultivation of cotton. Cf. t. New Madrid. 
Pop. 2,350. 

New Madrid, p-v. and st. jus. Nev/ Madrid 
CO. Mo., by p-r. 278 ms. s. e. of Jefferson city, 
and by the most direct road 170 a little e. of s. 
St. Louis. It is situated on a rather more than 
usual high alluvial bank, upon the right shore of 
Misp. r. directly opposite to the extreme s. w. 
angle of Ky. By the bends of the r. it stands 
at about 50 ms. below the mouth of Ohio. It is 
an unimportant village, though historically in- 
teresting. It was founded by a Mr. Morgan 
from Pa., with great expectations of future pros- 
perity. But the bank, apparently more stable, 
because more elevated than the other alluvial 
Mississippi banks, was really more subject to 
deterioration by abrasion from superior weight, 
and most of the surface on which the original 
village stood has long since been swept away. 
To this steady cause of destruction. New Mad- 
rid seems to have been the centre of mighty con. 
vulsions in 1811, and 1812. To examine the 
place and adjacent country, all seems tranquil, 
and but little apprehension of danger preceded 
a commotion which shook with more or less vi- 
olence perhaps 200,000 sq. ms. Near New 
Madrid the rs., lakes, and even the ground 
heaved like a boiling pot. Water burst in im- 
mense jets into the air, lakes were dried in 
some places, and formed in others. Boats were 
sunk, or hurled with an inconceivable force 
amongst the foaming surges. The thinness of 
the population and the log or frame buildings 
protected human life, though some persons were 
lost. The trembling of the ground was felt in 
the city of New Orleans, and what is very re- 
markable, continues to be occasionally felt in 
sthrn. Missouri to this time, after a period of 20 
years. 

Newmarket, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 12 
ms. w. Portsmouth, 38 s. e. Concord, and 9 from 
Dover, w. from Great Bay ; 11,082 acres; is 
crossed by Piscasset r., and situated on Lam- 
prey r. about 1 m. from Piscataqua, and vessels 
of from 80 to 100 tons can come up to the fac- 
tories. The tovsm contains one place of public 
worship for Methodists, and one for Congrega- 
tionalists. The Newmarket manufacturing 
company have 3 large stone mills, 2 of which 
are 156 ft. long each, and 6 stories high, in- 
eluding basement stories ; the other is 100 ft. 
long, and also six stories high ; and a machine 
shop ; 14,000 spindles, 487 looms, and 660 hands, 
500 of whom are females. They consume 2,500 



bales of cotton per annum, which yield three 
millions five hundred thousand yards. A Wes. 
leyan academy was incorporated here 1818. 
Pop. 2,008. 

New Market, p-v. s. estrn. part of Frederick 
CO. Md., situated on the Baltimore and Frede- 
rick turn^ie, 36 ms. wstrd. from the latter 
place, and 11 estrd. from the former, and by p-r. 
51 ms. a little w. of n. W. C, direct distance, 
however, only 35 ms. 

New Market, p-v. sthrn. part of Shenandoah 
CO. Va., 20 ms. s. s. w. Woodstock, and by p-r. 
120 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

New Market, p-v. n. wstrn.part of Madison 
CO. Ala., 17 ms. n. w. Huntsville, and by p-r. 172 
ms. N. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

New Market, p-v. n. wstrn. part of Jefferson 
CO. Ten., 30 ms. n. e. by e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 
195 E. Nashville. 

New Market, p-v. Washington co. Ky., sit- 
uated in the sthrn. part of the co., on the Roll- 
ing fork of Salt r., 13 ms. s. s. w. from the co. 
St., Springfield, and 62 ms. s. s. w. of Frankfort. 
Pop. 43. 

New Market, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 88 ms. w. Columbia. 

New Marlborough, p-t. Berkshire co.Mass., 
148 ms. s. w. Boston, 10 s. e. Lenox, and bor- 
dering on Conn., is watered by branches of 
Conkepot and Housatonic rs. It has a pond 
s. E. Incorporated 1759. Pop. 1,656. 

New Milford, p.t. Litchfield co. Conn., 48 
ms. s. w. Hartford, 6^ ms by 13 ; 84 sq. ms. ; 
is one of the largest towns in Conn., crossed by 
the Housatonic and other rs., with good mill 
seats. Mica slate and marble are quarried. 
Iron and some silver have been found. The 
land is generally good, and the village is on the 
Housatonic, in a valley. First settled 1713. 
Pop. 3,979. 

New Milford, p-v. n. wstrn. part of Susque- 
hannah co. Pa., 19 ms. n. w. Montrose, and by 
p-r. 183 ms. a little e. of n. Harrisburg. 

Newman, p-v. and st. jus. Coweta co. Geo. 
by p-r. 129 ms. n. w. by w. Milledgeville, lat. 
33° 26', long. W. C. 8° w. It is situated on 
the summit around, between the vallies of Flint 
and Chattahooche rs. 

New Orleans, city, and port of entry, Or- 
leans parish, La., and seat of the government of 
the state, is situated on the left bank of the 
Misp. r.; 105 ms. by the channel above its 
mouth, and by the course of the river 322 ms. 
from Natchez, 1,005 from the mouth of the 
Ohio, 1,175 from St. Louis, 1,3.50 from Louis- 
ville, 1,500 from Cincinnati, 1,780 from Pitts- 
burgh, and by p-r. 1,203 ms. s. w. Washington. 
The city stands on lat. 30°, and very nearly 13° 
w. W. C. By calculation, the two cities bear 
from each other, by angle from the reflective 
meridians, 50° 15' ; distant, 966 statute ms., 
within a small fraction. The site of New Or- 
leans is on an inclined plain, the declivity falling 
very gently from the margin of the river. Hence, 
when the Misp. is in full flood, the surface of 
the water is from 1 to 3 feet above the streets 
of the city ; but at low water it is from 7 to 9 
ft. below them. To prevent constant inunda- 
tion, a levee or embankment fronts the city, 
similar to that extending on both sides of ths 



NEW 



335 



NEW 



Mississippi, above and below New Orleans ; 
differing only in breadth and solidity. The 
tides do not reach here ; and the rise of the 
river (which is a mile in width opposite the 
city) during the highest floods, is about 12 ft. 
above low water mark. The city is built on 
the concave side of the river, and including the 
suburbs extends about 3J m.iles along the 
stream, with an average depth of | of a 
mile ; it lies in the form of a crescent, with the 
city, properly so called, near the middle of the 
curve. New Orleans proper is a parallelogram, 
of 4,000 by 2,000 English feet, very nearly ; 
the streets extending at right angles, and the 
longest side parallel to the river. The larger 
streets, running parallel with it, are Levee, 
Chartres, Bourbon, Dauphin, Burgundy, Ram- 
part, &c. Above the city are the suburbs {fau- 
bourgs) of St. Mary, Delor, Annunciation, 
Nuns, Lafayette, and Livauday ; and below are 
those of Marigny, Daumois, Da Clouet and 
Washington. In the rear of the city is also an- 
other, but detached suburb, on Bayou St. John. 
New Orleans possesses extraordinary facilities 
for commercial enterprise ; and indeed no city 
in the world can boast greater natural advan- 
tages than this. The Mississippi and its tribu- 
taries, alone afford a navigable steamboat com- 
munication, through a most fertile country, of 
more than 20,000 miles ; numerous bayous 
communicate with other parts of the state ; cmd 
beside the natural channel of the river, it has a 
communication by sloops and other small ves- 
sels with the gulf of Mexico, through lakes 
Ponchartrain and Borgne ; a canal and the 
bayou St. John extending to the former. An. 
other canal is now in progress, to extend from 
faubourg St. Mary to lake Ponchartrain. This 
will be 6i ms. in length, 8 ft. deep, and 30 ft. 
wide at the surface. A rail road to this lake, 
perfectly straight, and 4^ ms. in length, has re- 
cently been completed. The city is admirably 
situated for an intercourse with the West In- 
dies, and great quantities of the products of the 
Mississippi valley are annually transported 
thence. The passage to the gulf, by the river, 
is very easy, steamboats being used for towing 
during unfavorable winds. The city is well de- 
fended from foreign attacks, by fortifications 
erected during the late war, and others more 
recently constructed. The oldest part (which 
we term the city proper) and in which the 
French and Spanish styles of building predom. 
inate, is divided into squares of 320 ft. front ; 
the streets are not broad, few ot them being 
more than 40 ft. wide. The principal material 
for building is brick ; this is now generally 
used in all parts of the city, and particularly in 
the suburb St. Mary, which is built more after 
the American style than other parts ; in the city 
proper, until very recently, the buildings were 
generally stuccoed. The levee, bordering on 
the river, is the fashionable promenade of the 
city, and is also the scene of the heaviest busi- 
ness of the place. Along this, in one part are 
sea vessels of every description, with their for- 
ests of masts ; while in other parts, may be 
seen steam boats, sometimes 50 in number, 
keel boats, and hundreds of the flat bottomed 
boats, of the rivers ; and here too may be seen 



that variety of costume and character, and that 
variety of language may be heard, for which 
New Orleans is so proverbial, above all other 
American cities. These dissimilarities, how- 
ever, are gradually disappearing; and the char- 
acteristics of other populous cities of the coun- 
try, are in the same ratio, becoming those of 
New Orleans. A large proportion of its citi. 
zens are of French or Spanish descent, and 
above one half of the population are colored 
persons, free or slaves, among which every 
shade between the white and black abound. 
Among the public buildings in New Orleans are 
many spacious, elegant, and some very expen- 
sive edifices. There are 8 churches ; 2 catho- 
lic, besides a splendid c«thedral, 120 ft. by 90, 
having 4 towers; 2 presbyterian ; 1 episcopal; 
I methodist, and 1 mariners' ; there are also the 
government house ; several banks ; a custom 
house ; 2 theatres ; Ursuline convent ; a mar- 
ket house ; a charity hospital ; and a male, and 
a female, orphan schools. The two latter are 
separate establishments, and have considerable 
funds. The charity hospital, situated in the fau- 
bourg St. i\l ary, is a spacious building of brick, 4 
stories h gh, and will accommodate 300 persons. 
There are 6 banks in the city with an aggre- 
gate capital of ^20,500,000, and a branch of the 
U. States bank also, with a nominal capital of 
S 1,000,000 : besides these, 3 new banks have 
been incorporated recently, which will go into 
operation immediately, with an aggregate capi. 
tal of $17,000,000, making collectively, a bank- 
ing capital amounting to the enormous sum of 
^38,500,000. The commerce of New Orleans 
is of course very extensive, and during the 
season of business, perhaps no city in the world 
exhibits, in a higher degree, the appearance of 
a great commercial emporium. In 1828 the 
shipping of Louisiana amounted to 51,903 tons. 
During the year ending Sept. 30, 1830, the 
amount of tonnage entered in the state was 
118,663 tons; departed, 142,334 tons. The 
imports during the same period were $7,599,- 
083, about one third in foreign vessels ; and 
the exports were, of foreign produce, $2,445,- 
952; domestic, $13,042,740; total, exports 
$15,488,692. All this chiefly centered at New 
Orleans. In 1829 there were brought here 
from the interior, and from Texas, of bacon 
assorted, 2,868 hogsheads ; bagging, 13,472 
pieces ; butter, 3,995 kegs ; beef, 5,405 brls. 
bees wax, 795 brls. ; buffalo robes, 15,2 1 lbs. 
cotton, 269,571 bales ; corn meal, 6849 brls. 
corn in ear, 91,882 brls. ; flour, 157,323 brls. 
lard, 110,206 kegs ; pig lead, 146,203 pigs 
linseed oil, 2,946 barrels; deer skins, 6,215 
packs ; bear skins, 159 packs ; tobacco, 29,432 
hogsheads. These are a part only of the do- 
mestic imports, as they do not i. elude sugar, 
lumber, lime, and numerous other articles of 
great amount and value. In 1830, the amount 
of cotton exported from New Orleans, was 
354,024 bales. The cotton crops ordinarily 
begin to arrive in the city about the 1st Nov. ; 
and of that of 1831, 345,000, and of that of 
1832, about 410,000 bales, were shipped from 
this port. Of late years the health of the city 
has been improving ; and the fevers of the 
country have not prevailed so extensively, or 



NEW 



336 



NEW 



proved as fatal as formerly. The most active 
measures have been taken by the legislature, 
seconded by the citizens, to effect this change, 
in every respect so salutary : the streets, in 
seasons of high water, are washed from the 
river; the surrounding marshes have been 
drained to a great extent, and places where 
water formerly stagnated, have been filled up. 
Two important streets have recently been pa- 
ved, and it is in contemplation to carry this im- 
provement through the city : 70,000 yards of 
paving are now (1833) under contract. The 
water of the river is the only kind used by the 
citizens ; when filtered it is excellent, and wa- 
ter works are now erecting for the city, on an 
extensive scale. If wr turn our attention to 
the vast regions of the Mississippi basin, to the 
accumulating population on its innumerable 
streams, and the navigable facilities afforded by 
so many channels, we have the means to esti- 
mate the resources which must contribute to 
augment this city in extent, wealth, and popula- 
tion. New Orleans was laid out in 1717, and 
named in honor of the then Duke of Orleans, 
regent of France during the minority of Louis 
XV. It remained as capital of Louisiana under 
the French until 1769, when it was taken pos- 
session of by the Spanish general Orcilly, under 
a treaty of cession made between Spain and 
France in 1762. The Spanish government con- 
tinued New Orleans as the capital of the colo- 
ny until it was receded to France in 1803. The 
same year, the French colonial prefect, Lau- 
salt, by order of his government, gave it up to 
the United States. The present government 
of the city, is a mayor and council, which are 
elected by the freeholders. Within the present 
century the increase of population has been very 
rapid. In 1800 it amounted to between 5,000 
and 6,000 inhabitants, and it contained in 



Free white males 

" " females 
Free colored persons 
Slaves 



Total 17,243 27,178 46,082 

New Oxford, p-v. Adams co. Pa., by p-r. 87 
ms. nthrd. W. C. 

New Paltz, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 15 ms. s. 
Kingston, 80. s. Albany, 85 n. N. Y., w. Hudson 
r. Has good land. The people are of Dutch 
extraction ; first settled about 1672. The v. is 
on Walkill or. and there are several smaller 
ones at the landings, &c. Pop. 4,973. 

New Paris, p-v. Preble co. O., by p-r. 104 
ms. wstrd. Columbus. 

New Petersburg, p-v. Highland co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 74 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. 

New Philadelphia, p-v. and st. jus. Tusca- 
rawas CO. Ohio, by p-r. 107 ms. n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbus. Lat. 40° 30', long. W. C. 4° 31' w. 
It is situated on Tuscarawas r. and on the Ohio 
and Erie Canal ; contains the ordinary co. 
buildings. Pop. 410. 

Newport, t. Penobscot co. Me., 25 ms. w. n. 
w. Bangor, with Somerset co. n. and w. ; con. 
tains a large pond, drained by Sebastocook r. 
Pop. 897. 

Newport, p-t. and st. jus. Sullivan co. N. H., 
40 ms. N. w. Concord, 96 from Boston ; 25,967 



1810. 


1820. 


1830. 


3,536 


8,268 


11,962 


2,74.5 


5,318 


8,082 


4,950 


6,237 


11,562 


5,961 


7,355 


14,476 



acres. Three branches of Sugar r. unite near 
the village. There are fine meadows, but much 
dry gravel, and moist and cold land ; it is, how- 
ever, generally fertile. Two ponds furnish 
trout, &LC. There are also some high hills. 
Bald, Coit, East and Blueberry mtns. Pop. 
1,913. 

Newport, co. R. I., comprises several isls. 
in Narraganset bay, as well as the adjoining 
land on the continent, in all 136 sq. ms., with 7 
towns. It has great advantages for navigation, 
and contains Newport, one of the best seaports 
in the nthrn. states, and now fortifying on a 
large scale for a naval station. The waters are 
navigated by all the vessels proceeding to and 
from Providence, and there is a daily steamboat 
communication with New York. Rhode Island 
is the most important, and is a fine agricultural 
country. In its n. part is a mine of anthracite 
coal, which has been wrought, but not to good 
advantage. The rocks are transition, as are 
those of Prudence, Canonicut and Block islands, 
which also belong to the co. Fish are taken in 
great quantities, and from Block isl. are sent to 
distant places. Cf. t. Newport. Pop. 1820, 
15,771, 1830, 16,535. 

Newport, seaport and co. t. Newport co. 
R. I., and one of the capitals of the state, 30 
ms. s. by e. Providence, 75 s. w. Boston, about 
1 m. by 6, with 8 sq. ms., has an uneven but 
rich soil, especially in the s. and much well cul- 
tivated land. The harbor is excellent, near the 
sea, and accessible in winds which will not per. 
mit a ship to enter any other port, in all this part 
of the coast. The principal population are col. 
lected on the west declivity, and at the foot of a 
hill. The place was formerly a very flourish, 
ing seaport, and, before the revolution, was the 
fourth t. in size in the colonies. It has for some 
years resigned its enterprize and prosperity to 
Providence. Its fine situation, healthful air, 
excellent fish, &c., render it a favorite resort of 
visiters from the southern states, in summer. 
Here is a large lace manufactory. The harbor 
has Goat isl. in front, nearly closing the en- 
trances, where are fort Wolcott and a military 
hospital. Forts Green and Adams also defend 
the harbor. The latter is a new and exten- 
sive work, on the s. point, with powerlul batte- 
ries, and includes 40 acres. The foundation 
for a monument to the memory of Com. Oliver 
H. Perry, has been laid. It is to be of grey 
granite, and 28 ft. high. The foundation is to 
be surrounded by a mound of earth, 160 ft. in 
circumference. The 'Newport Mercury' was 
established here, 1753, and the first number 
was issued by James, elder brother of Dr. 
Franklin. Newport was occupied by the British 
for some time during the revolutionary war, 
who stripped the island of its fine forest trees 
and orchards. They were besieged by the 
American troops. Pop. 8,010. 

Newport, Herkimer co. N. Y., 13 ms. n. 
Herkimer, 95 n. w. Albany, e. Oneida cr., has 
a deep valley in the middle, where is the v., at 
a good waterfall in W. Canada cr. Pop. 1,863. 

Newport, (now called Albion,) v. Orleans co. 
N. Y., on Erie canal 2^ ms. s. s. e. Gaines. 

Newport, p.v. nthrn. part Perry co. Pa., 41 
ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 



NEW 



337 



NEW 



Newport, p-v. on Christiana cr. New Cas- 
tle CO. Del., 3 ms. westwardly Wilmington, and 
by p-r. 103 n. e. W. C. 

Newport, small r. or cr. of Geo., separating 
Liberty from Mcintosh co., and falling into 
Sapelo sound. 

Newport, p-v. and st. jus. Cocke co. Ten., 
situated on French Broad r., 48 ms. a little s. 
of E. Knoxville, and by p-r. 210 ms. in a similar 
direction Nashville ; lat. 35° 56', long. 6° 4' w. 
W. C. 

Newport, p. v. and st. jus. Campbell co. Ky., 
situated on Ohio r. on the point above the mouth 
of Licking r., and directly opposite the city of 
Cincinnati. This t. contains an academy, a 
LT. S. arsenal, and the ordinary co. buildings. 
A manufactory of bale rope, twine, and cotton 
bagging, by machinery and steam power, on an 
extensive scale, has been established here, by 
an incorporated company. Pop. 717. 

Newport, p-v. estrn. part Washington co. O. 
It is situated on Ohio r., by p-r. 16 ms. above 
and estrd. Marietta. Pop. tsp. 55G. 

Newport, p-v. and st.jus. Vermillion co. Ind., 
situated on the point below the junction of Wa- 
bash and Little Vermillion rs. by p-r. 86 ms. w. 
Indianopolis. 

Newport, Franklin co. Mo., p-v. on Mo. r., 
43 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

New Portage, p-v. Medina co. 0., by p-r. 110 
ms. N. e. Columbus. 

New Portland, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 48 
ms. from Augusta ; crossed by Seven-miles 
brook, a branch of Kennebec r. Pop. 1,214. 

New Providence, p-t. Essex co. N. J. 12 ms. 
w. Newark, and by p-r. 52 ms. from Trenton. 
Pop. 910. 

New Providence, p-v. nthrn. part Lancaster 
CO. Pa., 20 ms. n. e. Lancaster city, and by p-r. 

129 N. N. E. W. C. 

New Providence, p-v. Clarke co. Ind., by p-r. 
104 ms. s. s. E. Indianopolis. 

New Richmond, p-v. Clermont co. 0., by p-r. 
132 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

New Rochelle, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 
20 ms. N. N. Y. city, 5 s. White Plains, 143 from 
Albany, w. side of East r. and Long Island 
sound, has level, stony, but pretty good soil, 
has an academy, and comprises several small 
isls. It was settled by Huguenot emigrants 
from France, whence its name. Pop. 1,274. 

New Rumley, p-v. Harrison co. O., by p-r. 
134 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. 

Newry, t., Oxford co. Me., 24 ms. n. w. Pa- 
ris, N. Androscoggin r., is mountainous and 
wild. Pop. 345. 

Newry, p-v. wstm. part of Huntingdon co. 
Pa., 32 ms. n. w. by w. the borough of Hunting- 
don, and by p-r. 122 ms. a little s. of w. Harris- 
burg. 

New Salem, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 80 ms. 
w. Boston, incorporated 1753, is high in the 
centre, and has Monadnoc n. There is an 
academy, which was incorporated 1795. Pop. 
1,889. 

New Salem, p-v. wstm. part of Fayette co. 
Pa., 9 ma. n. w. Union, the st. jus., and by p-r. 
207 ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

New Salem, p-v. Harrison co. Va., by p-r. 
UO ms. wstrd. W. C. 



New Salem, p-v. Randolph co. N.C., by p-r. 
77 ms. w. Raleigh. 

New Salem, p.v. Sangamon co. 11., 98 ms. 
N. n. w. Vandalia. 

New Sharon, p-t. Kennebec co.Me.. s. Som- 
erset CO., crossed by Sandy r. a branch of the 
Kennebec. Pop. 1,599. 

New Shoreham, t. Newport co. R. I., on 
Block isl., all which it comprehends, has but 
little communication with other places, but pos- 
sesses a valuable fishery. Pop. 1,885. 

Newstead, t. Erie co. N. Y. Pop. 1,926. 

New Stockbridge, N. Y., a tract of land 6 
ms. sq. in Augusta, Oneida co., and Smithfield, 
Madison co. It was granted to the Indians of 
Stockbridge, Mass., by the Oneida Indians, who 
were bound to them by ancient treaties and 
friendship : but a large portion of the tribe have 
removed to Green Bay within a few years. 
The Scotch Society for Promoting Christian 
Knowledge, have for many years suppported a 
missionary among them. 

New Store, and p-o. Buckingham co. Va., 
by p-r. 81 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Newton, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 9 ms. w. 
Boston, incorporated 1691, is large, and has 
Charles r. on 3 sides, along which are broad 
and rich tracts of meadow. The uplands are 
hilly and woody. There are 2 falls, and atth& 
lower are manufactories. Nonantum, a hill irt 
this t., was the scene of the apostle Elliot's- 
first exertions to teach the Indians Christiani- 
ty, in 1646, and witnessed his success. He 
was ordained as pastor of the church here in- 
1664. A Baptist theological seminary was foun- 
ded here a few years since. Pop. 2,376. 

Newton, p-t. and st. jus. Sussex co. N. J.,. 
50 ms. N. Trenton, 28 n. w. Morristown ; it is 
mountainous e., and gives some of the head 
streams to Request branch and Pawlin's kill. 
Much of the soil is excellent, and remarkably 
well cultivated. There is an academy, and 
the V. is pleasant and flourishing. Population 
3,464. 

Newton, p-v. Newton, Sussex co. N. J., 28 
ms. N. w. Morris, is near the centre of the town, 
pleasant, with an academy, bank, c. h., a 
church for Presbyterians, and one for Episco- 
palians. 

Newton, p-v. and borough of Bucks co. Pa., 
26 ms. n. n. e. Philadelphia, and 11 w. Trenton, 
N. Jersey. 

Newton Mills, p-o. Licking co. O., by p-r. 
42 ms. estrd. Columbus. 

Newton's, p-o. Greene co. Ky., by p-r. 84 
ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Newtown, t. Rockingham co. N. H., 40 ms. 
s. e. Concord, 27 s. w. Portsmouth, n. Mass., 
5,250 acres, contains one third of Country pond, 
and 2 small ones connected with it ; with good 
grass land. First settled 1720. The Baptist 
church is the oldest of that denomination in N. 
H. Pop. 510. 

Newtown, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., g, w. 
Housatonic r., 48 ms. s. w. Hartford, 26 n. w. 
New Haven, is almost triangular, with 50 sq. 
ms., on high ground, hilly surface, gravelly 
soil, yields much rye and fruit. It is crossed 
by Powtatuck r., and has a pond, with several 
manufactories. A toll bridge crosses to South- 



NEW 



338 



NEW 



bury; 15 school dists. ; the village is near the 
centre. Pop. 3,100. 

Newtown, p.t. Queen's co. N. Y., on w. part 
Long Isl., 8 ms. e. N. York, s. East r., opposite 
Hurl Gate, n. King's co., s. w. Flushing bay ; 
extends near half across the is!., is well culti- 
vated, yields grass, vegetables, &c. for the 
city, and abounds in fine apples, particularly a 
fine sort of yellow winter apples called New- 
town pippins, which have been sent to various 
parts of the world. It has a v. near the centre, 
and some fine country seats. Peat, found near 
the V. is much used for fuel. It comprises the 
isls. Two Brothers, and two coves, Hallet's and 
Riker's. Pop. 2,610. 

Nkwtown, v. Elmira, Tioga co. N. Y. (See 
Elmira.) 

Newtown, p-t. Gloucester co. N. J., 25 ms. 
s. w. Trenton, s. w. Cooper's cr., s. e. Del. r., 
opposite Phil., from which it derives the advan- 
tage of a market. Camden v. in this t., is on 
Del. r., and has a ferry to Phil. It is also at 
the end of the S. Amboy and Camden rail road, 
which, when completed, will form a most im- 
portant route across N. J., for travellers and 
merchandize passing between New York and 
Phil. Pop. 3,298. 

Newtown, p-v. Worcester co. Md. 8 ms. n. 
w. Snow Hill, and by p-r. 159 ms. s. e. by e. 
W. C. 

Newtown, p-v. northern part King and Queen 
CO. Va., by p-r. 99 ms. a little w. of s. W. C. 
and 38 ms. n. e. Richmond. 

Newtown, p-v. Scott co. Ky. 25 ms. from 
Frankfort. 

Newtown, p-v. Hamilton co. 0. by p-r. 120 
ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Newtown, Hamilton, p-v. Mifflin co. Pa. 

Newtown, vil. Ottawa co. Mich, situated on 
the sthrn. point at the mouth of Grand r. into 
lake Michigan, n. lat. 42-^ 58', long. W. C. 9° 
06' W. Distant about 180 ms. n. w. by w. De- 
troit. 

Newtown Square, p-v. northern part Del. co. 
Pa. 15 ms. a little n. of w. Phil. 

Newtown Stephensburg, p-v. Frederic co. 
Va. by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 10 
ms. N. w. Winchester. 

Newtown Trap, p-v. in the s. western part 
Frederic co. Md. about 9 ms. s. w. the city of 
Frederick, and by p-r. 51 ms. n. w. W. C. 

New Trenton, p-v. Franklin co. Ind. by p-r. 
81 ms. a little s. of e. Indianopolis. 

New Tripoli, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa. by p-r. 187 
ms. N. e. W. C. 

New Troy, p-v. near the right bank of Sus- 
quehannah r. Luzerne co. Pa. 5 ms. above and 
N. N. E. Wilkesbarre, and 120 ms. n. n. e. Har- 
risburg. 

New Utrecht, t. Kings co. N. Y. w. end of 
Long isl. opposite the narrows, the entrance into 
N. Y. harbor, 9 ms. s. city, e. and n. Hudson r. 
It is hilly and stony w., level interior, with 
sandy soil, and has suffered from fever and 
ague, a few years. One of the best shad fishe- 
ries is in this t. Bath, on the shore, is resorted 
to from N. Y. for bathing, fishing, and shooting. 
The V. about a mile from this spot, is on a plain, 
in a retired situation. On the n. is the w. end 
of a long ridge, extending through the isl., n. 



of the great plains, e. to Southhold. They were 
important in the revolution. The British army 
landed at Bath, 1776. Fort Lafayette, triangu- 
lar with 3 tiers of guns, on a small isl. w. of 
this t., with the works on the shore, defends 
the entrance of N. Y. harbor on the e. Nyak 
point and fort Lewis are on the same shore. 
Pop. 1,217. 

New Vernon, v. Morris co. N. J. 3 ms. s. 
Morristown. 

Newville, p-v. western part Cumberland co. 
Pa. and near the right bank of Conedogwinet, 
16 ms. w. Carlisle. 

Newville, p-v. Barnwell dist. S. C. by p-r. 
14 ms. from Barnwell c. h., and 76 s. s. w. Co- 
lumbia. 

Newville, p-v. Richland co. 0. by p-r. 76 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

New Vineyard, t. Somerset co. Me. n. Ken- 
nebec CO., is rough, and crossed by a branch of 
Seven-miles brook, branch of Kennebec r. 
Pop. 869. 

New Washington, p-v. Clarke co. Ind. by 
p-r. 94 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. 

New Wilmington, p-v. in the southwestern 
part of Mercer co. Pa., by p-r. 274 ms. n. w. 
W. C. 

New Windsor, p-t. Orange co. N. Y., 100 
ms. s. Albany, 65 n. N. York, and 5 s. w. New- 
burgh on the w. side Hudson r. It is 4 ms. by 
8, containing about 3l) sq. ms., has some small 
streams, and good soil. In the w. part are some 
of the highlands. The v. is on Hudson r. 2i 
ms. s. Newburgh. A part of the t. is called 
Little Britain. Pop. 2,310. 

New Windsor, p-v. Frederick co. Md., by 
p-r. 67 ms. a little w. of n. W. C. 

New York, one of the most important of the 
U. S., bndd. n. by Canada, Lake Ontario, and 
the river St. Lawrence, which separates it from 
Canada, e. by Vt., Mass. and Conn., s. by the 
Atlantic, N. Jersey and Pa., and w. by Pa., 
lake Erie and Niagara river, which separates it 
from Canada. It is situated between 40° 30' 
and 45° lat. and between 3° 45' e. and 2° 50' 
w. W. C, (not including Long Isl., which ex- 
tends E. to long. 5° 50',) and contains 46,085 
sq. ms., including lakes and islands. Its great. 
est length from e. to w. (excepting Long Isl- 
and) is 316 ms., and its greatest breadth from 
n. to s. 304 ms. The tract now composing N. 
Y. was originally included in the grant of Vir- 
ginia, made by Queen Elizabeth ; and in the 
grants of n. and s. Virginia, made in 1606 by 
James I. This part of the continent, however, 
was not known to the Europeans until 1609, 
when it was first discovered by Henry Hudson, 
an enterprizing English navigator, then in the 
employ of the Dutch East India company. Af- 
ter sailing 150 miles up the river that now bears 
his name, he returned to Europe and commu- 
nicated to the Company the result of his 
voyage. In 1613, a trade with the natives was 
commenced by the Dutch, and trading estab- 
lishments were formed at New Amsterdam 
and fort Orange, (now the cities of New York 
and Albany.) In 1621, the Dutch government, 
desirous of founding a colony in America, 
granted to the Dutch West India company an 
extensive territory on both sides of the Hud- 



NEW 



339 



NEW 



son, called New Netherlands. I'he boundaries 
were not accurately defined, but were consid- 
ered by the company as extending to the Con. 
necticut r. at the north, and the Delaware on 
the south. In 1623, they erected a fort on the 
Del., and a few years after, another on the Conn. 
This territory continued in their possession 
till 1664, when Charles II. denying their 
right to any portion of it, made a grant to his 
brother, the duke of York and Albany, of the 
whole extent of country, from Nova Scotia to 
Del. bay ; and the same year took possession of 
it by conquest. In 1673, it was recaptured by 
the Dutch ; and the year following was restored 
by treaty to the English. Thus it remained one 
of the British colonies till the war of the revo- 
lution, and the adoption of a free constitution 
by the people. In 1790, Vt., previously a part 
of N. York, became a separate state. In 1821, 
the amended constitution, was adopted by the 
state of N. Y. under which it is at present 
governed. By this constitution th-e !:'gislative 
power is vested in a senate and assembly, the 
former consisting of 32, and the latter of 128 
members. The former chosen for 4 years by 
dists. and the latter elected annually by cos. 
The executive power is vested in a governor, 
who holds his office for 2 years. A lieutenant 
governor is chosen at the same time and for 
the same term, who is qualified to act as gov- 
ernor whenever that office becomes vacant ; 
and is also president of the senate. The judi- 
ciary consists of a court of chancery, a supreme 
court with 3 judges, 8 circuit courts in as many 
difl^erent circuits, which correspond to the sen- 
atorial dists., and the superior court of the city 
of N. Y. consisting of 3 judges. Beside these 
are the county and justice courts, &c. The sen- 
ate, with the chancellor and justices of the su- 
preme court, constitute a court of impeachment 
and for the correction of errors. The right of 
suffrage is enjoyed by every male citizen of the 
age of 21 years, who has resided one year in 
the state, and six months in the town or county 
where he offers his vote ; having paid a tax 
within the year, or legally served as a militia 
man or fireman, or labored upon the public 
highways, &c. The surtace of the state of N. 
Y. is greatly diversified, but in general may be 
considered as an elevated tract, with numerous 
indentations and depressions, which form the 
basins of lakes and the valleys of fertilizing 
streams. There are several ridges of mtns., 
which in general are considered as continua- 
tions of the Alleghany ridges. The Cattskill 
mtns., the highest in the state, are about 3,800 
ft. above the level of the sea. The form of this 
state is irregular, and it enjoys very great ad- 
vantages for commerce, agriculture, and manu- 
factures, which have been greatly improved. 
It has a large extent of sea coast, with all the 
southern shore of lake Ontario, most of the 
w. shore of lake Champlain and the e. end of 
lake Erie, with the whole course of the Hud- 
son, navigable in ships of the line to Hudson, 
and in sloops to the Mohawk r. The Mo- 
hawk, the branches of the Susquehannah, and 
other streams afford abundance of water pow. 
er, and at the same time diversify and ferti. 
lize the state. In the valley of Genesee river 



is some of the best wheat country in the 
v/orld; and many other parts of the state are 
remarkable for their fertility. The principal 
productions are wheat and other grain, flour, 
I)rovisions, salt, pot and pearl ashes, and lum- 
ber. New York also abounds in various natu- 
ral curiosities and mineral productions : among 
which, the most remarkable are the Trenton, 
Cohoes and Glenn's falls on the Mohawk and 
its branches, and the cataract of Niagara, the 
largest in the world, by which the wafers of 
lake Erie and the other great lakes, pass into 
lake Ontario, over a precipice of 160 ft. In the 
western parts of the state are found large quan- 
tities of gypsum, which are used very exten- 
sively for agricultural purposes. At Sing Sing, 
on the Hudson, is an excellent quarry of mar. 
ble, which is much used in architecture. In 
the counties w. of lake Champlain, are vast 
beds of iron ore, and the iron mines of Colum- 
bia CO. are also highly valuable and extensively 
wrought. Traces of other metals, as silver, 
lead, zinc, and titanium, have also been obser- 
ved in various parts of the state ; and of miner- 
als, which may be deemed rather objects of 
curiosity than of real value, this state affords 
abundant varieties. There are 56 counties in 
this staie, which, under the apportionment of 
1832, are divided into 32 congressional districts, 
and are entitled to 40 representatives in con- 
gress. The' number of cities is 7, viz., Albany 
(the capital). New York, the largest and most 
important city in the U. States, Troy, Hudson, 
Schenectady, Utica and Buff'alo. The number 
of towns is 764, and of incorporated villages 
102. The progressive pop. of the state of N. 
York has been exceedingly rapid. In 1790 it 
amounted to about 20,000; and in 17.30 to 
about 50,000; in 1749 there were 100,000 in- 
habitants; in 1770, 160,000; in 1790, 340,120; 
in 1800, 586,050; in 1810, 959,049; and in 
1820, 1,372,812. In 1830 there were 1,918,608, 
as follows : 



Ciiunties. 

Albany, 

Alleghany, 

Broome, 

Cataraugus, 

Cayuga, 

Chatauque, 

Chenango, 

Clinton, 

Columbia, 

Cortland, 

Delaware, 

Dutchess, 

Erie, 

Essex, 

Franklin, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, 

Herkimer, 

Jefferson, 

Kings, 

Lewis, 

Livingston, 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, 

New York, 

Niagara, 

Oneida, 



Pop. 1829. 
38,116 

9,330 
11,100 

4,090 
38,897 
12,568 
31,215 
12,070 
38,330 
16,507 
26,587 
46,615 
15,668 
12,811 

4,459 
39,835 
22,996 

1,251 
31,017 
32,952 
11,187 

9,227 
19,196 
32,208 
26,.529 
27,569 
123,706 

7,322 
71,326 



Pop. 1830. 
53,560 
26,218 
17,582 
16,725 
47,947 
36,657 
37,404 
19,344 
39,959 
23,693 
32,933 
50,929 
35,710 
19,387 
11,312 
61,992 
29,'i25 
1,325 
35,869 
48,515 
20,537 
14,958 
27,719 
39,037 
49,862 
43,593 
203,007 
18,485 
71,326 



NEW 



340 



NEW 



Counties. 


Pop. 18'J0. 


Pop. 1830. 


Onandaga, 


41,461 


58,974 


Ontario, 


35,312 


40,167 


Orange, 


41,213 


45,372 


Orleans, 


7,625 


1^873 


(Jswego, 


12,374 


27,104 


Otsego, 


44,856 


51,372 


Putnam, 


11,268 


12,701 


Queens, 


21,519 


22,278 


Kensselaer, 


40,153 


49,472 


Richmond, 


6,135 


7,084 


Rockland, 


8,837 


9,388 


Saratoga, 


36,052 


38,616 


St. Lawrence, 


16,037 


36,351 


Schenectady, 


13,031 


12,334 


Schoharie, 


23,154 


27,910 


Seneca, 


17,773 


21,031 


Steuben, 


21,989 


33,975 


Suffolk, 


24,272 


26,780 


Sullivan, 


8,900 


12,372 


Tioga, 


14,716 


27,704 


Tompkins, 


26,178 


36,545 


Ulster, 


30,934 


36,559 


Warren, 


9,453 


11,795 


Washington, 


3S,831 


42,615 


Wayne, 


2i),319 


33,515 


West Chester, 


32,638 


36,459 


Yates, 


11,025 


19,019 


The white population included in the above, as 


follows. 








Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age. 


158,077 


151,868 


From 5 to 10 


137,061 


133,034 


" 10 to 15 


118,523 


115,166 


" 15 to 20 


101,712 


105,196 


" 20 to 30 


176,754 


168,897 


" 30 to 40 


113,136 


104,522 


" 40 to 50 


68,871 


64,315 


" 50 to 60 


40,503 


38,344 


" 60 to 70 


23,829 


22,589 


" 70 to 80 


10,034 


9,645 


" 80 to 90 


2,561 


2,673 


" 90 to 100 


249 


304 


" 100 and upwards, 


35 


17 



951,441 916,620 

Of the foregoing were deaf and dumb, under 14 
years of age, 277; from 14 to 25, 310 ; of 25 and up- 
wards, 255 ; blind, 642 , aliens, 52,488. 
The colored population were, 

Free. Slaves. 

Males. Fem^s. Males. Fern's. 



Under 10 years of 


ige 


5,642 


5.509 


5 


23 


From 10 to 24 




6,996 


6,843 


6 


12 


" 24 to 36 




4,859 


5,504 





17 


" 36 to 55 




3,492 


3,780 


1 


3 


" 55 to 100 




1,357 


1,714 





6 


" 100 and over. 




19 


54 





3 



21,465 23,404 12 
Of these were deaf and dumb, 43; blind, 82 

Recapitulation of tables : — 

Whites. Free colored. Slaves. 

1,868,061 44,869 76 

Add to the above, inmates of poor house 
not included 

Add deaf and dumb, and aliens in the 
city of N. Y. do. do. 



64 



Total. 
1,913,006 

125 

5,477 



Making the aggregate pop. of N. Y. 1830, 1,918,608 
This state carries on an extensive foreign 
commerce with all parts of the world ; for the 
most part through the city and port of N. York. 
The number of vessels that arrived at New 
York from foreign ports, during the year end- 
ing Dec. 1831, was 1,634 ; of which 1,264 
were American. {See art. N. Y. city.) The 
inland trade is also very thriving, and has been 



greatly increased by canals, rail roads and oth- 
er works of public enterprize and improve, 
ment. The Erie canal, the longest in the 
world, being 360 miles in length, connects the 
navigation of Hudson river with that of lake 
Erie, the western lakes and the Ohio canal. 
The Champlain canal connects it with that of 
lake Champlain ; and the Delaware and Hud- 
son canal, with Delaware and Lackawana rs. 
The total expenditures by the commissioners of 
the canal fund, from 1817 to Sept. 30th, 1832, 
including ^1,687,351 30 loaned or invested, 
amounted to $18,213,390 44. The receipts, 
including loans $7,672,782 24, tolls $6,966,. 
698 55, vendue duty $2,843,456 34, salt duty 
•$1,483,686 65, and all others, amounted to 
$19,603,384 32 — leaving a balance, the sum 
stated above as loaned or invested of ^3,055,- 
247 65, applicable to the payment of tlie canal 
debt, the amount of which (1833) is $8,055,. 
645 86. The receipts into the treasury of rev. 
enue on account of the canal fund during the 
year ending the 30th day of September, 1831, 
not however including September, amounted to 
$1,029,908. The receipts in 1833, from the 
opening of navigation to June 30th, amounted 
to ^^500,21194. The receipts during the 
month of .Tune were $174,646 90, as follows; 
Erie, $148,170 46; Champlain, $21,165 24; 
Cayuga and Seneca, $2,411 17 ; Oswego, $2,. 
900 03. Canals are in progres or contempla. 
tion to open a communication with the naviga. 
ble waters of Pennsylvania, and between im. 
portant streams in this state. A rail road has 
been completed between Albany and Schenec- 
tady, called the Mohawk and Hudson rail road ; 
and many others are projected. (See art. Rail 
Roads and Canals.) The commerce of lake 
Erie has rapidly increased ; and about 130 ves- 
sels of 70 tons each are now employed on the 
southern shore, besides 16 steamboats, of from 
130 to 400 tons. Within the past year 75,000 
tons were entered at the Buffalo custom house. 
23,467 barrels of flour, 200,802 bushels of 
wheat, 8,426 bbls of pork, 1,768 do. ashes, 
1,044 do. whiskey, 11,040 barrels of salt, pass- 
ed through the Welland canal previous to the 
30th September. At least 60,000 barrels of 
salt from the state of New York must have 
been transported on lake Erie to various mar- 
kets, beside large quantities that were detained 
in different ports, by the early closing of the 
navigation. Not less than 70,000 barrels of 
flour, 500,000 bushels of wheat, 5,000 barrels 
of pork, 3,000 barrels of ashes, 10,000 barrels 
of lake flsh and an incalculable amount of other 
products of the country, found their way to 
market by means of this lake during 1831, 
The salt springs, in Onondaga co., are sources 
of great wealth to the state. By the inspec- 
tor's report it appears that the quantity inspect- 
ed in 18,32 amounted to 1,652,985 bushels, of 
which 187,653 was coarse salt. The steam- 
boats in this state in 1831, were estimated at 
86 ; the principal part of which ran from the 
city of N. York. One of them measured 527 
tons. The most rapid boats have run between 
the two cities of N. York and Albany in less 
than 10 hours. The mail is carried from New 
York to Quebec (almost the whole distance in 



NEW 



341 



NEW 



steamboats) in 96 hours. In this state there 
are 200 woollen manufactories ; 112 cotton 
mills, with a capital of $4,485,500, manufac- 
turing 21,010,920 yds. valued at $3,530,250, 
and using 7,961,670 lbs. of cotton annually, 
and employing 15,970 persons : — above 200 
iron works, making $4,000,000 worth :— 50 
paper mills, making ^700,000 worth : — leather 
made to about the value of $3,458,000 ; and 
hats to the value of $3,500,000, &c. &c. per 
annum. By an act of the state of New York, 
passed in 1829, every bank thereafter to be 
chartered or renewed was obliged to contribute 
one half per cent, per annum of its capital, in 
order to establish a safety fund, which should 
be placed in the hands of commissioners, to 
provide for the payment of the debts of any 
banks which should become insolvent. In 1830, 
there were 29 banks subject to this act, with a 
capital of $6,294,600. The capital of banks 
not subject to the safety fund was, $21,323,- 
460. There are 4 colleges in New York ; Co- 
lumbia, city of N. York ; Union, Schenecta- 
dy ; Hamilton, Clinton, Oneida co. ; and Ge- 
neva, Ontario co. — 5 theological seminaries ; 
Episcopal, N. York city ; Presbyterian, Au- 
burn ; Oneida Institute, Whitestown ; Hamilton, 
Madison co. ; Hartwick, Otsego co. ; — 2 medi- 
cal colleges, one at New York city and one at 
Fairfield, Herkimer co. ; — 57 academies and 
seminaries which derive part of their support 
from the public fund. The regents of the uni- 
versity, 21 in number, and appointed by the le- 
gislature, may grant degrees in medicine and 
the arts, and control the income of the literature 
fund ; dividing it among the 8 senate districts, 
among the incorporated seminaries of learning, 
except colleges, in proportion to their number 
of students. They are also authorized io re- 
port on the colleges and academies to the legis- 
lature. There were in the state, January 1833, 
9, 600 school districts, in which it was estimated 
9270 schools had been kept 8 months of 12 of 
the previous year. In these over 500,000 pu- 
pils must have been instructed. The amount 
of wages paid to the teachers of these was 
§663,902, and the superintendant estimated the 
whole expense of instruction, fuel, books, wa- 
ges, &c. at $1,125,162. The productive capi. 
tal of the school fund at the above date was 
$1,735,175 ; the revenue for 1833 was estima. 
ted at $101,250. The average annual increase 
of this fund during the last 10 years has been 
$57,937. The unproductive portion of the 
school fund consists of about 850,000 acres of 
land, lying principally in the fourth senate dis- 
trict. The value of these lands has been esti- 
mated at $400,000 ; which sum, if added to the 
present productive capital, would make a total 
of more than 2,000,000 of dollars. During the 
last twelve years, and since the school system 
has been in fair operation under the act of 1819, 
the average annual increase of children, be- 
tween 5 and 16, has been 16,008 ; and the 
average increase of scholars instructed has 
been 16,860 each year. There are 2 institu- 
tions for the instruction of the deaf and dumb ; 
one at the city of New York, and one at Cana. 
joharie. In addition to these institutions, may 
be mentioned the university of the city of New 

44 



York ; an institution recently chartered by the 
state legislature ; and established on the com- 
prehensive system of the universities of Europe. 
The state has a fund for the promotion of liter- 
ature, which amounts (1833) to $248,595. 
This state has led the way in the late important 
improvements of prison discipline, with such 
success as to obtain imitators in many other 
states and receive the approbation of some 
foreign countries. This system was intro- 
duced into the Auburn state prison about 10 
years since, and soon after was also adopted in 
the prison at Sing Sing. In 1830, the number 
of convicts was 600, the amount of whose labor 
was $40,341. The whole expenses of the es- 
tablishment for the same time was $36,226. 
The state prison at Sing Sing as yet is less 
profitable. The expenses of this prison in 1831 
were ^77,600. The amount of the labor of 
convicts, $48,000. Number of convicts, 990. 
The marble quarries at which the prisoners 
are employed, require much labor to remove 
the earth and inferior stone, before the good 
marble can be obtained, and are therefore less 
profitable. In 1831, the number of paupers 
supported by the state was 15,564, at an ex- 
pense of $245,433. The portion of this sum 
saved by the labor of the paupers was $17,- 
546. The constitution of this state secures to 
all its citizens, " the free exercise and enjoy- 
ment of religious profession and worship, with, 
out discrimination or preference ;" and accord- 
ingly, some of almost every denomination are 
found within its Imiits. The following estimate 
is for 1831. The Presbyterians have 587 
churches, 486 ministers, 54,093 communicants. 
The Dutch Reformed 148 churches. 111 minis- 
ters, and 8,672 communicants. Associate Synod 
of N. Y. 15 congregations, 13 ministers, and 
1,668 communicants. Methodists 73,174 mem- 
bers. Baptists 549 churches, 387 ministers, 
and 43,565 communicants. Episcopalians 129 
ministers. Lutherans 27 ministers, and 2,973 
communicants. There are some Roman Cath- 
olics, Friends, Universalists, Unitarians, Sha- 
kers and United Brethren. {For further details 
in ivternal improvements, see art. Rail Roads 
and Canals.) 

New York, city and co. N. Y, is 225 ms. 
N. E. from Washington City ; 90 n. e. Philadel- 
phia ; 210 s. w. Boston ; IbO s. Albany and 390 
s. Montreal. It is about 16 ms. from the At. 
lantic ocean, at lat. 40° 42', and long. 2° 54' e. 
W. C. This is the most populous, wealthy, 
commercial and important cily in the United 
States. It stands at the junction of the Hudson 
and East rivers, on the s. end of Manhattan isl., 
where the population is almost entirely concen- 
trated. The ground is generally high near the 
middle, from which it slopes estrd. to East r. 
which is the channel of the eastern coasting 
trade ; and wstrd. to Hudson r., which affords 
the grand route of internal commerce through 
the Erie canal, and the great northern lakes. 
The bay of New York, which is one of the 
finest harbors in the world, is about 4 ms. by 9 "; 
being almost entirely enclosed by land, and 
much protected by the heights of Staten and 
Long islands. The shores on both rs. are lined 
with wharves and slips, where ships of the 



NEW 



342 



NEW 



largest size are laden and discharged. The 
outer bay affords a convenient retreat and safe 
anchorage, during the prevalence of certain 
winds; and is well furnished with light-houses 
and forts. By a recent estimate the city con- 
tained 30,000 dwelling houses, stores, manufac- 
tories, and churches. The first houses were 
built in 1621, in the sthrn. part of the isl., where 
there are still some narrow and crooked streets ; 
but the other parts are laid out with more re- 
gard to beauty and convenience. Broadway, 
the principal street of the city, is 80 ft. wide, 
and perfectly straight, and passes from the s. ex- 
tremity, through the centre of the citv, about 2 
ms., and there joins the Fifth avenue, which 
passes through the isl. to Harlaem r. iiesides 
this, there are many other streets worthy of no- 
tice. Those in the s. part and on the East r., are 
remarkable as places of business ; and those in 
the upper part are chiefly occupied by private 
residences. The battery is a fine open public 
walk, on the s. extremity of the isl. ; commanding 
an extensive view of the bay, and the opposite 
shore of New Jersey. The City Hall is a mar. 
ble building, standing in the Park, 216 feet by 
105, and 65 high ; built at an expense of $500,- 
000. It contains the chambers of the two coun- 
cil-boards, court rooms, offices, &c. The new 
City Hall in its rear contains the alms-house, 
court of sessions, and police office. The Mer- 
chant's Exchange in Wall street, contains the 
Post Office, as well as the Exchange Hall, and 
various offices. The hospital is an old and very 
respectable institution, with a library of 3,000 
vols. At Bellevue are the alms-house, a hospi- 
tal, and a penitentiary. The first contained in 
January, 1832, 1,207 natives of the United 
States, and 1,049 foreigners. The second, 302 
patients, and the third 417 vagrants and other 
prisoners, of whom 151 were foreigners. The 
new penitentiary is on Blackwell's id., in East 
r., about 7 ms. from the city. There are two 
large stone buildings, with cells for solitary 
confinement by night. The prisoners are em- 
ployed in quarrying building stone in the vicini- 
ty. The police of the institution is strict. The 
children receive instruction, and the morals, 
habits, and minds are improved under the ex- 
cellent system of the prison. The public school 
society, have 12 large brick school houses in 
different parts of the city, each of which con. 
tains 2, and some of them 3 large apartments. 
The public schools received in 1831, from the 
state, f 20,549 38, and from a city tax, ^15,661. 
The number of pupils instructed in 1830, was 
24,952. There are also the Protestant Episco- 
pal school, the mechanic's school, besides nu- 
merous private schools for both sexes. Colum- 
bia college is a venerable institution, founded 
in 1754 ; and is now possessed of an estate val- 
ued at 1)400,000. Its officers are a president, 
8 professors, and, in all, 16 instructors, in the 
various departments ; the number of students 
is about 100, and the college and students' li- 
braries contain about 14,00 ) vols. This col- 
lege and the grammar school connected with it 
enjoy a fine situation, near the centre of the 
city. In the latter are about 100 scholars. The 
New York University, recently chartered, has 
already commenced its operations. It is found- 



ed on the liberal system of the European uni- 
versities, and is one which promises much ben- 
efit to the cause of science and literature in our 
country. Its funds have been raised by the vol- 
untary subscriptions of individuals. It is gov- 
erned by a council of 32 members, chosen by 
the subscribers, together with the mayor and 4 
members of the common council of the city. 
It has a chancellor, besides whom there are 16 
professors, and teachers, in the several de- 
partments. Buildings are now erecting for the 
purposes of the institution, in the upper part of 
the city, and a considerable number of students 
have already been received. The number of 
literary, scientific, religious, benevolent, and 
other societies in the city of N. York, is al- 
most innumerable. The American Bible soci- 
ety buildings are very large and extensive. The 
receipts of the society, for the year ending 
May, 1832, were $107,059, of which $40,193 
were in payment for books. Number of Bibles 
and Testaments issued during the year, 115,802. 
The American Tract society have also a large 
building, and published during the same year, 
5,471,750 tracts, of 87,622,000 pages :— making 
the whole numoer of pages printed since the 
formation of the society, 288,281,000. Num- 
ber of pages distributed during the year, 
4,927,009. Whole number of societies' publica- 
tions, 614, in 10 different languages. The 
American home missionary society, received 
in 1831, $50,299 25; expended $52,808 39; 
supported 509 missionaries, and assisted 745 
congregations. The American education soci- 
ety, in the same year aided 673 young men, and 
received $41,947. Whole number of young 
men assisted since its formation in 1826, 1,426. 
The receipt of the American seaman's friend 
society, for the same year, amounted to $5,679. 
Among other benevolent societies, are the New 
York Sunday school union ; general Protestant 
Episcopal Sunday school union ; colonization 
society ; manumission society ; numerous tem- 
perance societies ; institution for the instruction 
of deaf and dumb ; do. for the blind ; orphan 
asylum ; Roman Catholic benevolent society ; 
marine society ; St, George's society ; St. An- 
drew's society ; friendly sons of St. Patrick so- 
ciety ; French benevolent society ; German so- 
ciety ; Humane society ; Education society of 
the Reformed Dutch church ; charity school of 
do. ; Sunday school union of do. ; societies for 
the relief of poor widows, of orphan children, 
of aged indigent females; asylum for the re- 
formation of juvenile delinquents, for the edu- 
cation of Jewish children, for the encourage- 
ment of faithful domestics ; besides numerous 
branch societies, &c. &c. Among the literary, 
scientific, mercantile and other societies, may 
be enumerated, the Ame"rican academy of fine 
arts, (Barclay st.) ; the National Academy of 
Design (Clinton Hall) ; Lyceum of Natural 
History; New York Historical Society; New 
York Society Library ; N. Y. Atheneum ; N. 
Y. Literary and Philosophical Society ; Mer- 
cantile Library Association ; Clinton Hall As- 
sociation; N. Y. Law Institute ; N. Y. Cham- 
ber of Commerce; American Institute, (for the 
encouragement of domestic industry, with an- 
nual fairs and exhibitions) ; N. Y. Chamber of 



NEW 



343 



NIA 



Trade; N. Y. Horticultural Society; N. Y. 
State Society of Cincinnati ; Merchants' Ex- 
change Co. ; N. Y. Society of Merchants and 
Tradesmen ; N. Y. University ; American Ly- 
ceum, &c. &.C. There is no city in the United 
States, perhaps none in the world, which pos- 
sesses greater advantages, both for internal and 
external commerce. From the 1st January to 
the 31st December, 1831, inclusive, there arri- 
ved at New York from foreign ports, 387 ships, 
42 barques, 757 brigs, 433 schoners, &c. &.c. 
in all 1,634, of which 1,264 were American, 278 
English, 8 Spanish, 14 Swedish, 17 German, 
25 French, 2 Haytien, 18 Danish, 1 Mexican, 2 
Brazillian, 1 Genoese, 1 Russian, and 3 Dutch. 
According to the report of the secretary of 
the treasury, during the year ending Sept. 30, 
1831, the amount of tonnage entered in the state 
vvas 333,778 ; amount departed, 265,915; value 
of imports $35,624,070 ; exports, domestic, 
^13,618,278; foreign, $6,079,705; total ex- 
ports $19,697,983. The amount of duties on 
imported merchandise, discharged at this port, 
$20,096,138 60. During the year ending Sept. 
30, 1832, the amount of imports was $52,855,- 
929 ; value of exports $10,941,488 ; amount of 
duties which accrued durmg that period, 
$17,123,174 70. The number of passengers 
which arrived from foreign ports within the 
same year, exceeded 40,000. But the internal 
commerce with the western states and the inte. 
rior of the state of N. Y. is a still greater 
source of v/ealth and prosperity to the city. 
The following estimate will show the relative 
values of real estate in the city of N. Y. during 
two commercial periods of seven years each ; 
and in some degree perhaps the comparative 
effects of external and internal commerce. In 
1817, the real estate of the city was assessed at 
$57,799,435. In 1824, it was assessed at 
$52,0)9,730; showing a decrease of .$5,779,70.3 
during a period of 7 years, in which foreign 
commerce was regulated by the tariff of 1816. 
In 1825, the Erie canal was completed ; and the 
real estate of the city was estimated for this 
year at $58,425,395 ; and in 1831, was assessed 
at ^95,716,485; showing an increase of $43,- 
706,755, during another period of 7 years, after 
the internal commerce with the western states 
had commenced. In 1831, the city inspections 
of flour, grain and salt, were as follows. Wheat 
flour 928,281 bbls. ; rye flour, 9,222 do. ; Indian 
meal, 31,950 do. ; buckwheat flour, 380 do. 
The amount of wheat inspected was, 465,559 
bushels ; rye 438,114 do. ; corn 1,028,674 ; oats 
1,067,693 ; barley 129,297 ; malt 37,018 ; and of 
salt 74,008. The whole amount of grain in. 
spected was 3,267,231 bushels ; value $2,305,- 
687 81. From New York there are lines of 
regular packet ships to Liverpool, London and 
Havre ; and packet brigs to Hull, Greenock, 
Belfast, Carthagena and Vera Cruz ; besides 
lines of packet vessels to almost every large port 
of the United States. There are (1832) 19 
banks in the city, whose capital amounts to 
$11,311,200, and which in Jan. 1832, had notes 
in circulation to the amount of 14,396,387 13 ; 
with specie on hand to the amount 1,207,363 65. 
There are also a branch of the United States 
bank, a savings bank, a seamen's savings bank, 



and 9 marine and fire insurance companies' 
The municipal tax for the year 1 832 is $550,000 ; 
averaging $2,20 cts. to every individual, old and 
young. The estimated revenue from other 
sources, is $159,009, and the estimated expen- 
diture $600,475. The amount appropriated by 
the city council for expenditures for the year 
commencing May 1, 1833, was $1,545,757. In 
1830, the number of voles for members of con- 
gress was 21,000; the proporiion of freeholders 
not known, as property is no longer the basis 
of representation. There were in July, 1832, 
in the city 11 daily newspapers, 9 semi, 
weekly, 29 weekly, of which several are reli- 
gious ; 2 Spanish and 1 French, 3 semi-monthly 
and 2 monthly. The number of sheets issued 
annually, is about 10,628,600. The consumption 
of fuel in 1831, was 297,606 loads of wood, 
at an aggregate cost of $493,085 86 ; 26,605 
tons of anthracite coal, 11,875 chaldrons Vir- 
ginia, 12,953 of charcoal, at a cost of $321,- 
642 34; total $814,728 20. A great amount 
of Liverpool coal consumed, is not included. 
The number of deaths in 1805, was 2,252 ; in 
1815, 2,507 ; in 1820, 3,520 ; in 1825, 5,018 ; 
and in 1830, 5,537. One sixth of these have 
been from consumption, and, except to those in- 
clined to consumptive disorders, the city gene, 
rally is very healthy. In 1831 the deaths were 
6,363, and in 1832 they amounted to 10,359, of 
which it is estimated 3,515 were by cholera. 
The number of churches in the city is upwards 
of 100, embracing some of almost every deno- 
mination of christians. The pop. of the city of 
New York increased very moderately during 
the earlier periods of its history. Among the 
earlier dates, we find that in 1696 it amounted 
to 4,302, and in 1786 it had only increased to 
23,6 14, a period of 80 years. Since that time 
its growth has been exceedingly rapid ; in four 
years afterwards, 1790, the population had in- 
creased to 33,131, and at subsequent periods it 
was as follows : in 1800, 60,489 ; in 1810, 96,. 
373; in 1820, 123,706; in 1825, 166,086, and 
in 1830, 202,589. 

New York, p.v. western part of Albemarle 
CO. Va. 18 ms. w. Charlotteville, and by p.r. 143 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

New York, p.v. Switzerland co. Indiana, by 
p.r. 1 [4 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Niagara, r. on the n. w. boundary of New 
York, and a part of the boundary of the U. S. 
36 ms. long, from ^ m. to 6 or 7 ms. wide, 
empties the waters of lake Erie into lake Onta- 
rio, has several isls., great rapids, and the 
cataract of the same name, which is the most 
remarkable in the world. The shores are low 
and nearly level from lake Erie to the falls, and 
but little inhabited, and Grand isl. 12 ms. in 
length, and 7 broad in the widest part, divides 
its channel a part of its course. Tonawanta 
and Chippewa crs. empty into the river, the lat- 
ter from the Canada side ; the former supplies 
Erie canal to Rochester, and serves as the first 
part of the route. The surface of Niagara river 
is smooth to the rapids, where it is broken by 
ledges of rocks, over a descending bed, for 
about three quarters of a mile, and then is pre- 
cipitated from a perpendicular wall of rock, 160 
ft. high on the American side, and 174 ft. on the 



NIA 



344 



NIS 



f^anailian side. The precipice near the middle 
of the cataract is much higher up the river than 
near the shores, and forms an irregular arch, 
or horse shoe, towards the west side. G6at 
island also occupies a part of the channel and 
divides the cataract into two unequal parts, 
but is connected with tlie American shore by a 
bridge. The Biddle siair case conducts the 
visiter in safety from Goat island to the rocks 
below ; and there are stair cases on the sides 
of the cataract, as well as spacious hotels. Se- 
veral persons have at different times been car- 
ried over the precipice, and none have ever sur- 
vived. Ducks have sometimes been picked 
up alive after the fall, with legs and wings 
broken. The waters are precipitated into a 
gulf, which is constantly kept in a state of 
commotion, and is covered with white foam, 
while the rocks overhang it from a great height 
on three sides, dripping with the moisture which 
rises in large clouds of mist. 

Niagara, co. N. Y., is bndd. by lake Onta- 
rio or Upper Canada n., Orleans and Genesee 
CO. E., Tonawanta cr. or Erie co. s., Niagara r. 
w., 16 ms. by 28, 448 sq. ms., has 7 ts., is cross, 
ed by the mountain ridge, between 7 and 9 
ms. from the lake, and nearly parallel to the 
shore. In its highest part this ridge is 330 ft. 
above the lake. The s. part is agreeably vari- 
ed. The soil is good. The alluvial way is an 
inferior elevation, 3 or 4 ms. n. of the mountain 
ridge, partly in this co. remarkably uniform, 
and serving for the route of a good road. Tus- 
carora and Eighteen Miles crs. are the princi- 
pal streams in the co., but small. The rapids in 
Niagara r. however, afford good mill sites. 
Erie canal enters from Orleans co., runs at the 
foot of a mountain ridge to Lockport, where it 
surmounts that obstacle by one of the most ex- 
pensive and splendid works on its whole route. 
The excavations are great, for the deep cut and 
the basin ; and the vast water power is of great 
value. Since the formation of the canal. Lock- 
port has been formed from a wilderness to a 
considerable village. From this place the ca- 
nal passes to Tonawanta cr., on the s. line of 
the county. The falls of Niagara are in this co. 
and the portage of 8 ms. round them. Welland 
canal, (on the Canada side) has been construct- 
ed to efiect a navigation round the falls. In 
1796, there was but one family in the limits of 
this CO. The settlers were from different parts 
of the country, some from Canada. Lockport 
is the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 22,990 ; 1830, 18,482. 
Niagara, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 300 ms. w. 
Albany, lis. w. Lockport, 11 n. e. Lewiston, 
at the falls of Niagara, has a varied and agree, 
able surface, sloping towards the r. with a light 
soil, in some parts good. Manchester v. is at 
the rapids, near the falls, 7 ms. from Lewiston, 
It is small, but has a large hotel for visiters, 
who annually appear in great numbers, to see 
this noblest cataract in the world. Several mills 
are moved by the water at the rapids. A 
bridge reaches to Goat isl. a little above the 
precipice, and a covered spiral staircase con- 
ducts to the foot of the falls on the main land 
from both ; the views of the falls are various 
and interesting. Gypsum is found in the rocks. 
Fort Schlosser, a stockade, built after the old 



French war, stood at the mouth of Gill cr. on 
Niagara r. 1^ ms. above the falls. It was sur- 
rendered to the United States 1796. Pendleton 
village is in the s. e. part of this t. Pop. 1,401. 
Niagara, v. Porter, Niagara co. N. Y., 7 ms. 
N. Lewiston, at the mouth of Niagara r. on the 
shore of lake Ontario. Fort Niagara is on this 
site. 

Nicholas, co. of Va., bndd. by Pocahontas e.. 
Green Brier s. e. and s., Gauley r. separating it 
from Fayette s. w., Kenhawa co. w., Lewis n., 
and Randolph n. e. Length 50 ms., mean width 
25, and area 1,250 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 38° 4' to 38° 43', and in long, from 3° 18' 
to 4° 12' w. W. C. The declivity is a little s. 
of w., drained by Gauley r. on the sthrn., and 
Elk r. on the nrthrn. side. Pop. 1820, 1,853 ; 
1830, 3,349. 

Nicholas, c. h. and p-v. Nicholas co. Va., 310 
ms. wstrd. W. C, and 268 n. w. by w. Rich- 
mond, lat. 38° 18', long. 3° 48' w. W. C. 

Nicholas, co. of Ky., bndd. s. w. by Bour- 
bon, w. and N. w. by Harrison, n. by Bracken, 
N. e. by Mason, e. by Fleming, and s. e. by Bath. 
Length 30, mean width 12, and area 3G0 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 12' to 38° 33', 
and in long, from 6° 47' to 7° 10 w. W. C. The 
main volume of Licking r. crosses this co. in a 
nrthwstrly. direction, following the general de- 
clivity. Chief t. Carlisle. Pop. 1820, 7,973 ; 
1830, 8,832. 

Nicholasville, p-v. and st. jus., Jessamine 
CO. Ky., 3l) ms. s. e. Frankfort, and 14 s. s. w. 
Lexington. Lat. 37° 52', long. 7° 33' w. W. C. 
Pop. 408. 

Nichols, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y., 10 ms. w. 
Owego, on the s. side Susquehanna r. Pop. 
1,284. 

Nicholson, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Luzerne 
CO. Pa., 32 ms. above Wilkesbarre, and by p-r. 
146 ms. above Harrisburg. 

Nicholson, p-o. Copiah co. Misp., about 60 
ms. a little n. of e. Natchez, and 70 ms. s. s. w. 
Jackson. 

Nicksville, p-v. Lovely co. Ark. 
NiLEs, P-V. sthestrn. part Berrien co. Mich., 
by p-r. 179 ms. s. w. by w. ^ w. Detroit. Lat. 
41° 51', long. 9° 18' w. W. C. As laid down by 
Tanner on his improved U. S. map, it is situa- 
ted on St. Joseph's r., 5 ms. n. of the boundary 
between Ind. and Mich. 

NiMisiLA, p-v. Stark CO. O., byp-r. 117 ms. n. 
E. by E. Columbus. 

Nine mile cr., and p-o. Blount co. Ten., by 
p-r. 155 ms. a little s. of e. Nashville. 

Nine mile prairie, p-o. Perry co. 111., by p-r, 
127 ms. sthrd. Vandalia. 

Nineveh, p-v. n. part Frederick co. Va., by 
p-r. 81 ms. N, w by w, W, C, 

Nippenose, p-o, sthrn. part Lycoming co. Pa,, 
by p-r, 104 ms. w. Harrisburg. 

NiSHNEBATONA, r. conflueut of Mo, r, rises at 
about lat, 42°, flowing thence by a general 
course of a little w. of s., inclining upon that 
part of Mo. immediately above and below the 
mouth of Platte r., and inflecting with the for- 
mer, finally falls into it a short distance below 
the influx of little Nemawhaw. The valley of 
Nishnebatona lies between those of Mo. and 
Naudoway. 



NOR 



345 



NOR 



NisKAYUNA, t. Schenectady co. N. Y., 12 ms. 
N. w. Albany, s. w. Mohawk r., n. Albany co., 
E. Schenectady, is small, with much poor sandy 
land but some good on the r. The people are 
of Dutch origm. Alexander's bridge crosses 
Mol'.asvk r. in the ^. e. corner, where are mills, 
a dam, and the upper aqueduct, 748 ft. long, 
and 2^ high, on which passes the Erie canal ; 
near it are 3 locks of 7 ft. lift. Pop. 452. 

NisKAYUNA, Shaker v. Schenectady co. N. Y. 
(See WaiervUet.) 

NiTTANY, p-v. nrthwstrn. part Centre Co. Pa. 
If) ms. N. w. Bellefonte, and by p-r. 101 ms. n. 
w. flarrisburg. 

Nixon's p-o. Randolph co. N. C. by p.r. 94 
ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Noah's Fork and p-o. nthwstrn. part Bedford 
CO. Ten. 60 ms. s. e. Nashville. 

Nobleborough, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 16 ms. e. 
N. E. Wiscasset, e. Damariscotta r. Carries on 
a considerable trade. Pop. 1,876. 

NoBLESBORo' or NoBLESTowN, p-v. on Robe- 
son's run, in the sthwstrn. part Alleghany co. Pa. 
11 ms. s. w. by w. Pittsburg. 

NoBLESTOwN, p.v. Alleghany co. Pa. by p-r. 
212 ms. w. Harrisburg, and 12 ms. s. w. Pitts- 
burg. 

NoBLESviLLE, p.v. and st. jus. Hamilton co. 
Ind. by p-r. 22 ms. n. n. e. Indianopolis. Lat. 
40° 03', long. 9° w. W. C. 

NoT.ACHUcKY, r. of N. C. and Ten., has its 
remote sources in the western slope of the 
Blue Ridge, and northern part of Buncombe co. 
opposite the sources of Catawba, and between 
those of French Broad and Watauga rivers ; 
draining the nrthrn. part of Buncombe, and 
flowing by a general n. w. course, traverses the 
mtn. pass between the Bald and Iron mtns., 
enters Ten., where, passing over Washington 
and Greene cos. joins French Broad. {See 
Ten. r.) 

NoLACHUCKY, p-v. on Nolachucky r. sthrn. 
part Greene co. Ten. by p-r. 286 ms. e. Nash- 
ville. 

Noland's ferry and p-o. Loudon co. V. by 
p-r. 43 ms. a little above and n. w. from W. C. 
The p-o. is nearly opposite, though rather above 
the mouth of Monocacy r. 

NoLENsviLLE, p-v. nrthrn. part Williamson co. 
Ten. 16 ms. a little e. of s. Nashville. 

No-man's-land, isl. Dukes co. Mass. s. of the 
s. w. end of Martha's Vineyard. It is small, 
and lies in long. 6° 15' e. W. C, lat. 41° 15'. 

Norfolk, co. Mass. bndd. n. by Middlesex 
CO., N. E. and e. by Mass. bay and Plymouth co., 
s. E. and s. by Plymouth and Bristol cos., s. w. 
by Rhode Island, and w. by Worcester and 
Middlesex cos. It is principally watered by 
Neponset and Charles rs., and their tributaries, 
and contains 22 towns, of which Dedham is the 
capital. The two streams mentioned are sin- 
gularly connected by Mother brook, which thus 
renders a part of the co. an island. The wa- 
ters of Stony brook are almost on a level with 
it. Blue hills on the n. are of a considerable 
elevation, but the surface is not very uneven. 
The N. part has many fine country seats, belong- 
ing chiefly to the citizens of Boston ; and its vici- 
nity to the city affords a valuable market to the 
farmers of the eo., in which some of the moat 



beautiful farms and rural scenes in the state 
are foimd. That part contiguous to Boston 
was occupied in the revolutionary war, and du- 
ring the siege of that place, by the American 
troops; and remains of military works are still 
to be found. It is crossed by the great route 
from Boston to Providence, and a rail road 
which is projected between the two places 
will, doubtless, greatly increase the already 
great amount of travel and transportation 
through the co. The amount of manufactures 
in this CO. is considerable. Its surface is tren- 
erally diluvial, with rocks of sienite granite, or 
graywacke. The uplands are rounded gravel 
from the interior, sand and clay mingled, and 
the vallies marshy with peat. Large masses of 
rock lie on the surface, for 10 ms. s. of Blue 
hills, s. E. of the ledges from which they have 
been torn ; but the sienite and green stone 
ledges are most remote. Diluvial gravel lies 
upon the slope from Blue hills to Neponset r. 
The Quincy rail road, the first constructed in 
the U. S. is in the e. part of this co. Pop 1820 
36,471, 1830, 41,972. 

NoRFOLtc, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 35 ms. n. 
w. Hartford, s. Mass. line ; 4i ms. by 9 ; 44 sq. 
ms. ; is on high ground, crossed by trranite 
ridges from n. e. The soil is cold, but the gra- 
zing good ; and the trees chiefly oak and ches- 
nut, with some maple. 2U,000 lbs. of maple 
sugar were once made here annudUy. Black- 
berry, Mad, Sandy and other rs., supply water 
and mill sites. Much iron is manufactured here. 
Pop. 1,485. 

Norfolk, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 32 ms. 
N. e. Ogdensburgh, 224 from Albany. Watered 
by Racket r. at tiie falls of which is a v., at the 
head of boat navigation. Pop. 1,039. 

Norfolk, co. Va. bndd. by Nansemond w., 
Hampton Roads and Lynhaven bay n.. Princess 
Anne co. e., and Currituck and Camden cos. N. 
C. s. Length from s. to n. 32, mean width 17 
ms., and area 544 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 36p to 36° 59', and in long, from 0° 33' 
to 1° 2' e. W. C. This co. is composed of two 
inclined planes of very little declivity. The 
nrthrn. section is drained by the confluents of 
Elizabeth r. (See Elizabeth r.) The south- 
ern part includes great part of the Dismal 
Swamp and lake Drummond, and drained sth- 
wrdly. into Pasquotank r. (See Dismal Swamp 
canal.) Cf. t. Norfolk. Pop. 1820, 15 478 
1830, 24,814. 

Norfolk, borough, and port of entry, Nor- 
folk CO. Va. situated on the right bank of Eliza- 
beth r., 8 ms. above Hampton Roads. Lat 36° 
52', long. 0° 44' e. W. C. By p-r. 217 ms. s. 
s. E. W. C, and 114 s. e. by e. Richmond. Nor- 
folk harbor admits vessels of 18 feet draught, 
and renders the borough the most commercial 
depot of Va. The harbor is safe, and very 
commodious, being nearly 1 mile in width ; 
and is strongly defended by a fortress on 
Craney island, and forts Norfolk and Nel- 
son in the immediate vicinity of the town. 
The Dismal Swamp canal opens to Norfolk, 
the commerce of the great basins of Roanoke 
and Chowan ; and in consequence, some of the 
finest sections of Va. and N. C. The site of 
Norfolk, similar to the surface of the adjacent 



NOR 



345 



NOR 



lountry, is low, level, and in part marshy: the 
streets are irregular, and are generally paved. 
Among the public buildings of the borough are 
3 banks, including a branch of the U. S. bank ; 

6 churches, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopalian, 2 
Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catholic ; 
an orphan asylum, atheneum, theatre, court 
liouse, jail, market house, Lancasterian school, 
academy, &c. &c. A mile distant, on Wash- 
ington point is a marine hospital, a handsome 
building of brick ; and in the immediate vicini- 
ty of the town is Portsmouth, and Gosport 
where there is an extensive navy yard of the U. 
S. During the late war, and for a time after- 
vi^ards, the business and population of Norfolk 
declined considerably ; but recently, both have 
been moderately advancing. It contained in 

1310. 182-I. 1830. 
Whites, 4,776 4,618 5,131 

Free colored, 592 599 928 

yiaves, 3,825 3,261 3,757 

Total, 9,193 8,478 9,816 

NojiRiSTowN, p-v. borough and st. jus. Mont- 
gomery CO. Pa. situated on the left bank of 
Hchuylkill r,, 16 ms. above and n. w. Phil, and 
by p-r. 143 ms. n. e. W. C. Lat. 40° 08', long. 
1° 42' E. W. C The site of Norristown and 
the adjacent country are deligliti'ul. It contains 
an academ}', some places of public worship, 
and the co. edifices. Pop. 1820, 827. 

Norman's kill, brook, Bethlehem, Albany co. 
N. Y. enters Hudson r. 2^ ms. s. Albany, 28 
ms. long, supplies large mills. 

NoRRIDGEWOCK, p-t. St. jUS. Somers&t CO. 

Me. 35 ms. w. by n. Hallowell, 94 n. n. e. Port- 
land, 28 from Augusta, has a court house, 
jail, &c. and has considerable trade. Pop. 
1,710. 

NoRRisviLLE, p-0. Wilcox CO. Ala. by p-r. 
127 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

North Adams, v. Adams, Berkshire co. 
Mass. 15 ms. n. Pittsfield, 40 e. Albany, 5 e. 
Williams college, is a flourishing manut'actur. 
ing place. There are, in and about the village, 
12 cotton and woollen factories, (about 24 in the 
town,) 2 calico print works, 3 furnaces, and 
several extensive establishments for making 
cotton and woollen machinery, &c. 

North Hamfton, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 

7 ms. s. Portsmouth, 50 from Concord, w. At- 
lantic ocean, has 8,465 acres, 2 small streams, 
and Little Boar's Head point. Garrison hous- 
es were built early, to protect the people against 
the Indians. Pop. 766. 

Northampton, p-t. st. jus. Hampshire co. 
Mass. 95 ms. w. I3oston, 42 n. Hartford, 18 n. 
Springfield. It is one of the oldest and pleas- 
antest towns in that part of the state. It lies w. 
Conn. r. with a varied surface, good soil, and 
between 3,000 and 4,000 acres of excellent 
meadows. The Hampshire and Hampden ca- 
nal, partly completed, and connected with the 
Farmington canal in Conn, is to join the Conn. 
r. here. It contains 4 churches, for Calvinists, 
Baptists, Episcopalians, and Unitarians. A 
court house, jail, town house, bank, a fine ho- 
tel, &c. in the village, which is large, and was 
in past days, the residence of president Ed- 
wards, David Brainard, Gov. Strong, and other 



distinguished men. First settled in 1664, and 
for many years the village was surroimded 
with a palisade. It was attacked and threat- 
ened at different times by Indians. A great 
deal of manufacturing is carried on here, 700 
men being engaged in cotton and woollen fac- 
tories ; a woollen factory 4^ ms. w. of the vil- 
lage, on a fall of 50 feet, works 1,384 spindles, 
35 broadcloth and 8 satinet looms, and employs 
110 persons, consuming 150,000 lbs. of wool, 
and making 42,000 yards of broadcloth, and 
36,000 of satinet. A button manufactory em- 
ploys 30 persons. There are in the town, 
dwelling houses, 417 ; stores and shops, 69 ; 
barns, 302; mills of various kinds, 26; of til- 
lage, 2,635 ; bushels of rye raised, 6,257 ; oats, 
5,050 ; Indian corn, 31,000 ; acres of mowing, 
2,148; tons of hay, 2,394; acres of pasture, 
4,060; bbls. cider, 2,150; acres of woodland, 
4,414; horses, 334; oxen, 174; steers and 
cows, 866; sheep, 4,000; woollen factories, 
3; spindles, 1,152 ; carriages and chaises, 
3,525. Mount Plolyoke, a fine eminence on 
the oppposite bank of the river, is a favorite re- 
sort and commands one of the most beautiful 
views in this part of the U. S. The shad fishe- 
ry is valuable, and steam navigation is to be 
extended hither by the boats from Hartford. 
In 1786, during Shay's rebellion, a body of in- 
surgents were dispersed here by the sheriff. 
Pop. 3,613. 

Northampton, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 
17 ms. N. E. .iohnstown, 42 ms. n. n. w. Alba, 
ny, 22 n. w. Ballstown Spa, w. Saratoga co., 4 
ms. by 8, is crossed by Sacandaga r. and has 3 
small mill streams, and good level land, but 
1,000 acres of the great vlie or swamp. At the 
fish house where Sir Vv'^illiam Johnson some- 
times resided is a small village. Population 
1,380. 

Northampton, t. Burlington co. N. J., 7 ms. 
s. E. Burlington, s. North branch of Rankokus 
cr., w. Monmouth co. Pop. 5,516; it in- 
cludes the v. of Mount Holley, the st. jus. of 
the CO. 

Northampton, co. Pa., bndd. by Bucks co. s., 
Lehigh s. w., Schuylkill w., Luzerne n. w., 
Pike N., and Del. separating it from Warren co. 
N. J. E. Length diagonally from the extreme 
southern angle on Bucks, to the extreme north- 
ern on Luzerne, 46 ms. ; the greatest width 
wstrd. from Del. r. to the wstrn. angle on Schuyl- 
kill and Luzerne, is very near equal to the 
length. The area being within a trifle of 1,100 
sq. ms. The mean breadth is very nearly 24 
ms., extending in lat. from 40^ 33' to 41° 10', 
and in long from 0° 50' to 1° 52' e. W. C. 
Though the Lehigh river does not rise en- 
tirely in Northampton co., having its higher 
branches in Pike and Luzerne, yet the co. and 
valley of this branch of Del. are in great part 
commensurate, and the general slope sthward- 
ly. The surface is, however, greatly diversifi- 
ed, both as to mtn., hill, and dale, and in rela- 
tive level, independent of mtns. and hills. The 
Kittatinny mts. ranging something e. of s. w., 
divide this co. into two unequal sections ; about 
one third lying below, or s. of the Kittatinny, 
and the residue above, or nthrd. from that 
chain. The Lehigh r. deriving its numerous 



NOR 



347 



NOR 



sources from the very mountainous region above 
the Kittatinny, pierces that and numerous other 
chains at nearly right angles ; reaches the nth- 
wstrn. foot of Blue Ridge at Allentown, and 
turning thence to n. e., traverses the mtn. foot to 
its influx into Del. at Easton. The lower sec- 
tion of Northampton, though comprising only 
one third of the whole surface of the co., con- 
tained in 1820, 22,030, out of 31,765 inhabitants. 
The valley between the Blue Ridge and Kitta- 
tinny chains, averages in Northampton a width 
of about 10 ms. ; the sthrn. part towards the 
Blue Ridge resting on limestone, and the oppo- 
site on clay slate. The two extreme southern 
tsps. below the Blue Ridge, lie also partially on 
limestone. The whole of this sthrn. and lower 
section has a mean elevation above tide water, 
of from 250 to 350 ft. The soil is excellent for 
grain, pasturage, meadow grasses, and orchard 
fruits. Without regard to the mtns., the vallies 
above Kittatinny rise like terraces, from 600 to 
upwards of 1,200 ft. above tide level. It is ob- 
served that in the seasons of spring, harvest, &c., 
there are two weeks or more between the ex- 
tremes of this CO., and relative height at once 
explains the phenomenon. But the greatest 
diiference and most important to the farmer in 
the respective sections of Northampton, is in 
quality of soil, which deteriorates gradually, 
receding to the nrthwstrd. from the Blue Ridge. 
(See articles, Lehigh, Mauch Chunk, ^c.) The 
Lehigh navigation, and a canal from Easton 
along Del. r. to Bristol, with the enormous 
masses of anthracite coal near Mauch Chunk, 
have given great importance to the sthrn. part 
of Northampton. The produce of its fields and 
pastures are also abundant and valuable, and 
rapidly augmenting in annual amount. Cf. ts. 
Easton, Bethlehem, Mauch Chunk, Hellers, 
town, and Stroudsburg. Pop. 1820, 31,765, 
1830, 39,267, an increase of 24 per cent. 

JNoRTHAMPTON, or Alicntown, p-v,, borough 
and St. just., Lehigh co., Pa., situated on the 
point above the junction of the two main branch- 
es of Little Lehigh, and about a mile from the 
main Lehigh r,., 6 ms. s. w. by w. Bethlehem, 
and 18 in nearly a similar direction from Eas- 
ton, 50 ms. a little w of n. Phil., and by p-r. 178 
ms. N. N. E. W. C, lat. 40° 36', long. 1° 30' e. 
W. C. It^is a very pleasant small town, stand- 
ing on a swelling hill, surrounded by a fine 
well cultivated country, and contains a bank, 
printing office, numerous dry good stores, and 
in the vicinity several merchant mills. 

Northampton, co. Va., and the sthrn. of the 
eastern shore, bndd. n. by Accomac co. Va., e. 
by the Atlantic, and s. and w. by Chesapeake 
bay. Length from s. to n. 32, mean width, if 
the Atlantic islands are included, 10 ms. ; area, 
320 sq. ms., extending in lat. from. 37° O5'to 37° 
33', long, from 1° to 1° 28' e. W. C. The sur- 
face of this CO. is but little broken by hill and 
dale, but the margin is excessively indented by 
small creeks, and covered on the Atlantic side 
by Paramores, Hog, Prout's, Smith's, and Fish- 
erman's islands, proceeding southwardly to Cape 
Charles. Cf. t. Eastville. Pop. 1820, 7,705, 
1830, 8,644. 

Northampton, co. N. C, bndd. n. e. in part 
by Meherin r., separating it from Gates co., by. 



Hertford e., Bertie s. e., Roanoke r. separating 
it from Halifax s. w., Brunswick co. Va. n. w., 
Greenville co. Va. n., and Southampton co. Va. 
N. E. ; length from s. e. to n. w. 42 ms. ; mean 
width 13, and area 546 eq. ms. ; extending in lat. 
from 36° 09' to 36° 30', long, from 0° 08' to 0° 
56' w. W. C. Though bndd. on one of the long- 
est sides by Roanoke r., the general declivity is 
estrd. toward Meherin and Chowan rs. Much 
good soil. Pop. 1820, 13,242, 1830, 13,103. 

Northampton, c. h. and p-o. Northampton co. 
N. C, 70 ms. s. w. Norfolk, Va., and by p.r. 95 
N. E. Raleigh. Lat. 30° 24', long. 0° 27' w. 
W. C. 

NoaTHAMPTON, p-v., Portage co. 0., by p-r. 
126 ms. N. E. Columbia. Pop. tsp. 293. 

North Bloomfield, p-v. Trumbull co. O., by 
p-r. 173 ms. \. e. Columbus. 

NoRTHBOROUGH, p-t., Worccster CO. Mass., 11 
ms. E. Worcester, 36 w. Boston, in a valley ; 
has excellent land. Assabet r. has good mea- 
dows and mill seats ; cotton, shoes, scythes, 
leather, &c. are manufactured here. It for- 
merly belonged to Marlboro', and suffered from 
the Indians. A house in this t. was defended 
against 24 Indians by a man and woman in 1704. 
Pop. 992. 

NoRTHBRiDGE, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 12 
ms. s. E. Worcester, 45 s. w. Boston, is crossed 
by Blackstone r. and canal, and has large mea- 
dows with uneven uplands, yielding good grass, 
&c. Here are granite quarries, and several 
cotton and woollen factories. Pop. 1,053. 

North Bridgewater, p-t. Plymouth co.Mass., 
20 ms. s. Boston. It was incorporated 1821, is 
well watered, generally level, soil various and 
some of it excellent. There is a cotton factory 
here, and shoes are made for foreign markets. 
Settled about 1700. Pop. 1,953. 

North Brookfield, t. Worcester co. Mass., 
68 ms. w. Boston, has good soil, excellent farms, 
and some factories. Pop. 1,241. 

North Brunswick, t. Middlesex co. N. J. on 
the Raritan and South rs. ; it includes the city 
of New Brunswick. Pop. 5,274. 

North Carolina, state of the U. S., bndd. by 
S. Carolina s., Georgia s. w.. Ten. w., Va. n., 
and by the Atlantic e. and s. e., having out- 
lines on ms, 

S. C. from the Atlantic to Chatuga r., 300 

Along the nthrn. boundary of Geo., 58 

Along estrn. border of Tenn., 185 

Along sthrn. boundary of Va., 330 

Along Atlantic, 32q 

Having an entire outline of 1,193 

Greatest length from the wstrn. extreme to 
Cape Hatteras, within a very trifling fraction of 
500 ms. ; area 51,000 sq. ms., as carefully 
measured by the rhombs, will give a mean 
breadth of 100. The greatest breadth is, how- 
ever, 185 ms. from the extreme sthrn. angle at 
Little r. inlet, to the sthrn. border of Va. In' 
lat. it extends from 33° 50' to 36° 33', and in 
long, from 1° 36' e. to 7° 12' w. W. C. In di- 
versity of surface, soil and climate, N. C. pre- 
sents very wide extremes, falling in either re- 
spect, little if any thing below Geo„ Though 
extending lengthwise from e. to w., the relative 
height decreases the elevation of temperature 



NOR 



348 



NOR 



advancing from the ocean wstrd. The state 
similar to S. C. and Geo., is naturally divided 
into 3 zones ; the distinction between the physi- 
cal sections are far more strongly marked in 
the former, than in the two latter states. The 
sea sand alluvial tract of N. C, is from s. w. to 
N. E., 260 ms. in length, with a mean breadth 
inland of about 90 ms., but varying in width 
from 80 to 100 ms. The estrn. part is deeply 
indented by shallow, though wide sounds, of 
which the principal are Pamlico and Albemarle. 
The sthwstrn. part presents a coast directly the 
reverse ; it is a long inflected line, with a re- 
markable deficiency of inlets. The entire coast 
of N. C, indeed, with a distance of 320 ms., is 
the most defective part of that of the Atlantic 
border of the U. S. in those valuable commer- 
cial entrances. The rivers Chowan and Roan- 
oke rising in Va., and Tar, Neuse, and Cape 
Fear rivers rising in the state itself, issue from 
the interior section, and reach the sounds of the 
sea sand region in a s. e. direction, and their 
channels are the only furrows which materially 
break the monotony of the great plain of 23,000 
sq. ms. There are slight exceptions, but dead 
uniformity of surface, is the general character 
of the ocean section of N. C. Without any very 
abrupt marks of distinction between them, the 
sea sand is followed by the hilly or middle sec- 
tion. Much that might be said on this subject 
has been anticipated under the art. Geo. ; we 
may here, however, observe that the hilly tract 
of N. C. comprises 14,000 sq. ms., with a slope 
to the s. E., and traversed at the extremes by 
Roanoke, Yadkin and Catawba rs., and in the 
centre gives source to the numerous tributaries 
of Tar, Neuse and Cape Fear rs. The Blue 
Ridge, on most maps very erroneously is made 
to represent the outer chain of the Appalachian 
system in N. C, as in the contiguous states ; 
but so far is this geography from being cor- 
rect, there are two chains outside or between 
the Blue Ridge and the ocean, nor is in fact 
the Blue Ridge correctly dravm over N. C. 
The COS. of Person, Orange, Chatham, Moore 
and Richmond, are in general terms the wstrn. 
sections of the middle region ; whilst Caswell, 
Guilford, Randolph, Davidson, Montgomery and 
Anson, commence the mtn. tract. Some slight 
resemblance marks the two contiguous estrn. 
sections of N. C, but no contrast can be much 
greater than exists between the extreme regions 
of sea sand, and the bold, swelling, and delight- 
ful mtn. or wstrn. section. Towards the ocean 
the eye meets no relief, and fresh water is in 
many places rare ; the rivers and sounds are 
stagnant, or drag their sluggish streams along 
their oozy beds ; and the surface to large ex- 
tents marshy and uncultivable, lie unadorned 
and useless wastes ; but ascend the rs., tra- 
verse the hills, and the outer humble but dis- 
tinct Appalachian chain, and a country opens, 
to which the boasted peninsulas of Asia Minor, 
Greece, Italy or Spain, can offer no spot supe. 
rior in all that can render the face of the earth 
a happy residence to man. The streams are 
the pure productions of living fountains ; the 
soil, if not exuberantly fertile, is sufficiently 
productive to reward, and with the elastic air 
over its surface, richly reward human labor. 



If we reject the mtn. chains, there still remains 
a difference of level of at least 1 ,800 ft. between 
the cos. along the ocean border, and that of 
Ashe, and Buncombe, on the wstrn. extreme 
between the Blue Ridge and Iron chains. The 
actual difference of lat. a little exceeds 2^ de- 
grees, and the diff'erence of level is fully equal 
to 4 degrees, making an actual difli"erence of 6^ 
degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer as the 
mean and extreme temperature. The winters 
of Upper N. C. are perhaps not as long, perhaps 
something less severe, but on the mtn. sec- 
tions of not only N. C, but of S. C. and Geo. 
also, the inhabitants have with the more nrthrn. 
states a share, and not a slight share of the 
rigors of frost, snow, and cold rainy weather in 
winter. Agricultu.e. — The natural vegetables 
afford often good guides to the estimate of cli- 
mate suitable to exotics. In the whole three 
sections of N. C. spread immense forests of 
terebinthine trees, and there may be said to 
commence, advancing from the north, those 
vast collections of pines, amongst, which the 
traveller may pursue his way for days without 
meeting, except a few scattering stems, any 
other tree but pine. This forest tree evinces 
thinness, if not sterility of soil, but is gen- 
erally attended with good fountain water. 
Though, however, it is the most common, 
pine gives place, or is intermixed with nearly 
every forest tree known in the middle states 
of the U. S., and the live oak, quercus semper, 
vivens, a tree ceasing in La. below n. lat. 30° 
30', is found on Cape Fear r., N. C, as 
high as 34" 20', showing a difference of tem- 
perature between the Atlantic coast and Mis- 
sissippi valley, of nearly 4 degrees. A sim- 
ilar relative location is found to distinguish 
the dwarf palms. From these criteria, we 
may decide that on the sea sand alluvion of N. 
C, cotton may be cultivated with success, as in 
the valley of the Mississippi cotton flourishes 5 
or 6 degrees of lat. above the live oak or the 
dwarf palm, and sugar cane is cultivated near- 
ly as far northward as these trees are found. 
Ascending to the interior and elevated table 
land, small grain, meadow grasses, and the ap- 
ple, follow the cotton. Potatoes succeed well 
over the state, as do a vast abundance of escu- 
lent roots and fruits. Indian corn is the staple 
grain. The fig tree yields its abundant sac- 
charine fruit on the lower section, and the peach 
over the state gives its tribute to the hand of 
the cultivator. In fine, N. C. is not a state of 
more than medium general fertility, but it is a 
state of abundant product, where labor is prop- 
erly applied. Minerals. — Iron ore abounds, 
but few attempts have yet been made to reduce 
it to the metallic state. Much of that metal is 
manufactured, it is true, but immensely more 
might be produced. The gold mines of the 
state, which are found in the vicinity of the 
Yadkin and its branches, have excited much 
interest, and their annual produce is increasing. 
In a district which comprises about 1,000 sq. 
ms., it is found sometimes in considerable 
quantities, mixed with the soil in minute parti- 
cles ; and lumps of 1 or 2 pounds weight have 
been found. 
Rivers, Commerce, Towns, ^c. — With a very 



NOR 



34a 



JNOI 



unfavorable aea-coast, the connoctioa of N. C. 
with Europe, or the other states of the U. S. 
is much below the relative proportion of area or 
population ; but again, a considerable fraction 
of the commerce of Va. and of S. C, originates 
in this state. The whole western sections of 
the state discharge their rivers either south- 
ward into S. C, northward into Va., or west- 
ward into Ten. One great branch of Roanoke, 
Dan r., flows from N. C. into Va., returning its 
waters, however, by the Roanoke. Catawba 
and Yadkin rs., rising in the fine vallies of 
western or rather central N. C, become navi- 
gable streams, and bending their courses south- 
ward carry their volumes and their burthens 
into S. C. The whole margin of the state be- 
yond Blue Ridge, is drained by She numerous 
confluents of Ten. r., and has a slope to the n. 
w. Other rivers are the Chowan, Neuse, Pam- 
lico, and Cape Fear. The latter affords a navi- 
gable communication for vessels of 300 tons to 
Wilmington, and above that place for steam 
boats, to Fayetteville. This is the best naviga- 
ble stream in the state ; some other rivers of 
the state are large, but their mouths are blocka- 
ded by immense bars of sand. The commerce 
of North Carolina as we have remarked, is not 
extensive ; a system of improvements however 
is in rapid progress, which have immediate 
reference to removing the obstructions in some 
of the rivers, the construction of roads and ca. 
nals. &c. &c. Many partial canals, side cuts, 
locks, and drains have been already made, 
tending to ameliorate some of the difficulties of 
communication hitherto experienced. The 
amount of tonnage entered in North Carolina 
during the year ending September 30, 1830, was 
29,527; departed 38,364. The amount of ex- 
ports during the same period was, domestic 
produce S398,550 ; foreign, $5^783 ; total, .'^399,- 
333. Value of imports $221,992. There are 
no large towns in the state ; the principal of 
these are Raleigh, the seat of government ; 
Wilmington, Fayetteville, Newbern, Edenton, 
Halifax, Salisbury, Hillsborough, Tarborough 
and Washington. 

Population. — The population of North Caro- 
lina at several periods follows, with that of the 
counties in 1830. In 1790, it contained 393,- 
950 inhabitants ; in 1800, 478,103 ; in 1810, 
555,500 ; in 1820, G38,829 ; and in 1830, 738,- 
470. 



Counties. 

AsJie, 

Anson, 

Burke, 

Buncombe, 

Brunswick, 

Bertie, 

Bean tort, 

Bladen, 

Craven, 

Cabarras, 

Currituck, 

Caswell, 

Chowan, 

Cmuden, 

(Jliatiiaui, 

Columbus, 

Cnmberland, 

Carteret, 

Duplin, 

Davidson, 

Edgecombe, 

Franklin, 



Pop. 1S30. 

G,9S7 
14,095 
17,888 
16,281 

6,516 
12,262 
10,969 

7,811 
13,731 

8,810 

7,655 
15,185 

6,697 

6,733 
15,405 

4,141 
14,834 

6,597 
11,291 
13,389 
14,935 
10,665 



Counties. 

Granville, 

Gates, 

Guilford, 

Greene, 

Hyde, 

Halifax, 

Haywood, 

Hertford, 

IredeJl, 

Johnston, 

Jones, 

Lincoln, 

Lenoir, 

Mecklenburg, 

Martin, 

Moore, 

Macon, 

Montgomery, 

Northampton, 

New Hanover, 

Nash, 

Onslow, 



Pop. 1830. 

19,355 
7,866 

18,737 
6,413 
6,184 

17,739 
4,578 
8,537 

14,918 

10,938 
5,608 

22,455 
7,723 

20,073 
8,539 
7,745 
5,333 

10,919 

13,391 

10,959 
8,490 
7,814 
45 



Counties. Pop. 1830. 


Cov 


lltlCf. 


Pop. 1S30. 


Orange, 23,'.)08 


Ra 


idulph, 


12,406 


Person, 10,027 


Sui 


ry, 


14,504 


Pitt, 12,093 


Snnipsoa, 


J 1,634 


Perquimons, 7,419 


Sto 


ses. 


16,196 


Pasquotank, 8,641 


Tv 


reil, 


4,732 


Richmond, 9,396 


VVilkes, 


11,963 


Robeson, 9,433 


Wake, 


20,398 


Rockingham, 12,935 


VV; 


lync. 


10,331 


Rowan, 20,-;S6 


Wasihiiigton, 


4,553 


Rutherford, 17,.557 


Warren, 


11,877 


or which were white persons, 


Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age, 




46,749 


43,775 


From 5 to 10 




35,959 


34,264 


" 10 to 15 




30,527 


28,842 


" 15 to 20 




25,4.52 


27,398 


" 20 to 30 




39,428 


41,636 


" 30 to 40 




23,042 . 


24,534 


" 40 to 50 




14,998 


16,428 


" 50 to 60 




]il,.5S6 


10,601 


" 60 to 70 




5,9!;a 


5,980 


" 70 to 89 




2,489 


2,496 


" 80 to 90 




649 


747 


" 90 to 1(10 




138 


1.58 


" 100 and upwards, 




28 


30 



Total, 2,35,954 236,889 

Of the preceding were deaf and dumb, under 

14 years of age, 70 ; from 14 to 25, 81 ; 25 and 

over, 79. Blind, 223. 

The colored population was as follows : 





Free 


coloreil. 


Slaves. 




Males. 


Females. 


Males. Females. 


Under 10 years, 


2,438 


3,287 


45,991 44,847 


From 10 to 24 


2,935 


.3,118 


38,099 37,508 


" 24 to 36 


1,400 


1,649 


20,212 20,095 


" 36 to 55 


1,062 


1,179 


14,030 13,088 


" 55 to 100 


685 


720 


5,848 5,638 


100 and upwards. 


21 


29 


133 114 



Total, 9,561 9,982 124,313 121,288 

Deaf and dumb colored persons, 93 ; blind, 161. 
Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

472,843 _ 19,543 245,601 737,987 

The receipts into the treasury of North Ca. 
rolina, for the year ending Nov. 1832, were 
$127,528 42 ; th6 expenditures during the same 
period, ^116,598 68. 

Constitution. — Judiciary. — The constitution 
of N. C. was adopted in convention at Halifax, 
18th December, 1776. It commences with a 
bill of rights containing 25 sections, the last of 
which relates to the boundaries of the state. The 
constitution is itself divided simplv into sections, 
and provides as follows : — Sec. 1. — That the le. 
gislative authority shall be vested in two distinct 
branches, both dependent on the people, to wit, 
a senate and house of commons. Sec. 2, — That 
the senate shall be composed of representatives, 
annually chosen by ballot, one for each co. in the 
state. Sec. 3. — That the house of commons 
shall be composed of representatives annually 
chosen by ballot, two for each co., and one for 
each of the towns of Edenton, Newbern, Wil. 
mington, Salisbury, Hillsborough and Halifax. 
Sec. 4.' — That the senate and house of com* 
mons, assembled for the purpose of legislation, 
shall be denominated " The General Assem- 
bly." Sec. 5, provides that the members of 
the senate must, to be eligible, possess in the 
CO. from which he is elected 300 acres of land 
in fee; and Sec. 6, makes a similar provision in 
regard to members of the house of commons, 
except limiting the latter to a property qualifica- 
tion of at least lOO acres of land in fee. Sec. 
7, makes it necessary to possess the right of 
suffrage, that the elector shall be 21 years of 
age, have resided one year in the co. next pre-- 



NOR 



350 



NOR 



ceding the election, and possess therein a free- 
hold of 50 acres of land, to vote for a senator ; 
and by sec. 8, like age and residence, as ne- 
cessary to vote for a senator, and having paid 
public taxes, qualifies to vote for a member of 
the house of commons. Sec. 13. — That the 
general assembly shall, by joint ballot of both 
houses, appoint judges of the supreme courts 
oflavif and equity, judges of admiralty, and at- 
tornies general, who shall be commissioned by 
the governor, and hold their offices during good 
behavior. Sec. 15, provides for the election of 
a governor by joint ballot, for 1 year, and eligi- 
ble only 3 years in 6 successive years, and 
miast be 30 years of age, have resided in the 
state 5 years, and have in the state a freehold 
in lands and tenements, above the value of 1,000 
pounds. Sections 31, and 32, read with curious 
contrast. The former renders ineligible to a 
seat in either house of the general assembly, or 
the council, all clergymen or preachers of the 
gospel of any denomination ; whilst the 32d 
section disqualifies from every office in the state 
of profit or trust, all persons who deny the being 
of God, the truth of the Protestant religion, or 
the divine authority of either the Old or New 
Testament, &c. Sec. 39, provides for the re- 
lease of debtors who give up their estates for 
the benefit of creditors, and against whom there 
is not strong presumption of fraud. 

History. — The first, but abortive attempt to 
colonize what is now the two Carolinas, was 
made by the French in the reign of Charles the 
IX., from whom the name Caroli.na was deri- 
ved. The French colonization was opposed 
and prevented by the Spaniards. A second, 
and again disastrous enterprise to form a set- 
tlement on the Carolina coast, was made in 
1586, under a patent granted by Queen Eliza- 
beth of England, to Sir Walter Raleigh. Un- 
der this patent, a small number of adventurers 
were landed in 1586, who were probably mur- 
dered by the natives, as no trace of their ex- 
istence or fate could ever be procured. The 
coast, under the name of Carolina, remained 
again desolate 75 years, when in 1661, a small 
English colony from Mass. fixed themselves on 
the banks of Cape Fear r. Granted by the En- 
glish monarchs to various proprietors, and to 
their conflicting proceedings was added Locke's 
scheme of government. Under so many causes 
of embarrassment, the colony advanced slowly 
and painfully. In the abandonment of Locke's 
scheme one impediment was removed, but in 
1712 a most sanguinary Indian war broke out, 
and ravaged the settlements. The proprietary 
government of Carolina produced so many and 
so just complaints, that in 1717 it was abolished 
and the colony became royal, and continued so 
to the revolution, which separated the Caroli- 
nas, with other N. American colonies, from 
Great Britain. In 1720, the colony of Carolina 
was found too unwieldy for convenient govern- 
ment, and was separated into two, under the 
relative names of North Carolina, and South 
Carolina. The inaccessible coast of North Car- 
olina, if disadvantageous commercially, has 
been a real and extended line of fortifications, 
to protect the state from invasion on the side of 
the ocean, and consequently no other section of 



the union has felt the evils of two wars with 
Great Britain, so little as has N. C. In the 
revolutionary war, some expeditions made from 
the side of S. C. reached the interior of N. C, 
but were of more ultimate injury to the enemy 
than to the invaded country. But though ex- 
posed to little of the danger within, the peo- 
ple of N. C. sought it without, and have borne 
their full share of the perils, and reaped an am- 
ple reward, in sharing with their fellow citizens 
the glory of independence. They were amongst 
the first who threw off the British yoke, as may 
be seen by the date of their present constitu- 
tion, which was adopted on the 18th Dec. 1776. 
Fifty-six years of profound and unambitious 
tranquillity, in regard to her domestic concerns, 
has been only broken at long intervals by for- 
eign war, which when ended, the ploughshare 
was formed from the falchion, and N. C. may be 
named amongst the most happy communities of 
the earth. 

North Castle, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 33 
ms. N. N. York, 6 s. Bedford, n. w. Conn., is 
crossed by Byram r., and has Bronx cr. w, on 
which are mills. The surface is irregular, but 
cultivated, and the Heights noted in the history 
of the revolution. Pop. 1,653. 

North Cove, p-o. Burke co. N. C, by p-r. 
179 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

North Dover, p-v. Cuyahoga co. O., by p.r. 
150 ms. N. N. E. Columbus. 

North East, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y., 25 ms. 
N. E. Poughkeepsie, 95 s. Albany, s. of Colum- 
bia CO. and Mass., w. of Conn. The town is 
shaped like a boot, is 10 ms. long, and from 3 
to 5 wide, is uneven and stony, and has W. Town 
mtn. overgrown with trees, but contains much 
good land. Several brooks supply mills. Wap- 
pinger's cr. rises in Hittin's pond. Pop. 1,689. 

North East, p-v. nthrn. part Erie co. Pa., by 
p.r. 348 ms. n. w. W. C. 

North East, p-v. on North East r., Cecil co. 
Md. 6 ms. a little s. of w. Elkton, and by p-r. 82 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

North End, p-v. wstrn. part Matthews co. 
Va. by p-r. 91 ms. e. Richmond. 

NoRTHFiELD, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 10 ms. 
s. w. Montpelier, 35 s. e. Burlington. It contains 
18,515 acres, was first settled 1785, and is 
crossed by Dog r., which has good mill seats ; 
it bears hemlock, spruce, maple, beach, &c. 
and has generally a good soil. The surface is 
uneven, and crossed n. and s. by a range of 
slate. It contains 2 vs., several manufactories, 
and 9 school dists. Pop. 1,411. 

NoRTHFiELD, p-t. Mcrrimack co. N. H., 16 
ms. N. Concord, s. of Winnipiseogee r., and e. 
of Merrimack r., has 20,000 acres, with some 
good soil. It contains Chestnut pond e., and 
Sondogardy s., and is crossed by two ridges of 
high land. The Winnipseogee and Pemige- 
wasset rs. join in the n. w., and form Merrimack 
r. There are several mills, &c. First settled 
1760. Pop. 1,169. 

NoRTiiFiELD, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 94 ms. 
N. w. Boston, s. of New Hampshire, has much 
excellent land, and extensive and fertile mea- 
dows. It was settled in 1687, was purchased 
from the Indians for 200 fathoms of wampum, 
andi'37 m merchandize. The settlement was 



NOR 



351 



NOR 



attacked by Indians in 1678, and finally deserted 
and destroyed. It was resettled, and deserted 
again, and permanently occupied at last in 
1713, after which sonje of the inhabitants were 
killed. Fort Dummer was built in Vernon, 
Vt., just beyond this town, but was intended to 
be within its limits, and served to protect it 
in the French wars against the savages. Pop. 
1,757. 

NoRTHFiELB, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 5 ma. n. 
Richmond, Pop. 1,262. 

NoRTHFiELD, p.v. Vemiillion co. II., by p-r. 
162 ms. N. E. Vandalia. 

NoRTHFORD, p-v. Ncw Haven co. Conn., 10 
ms. N. E. New Haven, 26 s. Hartford. 

North Fork, p-o. on a branch so called of 
Licking r. Mason co. Ky., by p-r. 69 ms. n. e. 
by E. Frankfort. 

North Hamfstead, p-t. and st. jus. Queens 
CO. N. Y., 20 ms. e. New York, on Long Island 
sound. Pop. 3,091. 

North Haven, t. New Haven co. Conn., 7 
ms. N. New Haven, contains about 17 sq. ms. 
and is nearly level, with hills e. and w. It is 
crossed by Quinepiack r., navigable 8 miles. 
Pop. 1,282. 

North Hero, p-t. isl. and st. jus. Grand Isle 
CO. Vt. in Lake (.'hamplain, 26 ms. n. Burling- 
ton, 6 w. St. Albans, contains 6,272 acres. 
First settled 1783. In 1789 a block house was 
built here by the British, and given up in 1796. 
There are no important streams or mill sites, 
but the soil is very good. The v. is small, with 
a stone c. h. and jail, and 4 school dists. 

Northington, p-v. Cumberland co. N. C, by 
p-r. 10 ms. nthrd. Fayetteville, co. st., and 51 
ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

North Kingston, p-t. Washington co. R. I., 
20 ms. s. w. Providence, w. Narragansett bay, 
about 7 ms. by 8, 56 sq. ms., is hilly, with level 
land N., and yields free stone. Several brooks 
supply mill sites, and afford fish. There is a 
good harbor at Wickford, rarely shut by ice ; 
and also two others, Cole's and Allen's. A few 
vessels are employed in fishing on the banks, 
the shoals, and other parts of the coast, and 
others are employed in coasting. There are 
several factories. Pop. 3,037. 

North Middleton, p-v. Bourbon co. Ky., 49 
ms. E. Frankfort. 

North Moreland, p-v. of Luzerne co. Pa. 
20 ms. N. Wilkes Barre, and 134 ms. n. n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

North Norwich, p-v. sthrn. part Huron co. 
O., by p-r. 95 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Northport, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 14 ms. n. w. 
Castine, 46 e. Augusta, s. of Belfast, w. of 
Belfast Bay, and opposite Isle Borough. Pop 
1,083. 

North Providence, p-t. Providence co. R. I., 
4 ms. N. Providence, w. Seekonk r,, which di- 
vides it from Mass., has Wanaguatucket r. w., 
about 2 ms. by 6, 16 sq. ms. ; is uneven, with 
primitive and transition rocks, limestone, &c., 
and a gravelly soil, bearing oak, walnut, &c., 
grass, hay, corn, and vegetables, for Providence. 
There are many mill seats, and some good fish- 
eries. The town is extensively engaged in 
manufacturing, especially cotton. Pawtucket 
V. is in the n. e., on the border of Mass., and is 



a large manufacturing v., with a considerable 
one on the opposite side of the r. Pop. 3,503. 

North Ridgeville, p-v. Lorain co. O. by p-r. 
134 ms. nthrd. Columbus. 

North r. N. Y. (See Hudson r.) 
North r. Plymouth co. Mass., is navigable 
18 ms. to Pembroke, in vessels of 300 tons, 
and in boats to the falls. 

North River Meeting House and p-o. Hamp- 

shire co. Va. by p-r. 115 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

North River Mills and p.o. 16 ms. s. e. 

Romney, and by p-r. 99 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

North Royalton, p-v. Cuyahoga co. 0. by 

p-r. 130 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

North Salem, t. Somerset co. Me., 63 ms. 
from Augusta. Pop. 389. 

North Salem, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 53 
ms. N. N. Y., 8 N. Bedford, w. of Conn, line, 
about 4 ms. by 6, e. Croton r. It has mill seats 
on a branch of it. There is an academy in the 
t. Pop..l,276. 

North Sewickly, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. by p-r. 
12 ms. s. E. borough of Beaver, and 263 ms. n. 
w. W. C. 

North Smithfield, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. by 
p-r, 142 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

North Springfield, p-v. Portage co. 0. by 
p-r. 120 ma. n, e. Columbus. 

North Stonington, p-t. New London co. 
Conn. 50 ms. s. e. Hartford, n. w. Pawcatuck r. 
which separates it from R. I., about 6 ms. by 
8 ; 44 sq. ms. ; is hilly with granite rocks, but 
good for grass ; and yielding oak, chesnut, &c. 
There are many mill sites. Pop. 2,840. 

Northumberland, p-t. Coos co. N. H. 130 
ms. N. Concord, e. Conn, r., opposite Maidstone, 
Vt. ; has some good soil. Cape Horn mtn. 
1,000 ft. high, is near the centre, with Conn. r. 
on one side, and Upper Amonoosuck r. on an- 
other : and the meadows are overflown, in the 
spring. There is a bridge over Conn. r. and a 
small village at the falls. First settled, 1767. 
There was a fort in the town in the revolution. 
Pop. 342. 

Northumberland, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 11 
ms. N. E. Ballston Spa, 35 n. of Albany, w. of 
Hudson r. and Washington co., 6 ms. sq., and 
has a variety of soils. There is a large pine 
plain w. with much good sandy and argillaceous 
loam in other parts. Cold cr. supplies a few 
mill seats. Pop. 1,606, 

Northumberland, co. Pa. bndd. by the Ma. 
thantango r. separating it from Dauphin s., by 
the Susquehannah r. separating it from Union 
w., and part of Lycoming n. w., by another part 
of Lycoming n., Columbia n. e. and e., and by 
Schuylkill s. e. Length from s. to n. 40 ms. ; 
and the area being about 440 sq. ms., the mean 
breadth will be 11 ; but the width ia very une- 
qual. In one place below the E. branch it is 24 
ms. wide, and at another about 3 ms. ; above 
the borough of Northumberland, it is confined 
to a width of less than 4 ms., though at a dis- 
tance of 16 ms. from the northern extremity. 
It extends from the meridian of W. C. to 32' e. 
The declivity is westward in the direction of 
the East branch of Susquehannah, where it 
unites with the western branch between Sun. 
bury and Northumberland, and very nearly at 
right angles to the course of the main volume 



NOR 



3r)2 



WOR 



along the western margin of the co. Contrary 
to their general range, the Appalachian ridges 
where they traverse Northumberland, extend 
with a very slight declination from E. to w. 
Though mountainous and roclty in much of the 
surface, this co. comprises so much river mar- 
gin as to give it great comparative extent of 
fertile arable land. Following the inflections 
of the river, 40 ms. of the eastern branch of the 
main river, and including both sides, 20 ms. of 
the eastern brancii of Susquehannah, are inclu- 
ded in Northumuirland ; and beside the large 
rs. fine vallies extend along Mahantango, Ma- 
hanoy and Shamokin crs. below, and Chillis- 
quake, Limestone and Warrior crs. above the 
mouth of the eastern branch. ■ Cf. ts. Sunbury, 
Northumberland, ^lilton and Watsonburg. 
Pop. 1820,15,424, 1830, 18,170. 

Northumberland, p-v.and borough of North- 
umberland CO. Pa. situated on the point above 
the confluence of the two principal branches of 
Susquehannah r. 2 ms. above Sunbury, and 54 
N. and above Harrisburg. Lat. 40° 55', long. 
0° 8' E. W. C. Population of the tsp. 1820, 
J,373. 

NoRTHUMBELAND, CO. of V. bndd. by Lancas- 
ter south and a. vv., Richmond w., Westmore- 
land N. w., the mouth of Potomac r. n. e., and 
Chesapeake bay e. and s. e. Length 30 ms., 
mean width 8, and area 240 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 37° 40' to 38° 05', long, from 
0° 2' to 0° 45' E. W. C. The declivity of this 
CO. is, in the southern part, southeastward to- 
wards the Chesapeake, and in the northern sec- 
tion northestrd. towards Potomac r. Pop. 1820, 
8,016, 1830, 7,953. 

Northumberland, c. h. and p-o, Northum- 
berland CO. Va. by p-r. 151 ms. s. s. e. W. C, 
and 92 n. e. Richmond. 

North Union, p-v. Harrison co. O. by p-r. 
129 ms. a little n. of e. Columbus. 

NoRTHViLLE, p-v. northern part of Erie co. 
Pa. 19 ms. N. E. Erie, and by p-r. 352 ms. n. w. 
W. C. 

North Washington, p-v. Westmoreland co. 
Pa. by P-r. 215 ms. n. w. W. C. 

North West River Bridge, p-v. s. e. part 
of Norfolk CO. Va. on a small confluent of 
Currituck sound, 24 ms. a little e. of s. Norfolk, 
and about an equal distance n. Elizabeth city in 
N. C. 

Northwest Territory. (See Huron terri- 
tory.) 

North Whitehall, p-o. southern part of 
Lehigh CO. Pa. 18 ms. n. w. Allentown. 

Northwood, p.t. Rockingham co. N. H. 20 
ms. N. E. Concord, 27 w. n. w. Portsmouth, 20 
from Exeter ; has 17,075 acres, 6 ponds, and 
parts of 2 more, some of which supply it with 
streams. Saddleback mtn. lies between this 
town and Deerfield, which affords crystals, 
&c., and gives rise to the N, branch of Lam- 
prey r. It was formerly part of Nottingham, 
and first settled in 17(33 from Northampton. 
Pop, 1,342. 

North Yarmouth, p.t. Cumberland co. Me. 
42 ms. s. s. w. Augusta, 42 n. n. e. Portland, 
N. Casco bay. It has an academy, and is 
crossed by a considerable stream. Population 
2.666. 



Norton, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 32 ms. s. Bos- 
ton, 8 N. w. Taunton. It was formerly part of 
Taunton, incorporated 1711 ; has not very good 
soil, much of which is rented. It is watered 
by several branches of Taunton r. which afford 
very good mill seats. Iron is mined here. 
Winnicunnit pond was much resorted to by In- 
dians in past days, for fish and clams; and they 
sometimes lived in caves. This t. was first 
settled by a cabin boy, 1670. The Leonard 
iron works have been long established. Before 
1828, 40 young men of this town had been edu- 
CBted at college. Pop. 1,479. 

Norton, p-v. Del. co. 0. by p-r. 36 ms. n. 
Columbus. 

Norwalk, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 66 ms. s. 
w. Hartford, 32 w. New Haven, 48 n. e. N. 
Y., N. of Long Island sound, w. of Saugatuck r., 
about 5 ms. by 7, with 34 sq. ms. ; is uneven, 
high N. with much granite rock. The soil is 
good for grain, grass, and fruit, and bears wal- 
nut, chesnut, and other timber, much of which 
has been taken to the N. Y. market, with which 
there is constant intercourse by sloops, and 
steamboats which ply daily. There are two 
good harbors, one at the mouth of Norwalk r., 
with water for vessels of 100 tons, and the other 
at Five Mile r. There are many isls. and 
small streams near the coast. The fisheries of 
black fish, shell fish, &c. are valuable. The 
village is considerable, with a Congregational 
and an Episcopal church, and an academy. Set. 
tied in 1651. Pop. 3,792. 

Norwalk, p-v. and st.jus. Huron co. O. situ- 
ated on a branch of Huron r. 20 ms. s. s. e. 
Sandusky, and by p-r. 113 ms. a little e. of n. 
Columbus. Lat. 41° 15', long. 5° 53' w. W. C. 
Pop. 310. 

Norway, p-t. Oxford co. Me. 47 ms. w. by s, 
Augusta, 8 s. w. Paris ; has a large pond which 
empties into Little Androscoggin r. It lies n. 
of Cumberland CO. Pop. I,7l3. 

Norway, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 90 ms. n. 
w. Albany, 18 n. Herkimer, 6 ms. by 15 ; has 
a warm, rich, and dark soil, with a tract of 
light sand. It has moderate hills, and is rather 
stony, bearing a variety of trees, and furnished 
with many mill seats on W. Canada creek. 
Pop. 1,152. 

Norwich, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 21 ms. n. 
Windsor, 40 s. e. Montpelier, w. Conn. r. op- 
posite Dartmouth college in N. H. ; contains 
about 25,000 acres. Settled, 1762. Conn. r. is 
here about 120 yards wide, and fordable at low 
water in 3 places. Ompompanoosuc r.. Blood 
brook, Smalley's cr., &c. water the town, and 
furnish some mill seats. The surface is un- 
even, but is generally good for grain and grass, 
and bears excellent orchards. There are large 
beds of iron ore. Subterranean sounds were 
formerly heard near Ompompanoosuc r. The 
village is situated on a plain, contains a gram- 
mar school, and wns formerly the location of 
Partridge's military academy. Pop. 1,392. 

Norwich, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 12 nis. 
w. Northampton, 105 w. Boston ; is crossed by 
a N. branch of Westfield r. n. and s., and has 
the main stream s. w. Incorporated, 1772. 
Pop. 795. 

Norwich, p.t., city, and half shire, N. Lon- 



NOR 



353 



NOT 



don CO. Conn, at the head of navigation on 
Thames r. (formerly called Pequod,) 13 ms. n. 
New London, 38 s. e. Hartford, 38 s. w. Provi- 
dence, 50 N. E. New Haven. Lat, 41° 34' n., 
long. 4° 55' E. W. C. The town has Shetucket 
and Thames rs. on the e. It contains 29 sq. ms., 
being 3 ms. by 7. T he boundary of the town en- 
circles 3 distinct villages, viz., Norwich falls, 
Beanhill, and Yanticville. At the falls are 9 es- 
tablislnnents for manufacturing purposes, at 
Beanhill 2, and at Yanticville 1. The aggre- 
gate of manufactured goods during the last year, 
was somewhat over 01600,000. The town con- 
tains 8 houses for public Vi^orship, viz., 3 for Con- 
gregationalists, 1 for Episcopalians, 1 for Bap- 
tists, 2 for Methodists, and 1 for Universal- 
ists. A high school for boys, and a female 
academy, in which the higher branches of edu- 
cation are taught, have been in operation for a 
considerable time, and are in flourishing cir- 
cumstances. A hotel, sufficiently spacious to 
accommodate 200 boarders has been recently 
built near the court house on the square. A 
large public building has been erected, which 
was designed for the use of county and town. 
In the town are 2 banks, with a capital of $200,- 
000 each ; a savings bank, incorporated 1824, 
whose deposits already exceed ^100,000 ; and 
two insurance offices. The scenery of the town 
is in a high degree picturesque and delightful : 
and its beauty is greatly heightened by a rich 
and v/ell cultivated soil. About a mile e. of the 
city a dam has been recently erected across the 
Shetucket r., which will, it is calculated, fur- 
nish sufficient water power to carry 60,000 
spindles. Five large factories, besides 40 or 
50 dwelling houses, are being built ; and there 
is little doubt that, in respect to the amount of 
its water privileges, Norwich is the second town 
in New England. A rail-road also is contem- 
plated, through the valley of the Quinebaug, to 
intersect the Boston and Worcester rail-road at 
Worcester. A charter has been obtained for 
this object with a capital of one million dollars. 
A bank has been chartered, with a capital of 
$500,000, on condition that it shall subscribe 
for ^100,000 of rail-road stock. That part of 
Norwich known by the name of The Town, or 
The Plain, was, in ancient times, the summer 
residence of the Mohegan Indians, the remnants 
of whom now reside on the reservation in the 
adjoining town of Montville. The burying 
ground of the Uncas family is near the mouth 
of the Yantic. The township was sold by Un- 
cas in 1059, for about ^230. It is reported that 
Uncas did this out of gratitude to the Narragan- 
set Indians, for provisions which they furnished 
him during a close seige. Sachem's Plain, near 
the Shetucket, was the scene of the battle be. 
tween Uncas and Miantonomoh, and the place 
of the latter's grave. The settlement of Nor- 
wich was begun in 1660, by Rev. Mr. Fitch and 
a part of his church from Saybrook. Pop. t. in 
1820, 3,624 ; in 1830, 5,161, of which 3,135 re- 
sided in the city. 

Norwich, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 8 ms. n. 
E. Oxford, 100 w. Albany, 7 ms. by 12 ; is 
crossed by Chenango r., which, with several 
blanches, affords mill seats. The soil is good. 
The post borough, the st. jus. of the co., is in 



a fine plain at the junction of Canasawacta cr. 
and Chenango r. It contains the co. buildings, 
a female academy, &c. There is a mineral 
spring 2 ms. from the borough. Pop. 3,619. 

Norwich, p-v. McKean co. Pa., by p-r. 281 
ms. N. N. w. W. C. 

Norwich, p-v. estrn. part of Muskingum co. 
O., by p-r. 71 ms. e. Columbus. 

Norwood, p-v. Montgomery co. N. C, by 
p-r. 159 ms. sthwstrd. Raleigh. 

Notch, in the White mountains, N. H. (See 
White Mountains.) 

NoTTAWAY, r. of Va. and N. C, has its most 
remote source in Prince Edward co. Flowing 
thence s. s. e. between Nottaway and Lunen- 
burg COS., between Dinwiddle and Brunawick, 
turns to eastward between Greenville and the 
western part of Sussex. Entering the latter, 
and first curving northward winds to s. E., and 
traversing Sussex and Southampton cos., re- 
ceives Blackwater r. from the n., and enteiing 
Gates CO. N. C, bends to s. w. 10 ms. to its 
junction with Meherrin, to form Chowan r. 
The entire length of Nottaway by comparative 
courses is 110 ms. The Nottaway valley ia 
about 100 ms., by 20 mean width, comprising 
great part of Nottaway, Dinwiddle, Sussex, 
Surry, and Southampton cos., and a smaller 
part of Lunenburg, Brunswick, Greenville, 
Prince George, Isle of Wight, and Nansemond 
counties Va., and minor part of Gates county 
N. C. 

Nottaway, co. of Va., bndd. e. by Dinwid- 
dle, s. by Nottaway r. separating it from Lu- 
nenburg, w. by Prince Edward, and n. by Ame- 
lia. Length 22 ms., mean width 12, and area 
264 sq. ras. Extending in lat. from 30° 54' to 
37° 14', and in long, from 1° 3 to 1° 26' w. W. 
C. This CO. comprises two inclined planes ; 
the northern falling northeastward, and drained 
by crs. flowing over Amelia, into Appomatox 
r., and the southern declining southeastward 
toward Nottaway r. Cf. t. Nottaway c. h. or 
Hendersonville. (See Hendersonrdlle, Notta- 
way CO. Va.) Population 1820, 9,658, 1830, 
10,141, 

Nottaway, cr. and p-o., northeastern part of 
St. Joseph's CO. Mich. The p-o. is by p-r. 130 
ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. The creek is a 
northern branch of St. Joseph of lake Michi- 
gan. 

Nottaway, c. h. {See Hendersonville, same 
CO. and state.) 

Nottingham, p-t. Rockingham co, N. H., 25 
ms, from Concord, 20 from Portsmouth, 55 
from Boston ; is crossed by North r. ; contains 
several ponds, and gives rise to some small 
streams. Some of the Blue hills are in the w. 
part ; the surface is generally rough, but the 
soil is often good. Bog and other iron ores 
are found. The village called Nottingham 
square, is pleasant, and stands on a hill. Set- 
tied in 1727. Gen. Joseph Cilley resided here. 
Pop. 1,157. 

Nottingham, t. Burlington co. N, J., 5 ms. s. 
Trenton, 9 s. s. w. Princeton ; has Del. r. w., 
Assanpink n., Crosswicks cr. s. It i.s level, 
lies opposite Duck and Biles isls. in the Del., 
and contains several villages ; Lamberton, 
Sandhills, &c. At Lamberton, Gen. Washing. 



OAK 



354 



OCK 



ington was encamped when threatened by the 
British at Trenton, and here he commenced 
the retreat which occasioned the battle of 
Princeton. Pop. 3,900. 

Nottingham, p-v. Prince George's co. Va., 
by p-r. 32 ms. s. e. Richmond. 

Nottingham West. (See Hudson, Hillsboro' 
CO. N. H.) 

NuLHEGAN, r. Essex CO. Vt., rises near Can- 
ada, and falls into Conn. r. at Brunswick. It 
is rapid, and was the channel of navigation for 
the Indians, between Conn. r. and Memphrema- 
gog 1. there being a portage for canoes, of 2 ms. 



NuNDA, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y., 14 ms. n. 
Angelica, has good grass land, and large and 
fertile alluvial tracts. It is crossed by Genesee 
r. which has 2 falls of 50 and 90 ft. 1 mile apart. 
Pop. 1,291. 

NuTTsviLLE, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Lancas- 
ter CO. Va., by p-r. 138 ms. s. s. e. W. C, and 
76 N. E. by E. Richmond. 

Nyack, v. Rockland co. N. Y., w. Hud- 
son r. 

Nyesville, p-v. Meigs co. Ohio, by p-r. 102 
ms. s. E, Columbus. 



Oak Flat, p-o. wslrn. part Pendleton co. Va. 
by p-r. 186 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Oak Grove, p-o. Lunenburg co. Va. by p-r. 
88 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Oak Grove, and p-o. Edgecomb co. N. C. 72 
ms. E. Raleigh. 

Oak Grove, and p-o. Union dist. S. C. by p-r. 
91 ms. N. N. w. Columbia. 

Oak Grove, p-o. Jasper co. Geo. 7 miles 
nthrdly. Monticello, the co. st., and 42 n. w. 
Milledgeville. 

Oak Grove, and p-o. Jefferson co. Ten. by 
P-r. 236 ms. e. Nashville. 

Oak Grove, p-o. Christian co. Ky. 14 miles 
sthrd. Hopkinsville, the co. St., and by p-r. 220 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Oak Grove, furnace and p-o. Perry co. Pa. 
by p-r. 28 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Oakham, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 9 ms. n. 
w. Worcester, 55 ms. s. w. Boston, hilly, with 
not very good soil, has small streams falling 
into Chickapee r. Pop. 1,010. 

Oak Hill, p-o. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 59 
ms. nthrd. Raleigh. 

Oak Hill, p-o. Fauquier co. Va. by p-r. 58 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Oak Hill, p-v. Newton co. Geo. 10 ms. n. w. 
Covington, the co. st. and 70 ms. in a similar 
direction from Milledgeville. 

Oakingham, p-v. western part of Laurens 
district, S. C. by p-r. 74 miles n. w. Colum- 
bia. 

Oakland, p-o. Morgan co. Va. by p-r. 96 ms. 
N. w. by w. W. C. 

Oakland, p-v. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 49 
ms.nrthwstrd. Raleigh. 

Oakland, p-v. parish of St. Tammany, La. 
Oakland, p-o. Christian co. Ky. by p-r. 222 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Oakland, co. Mich. bndd. by Macomb co. e., 
Wayne s., Washtenaw s. w., Shiawasse w. and 
N. w., and Lapeer co. n. It is a square of 30 
ms. each side, area 900 sq. ms. ; lat. 42° 35', 
long. W. C. 6° 18' w. Oakland is a true table 
land, in the centre flat and full of small lakes, 
from which issue and flow wstrdly. the sources 
of Huron of Erie, n. w. Flint r. branch of Sagi- 
naw, s. E. the sources of the r. Rouge, and e. 
those of Clinton r., or the sources of Huron of 
lake St. Clair. Cf. t, Pontiac. Pop. 4,911. 

Oakland, p-v. Oakland co. Mich, by p-r. 40 
ms. N. w. Detroit. 



Oakland Mills, and p-o. Ann Arundel co, 
Md. by p-r. 53 ms. nthrd. W. C. and 45 n. w. 
Annapolis. 

Oakland, Mills, and p-o. Juniata co. Pa. by 
p-r. 41 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Oakland Mills, and p-o. western part Lou- 
don CO. Va. 37 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 

Oakley, p-o. Franklin co. Ky. by p-r. 4 ms. 
Frankfort. 

Oakmulgee, r. {See Ocmulgee river.) 

Oak Point, and p-o. Randolph co. Mo. by p-r. 
about 100 ms. n. w.by w. St. Louis. 

Oak Ridge, p-v. Guilford co. N. C. by p-r. 
about 100 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Oaktomie, p-v. Covington co. Misp. by p-r. 
no ms. e. Natchez. 

Oakville, p-v. southwestern part Bucking- 
ham CO. Va. 49 ms. s. w. by w. New Canton, 
and 103 wstrd. Richmond. 

Oakville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C.by p-r. 
125 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Oakville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ala. by p-r. Ill 
ms. n. Tuscaloosa. 

Oat's Landing, and p-o. Marion co. Ten. 121 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

0BiES,'r. of Ten. and Ky. but chiefly of the 
former, rises in Fentress and Overton cos., Ten. 
deriving some inconsiderable tributaries from 
Cumberland co. Ky. The course is a little n. 
of w. 70 ms. to its influx into Cumberland r. on 
the border between Overton and Jackson cos. 
The valley of Obies r. is nearly commensurate 
with Fentress and Overton cos. 

OccoauAN, r. Va. rises in Loudon, Fairfax, 
and Fauquier cos. traverses and drains the 
western part of Prince William co., and thence 
forming the boundary between Prince William 
and Fairfax cos. falls into the Potomac, about 
25 ms. below W. C. and nearly opposite Indian 
Point, 

OccoQUAN, p-v. N. E. part Prince William co. 
Va. 23 ms, a little w, of s. W. C. 

Oceana, co. Mich. bndd. by n., Mont- 
calm CO. E., Kent s., Ottawa s. w., and lake 
Michigan n. w., lat. 43° 20', long. 8° 40' w. W. 
C. Slope s. w. and drained in that direction by 
White r. and Maskegon r. flowing separate into 
lake Michigan, and by Rouge r. a small north- 
ern branch of Grand r. This co, has been re- 
cently formed and is situated 150 ms. n. w. by 
w. Detroit. 

Ocklawaha r., the wstrn. br. of St. John's r. 



OCM 



355 



OGD 



of Florida. It is composed by two confluents ; 
Orange lake r., and Ocklawaha proper. " The 
Ocklawaha takes its rise out of the lake Apop- 
ka, 73 ms. (by water) above its mouth. At the 
outlet of this lake, the stream is 15 ft. wide and 
7 feet deep ; but the width and depth of the r. 
are increasing gradually down to St. John's. 
The lake Apopka, being but 80 ms. (n. e.) from 
the bay of Espiritu Santo, (Tampa) the Ockla. 
waha if improved, might gradually facilitate the 
inland communication between this bay and the 
Atlantic ocean. In this direction from the 
mouth of St. John's to the bay, is about 260 ms. ; 
out of which, 180 would be by water and 80 by 
land. Above its mouth 16 ms. the Ocklawaha 
receives the outlet of Orange lake. The banks 
of this r. (outlet of Orange lake) are represent- 
ed as lined in many places with well timbered 
hammocks. The country through which run the 
head branches, is generally sandy, with a pine 
growth ; it presents, however, some fine ham- 
mocks, and also extensive prairies subject to 
be overflown in rainy weather. Numerous 
ponds and lakes are met with in every direc- 
tion." (See Engineers Report, Public Docu. 
merits. No. 185.) The Ocklawaha heads in the 
country of the Seminole Indians between the 
sources of St. John's and those of Amaxura 
rivers, and flowing thence by a general nrthrn. 
course to the influx of Orange lake outlet. The 
latter heads between the Santa Fe branch of 
Suwannee and Amaxura rivers, and flowing 
estrd. joins the Ocklawaha. Below their junc- 
tion, the name of Ocklawaha, but course of 
Orange r. are maintained to St. John's river. 
Height of Orange lake above the tide level of 
Atlantic ocean, 41 ft. 

OcKLOCKONNE, bay and r. The bay of Ock- 
lockonne is in fact the inner part of the larger 
bay of Appalache, and under the latter head, 
the former has been already noticed, but we 
may add in this place an extract from the En- 
gineer's Report, that the Bay of Ocklockonnee 
" lies 18 ms. s. e. of St. Marks. Its entrance 
is much obstructed by oyster banks, and its 
bottom may be considered as part of the shoal, 
which, from Appalache to Cape San Bias, im- 
pedes approach to the coast. The general 
width of Ocklockonne bay is 1 3-8 m., length 
C 1-8 m. The depth which can be carried 
through the bay to Ocklockonne r. is 7 feet at 
low tide." Ocklockonne r. rises in Georgia, 
interlocking sources with those of Suwanne r. 
and some confluents of Flint r. ; and draining 
sections of Baker, Decatur, Irwin, and Lowndes 
COS., the various branches enter and unite in 
Thomas co. after a general sthrn. sourse of 50 
ms. Inflecting thence to sthwstrd. 60 ms. and 
at about mid-distance having entered Florida, 
again bends to s. e. 30 ms. to its final influx into 
Ocklockonne bay. This r. sweeps an elliptic 
curve round to the wstrd. of Tallahasse. Its 
basin lies between those of Appalachicola and 
Oscilla rs. 

Ocmulgee, r. Geo. the wstrn. and main con- 
stituent branch of Alatamaha, rises in Gwinnett 
and De Kalb cos. and flowing thence s. s. e. 
between the Oconee and Flint rs. and nearly 
parallel to both, by comparative courses 170 ms. 
curves to the n. e. by e. 30 ms. to its junction 



with Oconee, as will be noticed under the head 
of the latter, having an entire comparative 
course of 200 ms. Though the actual length of 
the streams of the Ocmulgee exceeds that of 
the Oconee, the vallies of the two streams are 
remarkably similar in length, width, and direc- 
tion, and of course in area, each comprising 
about 4,900 sq. ms. Taken together, the Oco- 
nee and Ocmulgee drain the great central plain 
of Geo. and water one of the finest sections of 
the state, and nearly one sixth of the entire 
surface. 

OcoHA, Bridge and p-o. Covington co. Misp. 
about 120 ms. e. Natchez. 

Oconee, r. Geo. the estrn. branch of the Ala- 
tamaha, having the most remote of its sources 
in Hall co. within 5 ms. of the main volume of 
the Chattahoochee, and flowing thence by com. 
parative courses, 175 ms. in a s. s. e. direction, 
joins the Ocmulgee to form the Alatamaha. The 
junction is made very nearly on lat. 32° and 
between Montgomery and Appling cos. The 
confluents of Oconee are numerous, but rela- 
tively small, the valley where widest in Putnam, 
Jasper, and Greene cos. is only about 40 ms, 
and the mean width about 28, the area 4,900 sq. 
ms. The higher or northern part of Oconee 
valley, lies between those of Ocmulgee and Sa. 
vannah, the middle part between those of Oc- 
mulgee and Great Ogechee, and the southern 
between Ocmulgee and Great Ohoopee. 

OcoocH, mtn. On Tanner's map of the U. S, 
this ridge is laid down, as extending n. n, e. 
and s, s. w, between the valley of Ouisconsin r., 
the sources of Chippeway r. and those of some 
lesser intervening confluents of Misp. r. The 
length of the ridge, as represented on the man, 
is 80 ms, Lat. 44°, and long W. C. 13° w, iii. 
tersect near its sthestrn. slope. Between the 
Ocooch mtn. and the main channel of Ouiscon- 
sin, Mr. Tanner has entered as a note, " Lime, 
stone Hills." If this note is drawn from cor- 
rect documents, it tends to give interesting in- 
struction on the value of this imperfectly known 
country. 

OcRAcoKE Inlet, is the pass from the Atlantic 
o. into Pamlico sound, between Cove and Hat- 
teras isls. It admits vessels of 14 ft. draught. 
On Tanner's U. S map, lat. 35° and long. 1° e. 
W, C. intersect about 2 nautical ms. s. w, from 
the entrance of this inlet, 

Odamsville, p-o. Northampton co. N. C. by 
p-r. 106 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Office, Tavern, and p-o. wstrn. part of Ame- 
lia CO. Va. by p-r. 43 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Ogden, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. 12 ms. w. Ro- 
chester, and containing 32 sq. ms., is crossed 
by the mtn. ridge, and in the e. by Erie canal. 
Salmon, Rush, and Little Rush creek, water the 
town, flowing in several directions. The land 
is pretty good and uneven. Pop. 2,401. 

Ogden, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of New Madrid 
CO. Mo. by p-r. about 150 ms. s. St. Louis. 

Ogdensburgh, incorporated p-v. port of entry 
and St. jus. St. Lawrence co. N, Y, 116 ms. n. 
Utica, 120 w. Plattsburgh, 209 ms. n, w. Al- 
bany, on St, Lawrence r, at the mouth of the 
Oswegatchie. It is situated on a fine plain, 
with a good harbor, is regularly laid out. It 
lies opposite to Prescott, Upper Canada. 



OHI 



356 



OHI 



Oge€Hee, or as commonly called, Great Oge- 
chce, r. of Geo. having the remote sources in 
Greene and Taliaferro cos. about 40 ms. n. n. 
E. Milledgeville ; flowing thence s. s. e. by- 
comparative course 190 ms. falls into Ossabow 
sound, 20 ms. due s. the city of Savannah. The 
valley of Great Ogechee lies between those of 
Alatamaha and Savannah rs. (see Cannouchee 
river.) The valley of Ogechee, including that 
of Cannouchee, is about 160 ms. in length, with 
a mean breadth of 30 ms. and an area of 1,800 
sq. ms. 

Ogee's Ferry, and p-o. Joe Daviess co. II, 
about 320 ms. a little w. of n. Vandalia. 

OGLETiiORrE, CO. Geo. bndd. by Taliaferro 
CO. s. s. E., Green s., Clarke w., Madison n., 
Broad r. separating it from Elbert, n. e., and 
Wilkes E. and s. e. Length diagonally from 
southwest to northeast 38 ms., mean width 13, 
and area 494 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
33° 41' to 34° 02', and in long, from 5° 44' to 
6° 23' w. W. C. Though Oglethorpe co. 
reaches to the Oconee river on the western bor- 
der, the far greater part of the surface is in the 
valley of Broad r. and declines estrd. towards 
the Savannah r. Cf. t. Lexington. Pop. 1820, 
14,046, 1830, 13,558, 

O'Harra, p-o. Randolph co. II. 101 ms. s. s. 
w. Vandalia. 

Ohio r., the great northeastern confluent of 
the Misp. and in proportion to the extent of 
land it drains, perhaps the most remarkable r. 
of the earth. The physical section drained by 
this stream lies geographically between lat. 34° 
12' and 42° 27', and long. 1° and 12° w. W. 
■C. The course of the Ohio proper, from the 
sources of Alleghany to its junction with Misp. 
is by calculation s. 59° 30' w. 680 statute ms. 
This is not however, the longest, nor in regard 
to relative space drained, the most central line 
that can be drawn over the Ohio valley. An- 
other line extended from the sources of Orleans 
or,, Cataraugus co. New York, to those of 
Bear Grass cr,, iVIarion co. Ala., that is, from 
the most northern to the most southern sources, 
amounts by calculation to 750 statute ms., de- 
clining from the meridians 40° 37'. The form 
of the valley approaches in a very remarkable 
manner that of a regular ellipse, of which the 
latter calculated line would be the transverse 
diameter, and the conjugate diameter, another 
line extending from the Blue Ridge where the 
sources of Great Kenhawa and those of Wa- 
tauga branch of Ten. rise, to the northwestern 
sources of Wabash, 450 statute ms. Measur- 
ed by the rhombs, following the elements in the 
following table, the area comes out so very 
nearly 200,000 sq. ms. as to admit the adoption 
of that round number. Table of the extent in 
sq. ms. of the valley of Ohio river. 

sq. ms. 
between latitude 340 and 35° 2 1-4 Rhombs 8,986 

35 36 6 1-2 do. 25,655 

36 37 7 1-2 do. 29,205 

37 38 8 1-2 do. 32,700 

38 39 8 1-2 do. 32,250 

39 40 8 3-4 do. 32,742 

40 41 8 do. 29,488 

41 43 2 1-2 do. 9,085 

Aggregate extent in sq. ms. 200,111 

Allowing the greatest length to be 750 ms- 



the mean width will be 267 very nearly, or the 
mean breadth amounts to within a trifling frac 
tion of 1-3 of the greatest length, a compact- 
ness seldom equalled in rs. If the Alleghany 
is regarded as the primary and remote constit- 
uent of Ohio, this great stream rises by numer- 
ous crs. in McKean and Potter cos. Pa., and 
Alleghany and Cataraugus cos. New York. 
Becoming navigable near the line of demarca- 
tion between the two states, the stream, with 
partial windings, pursues the general course 
already stated, to its junction with the Misp. 
affording a natural navigable channel of be- 
tween 1,200 and 1,300 ms. The opposing in. 
clined plains of Ohio valley are of unequal ex- 
tent, nearly in the proportion of 2 to 3, the 
larger falling from the Appalachian system of 
mtns. and containing 120,000 sq. ms. In their 
features also the two Ohio plains differ essen- 
tially. The southeastern, declining from a 
mountainous outline, has a comparatively rapid 
slope. The most elevated table land from 
which the eastern confluents flow, is that where 
rise the sources of Clinch, Holston, and Great 
Kenhawa, about 2,500 ft. The Appalachian 
table land declines in relative elevation both to 
N. and s. of this nucleus, but there is no one 
part from the sources of Alleghany and Genesee 
to those of Ten. and Coosa through 7° of lat. 
but which exceeds 1,000 ft. The elevation of 
the Ohio at Pittsburg, where the Alleghany and 
Monongahela unite, is 678 feet, and that of the 
low water at the confluents of Ohio and Misp, 
283 ft. ; of course the Ohio below Pittsburg, 
has a fall of 395 feet in 948 ms., the length of 
the intermediate channel. The left confluents 
must have from the preceding data, a descent 
of from 1,000 to 1,200 ft. Down this rapid de- 
clivity, advancing from n. to s. are found the 
streams of Clarion, Kiskiminitas, Monongahela, 
Great Kenhawa, Sandy, Kentucky, Cumberland 
and Tennessee and several of lesser length of 
course, whose sources do not reach the Appa. 
lachian vallies. It may well excite surprise, 
that along this steep plain, direct falls are not 
frequent, and where they do occur, of moderate 
direct pitch. The western, or more correctly 
northwestern plain is directly the reverse of its 
opposite in respect to apex ; the inflected line of 
river source which separates the valley of 
Ohio from that of the Great Canadian lakes, 
is in great part level and marshy. Proceeding 
from the southern extremity of lake Michigan, 
and tracing the line from which the Ohio water 
flows, the face of the country very slowly 
changes from level to hill and dale, and it is 
not until reaching the fountains of Alleghany 
that any protuberance would appear deserving 
the name of mtn. From this flat, and in winter 
partially inundated plain, the Big Beaver, Mus- 
kingum, Scioto, Miami, and Wabash first slow- 
ly descend, gaining more and more rapidity of 
declivity approaching their recipient, the Ohio. 
Ascending the southeastern confluents the 
scenery becomes rugged and diversified in 
character, in proportion to proximity to the 
Appalachian ridges ; on the contrary the north- 
western streams afford the boldest scenery 
along the immediate margin of Ohio, and the 
banks of the western rivers become more tame 



OHI 



357 



OHI 



and monotonous until they end in unbroken 
plains. To an eye sufficiently elevated, and 
powers of vision sufficiently enlarged, the whole 
valley of Ohio would indeed appear one im. 
mense declivity, falling very nearly at right 
angles to the general range of the Appalachian 
system, and the rs. would appear to have cut 
deep channels seldom in a direction correspond- 
ing to the plain of general descent. Of these 
channels that of Ohio would appear as the prin. 
cipal. The author of this article carefully 
measured the height of the hills, in the vicinity 
of Pittsburg, and found them about 4()0 ft. above 
the low water level of the rivers, or 1,138 ft. 
above the level of the Atlantic tides. Above 
Pittsbwrg to the hills, which rise like mtns. 
from lake Erie, the ascent is at least 400 ft. 
and below Pittsburg the fall to the Misp. has 
been shown to be 395 ft. Without therefore es- 
timating mtn. ridges, the great inclined plain of 
Ohio has a descent of upwards of a foot to the 
statute m., but what is something remarkable, 
the rivers, and particularly the Ohio itself, do 
not fall gradually with the plains of their cours- 
es. The actual channel from Pittsburg to the 
mouth is 948 statute ms. and the fall 4,716 
inches, or not quite 5 inches per mile. The 
waters in effect have abraded their channels, 
deeper toward their sources than in proportion 
to length of course. It is this circumstance 
which has contributed to give to the Ohio prop- 
er, the appearance of flowing in a deep and im- 
mense ravuie. The difference of climate ari- 
sing from difference of level, frequently exceed- 
ing a degree of lat. in less than a mile, and ra- 
diated heat, with an exuberant alluvial soil, giv- 
ing in spring a precocious vegetation along the 
river bank, have superinduced great misunder- 
standing respecting the temperature and seasons 
of this region. Descending the Ohio, say from 
Pittsburg, the scenery along the banks and hills, 
is in an eminent degree picturesque and varied, 
but these fine features imperceptibly fade away, 
and long before reaching the Misp. totally 
disappear, and leave a narrow horizontal ring 
sweeping round the heavens, formed by the 
trees along the banks. As a navigable channel 
few, if any other rivers of the globe, equal the 
Ohio. In the higher part of its course the nav- 
igation is annually more or less impeded in win- 
ter by ice, and in autumn by a want of water. 
Impediment from ice prevails in all its course, 
but below the influx of Kenhawa, drought is of 
less injury, and below the rapids at Louisville, 
very seldom impedes navigation. The only di- 
rect cataract in Ohio was that at Louisville, 
now in a commercial point of view, removed by 
a navigable canal. {See Louisville and Port- 
land canal, or article Louisville, Ky.) Of the 
whole number of steam boats built on the great 
rivers of the west, (in 1831 there had been 348) 
198 were running at that time. Of these, GB 
were built at Cincinnati, the same number at 
Pittsburg, 12 at New Albany, Ind., and the re- 
mainder, principally in Ohio and Kentucky. 
A large proportion of these boats are engaged 
in the commerce of the Ohio and Mississippi, 
which are admirably adapted for steam naviga- 
tion. The 4 most important of all mineral pro- 
ductions abound in the Ohio valley, limestone, 

46 ' 



mineral coal, salt, and iron ore. Of all con- 
tinuous bodies of productive soil on earth, if 
climate and fertility are combined, the valley of 
Ohio will, it is probable, sustain the most dense 
population. {See the different corffluents of 
Ohio under their respective heads.) 

Ohio, one of the U. S., is bndd. n. by Michi- 
gan ter. and lake Erie, e. by Pa., b. e. by the 
Ohio river, separating it from Va., s. and s. w. 
by the Ohio separating it from Ky., and w. by 
Ind. This state bounds on the Ohio river, from 
the mouth of Little Beaver to that of Great Mi- 
ami, 440 ms. ; due n. in common with Ind. 170 ; 
due E. along Mich, to lake Erie, 80 ; thence 
along the southern shore of Erie, 150; thence 
due s. in common with Pa. to place of beginning, 
the mouth of Little Beaver, 93 ; having an en- 
tire outline of 933 ms. The superficial con- 
tents of 0. have been generally under.rated; 
measured carefully by the rhombs on Tanner's 
and Mitchol's maps, the area comes out within 
a small fraction of 44,000 sq. ms. or 28,160,000 
statute acres. In lat. tliis state extends from 
37° 25' at the mouth of Great Sandy r., to 41° 
58' at its extreme north-eastern angle, long. W. 
C. 3° 30' to 7° 48'. A general idea prevails, 
that the state of Ohio presents great imiformity 
of surface and aerial temperature; but neither 
its surface or meteorological phenomena sus- 
tains such an opinion. The subjoined table 
will serve to give the reader an idea of its rela- 
tive and mean height. 

Ascents and deisccnts from the Ohio r. at the 
mouth of the great Kenhawa; thence down 
that stream to the mouth of Sciolo r. and thence 
following the Ohio and Erie canal to the lat- 
ter at Cleaveland. 





dist. in 


asrnl. 


olev 


ation 


Stations on the route. 


miles. 


oi- de- 


in ft. abv. 






scent 


ran. tide. 


Height of the water level 












at a mean in the Ohio 












r. at the mouth of the 












Great Kenhawa, 










535 


iMouih of Suioto r. 




85 


fallb 


61 


474 


Thence leaving Ohio r. 












and up the Scioto to 












Cliillicotlie, 


52 


137 


rises 


140 


614 


Circleville, 


20 


157 


do 


60 


674 


Hebron on Licking sum- 












mit. 


52 


209 


do 


219 


893 


Newark st. just. Licking 












county, 


10 


219 


falls 


69 


834 


Muskingum valley on the 












border between Musk- 












ingum and Coshocton 












cos. 








90 


744 


Conhocton village, 


42 


261 


rises 


24 


768 


New Philadelphia, 


43 


304 


do 


106 


874 


Massillon in Stark co. and 












commencement of Por- 












tage summit, 


28 


332 


do 


68 


942 


Akron in Portage co. and 












northern extremity of 












Portage summit. 


28 


360 


do 


31 


973 


Cuyahoga aqueduct, 


13 


373 


falls 


269 704 


Cleaveland and level of 




i 




lake Erie, 


18 


391 do 


136 568 


A not very inflected line extended over Ohio 


:>. w. by w. from the w. b 


our 


idary 


of ] 


Pa., 


be^ 



OHI 



358 



OHI 



tween the sources of Ashtabula r, and those 
of Shenango branch of Big Beaver, and cross- 
ing the summit level of the canal between 
Massillon and Akron, and thence between 
the sources of the rivers, flowing into Ohio r. 
and those flowing into lake Erie, would di- 
vide the state into two inclined plains of very 
unequal area, and relative rapidity of descent 
from their common apex. The northern or 
Erie plain, not above 25 ms. wide at its n. e. 
extremity, widens to 80 ms. along the e. boun- 
bary of Ind. and contains about the 1-4 part of 
the state. The Ohio plain, much more exten- 
sive in breadth, and of course in area, has a 
much more gentle declivity. By reference to 
the table, we find the slope of the northern 
plain 3 ms. is 405 ft. ; whilst down the Ohio 
plain, in a distance of 247 ms. the mean fall is 
509 ft. The fall of the northern plain exceeds 
13 ft. per mile ; that of the southern but a small 
fraction above 2 ft. per mile. The mean eleva. 
tion of the common apex of those two opposing 
plains may be assumed at 1,000 ft., the positive 
mean height is, however, perhaps something 
more. Without a knowledge of the real fea- 
tures of Ohio, it would be natural to place a 
range of hills along the sources of the stream 
which flow down the plains of Ohio ; but the 
very reverse is the fact. The central table 
land is comparatively level, in part marshy, 
and what is peculiarly remarkable, the hill along 
the Ohio r. is very nearly of similar elevation 
with that of the central table land. It is almost 
demonstrable, that originally the whole sthrn. 
or Ohio inclined plain, was a vast level with a 
very sliglit declination towards what is now the 
particular valley of Ohio r., and that what ap- 
pears hills along that great recipient, are the 
remains of what earth and rock was left as the 
rs. cut away their beds. A similar remark is 
applicable to the lake Erie shore of Ohio. 
Protruding from the extreme western part of N. 
Y., the ridge dividing the sources of the con- 
fluents of the O. valley from those of lake Erie, 
rises sloping but abrupt from the latter ; and 
so abrupt that some of the feeders of Chatauque 
lake have their fountains within 5 ms. from the 
lake shore. Here, at an elevation of 1,300 or 
1,400 feet above the ocean tides, flows water on 
one side which finds a recipient in the Gulf of 
Mexico ; whilst on the opposite side the water 
in 5 ms. has a fall of near 800 ft., a fall which 
the O. waters have not reached at the mouth of 
Muskingum. Sailing on lake Erie from Buffa- 
lo, the ridge we have been noticing is seen 
stretching over the northwestern angle of Pa. 
into the state of Ohio, and slowly receding into 
the interior of the latter state, until from San- 
dusky bay it ceases to be visible from the lake. 
This remark is founded on personal observation 
by the author of this article. The rs. which 
fall into lake Erie from O. are from their pre- 
cipitate descent difficult of navigation, and all 
roll over direct falls or cataracts. Falls or 
cataracts are on the other side rare, though 
some of the latter do occur, one in the Musk- 
ingum at Zanesville, for instance. We at once 
see from the preceding data, that the state of 
Ohio occupies an immense, and not slightly 
elevated plateau or table land. Along the 



sources of its rivers much of the original plain 
remains unchannelled by rivers, presenting 
wide spread levels ; but receding either to 
north or south the river channels become more 
and more deep ; hills seem to rise as the wa- 
ters really fall. The dull monotony gradually 
ceases, and a country is presented which 
abounds with rich and varied, and in some pla. 
ces even grand scenery. Descending from the 
central table land, the courses of the rs. with 
partial inflections, are northward towards Erie, 
or southward towards O. The course of tliat 
part of O. itself which separates the state of O. 
from Va. is s. s. w., whilst that part of the 
same stream separating O. from Ky. is n. w. by 
w., a bend not far from a right angle taking 
place at the mouth of Big Sandy r. The whole 
Ohio r. border of the state of O. approaches as- 
tonishingly to a circular curve. Setting one 
leg of a pair of compasses in Worthington, 9 
ms. N. Columbus, and extending the other to 
the mouth of Great Sandy, 125 ms., the dis- 
tance will reach the mouth of Great Miami, 
approach very near the mouth of Little Beaver, 
and carried from extreme to extreme will 
sweep along or very near the O. r. It is this 
salient curve of Ohio r. and the little difference 
between its mean length and breadth, which 
renders this state the most compact, not even 
excepting Conn., of any state of the U. S. in 
proportion to outline. That part of Ohio called 
New Connecticut, or Connecticut Western Re- 
serve, embraces 8 counties in the n. e. corner 
of the state ; the tract contains 3,300,000 acres. 
Of this district Ohio has the jurisdiction, but 
the fee lies in Connecticut, and it is chiefly 
settled by emigrants from the latter state, and 
Mass. An unsurveyed tract of 4,204,800 
acres, lying between Little Miami and Scioto 
rivers, belongs to the State of Virginia, and is 
called the Virginia Military Lands. 

Climate and seasons. — On no other subject 
connected with the geography of the U. S. has 
there been so much of palpable mistake as in 
regard to the climate of, not only Ohio, but 
of the entire central basin of N. A. Volney, 
who understood the meteorology and winds of 
N. A. about as well, and no better than do Eu- 
ropean travellers in general, the moral and po- 
litical character of the U. S., propagated the 
opinion that the central basin was warmer on a 
given latitude than the Atlantic coast. Con- 
sulting neither relative elevation or exposure to 
prevalent winds ; nor awaiting recorded obser- 
vations with the thermometer, and the inflo- 
rescence, foliage, and decay of vegetables, or 
the freezing of rs. and crs., this foreigner, in a 
nme month's transit, mostly in summer, thought 
himself competent to decide a problem which 
no human sagacity could determine, except by 
the aid of actual experiment; and experiment 
long continued and carefully registered. Due 
attention being given to the internal s>>ructure 
of the country, especially that of O., will enable 
the reader to detect the leading cause of an er- 
ror which sets at naught all the induction drawn 
from the known laws of nature. The individu- 
al channel of Ohio r. at Pittsburg is, by actual 
measurement made by the writer, 4G0 ft. below 
the apex of the adjacent hills, This relative 



OHI 



359 



OHI 



height does not materially change on the right 
aide, especially until 50 or 60 ms. below the 
mouth of Wabash. The hills, or more correct- 
ly the buttress of the interior table land, reaches 
the bank, or recedes one or two miles with in. 
tervening bottoms, through the entire valley of 
O. r. from hill to hill ; and is above Louisville 
in few places two ms. wide. Thus that stream 
flows in a deep chasm, which receives the sun's 
rays as in a focus, and has besides an actual de- 
pression equivalent to a degree of lat. below 
the surface, one or two miles from its banks. 
The rapid transition of temperature is seen on 
vegetation, and is felt and seen in a very stri- 
king manner on health. Between the valley of 
O. r. at Wheeling, which is very nearly oppo. 
site the middle lat. of the state of Ohio, and the 
farms on the hills 8 or 10 ms, distance e. or w., 
there is a difference of at least 10 days in seed 
time, harvest, or the inflorescence of fruit trees 
or ripening of their fruit. The accuracy of the 
opinion, that so far from being warmer, the val- 
ley of O. is in winter, greatly colder, does not 
depend alone on the observation or assertion of 
the author. The following is an extract from 
the National Intelligencer, Dec. 29th, 1831. — 
"Wheeling, Dec. 24th, 1831. The mercury in 
the thermometer (Far.) on Sunday morning last, 
(Dec. 18th,) stood at 16° below zero, which 
was 10 degrees colder than the coldest day last 
winter." From this extract, the extreme cold 
of the winter of 1830 — 31, was, 6 minus zero. 
In the art. U. S. the reader will find this subject 
more amply discussed. 

Soil and Agriculture. — As a general charac- 
ter, the soil of Ohio is eminently productive, 
and the productive part, perhaps 9-lOths of the 
whole, very equally distributed over the state. 
But with extremes of lat. 3^ degrees, and with 
relative height taken into the account 5 degrees 
of Fahrenheit in mean temperature, the effects 
on vegetation are severely felt. Small grain, 
Indian corn, salted meat and live stock, are the 
staples of the state. Of grains, Indian corn is 
cultivated in an abundance which might be sty- 
led excessive, and is the grain which is indeed 
most suitable to all parts of the state, as the 
summers on the highest part of the table land 
are sufficiently long for its ripening. An intel- 
ligent man who removed from the vicinity of 
Sandy Spring, and who settled in Portage co., 
informed the writer that the climate was there 
too cold for the successful culture of winter 
grain. The apple succeeds well over Ohio, as 
does the peach in sheltered situations. Flint 
says, " Fruits of all kinds are raised in the 
greatest profusion ; and apples are as plenty in 
the cultivated parts of the state, as in any part 
of the Atlantic country. The markets are amply 
supplied with peaches, plums, cherries, goose- 
berries, strawberries, and cultivated grapes. 
From the fulness and richness of the clusters of 
cultivated grapes, it is clear, that this ought to 
be a country of vineyards. The Germans have 
already made a few establishments of the kind, 
with entire success. Apricots, nectarines, and 
quinces, succeed ; and the state is the appro- 
priate empire of Pomona."* To the preceding 
we may add, tobacco, hemp and flax, as these 

* Flint's Geog. Miap. valley, vol. 1, p. 393—4. 



vegetables are in a high degree suitable to the 
soil and climate of O. Kemp and flax must, 
from the very nature and analogy of things, be- 
come standing staples of Ohio. But wo may 
extend the observations on these two latter ve- 
getables, to the contiguous political sections, 
Ky., Ind., Mich., Pa., and wstrn. Va. ; and per- 
haps still more suitably to II. and Mo. 

Rivers, Canals, ^-c. — The principal river of 
Ohio, is that queen of rivers from which the 
state derives its name, and which semicircles 
the state with its channel, unequalled for tran- 
quillity of current, and soft splendid scenery 
along its banks. Flowing in fact along the base 
of the enormous platform of Ohio, the r. 0. has 
a very moderate descent, falling only 204 feet 
from Pittsburg to the mouth of Scioto. In pro- 
per seasons when amply supplied with water, 
the 0. is one of the most safely and easily navi- 
gated rs. of the eartn ; but it is impeded in win. 
ter by ice, and in summer by drought, and is 
not, on an average of one year in ten, naviga- 
ble above the mouth of great Kenhawa, more 
than half the year. Winter frost impedes the 
navigation in all its length, a great majority of 
seasons. It is also liable to excessive and de- 
structive floods. (See article Ohio river.) 
Of the rivers flowing from the state into 
the Ohio, the principal are descending, Mus- 
kingum, Hockhocking, Scioto, and Great and 
Little Miami. These, with numerous creeks, 
drain the great southern plain of 0., and have 
interlocking sources with the streams flowing 
in an opposite direction into lake Erie. Advan. 
cing from e. to w. the most important of the 
latter are, Ashtabula, Grand, Cuyahoga, Huron, 
Sandusky, and Maumee, with innumerable in- 
termediate creeks. Other rivers are the Mau. 
mee. Portage, Black, Vermillion, Rocky, and 
IVluskingum. The spirit of internal improve- 
ment pervades Ohio ; numerous rail-roads have 
been projected, and many have recently been 
incorporated. Of canals, the most important 
are the Ohio and Erie, and the Miami ; these 
have already afforded immense facilities for 
business, and opened new fields for the enter- 
prise of the citizens of this, as well as the 
neighbouring states. The main Erie and Ohio 
canal commences at Cleaveland, on the lake 
shore, follows up the valley of the Cuyahoga 
r. southwardly, above 30 ms., then crosses the 
Portage Summit, to the Tuscarawas or Musk- 
ingum river, whose valley it follows to Dres- 
den, about 14 ms. n. Zanesville ; from thence 
it takes a southwestern direction across the 
height of land dividing the Muskingum from 
the Scioto r., into the valley of the latter, about 
12 ms. s. from Columbus ; thence a southern 
direction along the valley of the Scioto river, 
passing Circleville, Chillicothe, and Piketon, to 
Portsmouth, on the n. bank of the O. r., at the 
mouth of the Scioto. The length of the main 
trunk is 310 ms. ; of the feeders and side cuts, 
24 ms. ; total 334 ms. Except one rock, near the 
Ohio, this canal was completed in 1832. The 
Miami canal commences at Cincinnati, and ex- 
tends nrthwrdly. along the valley of the Great 
Miami r. ; a total distance of 67 ms. It passes 
the towns of Hamilton, Middletown, Franklin 
and Miamiesburg to Dayton. I'his canal is 



OHI 



3(J0 



OHI 



now finished. A route was surveyed, some 
three years ago, for the future extension of the 
Miami northwardly, from Dayton to the Mau- 
mee r. at fort Defiance ; thence northeastward- 
ly along the Maumee, to its mouth in the west- 
ern extremity ol lake Erie. A grant from the 
U. S. of 300,000 acre's of land to the state, on 
condition that this work should be prosecuted, 
has been accepted ; the lands have been select- 
ed, sales effected to the amoimt of i$40,000, and 
it is expected the work will be commenced 
within the time specified by Congress. (For 
farther details in internal improvements, see 
art. Rail Roads and Canals.) 

The following extracts from a message of 
the governor, Dec. 4, 1832, exhibit the condition 
of the finances and public works of this pros- 
perous member of the confederacy. The ag- 
gregate amount paid into the Treasury for State 
and Canal purposes, for the year ending the 
15th of November 1832, is §265,217 22— 
which added to the balance in the Treasury on 
the 15th of November 1831, i^6,075 38, amounts 
to ,f271,292 60. The total amount of dis- 
bursements at the Treasury for State and Canal 
purposes for the year ending 15th November 

1832, is $250,507 65, leaving a balance in the 
Treasury at the last date of §20,784 94. The 
estimated amount of tax levied for State and 
Canal purposes for the year 1832 is $250,000. 
The amount of the foreign debt heretofore con. 
tracted on account of the Canal is ^4,400,000, 
and the interest payable annually to foreign 
stockholders is ^260,000. The amount of 
loans derived from the School Funds, is 
$434,847 95, the interest on which, amounting 
to about 25,000 dollars, is applied to the support 
of common Schools ; so that the whole Canal 
debt of the State, is about f 4,834,847 95, and 
the i.otal amount of interest due 1st of January 

1833, will be about $285,000. The amount 
received into the Treasury from the sale of 
lands granted by Congress to the State of Ohio 
for Canal purposes for the year ending 15th 
November 1832, is ^58,103 78. The amount 
of tolls received from the Miami Canal for the 
eame period is $34,956 86. The amount of 
tolls collected from the Ohio Canal for the 
year ending the IStli of November 18.32, 
|'76,463 93 — making the sum total received 
for tolls |111,420 79; deduct incidental 
charges, ^7,118 26, and a balance is left of 
$104,302 53, which is applied towards the 
payment of interest on the Canal debt. A tax 
amounting to $143,153 46, was levied to aid in 
the payment of interest on this debt, for 1832. 
The Ohio canal, with its navigable feeders, is 
now completed from lake Erie to the Ohio, a 
distance of about 334 miles, with the exception 
of one lock near the Ohio river ; and the whole 
length of canals in this state now navigable 
is about 400 miles, affording the most con- 
venient and cheap mode of transportation — 
enhancing the value of the products of the 
country — and giving every reasonable facility 
to those engaged in commercial employment. 
The influence of these great works is already 
visible in the increase of commerce and travel. 
Subtsantial improvements have been wrought 
in the country which they traverse, and there 



has been a regular arrival and departure of 
packet and freight boats, at a season of the year 
when navigation has been hitherto unknown. 
It has been estimated by the canal commission- 
ers, that during the year 1832, the actual saving 
of transportation (less than what would have 
been the e.xpense of land carriage,) on the Erie 
canal alone, amounted to $231,004,05 ; and on 
tiie Miami canal, $81,152, making a total of 
§■312,156,87 ; or nearly three times the amovmt 
received on these two canals for transporta- 
tion, during the year ending Nov. 15th, 1832. 
The aggregate amount of tolls received on the 
United States' road, between Wheeling and 
Zanesville, (it having been transferred to the 
state of Ohio,) on the I5th Nov. 1832, was 
$11,082,03. The institution for the deaf and 
dumb, which is supported by the state, is in a 
flourishing condition. The number of pupils 
(Dec. 1832) was 31, of whom 17 were wholly, 
and 1 was in part, supported by the state. The 
whole expenses of this asylum, for 3 quarters 
ending .July 31st, 1832, was $3,409 16. It is 
expected a building suitable for the purposes 
of the institution will be completed early in 
1834. A new penitentiary for state purposes is 
in progress, the present one having been found 
in many respects deficient. The expenses of 
that prison in 1831 amounted to $13,000. From 
the militia returns for the year 1832, it appears 
that there were then in the state 6,131 commis- 
sioned oflicers, and that the number of non. 
commissioned officers, privates, &c. amounted 
to 126,030. 

Progressive population. — The settlement of 
Marietta, 1787, or 46 years ago, commenced 
that of Ohio. In 1800, the population of the 
state amounted to 45,365; in 1810, it was 230,- 
760; and in 1820, 581,434. 

The subjoined table exhibits the aggregate 
by counties, 1830. 



Counties. 


Pop. ]830. 


Counties. 


Pop. 1830. 


Adams, 


12,281 


Licking, 


20,869 


Ashtabula, 


14,584 


Lorain^ 


5,696 


Alliens, 


9,78T 


Logan, 


6,440 


Allen, 


578 


Madison, 


6,190 


Butler, 


27,142 


Marion, 


6,551 


Belmont, 


28,027 


Medina, 


7,560 


Brown, 


17,867 


Meigs, 


6,158 


I liampalgn, 


12,K!1 


Mercer, 


1,110 


Clarke, 


13,114 


Miami, 


12,807 


Clermont, 


2(),4ti(5 


Monroe, 


8,768 


f olumhiana, 


.•i5,r)ti3 


Montgomery, 


24,362 


Coshocton, 


n,im 


Morgan, 


11,800 


Cuyahoga, 


1(1,373 


Muskingum, 


29,334 


crawfoi'd, 


4,791 


Perry, 


13,970 


Clinton, 


11,436 


I'ickaway, 


16,001 


Dark, 


6,204 


Pike, 


6,024 


Delaware, 


11,504 


Portage, 


18,826 


Kairliekl, 


24,786 


Preble, 


16,291 


Fayette, 


8,182 


Putnam, 


230 


Franklin, 


14,741 


Paulding, 


161 


Gallia, 


9,733 


Richland, 


24,006 


Geauga, 


15,813 


Ross, 


24,068 


Green, 


14,801 


Sandusky, 


2,851 


Guernsey, 


18,036 


Shelby, 


3,671 


Hamilton, 


52,317 


Scioto, 


8,740 


Hockinjr, 


4,008 


Seneca, 


.5,159 


Highland, 


16,345 


Stark, 


26,588 


Harrison, 


20,910 


Tuscarawas, 


14,298 


Hancock, 


813 


Trumbull, 


26,1.53 


Hardin, 


210 


Union, 


3,193 


Henry, 


262 


Van Wert, 


49 


Holmes, 


9,135 


Washington, 


11,731 


Huron, 


13,341 


Wayne, 


23,333 


Jefterson, 


22,489 


Williams, 


387 


lackson. 


5;941 


Warren, 


21,468 


Knox, 


17,085 


Wood, 


1,102 


Lawrence, 


5,367 







OHI 



361 



OHI 



Of which were white 


persons : 






Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years of age, 


96,411 


89,873 


From 5 to 10 


74,690 


71,851 


" to to 15 


62,151 


59,306 


" 15 to 20 


51,138 


52,635 


" 20 to 30 


81,291) 


75,574 


" 30 to 40 


49,34(5 


43,894 


" 40 to 50 


31,112 


27,546 


" 50 to 60 


18,053 


15,898 


» 60 to 70 


10,783 


8,293 


" 70 to 80 


3,632 


2,915 


" 80 to 90 


935 


730 


" 90 to 100 


138 


89 


" 100 and upwards, 


29 


C 







Males. 


Under 10 years. 




1,562 


10 to 24 




1,440 


24 to 30 




HOB 


36 to 55 




646 


55 to 100 




325 


100 and u 


pwarda 


8 



Total, 478,680 447,631 

Among the preceding who are deaf and 

dumb, there are under 14 years of age, 148 ; 

from 14 to 25, IGO ; 25 and upwards, ll8; 

blind, 232. 

Of free colored persons, there were, 

Females. 

1,573 

1,551 

799 

611 

241 

4 

Total, 4,788 4,779 

Slaves. — Males 1, females 5. Deaf and 
dumb colored, 9. 
Recapitulation — 

IVh'ites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 

926,311 9,567 6 035,884 

Constitution, Government, Judiciary. — The 
constitution of Ohio was adopted in convention 
at Chillicothe, 29th Nov. 1802 ; the most im- 
portant provisions of which are : That the le- 
gislative authority of this state shall be vested 
in a general assembly, which shall consist of a 
senate and house of representatives, both to be 
elected by the people. That representatives 
shall be chosen annually. That no person shall 
be a representative, who shall not have attained 
the age of 25 years, and be a citizen of the U. 
S., and an inhabitant of this state ; shall also 
have resided within the limits of the co. in 
which he shall be chosen, one year next prece- 
ding his election, unless absent on public busi- 
ness. That senators shall be chosen biennial- 
ly. That no person shall be a senator who has 
not arrived at the age of 30 years, and wlio is 
not a citizen of the U. S. ; shall have resided 2 
years in the co. or district, immediately prece- 
ding his election, unless absent on public busi- 
ness. That no senator or representative shall, 
during the time for which he shall have been 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under 
this state, which shall have been created, or 
the emoluments of which shall have been in- 
creased, during such time. That no money 
shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conse- 
quence of appropriations made by law. That 
the supreme executive power of this state shall 
be vested in a governor. That the governor 
elected by the qualified electors for the mem- 
bers of the general assembly, and at the same 
time and place. Holds his office for two years, 
or imtil another governor shall be elected and 
qualified. Eligible only 6 years, in any term of 
8 years. He shall be at least 30 years of age, 
and have been a citizen of the U. S. 12 years, 
and an inhabitant of this state 4 years next pre- 
ceding his election That no member of con- 



gress, or person holding any office under the 
U. S. or this state, shall execute the office of 
governor. The powers of the governor of 
Ohio are nearly the same as generally vested 
in governors of states. He can grant pardons 
and reprieves after conviction, except in cases 
of impeachment. That the judicial power of 
this state, both as to matters of law and equity, 
shall be vested in a supreme court, in courts of 
common pleas for each co. ; injustices of the 
peace, and in such other courts as the legisla- 
ture may, from time to time establish. That 
judges of the supreme court shall, by virtue of 
their offices, be conservators of the peace 
throughout the state. The presidents of the 
court of common pleas, shall, by virtue of their 
offices, be conservators of the peace within 
their respective circuits, and the judges of the 
court of common pleas shall, by virtue of their 
offices, be conservators of the peace in their re- 
spective cos. That judges of the supreme 
court, the presidents, and the associate judges 
of the courts of common pleas, shall be appoint- 
ed by a joint ballot of both houses of the gene- 
ral assembly, and shall hold their offices for the 
term of 7 years, if so long they behave well., 
(This mode of choosing judges of law and equi- 
ty septennially, is a rather novel, or at least 
wide deviation from the usual manner of elec- 
tion or term of service.) That in all elec- 
tions, all white male inhabitants, above the 
age of 21 years, having resided in the state one 
year next preceding the election, and who have 
paid, or are charged with, a state or co. tax, 
shall enjoy the right of an elector ; but no per- 
son shall be entitled to vote, except in the 
county or district in which he shall actually re- 
side, at the time of the election. 

Art. 8, contains 28 sections of general prin- 
ciples ; among which we may notice the fol- 
lowing : Their shall be neither slavery or in- 
voluntary servitude in this state, otherwise than 
for the punishment of crimes, &c. No prefer- 
ence shall ever be given by law to any reli- 
gious society, or mode of worship ; and no re- 
ligious test shall be required, as a qualification 
to any office of trust or profit. Sec. 6, secures 
the freedom of the press, and concludes thus : 
" In prosecutions for ani publication respect- 
ing the official conduct of men in a public capa- 
city, or where the matter published is proper 
for public information, the truth thereof may 
always be given in evidence ; and in all indict- 
ments for libels, the jury shall have a right to 
determine the law and the facts, under the di- 
rection of the courts, as in other cases." The 
person of a debtor, where there is not strong 
presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in 
prison after delivering up his estate for the 
benefit of his creditor, or creditors, in such 
manner as is prescribed by law. No person 
shall be liable to be transported out of this 
state, for any offence committed within the 
state. 

History. — In 1787, what is now the state of 
Ohio, was included in a territory then created 
by act of congress, called " The Territory 
northwest of the river Ohio," and in the same 
year preparations were made for the first civili- 
zed settlement made within its limits. Gen, 



OHI 



362 



OLI 



Rufus Putnam and the Rev. Menasseh Cutler, 
led a small colony from Middlesex and Essex 
counties, Mass., who fixed themselves at Ma. 
rietta, at the mouth of Muskingum r. Similar 
to every settlement made on a frontier, exposed 
to savage w^ar, the first years of Ohio were 
spent in blood and tears. The treaty of Gren- 
ville, in 1795, and the surrender of Michigan in 
1796, gave peace to the west, and emigration 
poured over the mountains, into the Ohio val- 
ley. In 1800, Ohio and Michigan were formed 
into a separate territory, but having acquired 
sufficient numbers in Ohio, Michigan was de- 
tached April, 1802, and the former authorized 
to frame a constitution. January, 1802, after 
every necessary formality was complied with, 
Ohio was admitted into the Union as a state. 
Though as a member of the confederacy her 
history is blended with that of the nation, we 
cannot omit an expression of admiration at a 
4 progress in power, resource and energy that 
has no parallel in all human history. Forty- 
six years past all was a wild ; now, 1832, 
with at least a million of inhabitants, her 
towns, cities, canals, roads, schools, colleges 
and other improvements mock the pen of the 
geographer. 

Ohio, co. Va. bndd. by Washington co. Pa. n. 
E., Greene co. Pa. s. e., Tyler co. Va. s., Ohio 
r. separating it from iVlonroe co. state of Ohio, 
s. w., and Belmont co. Ohio, n. w., and by 
Brooke co. of Va. n. Length from s. to n. 36 
ms., mean width 12, and area 432 sq.ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 14', and in 
long, from 3° 36' to 3° 55' w. W. C. The de- 
clivity is a little n. of w., down which flow into 
O. r. advancing from n. to s.. Short, Wheeling, 
Grave, Fish, and Fishing creeks, having their 
sources in Pa. The surface is excessively bro- 
ken by hills, but with alluvial bottoms of first 
rate soil. In fact the soil of the highest hills is 
fertile, and the whole co. a body of excellent 
land. Cf. t. Wheeling. Pop. 1820, 9,182, 1830, 
15,,590. 

Ohio, co. Ky. bndd. n. w. by Daviess, n. E.by 
Hancock, e. by Grayson, s. e. by a part of But- 
ler CO., and by Green r. which separates it from 
a part of Butler s., and from Muhlenburg s. w. 
This CO. lies nearly in form of a square, 24 ms. 
each side; area 576 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 37° 12' to 37° 34', and in long, from 9° 37' 
to 10° 14' w. W. C. The declivity of this co. 
is westward in the direction of the two main 
branches of Green r. between which are com- 
prised full 3-4 of all the area. Cf. t. Hartford. 
Pop. 1820, 3,879, 1830, 4,9l3. 

OnioPYLE Falls, in Youghiogany r. is a de- 
scent of 7 or 8 ft. direct pitch in that stream, 
where it passes Laurel Hill, 11 or 12 ms. n. e. 
Uniontown, Fayette co. Pa. 

Ohioville, p-v. western, part of Beaver co. 
Pa. by p-r. 11 ms. below, and wstrd. of the 
borough of Beaver, and 262 ms. n. w.by w. W. C. 

Oil or., small, but remarkable stream of Pa. 
rising in the southern part of Crawford, and 
western part of Warren cos., flows southwardly, 
enters Venango co. and falls into Alleghany r. 
about 8 ms. estrd. Franklin. On this cr. and 
and near the border between Venango and 
Crawford cos. arises a spring of water, on which 



floats a mineral oil, from which the name of the 
cr. is derived. The oil spring, as laid down on 
Tanner's Pennsylvania, is 25 ms. a little s. of e. 
Meadville, 

Oil Cueek, p-o. and tsp. southeastern angle 
of Crawford co. Pa. 25 ms. e. Meadville, and 80 
a little E. of N. Pittsburg. 

Olamon Plantation, Hancock co. Me. Pop. 
222. 

Oldbridge, v. Middlesex co. N. J. at the 
head of navigation on Smith r. 7 ms. s. e. New 
Brunswick, 2 n. e. Spotswood. 

Old Church and p-o. Hanover co. Va. by p-r. 
15 ms. N. Richmond. 

Oldfield, p-o. Ashe co. N. C. by p-r. 218 
ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Old Fort, p-v. Centre co. Pa. by p-r. 75 ms. 
N. w. Harrisburg. 

Old Fort and p-o. Burke co. N. C. by p-r. 
235 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Oldham, co. Ky., bndd. n. by Gallatin, e. 
by Henry, s. e. by Shelby, s. w. by .TefFerson, 
and w. by Ohio r. separating it from Clark co. 
Ind. Length 28 ms., mean width 15, and area 
420 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 15' to 
38° 40', and in long, from 8° 12' to 8° 37' w. 
W. C. The surface hilly and rocky. Cf. t. 
Westport. Pop. 9,563. 

Old Mines and p-o. Washington co. Mo., by 
p-r. 60 ms. s. s. w. St. Louis. 

Old Point Comfort, cape and p-o. Elizabeth 
City CO. Va., 12 ms. in a direct line a little w. of 
N. Norfolk, 3 ms. s. e. Hampton, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 202 ms. s. s. e. W. C. The promon- 
tory, particularly called Old Point Comfort, is 
almost exactly on lat. 37°, according to Tan- 
ner's U. S., and with the opposing point, Wil- 
loughby, on the right shore, forms the real 
mouth of James r., the intervening strait sepa- 
rating Lynhaven bay from Hampton roads. On 
this point is located fortress Monroe, one of the 
strongest fortifications of the U. S. 

Old ToWxV, p-v. on Potomac r. Alleghany co. 
Md., 14 ms. below and s. e. Cumberland, and 
by p-r. 135 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Old Town, p-v. nrthwstrn. part of Ross co. 
0., 12 ms. N. w. Chillicothe. 

Old Town, p-v. Lowndes co. Ala., by p-r. 
131 ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Olean, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 20 ms. s. 
E. Ellicottville, 33 s. w. Angelica, 115 s. w. 
Geneva, n. of Pa., 8 ms. by 9 ; is crossed by 
Olean cr. which runs into Alleghany r., and 
supplies several mill seats. The timber is 
chiefly valuable pine, which has occupied the 
inhabitants in the preparation and transportation 
of lumber. Olean Point, or Hamilton village, 
stands just below the confluence of Oil cr. and 
Alleghany r., and at the head of navigation. 
Several ancient motmds were found near this 
place. Pop, 561. 

Olean, cr. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 25 ms. in 
length. 

Olet, tsp. Berks co. Pa., 10 ms. estrd. Read- 
ing. Pop. 1820, 1,400 ; 1830, 1,469. 

Oley Furnace and p-o. in Oley tsp. Berks go. 
Pa., 10 ms. estrd. Reading. 

Olive, t. Ulster co. N. Y., 12 ms. w. King- 
ston, about 10 ms. long, has a rough surface. 
Pop. 1,636. 



ONE 



3G3 



ONO 



Olive, p-v. Morgan co. O., by p-r. 100 ms. a 
little s. of E. Columbus. 

Olive Gkeen. (<See Ludlow, Morgan co. 
Ohio.) 

Oliver's p-o. Anderson co. Ten., by p-r. 188 
ms. e. Nashville. 

Olympian Springs and p-o. Bath co. Ky., 11 
ms. s. E. Owingsville, and 49 e. Lexington. 

Ompomponoosuc, r. Orange co. Vt., joins 
Conn. r. at Norwich. It is a good mill stream, 
about 20 ms. long. 

Onancock, cr. and p-o. on the Chesapeake 
shore of Accomac co. Va., 8 ms. s. w. by w. 
Drummondstown, and by p-r. 2l0 ms. s. e. W. C. 

Oneida, lake, N. Y. in several cos. about the 
middle of the state, near the shore of lake On- 
tario, into which it flows. It is about 20 ms. 
long E. and w., and 4 broad, and receives Chit- 
teningo cr. &c. w., Fish and Wood crs. e., and 
Oneida cr. s. This lake, being the important 
channel of intercourse between the Canadians 
and the five nations of Indians, up to the time of 
the French wars, was fortified by two block 
houses, fort Brewerton w., and fort Royal at 
the mouth of Wood cr. The banks are low, 
with good soil. 

Oneida, cr. Madison co. N. Y., divides this 
CO. from Oneida co. for 17 ms., and runs n. into 
the s. E. end of Oneida lake. It formerly sup- 
plied the Indians with fine fish, but is now a 
valuable mill stream, and is crossed by the 
Erie canal 3^ ms. from its mouth. Its princi- 
pal tributary, Stanando cr., is also a good mill 
stream. 

Oneida, co. N. Y., bndd. by Lewis co. and a 
part of Oswego co. n., Herkimer co. e., Herki- 
mer and Madison cos. s., Madison and Oswego 
COS. w. ; contains 1,136 sq. ms. The head of 
navigation of Mohawk r. is in this co., a part of 
Oneida lake. It is 110 w. of Albany, and con- 
tains 32 ts. ; Sadaguada, Oriskany, and other 
crs. or streams, tributary to Mohawk r., lie in 
the middle of this co. Fish and Wood crs. n., 
Black r. and its branches n. e., W. Canada cr. 
E., with its branches, Steuben and Cincinnati 
crs., Oneida cr. s. w., and streams of Susque- 
hannah r. s. Mill seats are abundant, and 
equal to those of any co. in the state. The sur- 
face is uneven, and abounds in fine springs. 
In the N. E. the country is more hilly. Iron ore 
is found in the s. and n. e., and iron works exist 
in several places. The Erie canal lies along 
the s. bank of Mohawk r. to Rome, on the Long 
Level, which reaches 69J ms. The old canal 
from Wood cr. to the Mohawk, which connect- 
ed the navigation of lake Ontario and the Hud. 
son, is in this co, Rome is the st. jus. Pop. 
1820, 50,997; 1830, 71,326. 

Oneida, p-v. Vernon, Oneida co. N, Y., 22 
ms. w. Utica, 9 s. Oneida lake, is on the bor- 
ders of the Oneida reservation. 

Oneida Castle, Oneida co. N. Y., was the 
chief residence of the Oneida Indians, one of 
the five native nations of the state of N. Y., who 
have a reservation of about 20,000 acres of val- 
uable land, on which were supported Christian 
missionaries for many years, with some success. 
The nation gave a portion of their land to the 
Stockbridge Indians, and another to such of oth- 
er tribes as chose to settle upon them ; and 



they also enjoyed the benefits of instruction. 
Within a few years many of these different 
tribes have emigrated to Green Bay, where 
they received lands from the Menominee or 
Rice Indians. 

One Leg, p-v. Tuscarawas co. 0., by p-r. 127 
ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Oneonta, t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 1,759. 

Onion, r. Vt., rises in Cabot, Caledonia co., 
first runs s. and s. w., then turns n. w. and 
flows througli Washington and Chittenden 
cos. into lake Champlain 5 miles below Bur- 
lington. It is about 70 miles long, and one of 
the largest rivers in Vt. Its principal branches 
are Dog r. and Steven's branch, n. branch at 
Montpelier, Mad, Waterbury and Huntington rs., 
and iVluddy brook. It passes through a wild 
and romantic country a considerable part of its 
course, and has a great descent. On its high- 
est branch is a fall of 500 ft. within a distance 
of 30 ft. In Bolton, Chittenden co., where it 
crosses the ridge of the Green mtns. the current 
in the course of ages has worn away the rocks 
in a remarkable manner. In one place it has 
cut to a depth of 30 fit., a channel 60 ft. wide, 
and about 270 yards long, through a solid rock. 
At another, 4 ms. below Waterbury v. it has 
cut 100 ft. down, having one side a perpendicu- 
lar wall ; and there rocks have fallen down so 
as to form a natural bridge. An artificial 
bridge has been built over a third place of the 
kind, three quarters of a mile above the falls, 
where the channel is 65 ft. deep and 70 wide. 
The water power afforded by this stream is very 
great. The turnpike road from Royalton to 
Burlington lies along the course of Onion r., 
and is one of the best, as well as one of the 
most romantic roads in this part of the U. S. 
The great route by which the Indians formerly 
travelled between Conn. r. and lake Champlain, 
lay along the courses of White and Onion rs. 
When the Enghsh first settled at Plymouth, an 
extensive war was carried on in boats of skins 
by this route ; and during the subsequent wars 
with the French in Canada, many incursions 
upon the frontiers were made in this way. 
There is much excellent alluvial land along the 
banks, especially after its passage of the mtns. 
Boats go up to the falls about 40 ms., but lake 
vessels can go only 5 ras. 

Ono, p-v. Edgar co. II. 6 ms. nrthrd. Paris, 
the CO. St. and by p-r. 112 ms. n. e. by e. Van- 
dalia. 

Onondaga, lake, Salina, Onondaga co. N. Y. 
7 ms. from Onondaga, drained by Seneca r. It 
is about IJ ms. by 6, with turbid water, and re. 
ceives many springs of salt water from its banks, 
besides several streams ; Otisco, Onondaga 
creeks, &c. Its banks have been peculiarly 
subject to the fever and ague. The surrounding 
land is low, and often marshy. The great salt 
manufactories of N. Y, are supplied with water 
from the shores. It is raised by machinery to 
an elevation sufficient to convey it in pipes to 
Syracuse and other places where the manufacto- 
ries are situated. The branch canal or side cut 
from the Erie canal, communicates with the 
lake by locks at Salina, the descent being 38 
feet. 

Onondaga, co. N. Y, 130 ms. w. n. w. AI- 



ONS 



364 



ONT 



bany, 40 a. s. e. Oswego, 50 w. Utica ; bound- 
ed by Oswego co. e., Madison and Cortlandt 
COS. s., Cayuga co. w., Oswego r. on the n. 
bound., Oneida lake and river e., and Skene- 
aleles lake s. w. Greatest length 32 miles, 
greatest breadth 28, area, about 334,000 
acres. It contains the salt springs of the 
state, which are of immense value, and quan. 
titles of gypsum, limestone and water cement, 
with a good soil, and streams highly useful for 
manufactures and navigation. Besides the 
waters above mentioned, there are Oswego and 
Seneca rs.. Cross, Onondaga and Otisco lakes, 
&c. In the s. are several brooks, tributary to 
Susquehannah r. The manufacture of salt is 
very extensive and valuable. The Onondaga 
Indians, though much reduced in numbers, oc- 
cupy their reservation in this co. The salt 
springs are owned by the state, and are in the 
town of Salina. The water is raised by water 
and steam, conducted into Syracuse, Geddes 
and Liverpool, and there the salt is made from 
it, as well as in Salina. It is obtained by solar 
evaporation, and by artificial heat, in different 
ways. A branch of the Erie canal extending 
to Salina, supplies water power. A bushel of 
salt is obtained from 45 gallons. A tax of 12^ 
cents a bushel is paid by the manufacturers to 
the state, for the canal fund. Between 1817 
and 1831, including those two years, about 
|1,400,000 was paid to the treasury from this 
source. Quantities inspected in different 
years : 1826, 827,508 bushels ; 1827, 983,410 ; 
1828, 1,160,880; 1829, 1,291,280; 1830, 
1,435,446 ; 1831, 1,514,037 bushels. Of the 
last, 163,000 bushels were made by solar 
evaporation, and the residue by solar and artifi- 
cial heat combined. 189,000 bushels were 
coarse. Syracuse is the st, of jus. Pop. 1820, 
41,467 ; 1830, 58,984. 

Onondaga, p-t. and st. jus. Onondaga co. N. 
Y. 134 ms. w. Albany, 41 s. Oswego, 9 ms. by 
10 ; has an agreeable surface, with very good 
soil. In the e. is a fine valley, between high 
hills, through which lies the course of Onon- 
daga creek towards Onondaga lake, and here 
are many mill seats. Water cement, lime- 
stone, marie and gypsum here abound. Onon- 
daga Castle is in this t. 3 ms. s. of the Hollow. 
Pop. 5,668. 

Onondagas, Indians, Onondaga co. N. Y. 
These are the remains of the first of the Five 
Nations of Indians, formerly powerful, but now 
reduced to a small number. They have a re- 
servation in Onondaga t., 2^ ms by 5 ; 3 ms s. 
of the Hollow, on which a portion of them re- 
side. They receive an annual payment from 
the state in money — the interest of the money 
for which they formerly sold their lands in this 
and several adjacent cos. 

Onslow, an extensive bay of the U. S. on the 
Atlantic coast, sweeping in a great elliptic 
curve from cape Fear to cape Look Out. The 
chord line from cape to cape is, by calculation, 
111 statute ms., and deflects from the meridian 
by an angle of 65° 50' very nearly. A chain 
of long, narrow and low sand isls., inflecting, 
and within from 1 to 2 ma. from the coast, 
stretch along the curve of Onslow bay. The 
jnain shore is also low, and but little broken by 



cither bays or water courses. The inlets be- 
tween the isls. are numerous, but none admit 
large vessels. In lat. this bay extends from 
33° 54' to 34° 34', and in long, from 1° w. to 
0° 25' E. W. C. 

Onslow, co. N. C. bndd. by New Hanovw s. 
w., Duplin N. w., Jones n. and n. e., Cartaret e., 
and Onslow bay s. e. and s. Length 40 ms., 
mean width 18, and area 720 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 34° 30' to 35°, long, from 0° 
13' to 0° 40' w, W. C. The very slight decliv- 
ity of Onslow is a little e. of s. and drained by 
New river and Whittock r. Pop. 1820, 7,018 ; 
1830, 7,814. 

Ontario, lake, one of the great chain of N. 
American lakes, lying between N. Y. and Up- 
per Canada. It extends from lat. 43° to 44° 
and from 0° 40' e. to 2° 50' w. long, from W. 
C. and has the general form of a flat ellipse, 
with its ends e. and w., and is about l90 ms. 
long, with an average breadth of 40 ms. The 
chief supply of its waters is received by Niaga- 
ra r. which forms part of the w.boundary ofN.Y., 
and after having brought all surplus of the lakes 
above, down the greatest cataract in the world, 
pours it into lake Ontario on its s. shore, a little 
E. of its w. extremity. Its other principal trib- 
utaries are the Genesee, Oswego, and Black rs. 
which flow from N. Y., and there are numerous 
small streams from both sides. The principal 
bays on the N. Y. shore are Chaumont e., and 
Gerondiquot and Braddock's ; and the isls.. 
Stony and Grenadier's isls., with Wolf or Grand 
isl. at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. This 
lake is very deep, by some supposed to be 500 
ft. It is never closed over with ice. It yields 
excellent fish. The shores are generally rath- 
er low, and in some places marshy, though in 
others quite elevated, and the land is commonly 
good. The surface is 334 ft. lower than that 
of lake Erie. There is a remarkable ridge of 
land, called the alluvial way, extending in a 
course generally parallel with the s. shore, from 
7 to 10 ms. distant from it in the state of N. Y., 
which has the appearance of having been thrown 
up in some manner by the waves, or some cur- 
rent of the lake, when it may have overspread 
a much greater surface of country. An excel- 
lent road is laid out upon the summit of this 
narrow ridge. The surface of the lake is 231 
ft. higher than the tide level of the Hudson at 
Albany, All this body of water discharges its 
surplus at its e. extremity into the St. Law- 
rence r. which is broad and rendered unnaviga- 
ble, except in boats, by isls. and rapids, for some 
distance. It is owing to this that most of the 
commerce of the lake finds its way to N. York. 
Canals, large enough for schooners of the lar- 
gest size used on the lakes, have just been 
completed by the British government, round 
the falls of Niagara, and those of the St. Law. 
rence below lake Ontario. The Oswego canal 
has also been recently constructed in the state 
of N. Y. from the Erie canal to the mouth of 
Oswego r. 

Ontario, co. N. Y., bndd. by Wayne co. n., 
Seneca co. e., Yates and Steuben cos. s., Liv- 
ingston CO. w., and Monroe co. n. w. The s. 
part is hilly, and the other parts generally 
agreeably varied, with a variety of soil, and 



OPE 



365 



OPE 



much good, rich argillaceous loam. Canandai- 
gua lake lies near the middle, and partly on the 
s. E. boundary ; Honeoye and Skeneateles lakes 
are w. ot it, and Hemlock lake is on the w. 
boundary. The principal streams are Ho .leoye. 
Mud, and Flint crs., and Canandaigua outlet, 
besides West r,, flowing into the head of Can- 
andaigua lake, and several other streams — all 
flowing nrthrdly. There are 13 towns, and 
manufactories of iron, cotton, woollen, glass, 
&c. in this CO., of which Syracuse is the st.jus. 
Pop. 1820, 35,312, 1830, 40,167. 

Ontario, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 208 ms. n. 
N. w. Albany, 17 n. w. Lyons, s. lake Ontario, 
is crossed by several small streams running n., 
and contains a bed of iron ore, and several 
forges. Pop. 1,585. 

Ontonagon r., by some called Copper Mine 
r., a confluent of Lake Superior, rises at lat. 
45° 40', long. W. C. 12° w. interlocking sources 
with those of Menomonies, and Wolf rivers, 
flowing to the s. e. ; and those of Montreal r. 
br. of Lake Superior, and with those of Chip- 
peway r. With an intervening por'^age of 4 or 
5 ms., there is at seasons of the mean height of 
these waters, a canoe navigation irom lake 
Michigan, by the channels of Menomonies and 
Wolf rs. into lake Superior, by either Ontona- 
gon or Montreal r. The former enters Lake 
Superior about 75 ms. s. w. by w. Point Kewe- 
naw. 

OosTENALAH r.. Ten. and Geo., rises in the 
former at lat. 35° 05', and is the most nrthrn. 
fountain, the water of which is conveyed into 
the gulf of Mexico e. from the Misp. Yet a 
or. under the name of Connesauga, this stream 
enters the Cherokee country of Geo., and flow- 
ing s. s. w. by comparative courses 60 ms. to 
New Echota, where it unites with a large con- 
fluent, the Rocking Stone or Salequohe, from 
the nrthestrd. Below New Echota, the Ooste- 
nalah continues s. s. w. 25 ms., to its union with 
the Etowah, to form the Coosa. This stream 
has interlocking sources with those of Ten., 
Hiwassee, and Etowah. 

Opelousas, parish of La., and the most sth- 
wstrn. section of the U. S., bndd. n. w. by the 
parish of Natchitoches, n. by Rapides, n. e. by 
Avoyelles, e. by Atchafalaya, a river separa- 
ting it from point Coupee and West Baton 
Rouge, s. E. by St. Martin's, the upper parish 
of Attakapas, s. w. by the gulf of Mexico, and 
w. by Sabine lake and r., separating it from 
Texas. The longest line that can be drawn in 
Opelousas, is a diagonal from the mouth of 
Sabine, to the nrthestrn. angle of the parish on 
Atchafalaya r. 16 ms., and measured m that 
manner, the mean width would be about 50 ms., 
area 8,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 29° 
26' to 30° 55'. The Opelousas is a part of the 
great northern plain of the Gulf of Mexico, and 
the central and western part declines s. s. w. 
It is drained, advancing from e. to w. in suc- 
cession by the numerous branches of Mermen- 
iou, Calcasiu, and Sabine rs. The eastern but 
much less extensive section has a southeastern 
declivity, and is drained by the confluents of 
Atchafalaya, Teche, and Vermillion rs. Though 
the northern part rises into comparative hills, 
the whole surface so nearly approaches a lev- 

47 



el as to admit being designated literally an 
inclined plain. The declivity is, however, so 
very slight, as to admit the moderate tides of 
the Gulf of Mexico above the lakes of Sabine, 
CJalcasiu, and Mermentau, and when the Miss, 
and Atchafalaya are in full flood, the water of 
Courtableau is rendered stagnant to its head, 
at the junction of Boeuf and Crocodile creeks. 
But though so nearly a curve section of the 
sphere, Opelousas is far from being uniform 
in its features. It is divisible into three very 
distinct physical regions. The sea marsh of 
the south, the immense prairies or natural 
meadows in the middle, and the dense forests 
on the N. and n. e. The marshy gulf border 
rises but very little above the ocean level, is 
clothed with rank and coarse grass with a few 
clumps of trees, and extends inland from 30 to 
40 miles. It is a trembling bog, and irreclaim- 
able for any agricultural purpose, and except 
along the water channels impassable, perhaps 
by any human effort. The prairie and marsh 
sections along their line of connection blend, 
the former imperceptibly rising above inunda- 
tion. Except their monotonous surface, the 
prairies of Opelousas are seductive to the eye 
and fancy. There is an oceanic softness im- 
pressed on the mind while the vision is swept 
over those immense plains. The dull uniform- 
ity is broken by the lines of woods stretching 
along the Plaquemines, Brule, Teche, Queue 
Fortue, Cans; Nezpiqne, Calcasiu and Sabine. 
The innumerable herds of cattle and droves of 
horses ; the farm houses scattered upon the 
forest borders, and the bounding horseman give 
life to this extensive picture. It is here the 
ideas of relative space are lost in the immensi- 
ty. From a slight eminence or from the roof 
of a high house, the surface of many counties 
of the eastern border of the United States 
comes on the foreground of the landscape. 
Passing the prairies either to the northward cr 
eastward the traveller is plunged into a dense 
forest ; but the northern and eastern forests 
differ greatly in their features and specific com- 
ponent timber. Towards Rapides and Natchi- 
toches, pine trees so greatly prevail, and grow 
with so little underwood as truly to deserve 
their common name " Pine Woods." This vast 
pine forest, interrupted only by Red r. spreads 
beyond the bounds of La. On the eastern bor- 
der of Opelousas, towards the inundated lands 
of Courtableau and Atchafalaya pine entirely 
ceases, but the forest is in an especial manner 
dense, with an underwood of cane, numerous 
species of bushes and vines. The prevailing 
timber, oaks of different species, hickory, dif. 
ferent species, linden, and sassafras, sweet 
gum, and many others. Where actual marsh 
occurs, cypress and tupeloo prevail. On the 
woods along the water courses which traverse 
the prairies, black oak, white oak, sweet gum 
and hickory, with an underwood of dogwood 
and whortleberry prevail. The arable soil of 
Opelousas varies in quality to great extremes. 
In the eastern part of the parish on the waters 
of Vermillion, Teche, and Courtableau, the 
land is highly productive, but receding in any 
direction from this region the soil deteriorates. 
Eastward the fine arable tract is succeeded by 



ORA 



366 



ORA 



the annually inundated soil in the waters of 
Mermentau and Calcasiu, is thin and followed 
by sea marsh. To the nrthwstd. the pine for- 
est land is also unproductive when farming is 
attempted. Cotton is greatly the prevailing 
staple of Opelousas, and is followed in value 
aggregately by live stock. Peaches, figs, and 
apples, are the common orchard fruits ; the lat- 
ter do not, however, thrive to much advantage. 
Indian corn, rice, indigo, tobacco, and many 
other vegetables are cultivated successfully. 
Cf. t. Opelousas, or Saint Landre. Pop. 1820, 
10,085, 1830, 12,591. 

Opelousas, p-v. and st. jus. parish of Ope- 
lousas, La. {See Saint Landre.) 

Oppenheim, p.t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 56 
ms. w. Albany, 15 w. Johnstown, n. Mohawk 
r., E. of E. Canada cr., is crossed by Zimmer- 
man's, Crum and Little Crum crs. and other 
small streams. Pop. 3,660. 

OauAGo, vil., Windsor, Broome co. N. Y. 16 
miles E. Binghampton, on Delaware river. 

Orange, lake and r. the wstrn. confluent of 
Ocklawaha r. and consequently the most west- 
ern tributary of St. John's r. of Florida. This 
congeries of lakes and intervening inlets gain 
consequence from offering part of the course 
of a proposed canal route across the peninsula 
of Florida. {See Ocklawaha r.) 

Orange, t., Grafton co. N. H. 16 ms.E. Dart- 
mouth college, 40 ms. n. n. w. Concord, with 
22,000 acres, contains lead and iron mines, 
with a pond in the s. e. on the banks of which 
are found a kind of yellow paint. Valuable 
clay is also found, and great quantities of ochre 
are prepared and sold annually. The surface is 
uneven, with Cardigan mtn. e. and the soil 
First settled 1773. Pop. 410. 

Orange co. Vt. bndd. by Caledonia co. n., 
Conn, river separating it from N. H. e., Wind- 
sor county s., Washington and Addison cos. w., 
is about half way between the n. and s. lines of 
the state, and contains 650 sq. ms. Incorpora- 
ted 1781, and contains 17 towns. It has Wells 
r. N. E. Ompompanoosuc and Wait's rs. and 
streams of White and Onion rs. In the n. w. 
is part of the e. range of the Green mountains. 
Granite rocks abound in the n. and middle 
parts, which are valuable for building and mill 
stones ; slate is found west, and in the co. are 
great quantities of iron and lead ores. Cf. t. 
Chelsea. Pop. 1820, 24,169, 1830, 27,285. 

Orange, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 13 ms. e. Mont- 
pelier, 50 n. Windsor, with 23,040 acres. First 
settled 1793 ; has an uneven surface, sometimes 
rocky, with Knox's mtn. n. e. which yields 
abvmdance of excellent granite for building. 
The soil is better for grain than grass. Sail 
branch is the principal stream, and there are 
several smaller. Pop. 1,016. 

Orange, p-t. Franklin co. Mass. 75 ms. w. 
Boston, N. Miller's r. which furnishes good 
mill seats. The surface is rough, and has some 
manufactories. Pop. 880. 

Orange, t., New Ilaven co. Conn. 5 ms. s. 
w. New Haven, with Housatonic r. n. w. and 
Long Island sound s. e. It is crossed by Wo- 
powang r. and is rough and rocky, with some 
good land. Pop. 1,341. 

Orange co. N. Y.bndd. by Sulhvan and Ul- 



ster cos. north, Hudson r. east, which separates 
it from Putnam and Duchess cos., Rockingham 
southeast, New Jersey s. w., Delaware r. w., 
which separates it from Pa. It contains 609 
sq. ms. and 14tsps., of which Newburgh and 
Goshen are the sts. jus. The east part is very 
mountainous, embracing the principal part of 
the w, highlands of the Hudson, called the 
Matteawanmtns. There is also much drown- 
ed land, which has a good soil for hemp, &c. 
when drained. Iron ore, and timber are ob- 
tained from the mtns. There is also some 
marble. Wallkill r. runs n. w. through the 
middle ; Shawangunk r. one of its branches, 
bounds it on the n. w. The Delaware and Na- 
visink, its tributaries, are w. and Murderer's 
creek Hows e. to the Hudson. Ramapo and 
Sterling rs. flow into the Passaic inN. J. The 
Shawangunk range of mtns. crosses the n. w. 
corner. The mtns. in the e. part of this co. 
were a most important bulwark of the country 
in the revolutionary war. There were the 
forts Clinton, Montgomery, and Putnam, (the 
latter at W. Point) guarding the passage of the 
river. They were taken by the British, in 
1777, who hoped to open a communication with 
Gen. Burgoyne, but were disappointed. These 
forts Gen. Arnold covenanted to betray to the 
enemy. The military academy of the United 
States, is at West Point, (which see.) The 
Delaware and Hudson canal enters this co. 
along the valley of Navisink r. and up the bank 
of the Del. In the village ofWalden are man- 
ufactories of cotton, flour, flannel and broad- 
cloth. Pop. 1820, 41,213, 1830, 45,336. 

Orange, p-t. Essex co. N. J. n. w. Newark, 
s. w. Bloomfield, has an academy and a miner- 
al spring. The west part lies on the east ac- 
clivity of the Short hills. It is crossed by one 
or two small streams. Pop. 3,887. 

Orange, vil., Orange, Essex co. N. J. is a 
flourishing manufacturing and populous village 
4 ms.N. w. Newark, and has a bank. The in- 
habitants manufacture a large amount of hats, 
shoes, &c. 

Orange, co. Va. bndd. by Spottsylvania, e, 
and s. e., Louisa s., Albemarle s. w.. Blue 
Ridge separating it from Rockingham n. w., by 
Conway r. separating it from Madison n., and 
by Rapidan r. separating it from Culpepper n. 
Length diagonally from e. to w. 56 ms,, mean 
width 10, and area 560 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 38° 07' to 38° 25', and in long, from 
0'= 42' to 1° 4.5' w. W. C. The northern part 
in its entire length is bounded by and drained 
into Rapidan, on the southwestern branch of 
Rappahannoc ; declivity eastward. The south- 
eastern angle gives source to N. Anne, and 
the southwestern to the extreme northern 
sources of Rivanna r. The surface is hilly 
and the co. is nearly equally divided by the 
southwest mtn. Much of the soil is good. Cf. 
towns. Orange court bourse, Barboursville, and 
Stannardsville. Pop. 1820, 12,913, 1830, 
14,637. 

Orange, co. N. C. bndd. s. e. by Wake, s. by 
Chatham, w. by Guilford, n. by Caswell and 
Person, and n. e. by Granville. Length 40 ms., 
mean width 25, and area 1,000 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 35° 53' to 36° 14', and in 



ORE 



367 



ORE 



long, from 1° 48' to 2° 34'. Some of the high- 
er sources of Neuse r. rise in the northeastern 
part of Orange, but the central sthrn. and west- 
ern sections are drained by Haw r. and its con- 
flaents. The general declivity southeastward. 
Cf t. Hillsboro'. Fop. 1820, 23,492, 1830, 
23,908. 

Orange, go. Indiana, bndd. s. by Crawford, 
s. w. by Dubois, n. w. by Martin, n. by Law- 
rence, and E. by Washington. It is a square of 
21 ms. each way, area 440 square ms. lat. 38° 
35', long. W. C. 9° 30' w., slope w. giving 
source to Patoka r. and to Salt cr. a branch of 
White r. Cf. t., Paoli. Pop. 7,901. 

Orange, p-o. Trumbull co. 0., by p-r. 165 
ms. N. E.Columbus. 

Orange, c. h. and p-o. Orange co. Va., at the 
foot of the S. W. mtn., 92 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Orangeburgh, dist. of S. C, bndd. s. e. by 
Charleston and Colleton districts, s. w. by South 
Edisto r., separating it from Barnwell, w. by 
Edgefield, n. w. by Lexington, n. by Congaree 
r., separating it from Richland, and n. e. by 
Santee r., separating it from Sumpter. Length 
76 ms., mean width 24, and area 1,824 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 30° 10' to 30° 53', and 
in long, from 3° 23' to 4° 41' w. W. C. De- 
clivity to the s. s. e. by e., and mostly drained 
by the two Edistos ; cf. t., Orangeburg. Pop. 
1820, 15,653 ; 1830, 18,453. 

Orangeburgh, p-v. and st. jus., Orangeburgh 
dist. S. C, by p-r. 43 ms. a little e. of s. Co- 
lumbia. Lat. 33° 28', long. 3° 51' w. W. C. 

Orange Springs and p-o., s. e. part Orange 
CO. Va., by p-r. 94 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Orangetown, t. Rockland CO. N. Y., the s. e. 
corner of the co. 28 ms. n. N. Y., 142 s. Alba- 
ny ; has Tappan bay of Hudson r. e., and N. 
Jersey s. and w. It contains an academy. 
Hackensack r. flows s. into N. J., supplying 
useful water power. It contains the villages 
of Tappan, Nyack and Middletown. Dobb's 
Ferry and Slote Landing are on Hudson river. 
Pop. 1,947. 

Orangeville, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 22 
ms. s. Batavia, gives rise to one of the head 
streams of Tonewanta cr., and is nearly level, 
with light loam, bearing beech, maple, linden, 
&c. Pop. 1,525. 

Orangeville, p-v. estrn. part of Columbia co. 
Pa., 16 ms. northeastward Danville the co. t., 
and by p-r. 81 ms. n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Oregon, p-v. Franklin co. 0. 

Oregon, or Columbia, large r. of North 
America, included in the discoveries of Lewis 
and Clarke, and usually regarded as part of the 
domain of the U. S. We introduce the article 
here in order to give a general view of the 
country between the Chippewayan or Rocky 
mtns. and the Pacific ocean, and first notice the 
great r. from which the name has been derived, 
and which is slowly but probably securely re- 
gaining the Spanish name of Oregon. Orega- 
no, in Spanish, is the name of wild marjoram, 
and from that herb, or some other bearing to it 
a strong resemblance, it is supposed the name 
arose. The origin of the name Columbia is 
generally mistaken, as it was not derived from 
any connexion with the great discoverer of 
America ; but from the Columbia Redivina, an 



American vessel from Boston in Mass., com- 
manded by Capt. Robert Gray, who entered the 
Columbia r. on the 1 1th of May, 1792, and was 
the real re. discoverer of that important stream. 
The Oregon is composed of two great constit. 
uent branches, the Clark to the n. and Lewis s. 
The real remote source of the nrthrn. branch 
of Clark's r. has not been accurately determin- 
ed, but it is supposed to rise about lat. 53°, op- 
posite to the sources of Saskatchewaine and 
Unjiga. Flowing sthrd. 300 ms., it joins a 
much superior stream from the estrd., Clark's 
r. proper. The latter heads in the Chippeway- 
an range or system, interlocking sources with 
the various branches of Mo. lat. 45°. Flow, 
ing thence by a general n. w. by w. course, but 
with a very extended nrthrn. curve, joins the 
N. branch as already noticed. Below the junc- 
tion the united stream assumes a s. s. w. course 
120 ms., to its union with Lewis r., after an 
entire comparative length of 800 ms. The en- 
tire valley of Clark's r., as laid down on Tan- 
ner's N. A-, embraces an area of 75,000 sq. 
ms. If Lewis r. is correctly delineated on 
either Tanner's N. A., or on the upper margin 
of his U. S., it is a still superior stream to that 
of Clark's r. ; the former rising amongst the 
chains of the Chippewayan system at lat. 40°, 
long. 30° w. W. C. Interlocking sources with 
those of Rio Grande del Norte of the Gulf of 
Mexico ; the Colerado of the Gulf of Califor- 
nia, Rio Buenaventura of the Pacific, and with 
those of Arkansas, Platte, and Missouri rivers ; 
Lewis r., the main constituent of Oregon, as- 
sumes a N. w. by w. course, receiving large 
tributary branches from both sides, but particu- 
larly from the right. This large stream, after 
a comparative coarse of 800 ms., joins the n, 
branch or Clark's r. The valley of Lewis r. 
exceeds an area of 100,000 sq. ms. It is a re- 
markable circumstance that the elevated vallies 
from which the upper sources of Lewis r. are 
derived, is, following the general courses of 
the Rio del Norte and Columbia, almost exact- 
ly equidistant from the Gulf of Mexico, and 
Pacific ocean ; exceeding 1,000 ms. distance 
in either direction. Combining the two vallies 
of Lewis r. and Clark's r., and measuring from 
the most northern source of the latter to the 
extreme southern source of the former, the 
breadth of their sources is about 1,000 miles. 
Below their union the vast volume pursues a 
general western course, but with a considerable 
southern curve 300 ms. to its final efflux into 
the Pacific ocean, having received the Multno- 
mah below the last chain of mtns. which it 
traverses, and near the head of tide water. 
In a pamphlet published in Boston in 1830, 
written by Hall J. Kelley, A. M., and entitled 
a geographical sketch of Oregon Territory, 
the following notices are given of the main 
r. : " It is six miles wide at its mouth ; at the 
distance of 175 ms. from the sea, and near the 
foot of the grand rapids, it meets the tide wa- 
ter, and assumes a new character. The mouth 
of the r. is spacious and easy of ingress, afford- 
ing good anchorage, and a number of safe and 
commodious harbors. There are flats and 
bars, which extend from Point Adams on the 
s., nearly across the entrance ; but over these 



ORE 



36B 



ORE 



tlats, there are no less than 20 ft. of water at 
low tide. The ship channel which lies snug to 
Cape Disappointment on the n., gives no less 
than 24 ft. at low water. It has been observed 
that the tide sets np 175 ms. It rises at Cape 
Disappointment, about 9 ft., and its reflux at 
this place, is generally in the spring 5 or 6 
knots per hour. The mouth of the r. has been 
particularly surveyed, by Capt. Nash, from 
whom the following directions were obtained 
for entering its mouth. Bring Chenoke point 
to bear n. E.by e., at any distance not less than 
4 leagues, and steer for it, until Cape Disap- 
pointment bears n., then run for the eastern 
part of Cape Disappointment and pass it at a 
quarter of a mile distance, and when the south- 
ern part of it bears w. halfs. you may steer 
nearly e., keeping Chenoke Point a little open 
on the larboard bow ; this will clear the Spit 
bank, and bring the ship into a fine channel of 
6, 9, 12 and 13 fathoms, (should the wind be 
ahead, you may work up for Cape Disappoint- 
ment, standing to the westward until the cape 
bears n. n. e. half e. and to the eastward, until 
it bears n. half w. in a good channel,) when 
abreast of Chenoke Point, haul in for Point El- 
lice, and pass it at half cable's length, when 
you may bring it to bear s. halfs., and steer e. 
by N. half n., until the Red Cliff bears n. w. 
half w. ; then steer for the low land to the 
southward of Tongue Point, until two trees, 
which stand above the rest of the high woods 
to the s., are directly over the middle of three 
trees, that stand near the water, between two 
red patches; then run for them until you shut 
a bluff point of sand upon the river, into Tongue 
Point ; then steer for port George, till an old 
white stump, or withered tree, bears s. e. by s. 
half s. ; then haul in shore, till two trees on the 
high land, to the n. e. shut just on to Tongue 
Point, and keep them so, and you may anchor 
at Fort George, in 7 fathoms, mud." In the 
Boston pamphlet quoted above, the Multnomah 
is derived from lake Timpanogos, and from the 
Rocky mtns. ; but from maps drawn from actual 
observation, and communicated by Gen. Ash- 
ley to Mr. H. S. Tanner, that river has a far 
more brief origin. It appears that sthrd. of the 
Columbia, extensive open plains spread to a 
great extent, and in which the Multnomah rises 
at least 300 ms. wstrd. of the Rocky mts., and 
pursuing a course of n. n. w. about 350 ms., falls 
into Columbia or Oregon, near the head of tide 
water. So little more than the rough general 
outlines, are known of these immense regions, 
which are merely merging into view, that an 
attempt at specific information would be pre- 
mature. Under the art. U. S., it will be shown 
that the climate of that part of N. A. w. of the 
Chippewayan system, is much milder on a giv- 
en lat., than on or near the Atlantic coast ; and 
the true cause of the difference will be also 
shown. The soil of Oregon has been boasted 
of as in a high degree fertile, which, if assumed 
as a general character, is not supported by the 
facts developed by actual discovery. 

Oregon. This territory, taken as a physical 
section, is in great part confined to the basin of 
Columbia or Oregon r., and is bounded s. by 
the lat. 42°, or the nrthrn. boundary of Hispano, 



N. A. ; N. it has the Russian territories, e. it i® 
limited by the Chippewayan mtns., and on the 
w. by the Pacific ocean. Before proceeding to 
describe the country geographically, it may be 
well to glance on the international stipulations 
which have fixed, as far as they are fixed, the 
N. and s. boundaries. By the treaty of Wash, 
ington, ratified by the king of Spain, on the 
24th Oct., 1820, and the ratifications exchanged 
at Washington, the 22nd Feb., 18^21, the 42°nd 
of lat. is made the limit between the Mexican 
provinces and the Oregon territory of the U. S. 
This closed a tedious and vexatious controver- 
sy with Spain, but two far more powerful com- 
petitors presented themselves. Great Britain 
and Russia severally urged their claims. It 
was certainly stretching a right too far to claim 
Oregon as a part of La., nor was such plea at 
all requisite. The people of the U. S. were the 
original discoverers after Spain, of the Colum- 
bia or Oregon, in both directions, from the 
sources to the mouth. As early as 1788, some 
merchants of Boston fitted out two vessels, for 
the avowed purpose of trading along the N. W.. 
coast of N. A. One of these, the Columbia 
Redivina, commanded by Capt. Robert Gray,, 
discovered, entered, and gave the prenomen of 
his ship to the r. Capt. Vancouver was then at 
Nootka, and the discovery very frankly and for- 
tunately communicated to that great navigator, 
who sent one of his principal officers to examine 
the channel, and in his narrative acknowledges 
the facts ; thus placing the right of prior dis. 
covery in the U. S. beyond dispute, on British 
evidence. In addition to the discovery by sea, 
the expedition of Lewis and Clark was one of 
those transactions too notorious to admit addi. 
tional evidence, and the result was a discovery 
and partial survey of the Oregon regions. Some 
attempts have been made by individuals to in- 
duce the U. S. government to formally take 
possession of the Oregon, and in 1810 a private 
expedition, at the expense and under the direc- 
tion of .John .Jacob Astor of IM. Y., actually 
formed an establishment, and named the princi- 
pal depot Astoria. This colony of 120 men, 
went out well provided for trade and agricul. 
ture. Two years after the first founding of 
Astoria, they had established themselves at 5 
other places beside Astoria. One settlement 
was on the Multnomah, one at the mouth of 
Lewis r., and the 3 others in the interior of the 
country. Had the U. S. government sustained 
the colony sent out in 1810, it is probable all 
conflicting claims would long since have been 
quieted, or perhaps never urged. In the con- 
vention of 1818, between the U. S. and Great 
Britain, the right of both parties to the country 
of Oregon, seems to be mutually conceded, 
and to embarrass the conflicting claims still 
more, those of Russia were brought forward, 
though not strenuously asserted, and were, as 
far as that power and the U. S. were concerned, 
fixed by the convention of the 5th of April, 
1824. By the third article of the above noticed 
convention, we may consider lat. 54° 40' as the 
provisional boundary of the U. S. and Russia 
on the Pacific ocean ; and to the south, since 
the definitive ratification of the treaty of Wash- 
ington, lat. 42° has become the determined 



ORE 



369 



ORL 



limit. If we consider the title of the U. S. par- 
amount, then this nation will possess on the Pa. 
cific coast 12 degrees and 40 minutes of lat., or 
880 statute ms., with a mean breadth inland of 
460 ms. ; area exceeding 400,000 sq. ms. The 
surface of this immense country as far as 
known, appears to be broken and mountainous. 
It is bndd. on the e. by the vast system of the 
Chippewayan, and traversed in a similar direc- 
tion from s. to N., at no great distance from the 
Pacific ocean by another system, which has 
hitherto remained without a generic name. 
The great body of the country spreads between 
those two systems. As laid down on Tanner's 
N. A. and U. S., the coast between lat. 42° and 
the Columbia r. seems rock bound, and very 
devoid of openings, buys or harbors. On the 
map of N. A. between lat. 42°, and 43°, is 
placed the mouth of the r. Los Mongos, the out- 
let of lake Timpenogos, and to the n. of its 
efHux is placed cape Dilligencias of Spanish, 
the Oxford of English geography. The wide 
and open bay of Gannaveral lies between lat. 
44° and 45°, and is terminated at lat. 44° 55' by 
Cape Fairweather ; and that again at 45° 30' 
by Cape Xelimak, and r. of the same name. 
The mouth of Oregon follows at lat. 46° 12'. 
Beyond this important opening the coast is 
again in great part rock bound to cape Flattery, 
lat. 48° 30', or to the mou^h of the strait St. 
Juan de Fuca. The character of the coast 
now entirely changes ; a deep entrance of near 
100 ms. separates the southern extreme of the 
isl. of Quadra and Van Gouver, from the con. 
tinent. The straits of Fuca extend, a long ir- 
regular bay of 80 ms., to the southward, reach- 
ing to within 50 ms. of the Oregon. On the 
nrthrn. side the strait again under, first, the 
name of the Gulf of Georgia, and thence by 
that of Queen Charlotte's sound, merges into 
the Pacific ocean at lat. 51°. The isl. of Qua- 
dra and Van Couver is near 300 ms. long, in 
form of an ellipse, broadest part about 80 ; but 
mean breadth perhaps under 50 ms. The 
ocean side is represented as abounding in bays. 
From lat. 42° to the straits of St. Juan de Fuca, 
the coast deviates only by a small angle from 
due N. and s. ; but the isle of Quadra and Van 
Couver, and the opposing coast, bear nearly n. 
w. With the northei-n termination of the isl. 
and entrance of Queen Charlotte's sound, the 
coast again bends to n. n. w. and preserves that 
direction to lat. 54° 40', excessively broken by 
bays and isls. ; the latter not very distinctly 
grouped, but called generically, Princess Royal, 
and Pitt's isls. Outside of these groups, with 
an intervening strait 20 to 100 ms. wide, ex- 
tends Queen Charlotte's isl., a body of land 180 
ms. in length, with a mean breadth of perhaps 
20 ms., and extending nearly n. and s. With 
the N. cape of Queen Charlotte's isl., opens 
Dixon's entrance or Vancouver's sound, and 
also terminates the U. S. territory, as fixed by 
treaty with Russia, 1824, as already noticed. 
Imperfect as is our knowledge of this coast, 
what we possess of the interior country, par- 
ticularly N. of the Oregon r., is still greatly 
more defective. On Tanner's and other maps 
two large rs. are represented as discharging 
into the gulf of Georgia ; the southern called 



the Caledonia, and the northern the Tacoutche 
Tesse. The latter name is undoubtedly misap. 
plied. It is derived from the narrative of an 
Indian toDuPradt, who, about 1735, published 
an account of La. The Indian related to the 
author, that he made the traverse of the conti. 
nent of N. A. to the great water towards the 
setting sun. He describes a river down which 
he accompanied other Indians to the ocean, 
and named it Tacoutche Tesse. From what 
we know of the rs. and mtns. between the 
Misp. and Pacific, two things must be evident 
to whoever reads Du Pradt; one, that the In- 
dian did really make the journey he related ; 
second, that the r. called Oregon, or Columbia, 
was his Tacoutche Tesse. The stream now so 
called, answers in neither course or discharge 
to the account given by the Indian ; whilst on 
the contrary, in both respects, the Oregon cor- 
responds with his description to convincing ex- 
actness. To name the minor capes and isls. 
along the Oregon coast, would be to give a con- 
fused list, which the several navigators have 
made utterly unintelligible by imposing differ- 
ent names to the same place, and at the same 
time leaving the position uncertain. The fer- 
tility of the soil of this territory has no doubt 
been overrated, but the undeniable mildness 
of the climate perhaps fully compensates for 
the sterility of soil. In a country comprising 
a surface more than double that of the whole^ 
Atlantic slope of the U. S. ; and also more than 
double that of the valley of Ohio ; and a coun. 
try abounding in rivers, an immense population., 
may be certainly supported, and if estimated at 
20 to the sq. m , would amount to 8,000,000. 
It is probable, however, that 20,000,000 would 
fall far short of the capabilities of the country. 
The commercial advantages of its position 
give again incalculable interest to Oregon ; and 
we may without danger of contradiction, say 
that, taken in every respect, it is the most im- 
portant section of the earth, on which no civili-. 
zed settlements have been permanently estab- 
lished. 

Orford, p-t. Grafton, co. N. H., on Conn, r., 
across which there is a bridge to Fairlee, Vt. 
It is 10 ms. s. Haverhill, and 60 n. w. by w.. 
Concord. The soil of this t. is generally fer.. 
tile, particularly the intervals lying on the> 
Conn. Mounts Cuba and Sunday lie near the 
centre of it, and there are 4 or 5 ponds of con- 
siderable size. Limestone, soap stone, and a 
grey granite abounds, and lead ore of a fine 
quality. The village is very pleasant, and is 
situated on a handsome plain, bordered on the 
w. by the intervals on the r., and is chiefly 
built on one street, of nearly 3 ms. in extent. 
Pop. 1,829. 

Oriskany, cr. N. Y., a branch of Mohawk r., 
23 ms. long, empties between Utica and Rome. 
Its principal branch is Deane's cr. 

Oriskany, p-v. Whitestown, Oneida co. N. 
Y., 7 ms. N. Utica, 3 from Whitesboro', on Oris- 
kany cr. and the Erie canal, has a large woollen 
factory. 

Orland, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 64 ms. e. by 
N. Augusta, E. Penobscot r. opposite Orphan 
isl., has a large pond. Pop. 975. 

Orlean, p-v. Fauquier co. Va. 



ORL 



370 



ORW 



Orleans, co. Vt., bndd. by Canada n., Essex 
CO. E., Caledonia and Washington cos. s., Franli- 
lin CO. w. ; lies about halfway between the e. 
and w. bounds of the state. Incorporated 1792. 
Irasburgh is the st. jus. First settled 1787. 
The soil is good for grain and grass. It con- 
tains much marshy ground, and more ponds 
than any other co. in Vt. Memphremagog lake 
lies partly within it. Lamoille r. is in the s., 
Black, Barton and Clyde rs. in the n. and mid. 
die. It is enclosed between the two ranges of 
the Green mtns. The rocks in the central part 
are argillite ; in the w. Mica and chlorite ; slate 
and serpentine are found on Misisqiie r., with 
asbestos, magnetic iron, &c. Pop. 1820, 6,976 ; 
1830, 13,980. 

Orleans, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., 85 ms. 
s. E. Boston, 20 e. Barnstable ; is very irregu- 
lar in form, lying on the ocean, which bounds 
it on the e. It forms the elbow of the long and 
crooked point called Cape Cod ; and like it is 
low and sandy with a miserable soil, except on 
some parts of the neck and isl. There are ma- 
ny crs. and coves along the shore, and Chatham 
beach shuts in an extent of salt marsh, e. from 
Chatham harbor, which is large, and lies be- 
tween this t. and Chatham. The inhabitants 
are scattered. The fuel, which is partly peat, 
is brought from elsewhere. Pleasant Bay con- 
tains several isls., and Stage Harbor is an open, 
ing in Chatham beach. The people are al- 
most exclusively devoted to catching fish and 
clams. Pop. 1,789. 

Orleans, co. N. Y., bounded by lake Onta. 
rio N., 23 ras. from Monroe co. e., Genesee 
CO. s., Niagara co. w., is crossed by Oak Or- 
chard cr. which flows through the w. and n. w. 
part, and enters the lake. Johnson's cr. and 
several smaller streams flow in the same di- 
rection w. of it; and Sandy cr. runs e. into 
Monroe co. The Ridge road on the alluvial 
way passes through the middle of the co. from 
E. to w. nearly parallel to which, at a short dis- 
tance s., are the Erie canal, and the Mountain 
Ridge, which is near the s. boundary. The 
surface of the country is gently undulated, and 
the variations are remarkably regular, owing 
to the two singular ridges above mentioned. 
It is supposed that all the n. part was at some 
long past age overflown by lake Ontario ; and 
that the alluvial way was formed by a current. 
The soil is various, generally favorable to grass. 
It contains 8 towns, of which Albion is the st. 
jus. Pop. 1820, 7,625 ; 1830, 17,732. 

Orleans, t. Jefl'erson co. N. Y. 10 ms. n. 
Watertown, s. St. Lawrence r. opposite Grind, 
stone isl., is crossed s. w. by Chaumont r. which 
rises near its centre, and runs 12 or 14 ms. in- 
to Chaumont bay ; with good mill sites. Perch 
cr. s. runs 13 ms. into Black River bay. The 
shore of the St. Lawrence is indented with 
many coves. The surface is varied, and the 
soil is clay and sand. White pine, white oak, 
beech, hard maple, &c. are abundant. The 
form is square, with a triangular tract n. on the 
shore. Pop. 3,091. 

Orleans, parish of La., bndd. s. and e. by 
the parish of Plaquemines, w. by Jefferson, n. 
by lake Pontchartrain, and n. e. by lake Borgne 
and the pass of Rigolets. Length 32 ms,, mean 



breadth about 5 ms., and area 160 sq. miles. 
Extending in lat. from 29° 46' to 30° 12', and in 
long, from 12° 30' to 13° w. W. C. The sur- 
face in the greater part a morass, but with high- 
ly fertile arable soil, though narrow borders of 
land rising two or three feet above the high tide 
level, and stretching along the margins of the 
Misp. Bayou, Boeuf, and other marsh bayous. 
In a state of nature it was only the compara- 
tively elevated margins along the streams, 
which generally produced timber. The mo- 
rass mostly covered with coarse grass, and 
flooded by every tide. The soil actually capa- 
ble of cultivation, produces sugar, cotton, rice, 
Indian corn, &c. The usually cultivated fruit 
trees are orange, fig and peach. Of garden 
vegetables the number of species and abundant 
quantity may be seen at the vegetable market 
of New Orleans city. Chief t., city of New 
Orleans. Pop. of the parish 1820, 41,351, 
1830, 50,103. 

Orleans, isl. of. This art. is introduced to 
explain away a misconception. The name of 
Island of Orleans was given to that part of La. 
on which the city of New Orleans is situated. 
It is that part of the state, bndd. by the Misp. 
r., Iberville and Amite rs., lakes Maurepas, 
and Pontchartrain, the Pass of the Rigolets, 
lakes Borgne, Chandeleur, and Bayard, and 
Gulf of Mexico, and stretches from the efflux 
of Iberville to the mouth of the Misp. 180 ms., 
differing in width from 3 to 25 miles. Except 
the narrow arable border along the Misp. and a 
few other places, the surface is level with the 
surface of high tide. Though called an isl., 
this part of the Delta no more deserves the 
term than do the spaces in other parts, which 
are enclosed by the numerous bayous, lakes 
and lagoons, which chequer the whole surface 
from the mouth of the Pearl to that of Sabine 
river. 

Orleans, p-v. northeastern part of Orange 
CO. Ind. by p-r. 8 ms. n. Paoli, the co. St., and 
86 ras. a little w. of s. Vandalia. 

Orono, or Indian Old Town, p-t. and isl. Pe- 
nobscot CO. Me. 73 ms. n. e. Augusta, is an isl, 
in Penobscot r. 12 ms. n. n. e. Bangor, above 
the Great Falls. It is inhabited by the remains 
of the Penobscot Indians, who have a Catholic 
church. Pop. 1,472. 

Orrington, P-t. Penobscot co. Me. 74 ms. n. 
N. E. Augusta, 5 s. Bangor, 32 n. Castine, e. Pe- 
nobscot r., indents the n. line of Hancock co. 
and is separated from the n. e. corner of Waldo 
CO. by Penobscot r. It is crossed by a pond 
and stream flowing n. w. into that stream. Pop. 
1,234. 

Orton, mills and p.o. Brunswick co. N. C. 
byp-r. 167 ms. s. Raleigh. 

Orville, p-v. Manlius, Onondaga co. N. Y. 
5 ms.N. w. Manlius, is on a branch of the Erie 
canal and on Butternut cr. 

Orwell, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 20 ms. n'. w. 
Rutland, 47 s. w. Montpelier, 47 s. Burlington, 
and opposite Ticonderoga, N. Y. It contains 
42 sq. ms. including Mt. Independence, where 
was a picket fort, a battery, &.c. in the revolu- 
tionary war, as one of the outworks of fort Ti- 
conderoga. The first permanent settlement 
was made in 1783. There are hills s., but the 



OSA 



371 



osw 



land is generally almost level. It is fertile and 
watered by East cr., and Lemonfair r. which 
afford mill seats. Epsom salts have been made 
from a spring on the lake shore n. w., and 
other springs are impregnated with them. 
Compact lime rocks contain impressions of 
shells, fish, &c. Zinc has also been found. 
The lake is here from 1 to 2 ms. wide. Pop. 
1,598. 

Orwell, t. Oswego co. N. Y. 139 ms. from 
Albany, and 12 e. Pulasky, is crossed by Sal- 
mon r. in the s., and many branches in all parts, 
and has pretty good land, with an irregular sur- 
face, bearing beech, maple, hemlock, &c. 
The rocks, which are limestone and slate, 
abound in petrifactions on hills and in valleys. 
In Richland there is a fall in Salmon r. 20 ms. 
from its mouth. The current is first smooth, 
then it runs over rapids 2 ms., and then falls 
almost perpendicularly 107 ft. At high water 
the fall is about 250 ft. wide. Pop. 501. 

Orwell, p-v. Bradford co. Pa. by p.r. 16 ms. 
N. of Towanda, and 141 n. Harrisburg. 

Orwell, p-v. Ashtabula co. O. by p.r. 179 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Orwigsburg, p-v. boro' and st. jus. Schuylkill 
CO. Pa. situated on a small branch of Schuylkill 
r. 7 ms. s. e. Pottsville, 29 ms. n. w. Reading, 
and by p-r. 59 n. e. Harrisburg, lat. 40° 41', 
long. 0° 48' E. W. C. The site of Orwigsburg 
is broken, but very pleasant, and though even 
mountainous in appearance, the adjacent coun. 
try is well cultivated. The village contains the 
ordinary co. buildings, with about 120 dwelling 
houses. It stands on the main road through 
Reading from Phil, to Sunbury and Northum- 
berland. Pop. about 600. 

Osage, r. of the U. S. in the great western 
territory of Mo., and in the state of Mo. This 
stream has its remote sources between those 
of Grand r. of Arkansas and the main channel 
of Kansas r. composed of two branches. Grand 
r. on the nrthrn. and Osage proper on the sthrn. 
Both branches assume an estm. course, and 
entering the wstrn. side of the state of Mo. 
unite after a respective comparative course of 
150 ms. Below the junction, the united waters 
continue eastward about 50 miles, first s. e. 
thence n. e., fall into Mo. r. 12 ms. below the 
city of Jefferson and 108 ms. w. by the land 
road from St. Louis. The entire valley of the 
Osage, is about 250 ms. in length, extending 
very nearly from e. to w. In its broadest part 
it is 130 ms., but the mean width not above 60 
ms., area 15,000 sq. ms. The lower part of 
the channel below the junction of the two main 
branches is excessively crooked, a feature 
which has contributed to magnify the real size 
of the stream. Lat. 38 divides this r. valley 
into two not very miequal sections. The valley 
lies between Lower Kansas and Mo. r. n.. Gas- 
conade s. e., the nrthrn. sources of White r. s., 
and those of Grand r. of Arkansas s. w. It is a 
fine navigable stream as high as the main fork, 
and along its shores, and on many of its tribu- 
taries spread some of the finest lands of Mo. 

Osage, ferry and p-o. nrthwstrn. part of Gas- 
conade CO. Mo. The ferry is over Osage r. at 
its mouth, 12 ms. below Jefferson, and the p-o. 
is at the ferry. 



OsNABUUGH, p-v. Stark co. O., 4 ms. e. Can- 
ton, the CO. et. and 107 n. e. Columbus. 

OssABAU, sound and isl. Bryan co. Geo. The 
sound is in fact the mouth or estuary of Great 
Ogeechee r., and opens into the Atlantic ocean 
18 ms. s. w. the mouth of Savannah r., lat. 31° 
50', long. W. C. 40° 8' w. Ossabau isl. is one 
of those level small isls. which extend in a chain 
along the Atlantic coast of Florida, Geo. and S. 
C. The Ossabau fills the space between Os- 
sabau and St. Catharine's sounds, and is about 
10 ms. in length. 

OssiAN, p.t. Allegany co. N. Y., 20 ms. n. e. 
Angelica, is crossed by Canaseraga cr. which 
affords mill sites. It is in the n. e. corner of 
the CO. Pop. 812. 

OssiPEE, lake, Strafford co. N. H., is nearly 
of an oval form, and covers about 7,000 acres. 
The water is clear, and it contains no isls. It 
discharges its surplus water by Ossipee r, 
through several ponds into Saco r. in Me. 

OssiPEE, mtns. Strafford co. N. H., lie along 
the E. side of Winnipisiogee lake about 8 ms. 
The ridge is broken in some parts, but nearly 
uniform in height, and of considerable elevation. 
The slope towards the lake is gradual near it, 
where the land is pretty well cultivated. These 
mtns. form one of the most conspicuous fea- 
tures in the fine scenery of that region. In 
easterly storms the wind sometimes comes 
over the mtns. with destructive violence. 

Ossipee, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 52 ms. n. n. 
E. Concord, has part of the range of Ossipee 
mtns. N. w. and part of Ossipee lake and r. Its 
form is irregular, and the e. angle almost touch- 
es the boundary of Me. Pine r. crosses the e. 
part, and Bearcamp r. is in the u. w., a tributary 
of the lake. There are several ponds, A 
mound of earth 10 ft. high, w. of the lake, was 
found to contain skeletons, tomahawks, &c. 
Incorporated 1785. Pop. 1,915. 

OswEGATCiiiE r. N. Y., lies chiefly in St. 
Lawrence co. and has 2 branches which, after 
rising near the s. boundary of the co., and flow- 
ing N. unite about 4 ms. from their mouth in St. 
Lawrence r. The e. branch pursues a remarka^ 
bly crooked course ; running w. over the line of 
Jefferson co., then turning back almost into the 
same channel, flows n. e., and then more n. till 
it meets tlie w. branch or Indian r. It has 
many falls and rapids favorable to manufactur- 
ing, and passes through a fertile country. It is 
about 120 ms. long. At one of its angles is a 
natural canal communicating with Grassy r. 
The w. branch flows from Jefferson co. into 
Black lake, or Oswegatchie lake, on leaving 
which it joins the e. branch. 

Oswegatchie, lake, St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 
receives Indian r. or the w. branch of Oswe- 
gatchie r., and a great part of the course of 
that stream lies through it. It contains several 
islands, and is chiefly in Morristown. It lies 
N. E. and s. w., and parallel with St, Lawrence 
river, 

Oswegatchie, p-t. and st. jus. St. Lawrence 
CO. N. Y. 204 ms. n. n. w. Albany, 476 from 
Washington, lies on the St. Lawrence r. is 
crossed by Oswegatchie r., and watered by its 
two branches for a few ms. before their June 
tion. It is opposite Prescott, Upper Canada, 



osw 



372 



OTI 



and at the end of sloop and steamboat naviga- 
tion ; being a little above the rapids. It is 10 
ms. sq. with a varied surface and pretty good 
soil. Oswegatchie r. is navigable and sup- 
plies many valuable factories. An old fort 
stood at its mouth, built by the French. Og- 
densburg, a port of entry, and a large and flour 
ishing village, the st. jus. of the co. is in this t. 
Fort Van Rensselaer was built here in the last 
war. Pop. 3,993. 

Oswego, r. N. Y., the outlet of the lakes in 
the middle of the state, flows into lake Ontario 
near the middle of the s. shore, at Oswego vil- 
lage. The lakes with which it is connected 
are Fish, Cross, Otisco, Onondaga, Owasco, 
Skeneateles, Canandaigua, Crooked, Oneida, 
Cayuga, and Seneca. The communication is 
by outlets, which unite and form Seneca r., and 
this soon falls into Oswego r., as do many other 
small streams. These waters abound in mill 
sites. It is 24 ms. long, runs n., and serves a 
very important purpose for the greater part of 
-its course, as the Oswego canal, which con- 
nects Erie canal at Syracuse with lake Ontario. 
12 ms. from the mouth of the r. is a fall of about 
100 feet, round which was formerly a portage 
of 1 m. for boats. The canal is conducted along 
the E. bank below the falls, to the village near 
the mouth of the r. where it descends to the 
level of the harbor by locks, and affords abun- 
dance of water power to many factories. It is 
crossed by a bridge 700 feet long. It served 
in early times as the great channel of inter- 
-course between the English and French in 
Canada, and the Six Nations of Indians, and 
■was a route of invasion in the revolutionary 
war. The harbor at the rivei''s mouth, has 
^been greatly improved by the government of 
4he U. S., and has much navigation. It is one 
of the places regularly visited by the lake 
steamboats. 

•Oswego, co. N. Y. bndd. by lake Ontario and 
Jefferson, Lewis and Oneida cos. e., Madison, 
Onondaga and Cayuga cos. s. and Cayuga co. 
w., Oneida lake and r. forming the line on the 
^. It contains 900 sq. ms. and 18 towns. It is 
watered by numerous streams, flowing in all 
directions, the principal of which, after that 
mentioned, is Oswego r. Salmon r. crosses 
from the e. line to lake Ontario. Scribas and 
Bay creeks run s. into Oneida lake, Scott's cr. 
into Oneida r.. Black cr. w. into Oswego r. and 
Catfish, Little Salmon, Grindstone and Deer 
crs. N. and w. into lake Ontario, n. e. are some 
hills, but the co. is nearly level, with good gra- 
zing land, some soils favorable to grain, and 
remarkably adapted to fruit trees. Oswego 
and Pulaski are the co. towns. The co. con- 
tains salt springs and freestone quarries. 
There are old forts at the mouth of Oswego r. 
by which was the communication between the 
Canadians ami the Five Nations of Indians be- 
fore the French wars. Fort Oswego is in this 
CO. as is part of the village of Oswego, the st. 
of jus. of the CO. and a port of entry. The ca- 
nal from the falls lies along the e. shore, and 
many manufactories have been erected there. 
The construction of the Oswego canal affords a 
navigable connection between lake Ontario and 
Erie canal. Pop. in 1820,12,374; 1830,27,119. 



Oswego, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 168 ms. n- 
w. Albany, 72 n. n. w. Utica, s. lake Ontario, 
w. Oswego r., is level in some parts, gently 
varied in others, with soil favorable for grain, 
grass and fruit, and contains part of the v. of 
Oswego, the other part beuig in Scriba. It is 
at the mouth of Oswego r. and enjoys great 
advantages as a manufacturing place, from an 
excellent lake harbor, (being defended from the 
waves by two long piers built by the govern, 
ment of the U. S.) and from the Oswego canal, 
which connects the navigation of lake Ontario 
and the Erie canal. A trading house was built 
here, 1772, at the mouth of Oswego r., and 
fort Oswego in 1727, 50 ft. above the level of 
the water. In 17.55 it was enlarged, and fort Os- 
wego was built on the opposite side, in Scriba, 
on much higher ground. They were captured 
by Gen. Montcalm, from the English, in 1756, 
with stores, arms, boats, and ammunition, but 
abandoned. In 1814, fort Ontario was taken 
by the British, but evacuated the next day. 
Pop. 2,703. 

Oswego, incorporated v. and port, in the tsps. 
of Oswego and Scriba, st. jus. Oswego co. N. 
Y. 167 ms. N. w. by w. Albany, is a flourishing 
place at the mouth of Oswego r. on high ground 
near the sites of the old forts Oswego and On- 
tario. It has a good harbor, with 10 ft. water 
on the bar, and is protected from the waves of 
lake Ontario by two long piers, built by the U. 
S. A bridge 700 ft. long connects the two 
banks of the r. Oswego canal here terminates, 
and communicates with the r., on a level with 
the lake, by locks on the e. side, affording wa- 
ter for many manufactories. It is carried along 
the E. bank to the falls, 12 ms. above which it 
enters the r. Boats pass by this channel to 
Syracuse, on the Erie canal ; and is the only 
navigable communication between that canal 
and the lake. This work has given great im- 
portance to the v., which has increased very 
rapidly within three or four years. 

Otego, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 86 ms. w. by 
s. Albanv, 20 s. w. Cooperstown, and n. w. 
Susquehannah r. or Delaware co. ; has large 
and rich meadows on that r., with hills else- 
where, and pretty good soil. It is crossed by 
Otego cr. which affords fine mill seats, Otsaawa 
cr. and other streams. The timber is valuable, 
and rafts are sent down the Susquehannah r. 
Pop. 1,148. 

Otego, r. Otsego co. N. Y., rises near the 
centre of the co. in 2 branches, near Oak cr., 
runs s. parallel to it about 28 ms., supplies good 
mill sites, and falls into Susquehannah r. a little 
above Huntsville. 

Otis, t. Hancock co. Me. Pop. 350. 

Otis, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 116 ms. w. 
Boston, 20 s. e. Lenox ; is on high ground, be- 
tween Farmington and Westfield rs., and has 
several streams and ponds flowing into them. 
The surface is uneven. Pop. 1,012. 

Otisco, lake, or pond, Onondaga co. N. Y. 
near the s. w. corner of the co., 1 mile by 4, 
and parallel to Sheneatles lake ; receives seve- 
ral brooks, and discharges through Otisco cr. 
into Onondaga lake. Its Indian name means 
" waters much dried away." 

Otisco, cr. or Nine|Mile cr., Onondaga co. 



OTS 



373 



OVE 



N. Y., flows from Olisco lake iiori heastwarJly | and enters Mohawk r. at Fort Plain. It has a 
in a curvmg course, into the middle of Ononda- 
ga lake. It is 15 ms. long, and supplies mill 
scats. 

Otisco, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 134 ms. w. 
Albany, 8 s. s. w. Onondaga, and 50 from Urica. 
It is 5i ras. long n. and s., contains 30 sq. ms. ; 
has high land, sloping w. to Otisco lake, and its 
inlet and outlet, which bound it s. w. and e,, 
towards Onondaga cr., to which it sends a tri. 
butary. The soil is moist and warm, the mill 
sites are good, and there is some limestone in 
the N. E. The timber is oak, nutwood, tulip, 
&c. Fop. 1,938. 

Otisfield, p-t. Cumberland co. iVIe., 82 ms. 
s. w. Augusta, 40 n. Portland, s. w. of Oxford 
CO. ; has crooked r. e., and part of a large pond 
s. Pop. 1,274. 

Otsego, lake, Otsego co. N. Y., is a small 
but pure and picturesque sheet of water, 66 ms. 
w. Albany, lying ^. and s. near the n. line of 
the CO., abounding in salmon trout at all sea- 
sons, and giving rise to one of the nordi streams 
of'Susquehannah river. It is from three fourths 
m. to 3 nis. by 9 : and its outlet, on which 
stands the pleasant village of Cooperstown, 
affords water power to several large manufac- 
tories. 

Otsego, co. N. Y., is bndd. by Herkimer, 
Oneida, and Montgomery cos. n., Schoharie co. 
H., Delaware co. s., Unadilla r. dividing it from 
Chenango and Madison cos. w. It is of irregu- 
lar form, with 935 sq. ms. It is 86 ms. w. Al- 
bany, witli 22 towns, and supplies the princi- 
pal sources of the n. branch of Susquehannah 
r. Otsego and Schuyler's lakes, near the n. 
line, flow sthwstrly., as does Charlotte r. in the 
s. E., and Scheneoas, Cherry Valley, Otego, Ot- 
saawa, Butternut, and Wharton crs. Branches 
of Unadilla cr. are on the w. line, which is a 
large tributary of the Susquehannah. A few 
brooks in the n. flow into Mohav/k r. The co. 
is elevated and hilly, being crossed by the Sus- 
quehannah hills and Kiatsburg range, which 
passes to the Hudson at Little Falls. The soil 
is various, and most favorable for grass. Coop- 
erstown, a pleasant village, and the st. jus. of 
the CO., is at the outlet of Otsego lake. Iron 
ore is found in some places, limestone near 
Schuyler's lake, marble in Chei'ry Valley, and 
sandstone n. There are many cotton factories 
on the outlet of Otsego lake and Oak cr., the 
outlet of Schuyler's cr., altogether containing 
about 8,000 spindles. On Butternut creek are 
2 cotton factories with 5,200 spindles, and a 
woollen factory, besides others of different 
kinds at Hartwick, &c. &c. Pop. 1820, 44,- 
856, 1830, 51,372. 

Otsego, t. Otsego co. N. Y. Pop. 4,363. 
Otselic, cr., N. Y., rises in the s. w. part of 
Madison co., crosses part of Chenango, and 
enters Tioughnioga cr. in Broome co., after a 
course of 43 ms. 

Otsklic, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 106 ms. w. 
Albany, 17 n. w. Norwich, and s. of Madison 
CO. It is square, has good soil, pleasantly va- 
ried, and is crossed from n. e. to s. w. by Ot- 
selic creek. Pop. 1,236. 

OxsauAGO, cr. (Osquaga or Otsquaga,) rises 
in Hamilton co., flows e. into Montgomery co., 

48 



ourse of about 23 ms. and affords good mill 
sites. 

Ottawa, new co. Michigan, bndd. by Alle- 
gan CO. s., Kent s. e. and e., Oceana n. e. and 
N., and lake Michigan w. Length from s. to 
N. 38 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 684 sq. 
ms. Lat. 43'^ and long. W. C. 9° w. intersect 
in this CO., about 170 ms. n. w. by w. Detroit. 
Cf. t. Newtown. 

Otter, cr. Vt., the largest stream in tho 
state, whose entire course is within its bounds, 
rises near Bennington co. and flows s. into it, 
then N. through Rutland co. and empties into 
lake Champlain near the line of Chittenden co., 
just above Vergennes. It is about 90 ms. long, 
and, with its branches, waters 900 sq. ms. The 
first part of its course, to Middlebury, is 
smooth ; thence to Pittsford 25 ms., it is navi- 
gable in boais ; and has valuable falls at Mid- 
dlebury, Weybridge, and Vergennes, where 
are manufactories, it is navigable for the lar- 
gest lake vessels for 8 rns. from Vergennes to 
the lake. In some pans this r. flows through 
fine meadows of great fertility. Its tributaries 
are numerous; urincipally Lemonfair, Little 
West, Mill, New Haven, Leicester, Furnace, 
Cold rs. &c. 

OtteiI Bridge, and p-o. Bedford co. Va., 
17 ms. s. w. by w. Lynchburg, and 215 ms, s. 
w. W. C. 

Otter Peaks, the highest part of the Ap- 
palachian system, southwest of the Delaware. 
The Peaks of Otter are parts of the Blue 
Ridge, rising to a height above the Atlantic 
ocean of 4,260 feet, and are situated 30 ms. by 
the road from Lynchburg, and between Bed- 
ford and Botetourt cos. Va. Direction from 
Lynchburg a very little n. of due w. 

Otter Tail, lake and r. The lake so called 
is the extreme fountain of Red r. branch of 
Assiniboin, and crossed by n. lat. 47°, is about 
25 ms. long from n. to s. and from 1 to 5 miles 
wide. From the southern end of the lake^ 
issues the r. of the same name, which gradual- 
ly bending from a s. to w. course joins Swan r. 
60 ms. below Otter Tail Lake. Below the 
mouth of Swan r. the united stream is known 
by the name of Red r. By Otter Tail, Rice, 
and Leech lakes, with their intervening inlets 
and portages, a canoe navigation exists between 
the heads of Misp. and Red rs. 

Otto, t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 10 ms. n. w. 
Ellicottville, and s. of Cattaraugus cr. Pop. 
1,224. 

Ottsville, p-v, northern part of Bucks co. 
Pa. by p-r. 38 ms. n. Phil., and 14 in a similar 
direction from Doylestown. 
OuACHiTTA. (See Washitaw.) 
Oury's p-o. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 127 miles 
s. w. Columbus. 

Overall's p-o. Shenandoah co. Va. by p-r. 91 
ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Overslaugh, a shoal and crooked channel in 
Hudson r. in Bethlehem, 3 ms. s. Albany ; has 
caused much difficulty to the navigation in 
sloops and steamboats in times past. 

Overton, co. Ten. as laid down on Tanner's 
improved map of the U. S. is bndd. by Fentress 
E. and s. E., White s., Jackson s. w. and w., 



OWE 



374 



OXF 



and Cumberland co. Ky. n. Length 36 miles, 
mean breadth 22 ms. and area about 800 sq. 
ms. Lat. 36° 05' to 36° 37' N., long. W.C. 8= to 
8° 30' w. General slope northwestwardly, and 
in that direction drained by Obey's r. and other 
minor confluents of Cumberland r. Chief town 
Monroe. Pep. 1820, 7,128 ; 1830, 8,242. 

Ovid, p-t. and one of the sts. jus. Seneca co. 
N. Y. 205 ms. w. Albany, 18 s. Waterloo, be- 
tween Cayuga and Seneca lakes, about 9 ms. 
E. and w., and nearly 5 n. and s. ; has a varied 
surface, well cultivated, with good soil, and 
many small mill streams. Ovid v. near the 
middle of the n. line, is on an eminence de- 
scending E. and w. and overlooking both lakes. 
There is much good wheat land on the shores. 
Pop. 2,756. 

OwAsco, lake, Cayuga co. N. Y., near the 
middle of the co., from 1 to 2 ms. wide, by 11 
long, receives Owasco inlet from the s., and 
discharges Owasco outlet n. It lies nearly 
equidistant between Cayuga and Skeneateles 
lakes, and lies nearly n. and s. like almost all the 
interior lakes of N. Y. It is said to owe its 
name (which in the native language signifies a 
bridge,) from a raft formed of timber near the 
outlet. 

Owasco, inlet, N. Y., enters Owasco lake, 
Cayuga co, in Sempronius. 

Owasco, outlet, Cayuga co. N. Y., flows n. 
from the n. end of Owasco lake, 15 miles to 
Seneca r. 

Owasco, p-t Cayuga co. N. Y. 164 ms. w. 
Albany, 5 s. e. Auburn v., and w. Onondaga 
CO. ; lies s. w. on the b. side of Owasco lake, 
and a short distance on the outlet, has very rich 
land, and a few mill sites on a small stream. 
Pop. 1,3.50. 

OwEGo, P-t. and half shire, Tioga co. N. Y. 
170 miles w. s. w. Albany, n. Pa. line, e. Owe- 
go creek and Susquehannah river, and west 
Broome co. ; is crossed by Susquehannah r., 
7 miles by 15, has a varied surface and soil, 
with white pine timber near the river, maple, 
beech, &c. on the hills. It is favorable to fruit. 
First settled about 1690. Owego v. is on Sus- 
quehannah r. 1^ ms. from Owego creek, 29 s. 
s. E. Ithaca. Lumber, salt and gypsum are 
sent to Baltimore by the Susquehannah. Pop. 
3,026. 

Owen, co. Ky. bndd. by Gallatin n.. Grant n. 
E., Harrison e., Scott s. e., Franklin s., and Ky. 
r. separating it from Henry w. Length 20 ms., 
mean breadth 16, and area 320 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 38° 22' to 38° 42', and in 
long, from 7° 33' to 8° w. W. C. Though 
bounding on Ky. r. the body of the co. is drain- 
ed by Eagle creek, which, rising into Scott and 
Harrison, flows n. n. w. between Grant and 
Owen, and thence bending abruptly to vvstrd. 
forms the boundary between Gallatin and Owen, 
finally falls into Ky. r. Cf. t. Owenton. Pop. 
1820, 2,031, 1830, 5,786. 

OwENBORo, p-0., t. and st. jus. Daviess co. 
Ky. on the left bank of Ohio r., 76 ms. w. Eliz- 
abethtownin Hardin co., and 151 ms. a little s. 
of w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 48', long. 10° 09' w. 
W. C. Pop. 229. 

OwENSviLLE, p-v. Gibson CO. Ind. by p-r. 151 
ms. 3. w. Indianopolis. 



Owenton, p-v. and st. jus. Owen co. Ky. 
about 25 ms. n. n. e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 30', 
long. 7° 42' w. W. C. Pop. 143. 

OwiNGSviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Bath co. Ky. 
by p-r. 70 ms. e. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 10', long. 
6° 44' w. W. C. Pop. 241. 

Owl's Head, Thomaston, Lincoln co. Me. 
the W. cape of the inner part of Penobscot 
bay, runs s. e. and forms Clam cove. Opposite 
are Fox isls., and outside of it several others. 

Oxbow, a bend in Conn. r. at Newbury, Vt, 
enclosing 450 acres of fine meadow, 

Oxford, co. Me. bndd. by the dist. of Three 
Rivers in Lower Canada n. e., Somerset and 
Kennebec cos, e., Cumberland and York cos. 
s.. New Hampshire w. It is of an irregular 
form, elonged n, and s. The surface is rough, 
and in many places mountainous. Moose and 
Dead rs. rise here, and flow e. into the Kenne- 
bec. Androscoggin and Magollo way, a branch, 
rise in the n. part. The main stream flows 
through a chain of large lakes, the last of which 
is Umbagog, on the line of New Hampshire, 
The r, returns into the co. in the s. part, crosses 
it, and enters Kennebec co. The small streams 
are numerous. Saco r. crosses the s. w. cor- 
ner. The St. jus. is Paris. Pop, 1820, 27,104. 
1830, 35,211. 

Oxford, t. Oxford co. Me. Pop. 1,116, 

Oxford, p-t, Grafton co. N. H. 17 ms. n. 
Hanover, 10 s. Haverhill, 60 from Concord, 
120 from Boston, with 27,000 acres, e. Conn, 
r., over which is a bridge. The soil is general, 
ly fertile, especially the meadows on Conn. r. 
Mounts Cuba and Sunday are near the centre. 
There are 4 or 5 ponds, some of which flow 
into Conn, r., and others into the Merrimack, 
Coarse primitive limestone abounds at the foot 
of a mtn. Building-granite, soap stone, and 
lead ore are also found. The village is on a 
street, in a beautiful valley 1 m. by 5 or 6 ms, 
long, enclosed by hills, which approach each 
other very nearly in the middle. A social li- . 
brary was incorporated 1797. First settled 
1765. Pop. 1,829. 

Oxford, p-t. Worcester co., Mass., 55 ms, s, 
w. Boston, 12 s. Worcester ; is divided by 
Stony or French r. the upper part of Quinebaug 
r. which flows s. into Connecticut. It affords 
good mill sites, which are occupied by 7 facto- 
ries. Here is a large thread factory, and sev. 
eral mills are soon to be erected. In 1686, a 
French colony settled this t. It consisted of 
Protestants, who left France on the repeal of 
the edict of Nantes. Gov. Dudley obtained a 
grant of land here 8 ms. sq., for this purpose. 
In the e. part of the t. on a hill, are the remains 
of their principal fort, which had bastions and a 
well; and their grapes, currants and asparagus, 
still grow there. In 1696 an Indian incursion 
broke up the settlement, and the colonists re- 
tired to Boston, where they had a church for 
some years. A few of them afterwards re- 
turned, the place being reoccupied in 171 3, 
Pop. 2,034. 

Oxford, p-t., Nevv Haven co.. Conn., 40 ms. 
s. w. Hartford, 14 n. w. New Haven, e. Plousa- 
tonic r., 5 ms. by 8, with 38 sq. ms. ; is uneven, 
with gravelly loam, calcareous w., and general, 
ly productive. The trees are chiefly nut. Nau. 



PAO 



375 



PAC 



gatuck r. and other streams water the tsp., and 
there are several mills and factories. Pop. 
1,763. 

Oxford, p-t., Chenango co., N. Y., 10 ms. s. 
w. Norwich, 108 from Albany, 56 from Utica, 
has good land, crossed by Chenango r., (200 ft. 
wide,) and other streams, which supply mill 
seats. The soil is good. The remains of an 
old fort are seen on a high bank of Chenango r., 
with a ditch 3 ft. deep, enclosing about an acre. 
In 1788 large trees stood on the ground. Pop. 
2,943. 

Oxford, an incorporated v., Oxford, Chenan- 
go CO., N. Y., 108 ms. s. s. w. Albany, 236 n. 
w. N. Y., 110 w. Catskill, 56 s. by w. Utica ; is 
pleasantly situated on the meadows of Chenan- 
go r., (about 1,200 yds. wide,) with handsome 
swells at a little distance. There is an acade- 
my, &c. 

Oxford, p-v. Blooming Grove, Orange co. 
N. Y., 12 ms. s. w. Hudson, w. West Point, 
has an academy. 

Oxford, p-t. Warren co. N. J., e. Delaware 
r., opposite Northampton co.Pa., is crossed by 
Pequest cr., and Beaver cr. its branch. It con- 
tains Belvidere v., the st. jus. of the co. and the 
vil. of Oxford Furnace. Pop. 3,665. 

Oxford, p-v. southwestern part of Chester 
CO. Pa., 50 ms. s. w. by w. Phil., and by p-r. 92 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

Oxford, v. Talbot co. Md. on the estrn. or 
left side of Tread Haven bay. It is a port of 
entry and one of the most trading places on 
the eastern shore of Maryland. 

Oxford, p-v. and st. jus. Granville co. N. C, 
by p-r. 47 ms. n. Raleigh, lat. 38° 20', long. 1° 
40° w. W. C. 



Oxford, p-v. and tsp. n. w. part Butler co. 
O., by p-r. 110 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Mi- 
ami university, to which the township belongs 
is located here ; it was chartered in 1809, and 
commenced operations in 1824. The institu- 
tion is finely situated, flourishing, and its reve- 
nue, which is now about ,$4,000 per annum, is 
rapidly increasing. It has 11 instructers ; 
about 140 students, and the libraries contain 
about 4,000 vols. Commencement is on the 
last Wednesday in September. Pop. vil. 737 ; 
of the tsp. 2,928. 

Oyster, r. N. H., flows into Great Bay, 
through Durham. 

Oyster Bay, p-t. Queen's co. N. Y., Long 
Isl., 28 ms. E. N. Y., 172 s. Albany, s. Long 
Isl. sound, N. Atlantic O., has a variety of soil, 
pretty level surface, and West, Fort and link- 
way necks on its s. coast, which extends only 3 
ms., and has Jones's inlet opposite, which is a 
channel through the beaches which here line 
the coast At the n. w. corner of the t. is 
Hempstead harbor, and n. Oyster Bay harbor, a 
large square sheet of water communicating e. 
with Cold Spring harbor, which extends along 
the N. E. boundary. There are several vs. in 
different parts of this extensive t. ; Musqueto, 
Oyster Bay, Norwich and Wolver Hollow n., 
Wheatly, and Jerico, and Cold Spring in the 
middle. Oak and Cove necks extend along 
Oyster Bay harbor. On Fort Neck were two 
Indian forts at the first settlement of the town. 
The remains of one are 30 yards square. Pop. 
5,348. 

Oyster Bay, p-v. Oyster Bay, Suffolk co. 
N. Y., on the s. w. corner of Oyster Bay, is re- 
sorted to in summer for fish, &c. 



Pacific Ocean. If we regard the Oregon 
Territory as appertaining to the U. S., the Pa- 
cific ocean ought to be named as one of the 
great boundaries, and demands a notice with 
the same propriety as does the Atlantic. Un. 
der the art. Oregon, we have already stated that 
the respective treaties with Spain and Russia, 
give the U. S. the sovereignty along the Pacific 
ocean from lat. 42° to 54° 40', or equal to 880 
statute ms. in round numbers. A general view 
of this coast has already been given under the 
head of Oregon, and under that of the U. S. 
The phenomena of the prevailing winds as far 
as known, will be discussed. We may in this 
place observe, that in regard to prevailing winds, 
those of the two bounding oceans of the U. S. 
present a directly contrary excess. Along the 
Atlantic from 6 to 7 in 10 of the winds are from 
the westward, of course towards the ocean ; 
on the Pacific coast the prevailing winds are 
also from the westward ; therefore, from the 
ocean towards the land. This western current 
of the winds, which, as will be shown, is an es- 
tablished effect of the laws of nature, must 
have a most powerful effect on the navigation of 
the two coasts. The average time of voyages 
from the U. S. to and from Europe, is about as 
21 is to 40, and vice versa. In a numerous se- 
ries of voyages from the U. S. to Europe, if it 



demands 21 days, it will demand 40 days to re- 
turn. From these ascertained comparative el- 
ements, it must be evident, that the departure 
of vessels from the Atlantic coast of the U. S. 
is as 40 to 21, to the facility of approach ; and 
it must be equally evident, that the very reverse 
will be the case on the Pacific coast. If in- 
deed we compare the relative width of the two 
oceans, in the direction of the winds, we might 
risk the theory, that the proportions will be 
greater on the Pacific than on the Atlantic 
coast. The breadth of the Atlantic ocean 
along N. lat. 40° between the wstrn. coast of 
Spain and the estrn. of the U. S., is about equal 
to 60° of long., whilst the Pacific ocean along 
the same line of lat. from the wstrn. coast of N. 
A. to the estrn. coast of Asia, is equal to 105 
degrees ; or the breadth of the two oceans are, 
along the line assumed, as 3 to 5 very nearly. 
In bearing, however, the two oceanic coasts of 
N. A. are almost at right angles to each other ; 
the Atlantic coast bearing n. e. ands. w., whilst 
the Pacific coast bears s. e. and n. w. From 
this structure of the respective coasts, it is 
clear, that the prevailing winds must leave the 
estrn. at a very different angle to their impulse 
on the opposite side of the continent. In art. 
U. S. it will be seen, that the prevailing winds, 
being from the land in N. A. and from the ocean. 



FAI 



376 



PAL 



on Europe, is the true cause of the difference 
of climate between the opposing sides of tho 
Atlantic, and that cause once discovered and 
acknowledged, its application demonstrates al- 
BO the cause why Oregon, between lat. 42° and 
54° 40', has a climate approaching in tempera- 
ture to that along the Atlantic coast, lat. 35° and 
45°. It is remarked in the narrative of the 
passage of Lewis and Clark over the continent 
of N. A. to the Pacific, that the name was far 
from appropriate at the mouth of Columbia, and 
we may at once perceive that from the prevailing 
wstrn. winds, and the immense body of ocean 
water, that the v/strn, coast of N. A. between 
H. lat. 42° and 55°, must be a truly sea-beat 
shore. (See Art. U. S.) 

Packagama, or Pakagama, Falls of, in Misp. 
r. about 10 or 11 ms. below the junction of the 
outlets of Leech lake, and Little Winnipec 
lakes. Lat. 47° 26', long. W. C. 17° 40' w. 

1'acolet, r. N. and S. C, rises from the spurs 
of Blue ridge and in the sthwstrn. part of Ruth- 
erford CO., of the former state. Flowing thence 
estrd. 15 ms., the stream bends to s. e. by e. 
over Spartanburg and Union dists., falls into 
Broad r. nearly opposite the s. w. angle of York 
dist., after a comparative course of 60 ms. 
This stream heads opposite the sources of 
French Broad cr., and its valley lies between 
those of Ennoree and Broad rs. 

Pactolus, p-v. on the South Fork of Holston 
r., and in the wstrn. part of Sullivan co. Tenn., 
about 80 ms. n. e. by e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 
268 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Paddytown, p-v. Hampshire co. Va., on Po- 
tomac r., 20 ms. by land road above Cumber- 
land in Md., andbyp-r. 135 ms. n.w. byw. W. C. 

Paducah, p-v. estrn. part of McCracken, co. 
Ky., by p-r. 19 ms. estrd. Wilmington, the co. 
St., and 245 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Page, co. Va., bndd. s. by Rockingham, w. 
Shenandoah, and n. Frederick ; Blue Ridge 
separating it from Culpepper e., and Madison 
s. E. ; length 34 ms., breadth 11 ms., and area 
374 ; lat. 38° 45', long. W. C. 1° 25' w. The 
main and eastern branch of Shenandoah river 
winds to the s. e., traversing this co. in its 
greatest length ; slope of course in the direc- 
tion of its principal r. The surface is general- 
ly hilly, and the co. being bndd. on two sides 
by mtns. gives it the appearance and reality of 
a rugged valley, though much of the r. soil is 
fertile and well adapted to farming. The co. 
of Page corresponds nearly to what is called 
E. Shenandoah in the census returns, and con- 
tained in 1830, a pop. of 8,327 ; cf. t. Luray. 

Page's Mill and p-o. Gibson co. Tenn., by 
p.r. 150 ms. w. Nashville. 

Pagesville, p-v. western part Newberry dist. 
. S. C, by p-r. 75 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia, and 
30 ms. sthwstrd. Newberry, st.just. for the dist, 

Painsville, p-v. western part Amelia co. 
Va., 46 ms. s. w, by w. Richmond, and about a 
similar distance a little n. of w. Petersburg. 

Painesville, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C, by 
p-r. 106 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Painesville, p-v. on Grand r., northeastern 
part Geauga co. O., 4 ms. s. Fairport on Lake 
Erie, and by p-r. ICI ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. 
tsp, 1,499. ' 



Paint CK., p-o. Floyd co. Ky., 10 ms. n. Pe- 
tersburg, the CO. St., and by p-r. 161 ms. s. e. by 
K. Frankfort. 

Painted Post, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 27 
ms. s. E. Bath, 234 w. by s. Albany, w. Tioga 
CO., is crossed by Tioga r. from n. w. to s. k., 
just below the mouth of Conhocton r. and the 
cunal. It is 12 ms. by 20, and had its name 
from an oaken post, erected, and occasionally 
painted red by the Indians, in memory, it is 
believed, of a great warrior. The land good, 
and there is much rich alluvian. Locust tim- 
ber is seat to market. Pop. 974. 

Painted Rock, p-v. Jackson co. Ala., by p-r. 
152 ms. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

PAi>fTER's Cross Roads, and p-o. Del. co. Pa., 
by p-r. 116 ms. .\'. r. V/. C. 

Palatine, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y., 10 
ms. w. Johnstown, 51 n. n. v/. Albany, and n. 
Moiiawk r., is well watered and supplied with 
mill sites by Garoga cr. &c., and has excellent 
land. It was settled by Germans, 1724. Stone 
Arabia is a part 4 ms. from the r., declining s., 
and remarkably fertile. There was a small 
palisaded fort here in the revolution. In 1780 
it was garrisoned with 200 men, and here Col. 
Brown fell. The Indians used to grind their 
corn in a hole in a rock in the s. e. corner of 
the t., with a large stone. Hence Bread cr. 
derived its name. Palatine bridge is a v. in 
thist. Pop. 2,742. 

Palatine Hill and p-o. Monongalia co. Va., 
4 ms. srhestrd. Morgantown, and by p-r. 2ll 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Palatka, v. John's co. Flor., on the left bank 
of St. Joim's r., about 85 miles s. w. St. Au- 
gustine. 

Palermo, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 16 ms. e. Au- 
gusta, 30 n. e. Wiscassot; has Kennebec co. 
w, and N. w., and Lincoln co. s., and contains 
several large ponds, which flow s. w. into 
Sheepacut r. Pop. 1,257. 

Palestine, p-v. Picken's co. Ala., by p-r. 62 
ms. wstrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Palestine, p-v. and st. jus. Crawford co. II., 
situated near the right bank of Wabash river, 
by p-r. E. Vandalia, lat. 39° 02', long. W. C. 10° 
40' w. 

Palisado Rocks, the precipitous w. bank of 
Hudson r., beginning in Bergen, N. J., and ex- 
tending into Rockland co. N. Y. The rock is 
of the trap formation, in some places lying upon 
red sand stone, which shows itself in horizon, 
tal layers at the water level. The height va- 
ries, but in some parts is very regular, high and 
smooth like a wall. The frost gradually splits 
off fragments, which have accumulated below, 
and offer an extensive quarry for an inferior 
kind of stone. As the shore forms many pro- 
jections, the peculiar form of these precipi(!es 
gives a very picturesque aspect to this part of 
the shore of the Hudson, and the steamboats 
generally pass near the base. Small streams 
of water sometimes pour down from the neigh, 
bouring fields, and timber is sometimes slid 
down to the water, where are numerous little 
landing places. A lew patches of sloping soil, 
and level arable laud, are cultivated and inhab- 
ited. 

Palmes, p.l. Hampden co. Mass., 14 ms, e. 



PAM 



377 



PAO 



Springfield, 82 s.,w. Boston, incorporated 1752, 
N. and w. Chickapee r., e. Swift r., crossed by- 
Ware r. Tiiese 3 streams unite on the w. line 
of the t., and afford many facilities for manu- 
facturing. The surface is irregular, and the 
soil good for farms. This t. was first settled 
from the North of Ireland. The Three Rivers 
cotton and woollen manufacturing company was 
incorporated 1826, with a capital of a million. 
Pop. 1,237. 

Palmer's Springs and p-o. wstrn. part Meck- 
lenburg CO. Va., 103 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Palmer's Tavern, and p-o. Prince's George's 
CO. Md., 30 ms. from W. C. 

Palmerstown, mtn. N. Y., rises between 
lakes Champlain and George, in Washington 
CO., bounds lake George for some distance on 
the E., crosses Warren co. in the s. e. and en- 
ters Saratoga co. It consists of granite and 
gneiss, is steep, and from 200 to about 1,000 ft. 
high. 

Palmyra, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 51 ms. n. e. 
Augusta, 28 e. byN. Norridgewock, 215 n. e. 
Boston, w. Penobscot co., and adjoining New- 
port, is crossed n. and s. by Sebasticook r., and 
several of its small streams. Pop. 902. 

Palmyra, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 15 ms. n. 
Ganandaigua, 220 n. n. w. Albany, is crossed 
by Mud cr. which runs e., and furnishes some 
mill sites, and admits of a little boat navigation. 
It is 6 ms. by 12, with a good soil, and has also 
Red cr. Erie canal passes through the tsp., 
and the v. or borough of Palmyra is on Mud 
cr. and the canal. Pop. 3,427. 

Palmyra, incorporated v. Palmyra, Wayne 
CO. N. Y. On Mud cr. and Erie canal, 196 ms. 
N. N. w. Albany, 13 n. Ganandaigua, 15 w. Ly- 
ons, and 16 s. Pultneyville, has an academy, 
several churches, factories, &c., and has con- 
siderable trade. 

Palmyra, p-v., wstrn. part Lebanon co. Pa., 
14 ms. N. E. by e. Harrisburg, and 10 a little s. 
of w. from the borough of Lebanon. 

Palmyra, p.v. and st. jus., Fluvanna co. Va., 
by p-r. 45 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond, and 136 
s. w. W. C. ; lat. 37° 47', long. 1° 29' w. W. C. 

Palmyra, p-v. sthrn. part Halifax co. N. C., 
by p-r. 101 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Palmyra, p-v. on the left bank of Cumber- 
land r., Montgomery co. Ten., 4 or 5 ms. be- 
low, but on the opposite side from Clarksville, 
and by p-r. 48 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Palmyra, p-v. Portage co. 0., by p-r. 139 ms, 
N. E. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 839. 

Palmyra, p-v. and st.jus., Marion co. Mo., 
125 ms. N. N. w. St. Louis ; lat. 39° 46', long. 
W. C. 14° 30' w. 

Pamela, p-t. Jeff'erson co. N. Y., 166 ms. n. 
w. Albany, n. Black r., and opposite Water- 
town, 4 ms. by 8, has an uneven surface, light 
loamy soil, yielding wheat, corn, &c. remarka- 
bly well. It has few springs or brooks. Wil- 
liamsville, or Williamstown, is on Black river. 
Limestone, which abounds, contains vegetable 
impressions. Kanady's Grotto is a remarka- 
ble cavern, in a rock near the shore of Black r. 
Pop. 2,273. 

Pamlico, r. N. C. This name is applied only 
to the bay of Tar r. below Washington, Beau- 
fort CO. It is a sheet of water varyiag in width 



from 1 to 8 ms., and about 40 ms. in length, 
with depth of water admitting any vessel which 
can be navigated over Pamlico sound. (See 
Tarr.) 

Pamlico Point, and p-o. Beaufort co. N. C, 
by p-r. 29 ms. s. e. by e. Washington, and 151 
in a similar direction from Raleigh. The point 
is the cape on the s. side at the entrance of 
Pamlico r. The name is spelled Pantego in the 
p-o. list. 

Pamlico Sound, is an extensive shallow gulf, 
or more correctly, cape of North Carolina, the 
recipient from the w. of Tar, or Pamlico r., 
and on the s. w. of Neuse r. It is in form of 
a half moon, stretching 70 ms. from the mouth 
of Neuse in a n. e. direction, to the strait 
which unites it with Albemarle sound. The 
breadth varies fron-i 8 at the northeastern ex- 
tremity, to thirty towards Core sound, and the 
mouths of Neuse and Pamlico rs. This sound 
is separated from the Atlantic ocean by Core 
and Hatteras isls. These isls. are, however, 
mere narrow, low, but very dangerous reefs. 
Core isl. from Cedar to Occacoke inlet is 22 
ms. long. Hatteras isl. is about 66 miles in 
length from Occacoke to New Inlet. The land 
around Pamlico sound is every where low, and 
in many places marshy. 

Pamunkey, r. Va., and the principal constitu- 
ent of York r., is formed by Pamunkey proper 
and North Anna. 1 he latter rises in Orange, 
the northern part of Louisa, and in Spottsylva. 
nia COS., and flowing thence southeastward 
unites with the Pamunkey between Caroline and 
Hanover cos. The Pamunkey rises in the 
south west mtn., on the border between Al- 
bemarle and Louisa ; drains the sthrn. and cen- 
tral part of Louisa, and traversing Hanover 
joins the North Anna. Below their junction 
the united waters, known by the name of Pa- 
munkey, preserves the original course south- 
eastward about 45 ms. comparative course, (but 
perhaps double that distance by the bends,) to 
its junction with Mattapony to form York river. 
The entire comparative length of Pamunkey, 
by either branch, is about 90 ms. The broadest 
part of the valley but little exceeds 30, and is 
only about 15 ms. mean width, area 1,300 sq. 
ms., lying between those of Jas. and Chicka- 
hominy on the right, and Mattapony on the left. 

Panther, cr. and p-o. southeastern part of 
Surrey co. N. C, by p-r. 130 ms. s. w. by w. 
Raleigh. 

Panther, cr. and p-o. Daviess co. Ky., 10 
ms. sthrd. Owensborough, and by p-r. 169 ms. 
w. of s. s. w. Frankfort. 

Panther's Gap, and p-o. Rockbridge co. Va., 
by p-r. 195 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Panton, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 13 ms, n, w. 
Middlebury, 25 s, Burlington, w. Otter cr., e. 
lake Champlain, opposite Elizabethtown, N„ 
Y. ; chartered 1764; with 10,530 acres; is 
very level, and crossed by a sluggish stream 
of Otter creek running throuorh it n. Pop, 
605. 

Paoli, p-v, Chester co. Pa,, 25 ms. wstrd, 
Philadelphia, 

Paoli, p-v. and st, jus. Orange co, Ind., situa- 
ted near the centre of the to., by p-r. 94 ms. a 
little w. of s. Indianopolis ; lat. 38° 34', 



PAR 



378 



PAS 



Papachton, r. Delaware co. N. Y. The e. 
branch of the Delaware rises in many small 
streams in Stamford and Roxbury, the east 
towns of the co., flows s. w. through its south 
towns 48 ms. to the Del. in Hancock co., and 
receives many tributaries, of which Beaverkill, 
from N. Jersey, is the principal. It affords mill 
sites. 

Papertown, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. 

Paperville, p-v. in the northeastern angle of 
Sullivan co. Ten., situated on Holstein river, by 
the road 118 ms. above, and n. e. by e. Knox- 
ville,byp-r. 274 ms. a little n. of E.Nashville. 

Paraclifta, p-v. Sevier co. II., by p-r. 168 
ms. s. w. by w. Little Rock. 

Paradise, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., by p-r. 44 
ms. estrd. Harrisburg. 

Paradise, p-v. Cole co. II., by p-r. 70 ms. n. 
E. Vandalia. 

Paradox, lake, Scaroon, Essex co. N. Y., 5 
ms. long, and empties into Scaroon r. It is sur. 
rounded by high hills, in a wild region, from 
which the water frequently descends in great 
quantities. Sometimes the outlet is raised by a 
shower above the level of the lake, and flows 
back into it, from which remarkable peculiarity 
the lake is said to have derived its name. 

Parciphany, p-v. Morris co. N. J., 21 ms. n. 
w. Newark, and 63 from Trenton, on a small 
branch of Passaic r. A school for the instruc- 
tion of Africans was formed here in 1816, un- 
der the Presbyterian synods of this state and N. 
Y., to supply the colony at Liberia and in Hay. 
ti, with school teachers and clergymen, but it 
is not continued. 

Parham's Store, and p-o. Sussex co. Va., by 
p-r. 50 ms. s. s. e. Richmond. 

Paris, p-t. st. jus. Oxford co. Me., 42 ms. w. 
Augusta, 46 n. w. Portland, and 160 n, n. e. 
Boston, is nearly of an oblong form, lying n. w. 
and s. E., and crossed by Little Androscoggin 
r., in the upper part of its course, which rises 
in the adjoining cos. It has a high mtn. s. Pop. 
2,306. 

Paris, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 8 ms. w. Utica, 
106 ms. N. N. w. Albany, is of regular form, and 
contains about 100 sq. ms. with a varied sur- 
face, and good soil, especially in the vallies, fa- 
vorable to grain, grass, &c., and bearing ma- 
ple, beech, birch, elm, &c., with some hem- 
lock and cedar. It is well watered, and sup- 
plied with mill sites and trout by Oriskany and 
Sadaguada crs. There is a mill seat on the lat- 
ter stream, to every 22 yards of its course. 
Hamilton college is in this t., in the village of 
Clinton, where is also a seminary, several board- 
ing schools, &c. There are 37 school dists. in 
the t. Iron is obtained from ore furnished by 
the t., and silicious and lime stones are quar- 
ried. The Brothertown Indians settled in this 
t. some years ago, on land given them by the 
Oneidas. They were from the remnants of the 
New England tribes, and some from the Dela- 
wares. The t. is 8 ms. s. of Erie canal, but is 
crossed by the route of a new canal to be con- 
structed. There are several villages ; Clinton, 
Paris Hill, Paris Furnace, Manchester v., San- 
quait v., and Hanover. Moses Foote commen. 
ced the settlement,- with 10 families, in 1787. 
Pop. 2,765. 



Paris, p-v. nrthrn. part Fauquier co. Va., 58 
ms. w. W. C. 

Paris, p-v. and st jus. Henry co. Ten., situa- 
ted on a small branch of Sandy cr., by p-r 118 
ms. a little n. of w. Nashville, lat.36° 19', long. 
ll"25'w. W.C. 

Paris, p-v. and st. jus. Bourbon co. Ky., situ- 
ated on the s. fork of Licking r., 40 ms. e. Frank- 
fort, and 20 ms. n. w. Lexington. Lat. 38° 12', 
long. 7° 13' w. W. C. Pop. 1,219. 

Paris, p-v. Stark co. O., by p-r. 127 ms. n. e. 
by E. Columbus. 

Paris, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind., by p-r. 76 ms. 
s. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Paris, p. v. and st. jus. Edgar co. II., by p-r. 
106 nis. N. E. by e. Vandalia. n. lat. 39° 36', 
long. W. C. 10° 44' w. 

Paris, cf. t. Monroe co. Mo., situated on 
Crooked r., a branch of Salt r. n. lat. 39° 26', 
long. W. C 14° 55' w., about 140 ms. n, w. St. 
Louis. 

Parisburg, p-o. and st. jus. Giles co. Va., sit- 
uated on the left bank of New r., where that 
stream passes through Peter's mtn., and imme. 
diately above the gap, by p-r. 298 ms. s. w, by 
w. W. C, and 240 ms. a little s. of w. Rich- 
mond. Lat. 37° 21', long. 3° 43' w. W. C. 

Parish, p-t, Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 968. 

Parishville, p-t. St. liawrence co. N. Y., 
226 ms. N. w. Albany. Pop. 1,477. 

Parisville, p-v. nrthrn. part Baltimore co. 
Md., by p-r. 26 ms. from Baltimore. 

Parisville, p-v. Portage co. O., by p-r, 144 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Parkersburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Wood co. Va., 
situated on the point above the confluence of 
Ohio and Little Kenhawa rs., 12 ms. below Ma- 
rietta, 0., and by p-r. 299 ms. a little n. of w. 
W. C. Lat. 39° 15', long. 4° 34' w. W. C. 

Parkersville, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 

Parkhead, P-v, Washington co. Md,, by p-r. 
87 ms. N. w. W. C, 

Parkinson's Ferry, and p-v. on the left bank 
of Monongahela, directly below the mouth of 
Pigeon cr. Washington co. Pa., 20 ms. e. from 
the borough of Washington, and very nearly a 
similar distance s. Pittsburg. 

Parkman, p-t. Somerset CO. Me., 64 ms. from 
Augusta. Pop. 803. 

Parkman, p-v. sthestrn. part of Geauga co. O., 
by p-r. 159 ms. n, e. Columbus, Pop. tsp. 732. 

Parks, p-o. Edgefield dist. S. C, by p-r. Ill 
ms. wstrd, Columbia, 

Parma, p.t, Monroe co, N. Y,, 230 ms, n, by 
w, Albany, Pop, 2,639, 

Parma, p-v. Cuyahoga co, 0., by p-r, 131 ms. 
N, e, Columbus. 

Parsonsfield, p-t. York co. Me., 93 ms. s. w, 
Augusta, 38 n, w, Portland, and 118 n. n. e. 
Boston ; borders w. on Effingham, Strafford co. 
N. H., and n, on Oxford co. Me., Ossipee r. 
forming the line. Two ponds empty s. e. into 
little Ossipee r. Pop. 2,492. 

Partlow's, p-o. Spottsylvania co. Va., by p-r, 
79 ms, s. s, vv, W. C, and 59 n, Richmond, 

Pascagoula, r. of Misp. and Ala., the much 
greater share of its valley being in Misp., is 
formed by 2 branches of the Chickasawhay and 
Leaf rs. The Chickasawha rises in the Choc- 
taw country, lat. 32^ 50', and flowing thence by 



PAS 



379 



PAT 



a course of very near s., receives the Leaf river 
about 2 miles below lat. 31°. The valley of 
Chickasawhay lies between those of Leaf and 
Ala. Leaf river rises about lat. 32° 20', and 
pursuing a southeastern course unites with 
the Chickasawhay as already noticed. The 
united water, thence known as the Pascagou- 
la, continues the course of the latter, to the 
Pascagoula sound, n. lat. 30° 20'. The entire 
comparative length of the Pascagoula by the 
main branch, Chickasawhay, is 170 ms. ; the 
mean breadth of the valley is at least 50 ms. and 
area 8,500 sq. ms. The Pascagoula valley lies 
between those of Pearl and Ala. and comprises 
the western part of Mobile and Washington 
counties, Ala., and all of Jackson, Perry, 
Greene, Wayne, Jones and Covington, and part 
of Lawrence, Sampson and Rankin cos. in the 
state of Misp., with a considerable space in the 
Choctaw country. 

Pascagoula, Sound, is a sheet of water 
spreading along the southwestern border of Al- 
abama, and the southeastern of Mississippi, 
extending in length 55 miles from the Pass of 
Heron w. to the Pass of Christian, with a mean 
width of about 8 ms. It is separated from the 
gulf of Mexico, by a chain of low, narrow sand 
islands, named, advancing from e. to w., Dau- 
phin's, Massacre, Petite Bois, Horn, Dog, Ship 
and Cat island. The depth of water in the 
sound is generally about from 10 to 18 ft., but 
no vessels drawing more than 6 ft. can be navi- 
gated through the Passes. The depth increas- 
es rapidly on the Gulf side of the isls. When 
the British fleet came on the coast of La., their 
heaviest ships of the line were anchored close 
on Cat isl., outside of the Pass of Mariam. 
This anchorage is in fact the most sheltered on 
the U. S. coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, where 
ships of war of the largest class can be safely 
moored. 

Pascagoula, p-o. southern part of Jackson 
CO. Misp., about 200 miles a little e. of s. e. 
Natchez. 

Pascataqua, r. N. H., empties into the ocean 
at Portsmouth, on the boundary between that 
state and Me., and is formed by several small 
streams, which rise in Rockingham and Straf- 
ford COS., and meet a few ms. from the coast. 
Of these Salmon Fall r., the principal, runs on 
the boundary of Me. The others are Coche- 
co, Bellamybank, Oyster, Lamprey, Squamscot 
and Winnicut rs. The five last fall into a kind 
of lake, which takes the name of Pascataqua 
r., and contracting in size below, at the distance 
of 3 miles joins the ocean, forming Portsmouth 
harbor, which is a very good and safe one, and 
has a navy yard of the U. S. with several 
islands. 

PASQ.UOTANK, r. N. C, is the drain of the 
southern part of Dismal Swamp, and after flow- 
ing s. s. E. between Camden and Pasquotank 
COS. opens by a comparative wide bay into Al- 
bemarle sound, after a course of 40 miles, in- 
cluding bay and r. The Pasquotank bay admits 
ordinary coasting vessels to its head at Eliza, 
beth City. 

Pasquotank, co. N. C, bndd. by Pasquotank 
r. separating it from Camden co. n. e. and e., 
Albemarle sound s, e., Perquimans co. s. w., 



Gates N. w., and Nansemond and Norfolk cos. 
Va. N. Length from Albemarle sound to the 
Va. line 40 ms., mean width about 8, and area 
320 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 03' to 
36° 30', and in long, from 0° 23' to 1° e. W. 
C. The surface is a plain, partly marshy, but 
with considerable tracts of good soil. The 
slight declivity is s. s. e. Cf. t. Elizabeth City. 
Pop. 1820, 8,008, 1830, 8,641. 

Passadunkeag, t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 
269. 

Passaic r., N. J. a valuable stream, naviga- 
ble 10 ms. for sloops, rises in Morris and Som- 
erset COS. and forms the boundary of Essex co. 
almost on three entire sides, w., n., and e. It 
receives Pompton r. n. which is formed of Pe- 
quannoc and Ramapo rs. which last rises in 
Rockland co. N. Y. Rockaway r. falls into it 
on the w. and there are several smaller branch- 
es. The Passaic supplies water to the most 
important manufacturing village in the state, 
Patterson. It there makes a fall of 72 feet 
from a precipice, into a deep pool between two 
rocks, but the current has now been diverted 
into numerous channels for the supply of the 
various manufactories, so that the cascade, 
which was formerly celebrated by its pictu- 
resque beauty, is now to be seen only during 
the wet season. The Passaic is crossed by 
an aqueduct of Morris canal, 3 ms. above Pat- 
terson. 

Passamaquoddy, bay, partly in Penobscot co. 
Me. lies principally in New Brunswick. It re- 
ceives St. Croix r. which forms the e. bounda. 
ry of the U. S. for some ms., and the communi- 
cation with the Atlantic is nearly closed by 
Campbello isl. It is formed by Quoddy Head, 
in Lubec, Me. and the s. w. corner of New 
Brunswick, being about 6 ms. by 12, and con. 
taining Deer isl. The tide rises from 25 to 33 
ft. The water is deep, well stocked with fine 
fish, and never frozen over. The fish are cod, 
herring, mackerel, &c. 

Passamaquoddy Indians, Me. of whom only 
a small tribe r miain, reside in Perry, on a re- 
servation of 27,000 acres, and have a Roman 
Catholic church. 

Passumpsic r., Vt. rises in a pond in Essex co. 
and flows s. through a part of Caledonia co, 
into Conn. r. at the bend in Barnet. It is rap. 
id till it reaches Lyndon, and then winds slow- 
ly through several rich tracts of meadow, with 
a few falls. It is deep, and has several branch- 
es, running a course of 34 ms. 

Passyunk, tsp. Phil. co. Pa. adjoining the 
sthrn. side of the city of Phil, and extending 
from the Del. to the Schuylkill r. 

Patapsco, r. Md. This comparatively small 
stream has gained great importance from hav- 
ing had the eastern part of Baltimore and 
Ohio rail road, formed along its valley. The 
Patapsco rises by numerous creeks from the 
southeastern foot of the Parr spring or Sugar 
Loaf ridge of mountains between Frederick 
and Baltimore counties, and opposite to Little 
Pike creek, Linganore, and Bush cr. branches 
of Monocacy. The main or northern branch, 
rises near Westminster in Baltimore co. and 
flowing first s. e. about 8 ms. turns to the 
southward 15 ms. to the forks of Patapsco, 



PAT 



380 



PAT 



where it receives the western branch or Parr's 
Spring branch. The latter rises near Ridge- 
vilie and almost on the Baltimore and Freder- 
ick road, and near where that road is crossed 
by the Baltimore and Ohio rail road. From 
thence pursuing an eastern course between 
Baltimore and Ann Arundel cos. 15 ms. to its 
junction with the northern branch. The forks 
of the Patapsca on the junction of the two 
main constituents of that r. is 16 ms. air mea- 
sure N. w. by w. city of Baltimore. From the 
forks, with many partial bends and a general 
southern curve, and a comparative distance of 
20 ms. the Patapsco opens to a bay, receiving 
Gwyns Falls creek on the southwestern side 
and Jones' Falls cr. in the city of Baltimore. 
Jones' Falls cr. bay is in fact the harbor of Bal- 
timore, and the compactly built part of the city 
does not yet reach the Patapsco bay. The 
junction of the two latter is made below fort 
McHenry ; from the basin of Baltimore the 
Patapsco bay stretches fourteen ms. southeast, 
with a width from one to three miles to the 
Chesapeake between Bodkin and North Points. 
The basin of Patapsco is in length 40 ms. and 
mean width 15, area 600 sq. ms. between lat. 
39° 08' and 39° 38'. Measuring the plains of 
descent from Parr's Spring ridge to tide water 
in Patapsco, we find it within an inconsiderable 
fraction of 27 ms. The ridge near Westmin- 
ster is 675, and near Parr's Spring 850 ft. ele- 
vated above tide water. The water level at the 
forks is 385 ft., of similar comparative height. 
The mean height of the ridge 780 ft. nearly, 
consequently the mean fall from the summit to 
tide water is 28 7-8 feet per mile, or yields a 
plain of descent or ascent of 3° and 8 minutes. 
This great and rapid fall renders the Patapsco 
and its branches highly valuable as mill streams. 
{See Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road.) 

Patoka river, Indiana, rises in Orange and 
Crawford cos. and entering Dubois, approaches 
to within 3 ms. of the e, fork of White r. at 
Portersville, but inflecting thence first s. e. and 
thence west, crosses Pike, and entering Gibson, 
falls into Wabash, one or two ms, below the 
mouth of White r. after an entire comparative 
course of 80 ms. in a direction from e. to w. 
It may be remarked, that the corresponding 
courses of Ohio, Patoka, and White rs. being 
all from east to west, demonstrate a corres- 
ponding uniformity of structure in the country 
where river channels have such striking re- 
semblance in their direction. The Patoka 
valley lies between that of Ohio and White 
rivers.. 

Patrick, co. Va. bndd. by the Blue Ridge 
which separates it from Grayson w., and Floyd 
N. w., by Franklin n. e., Henry e., Rockingham 
CO. N. C. s. E., Stokes co. North Carolina south, 
and Surry co. N. C. s. w. Length diagonally 
from s, w. to n. e. 42, mean width 12, and area 
504 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 30' to 
36° 47', and in long, from 2° 56' to 33° 40° w. 
W. C. The northern part of Patrick declines 
northeastward, and is drained by Irvine or 
Smith's r. The sthestrn. angle gives source to 
Mayo river, the central part gives source to the 
extreme fountains of Dan r. whilst the western 
angle, towards Grayson, is drained by the ex- 



treme northern sources of the Yadkin. The 
whole CO. has a general declivity to the sthest- 
ward. Cf. t. Taylorsville. Pop 1820, 5,089, 
1830, 7,395, 

Patrick, c, h, (See Taylorsville, Patrick co. 
Va.) 

Patrick's, p-o. King and Queen co. Va. 

Patrick's Salt works and p-o. Perry county, 
Ky. by p-r. 125 ms. s. e. Frankfort. 

Patricktown, plantation, Lincoln co. Me. 
Pop. 382. 

Patriot, p-v. Switzerland co. Ind. by p-r. 
121 ms. s. E. Indanopolis, 

Patterson, p-t, Putnam co, N. Y. 6 ms. n, e. 
Carmel, 22s,E. Poughkeepsie, 93 s. Albany, s. 
Duchess CO., w. Connecticut, is hilly e. and w. 
with a broad and fertile valley between, in 
which is a large swamp, containing an isl. of 
12 acres, and extending into Pawlings. This 
is the source of Croton r. The village is n. 
Pop. 1,529. 

Patterson, p-t. Essex co. N. J. 61 ms. n. w. 
by N. Trenton, 18 n. n. w. New York, at the 
great falls of Passaic r. is one of the principal 
manufacturing villages in the U. S. In 1791 
the society for establishing useful manufac- 
tures was incorporated, with a capital of 
f 1,000,000, and the right to dig canals, clear 
rivers, &c. within 6 ms. and authority to form a 
city and co. with the consent of the inhabitants ; 
the last has never been done. The population 
30 years since was only about 300. At this 
time (1832,) there are about 8,000 inhabitants. 
There are about 800 dwellings in the place, in, 
eluding 57 stores ; nine churches, viz : — Pres- 
byterian, one ; Roman Catholic, one ; Reform- 
ed Dutch, three ; Episcopal, one ; Baptist, one ; 
Reformed Presbyterian, 1 ; Methodist, 1. A 
large new Catholic church, of stone, is also 
building. There is also a bank, with a capital 
of ^125,000 paid in. There are about 20 day 
schools, 8 for females, instructing together 
more than 700 children ; a free school, sup. 
ported by the town, in which about 80 poor 
children are instructed, and an infant school 
where 150 poor children are gratuitously in- 
structed. The literary societies are, the me- 
chanics institute, and a philosophical society, 
which has a respectable library. There are 
fifteen blacksmiths' shops, besides those imme, 
diately connected with the machine shops, 
twenty-five shoe shops, employing fifty-seven 
hands, ten taverns, two millwright and machine 
shops, including a blacksmith shop, which em. 
ploy twenty hands, and four other machine fac- 
tories, employing two hundred and eighty hands. 
In one of these, were manufactured last year 
15,048 spindles, together with all the necessary 
frames and fixtures, which, at ^12 the spindle, 
amount to j§180,576. Connected with this is 
an iron and brass foundry, producing annually 
1,020,000 pounds of iron and brass castings. 
Another manufactory for machinery is also 
erecting. There is one rolling and slitting mill, 
and nail factory, employing 23 hands, and pro- 
ducing annually 672,000 pounds of nails, a wool- 
len or satinet factory, 17 cotton factories, with 
22,029 spindles. The raw cotton consumed in 
these factories in 1829, was 2,179,600, produ- 
cing 1,914,450 pounds of yarn ; the raw cotton 



PAT 



381 



PAW 



costing $223,501. There is now manufactur- 
ed annually in Patterson, upwards of 400,000 
yards of cotton duck, and about 200,000 yards 
of other description of cotton cloth. In 1829 
the cotton duck made amounted to 150,000 
yards, and of other cotton cloths 1,861,450 
yards. The cotton yarn not made into cloth, 
amounting in 1829 to 1,192,400, now to 1,500,- 
000, is sent from Patterson, principally to New 
York and Philadelphia. There are in opera- 
tion in the factories 203 power looms, and 26 
hand looms. In the town there are employed 
upwards of 500 hand looms, making at least 
800 power and hand looms in operation in the 
place. The Phenix duck manufacturing co. 
employ 1,616 spindles, consume annually 600,- 
000 lbs. of fla.x, manufacture 450,000 yards of 
duck and 143,000 yds. of bagging, and employ 
395 hands. The total of cotton and flax spin- 
dles employed in Patterson are now rising of 
40,000 ; the amount of cotton and flax consumed 
annually is estimated at 3,200,000 ; the total of 
cloth and duck of all kind made annually, in 
1829 was 2,604,450 yards, now nearly 3,000,- 
000. The annual amount of manufactured 
goods in Patterson is about 2,590,000 dollars. 
The Morris canal passes within sight of the 
town, and a rail road to Hoboken is in a course 
of completion. The beautiful falls of the Pas- 
saic r. at this place, attract many visiters. (See 
Passaic r.) The water power which operates 
all the machinery we have noticed, is procured 
from above the falls, by a sluice way cut through 
the precipice, and is conducted by canal to 
the several manufactories. The supply is yet 
m :re than abundant for the purposes to which 
It is applied. 

Patterson's Mills, and p-o. Washington co. 
Pa. 249 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Pattonsburg, p-v. on James r. Botetourt co. 
Va. 12 ms. n. e. by e. Fincastle, the co. st., and 
40 ms. N. w. by vv. Lynchburg, by p-r. 223 ms. 
N. w. W. C. The water level in James r. at 
low flood, is 806 ft. above tide water at Rokett's, 
below Richmond. 

Pattonsvile, p-v. Granville co. N. C. by p-r. 
38 ms. N. Raleigh. 

Patuxent Forge and p-o. Ann Arundel co. 
Md. 25 ms. n. e. W. C. and nearly a similar 
distance a little w. of s. Baltimore. 

Patuxent, r. Md. having its remote source 
on the southern side of the Sugar Loaf ridge, 
between Montgomery and Ann Arundel cos. 
The main stream from its source pursues a 
southeast course 40 miles separating first Mont- 
gomery from Ann Arundel, and thence Ann 
Arundel from Prince George's. Having reach- 
ed within 6 miles of Chesapeake bay, the 
Patuxent inflects to a southern course 30 ms. 
with Prince George's and Charles' cos. on the 
right, and Ann Arundel and Calvert on the 
left, it gradually expands to a wide estuary, 
and bending again to the s. E. 20 ms. between 
Calvert and St. Mary's it terminates in Ches- 
apeake bay, after an entire comparative course 
of 90 ms. It may be noticed as a curious fact, 
that the Patuxent in the 50 lower nnles of its 
course is in no one place 12 ms. from Chesa- 
peake bay, the mean width of the intervening 
country being about 8 ms. The entire valley of 

49 



the Patuxent is remarkably narrow. The di- 
rect distance between the opposing sources is 
in no part fifteen ms. asunder, and the mean 
width of the valley is perhaps overrated at 10 
ms., area about 90O sq. ms. The higher part 
of this confined basin lies between those of Po. 
tomac and Patapsco, the lower between Poto- 
mac and Chesapeake bay. 

Paulding, co. Ga. extending over the ex- 
treme sources of Fhnt r. and bndd. s. by Carroll 
CO., and w. by the line between Ga. and Ala. 
The other limits, and the extent uncertain. 
Centre about 120 ms, in a direct course n. w. 
by w. Milledgeville. 

Paulinskill, r. N. J. rises in .Sussex and 
flows through Warren co. into Delaware r. at 
Columbiaville, in Knowlton. It has its principal 
source in Long pond, in Frankford. Its course 
is about 25 ms. 

Paulus Hook, a small peninsula, Bergen, 
Bergen co. N. J. opposite the city of New 
York, containing the village of Jersey city. 
Towards the maiji land it has a low neck, over 
which the road is carried on a causev/ay, 
being in danger from high tides. There is a 
steamboat ferry to the city, and several lines of 
stage coaches proceed hence to Philadelphia, 
Easton, &c. 

Pawcatuck r. R. I., rises in Washington co. 
with one of its branches heading just over the 
boundary of Corm. Its streams are principally 
supplied from ponds, which still bear the In- 
dian names. The latter part of its course 
marks the boundary between the two states, 
near the sea. 

Pawlet, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 21 ms. s. w. 
Rutland, 33 n. Bennington, 23,040 acres, char- 
tered 1761, first settled 1762, is crossed by 
Pawlet r. southwesterly, and has L'ldian river 
in the s. w. which has its source in an abundant 
spring, and abounds in trout ; a mountainous 
range divides it n. and s., in the middle of 
which is Haystack mtn. The soil is warm, 
dry, bearing grain and grass, maple, beech, 
birch, elm, &c. Indian river was once a 
favorite fishing place of the Indians. There 
is an academy in the town. Pop. 1,965. 

Pawlet r., rises in Vt. near the line of Ben- 
nington and Rutland cos., flows n. w. in Wash- 
ington CO. N. Y., passes through Granville, and 
falls into Wood creek in Whuehall. It is a 
valuable mill stream, well supplied with water, 
and stocked with trout, and above 20 miles in 
length. 

Pawling, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 22 ms. s. e. 
Poughkeepsie, iOSms.s. Albany, w. Connect!, 
cut, N. Putnam co. 8 ms. by about 9. The hilla 
of Dover and Patterson extend through its e. 
and w. parts, and between them lies a continua- 
tion of the same valley, with apart of the large 
swamp which was mentioned in Patterson. The 
waters flow partly s. forming the source of Cro. 
ton r. and partly n. into Ten Mile r. m Dover, a 
branch of Housatonic r. of Conn. ; Quaker hill, 
and West mountain, are considerable eminen- 
ces. Iron ore is found here, mica, &c. Pop. 
1,705. 

Pawtucket, r. R. I. the principal branch of 
Seaconk r., rises in Worcester co. Mass. and 
bears the name of Blackstone r. m that state. 



PEA 



382 



FED 



It enters R. I. near the n. e. corner, divides 
Cumberland and Smithfield in Providence co., 
and supplies water power to many of the prin- 
cipal manufactories in the state, particularly in 
the village of Pawtucket. The Blackstone ca- 
nal extends up its valley for most of its length, 
to Worcester, Mass. and affords great advanta- 
ges to numerous manufactories in that state as 
well as in R, I. 

Pawtucket, t. Bristol co. Mass. The vil. is 
divided from another of the same name in R. I. 
(See next ait.) by Pawtucket river, and a bridge 
unites the two. On the Mass. side are two or 
three cotton manufactories, and the vil, is very 
pleasant. Pop. 1,458. 

Pawtucket, p-v. 4 ms. n. Providence, at the 
falls of Pawtucket r., 4 ms. N. e. Providence, is 
a large manufacturing village. There are 
three falls. At the central falls are 3 large 
cotton factories^ with 6,600 spindles, 162 
looms, and using 900 bales of cotton annually ; 
there is also a thread factory. At the Upper or 
Valley falls 4 factories, with about 17,500 
spindles, and 140 looms ; and at the Lower falls 
where the greater part of the inhabitants live, 
are 11 factories, with 18,687 spindles and 430 
looms. The pop. in 1831 was supposed to be 
about 4,000. The Blackstone canal passes 
near the village. 

Pawtucket falls, in Merrimack r. Mass., 
between Lowell 'and Dracut. Within the dis- 
tance of about 300 yards the descent is 30 feet. 
The water first falls perpendicularly over a 
ledge of rocks, and then pours foaming down a 
rough channel. A bridge crosses just at the 
fall. A canal, 90 feet broad, is dug on the s. 
side, and draws off a large volume of water to 
the great manufactories of Lowell, which is 
situated at the confluence of Concord and Mer- 
rimack rivers, about 1 mile below. The coun- 
try in this vicinity was the seat of the Paw- 
tuckets, in the early history of New England 
a powerful tribe of Indians, who were govern- 
ed by Womialonset, an old and friendly sa- 
chem. After residing here till 1686, they sold 
their remaining land and retired into the inte- 
rior. 

Paxton, p.t. Worcester co. Mass. 55 ms. w. 
Boston, 9 N. w. Worcester ; is water-ed by 
Nashua r. flowing into the Merrimack, and 
Chickapee r. flowing into the Connecticut, has 
good land, with a varied surface, also several 
fish ponds. Pop. 597. 

Peacham, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 20 m. n. e. 
Montpelier, l8 n. w. Newbury; was chartered 
1763, but was much impeded in its growth by 
the revolutionary war. A grammar school was 
established in 1795. Pop. 1,351. 

Peach Bottom, p-v. lower part of the south- 
eastern angle of York co. Pa. by p-r. 36 ms. s. 
E. by E. from the borough of York, and 80 n. n. 
E. W. C. 

Peaks of Otter, (See Otter, Ps'ks of.) 
Pearl, r. Misp. and La. having its remote 
sources in the Choctaw country and in the for- 
mer state, about lat. 33^ interlocking sources 
with those of Big Black, Pearl and those of 
Oaknoxabee branch of Tombigbee. Flowing 
thence by compar'ative courses 80 ma., curves 
gradually to s. s. e. 160 ms. to its mouth into the 



Rigolets, after an entire comparative course of 
24 ms. The valley of the Pearl is narrow, and 
in all its length the only confluent above the 
length and volume of an ordinary cr., is the 
Bouge Chitto. (See Bouge Chitto.) The basin 
of the Pearl on the strict principles of geo- 
graphical classification contains the valleys of 
the Tchefoute, Tanchepaha, Tickfah and 
Amite, as the Rigolets are the common estuary 
of all those streams, and the Pearl, being low- 
est in order of discharge and in length of course 
very greatly the superior volume, is entitled to 
give name to the basin. The actual valley of 
the Pearl, including only with the main stream 
that of Bogue Chitto, is about 240 miles in 
length, with a mean width of 30 ms, or 7,200 
sq, ms. The Pearl drains a small section in 
the Choctaw territory, and part of the cos. of 
Madison, Hinds, Rankin, Copiah, Simpson, 
Lawrence, Pike, Marion and Hancock in the 
state of Misp., and in La. part of the parishes of 
"Washington and St. Tammany. As a navi- 
gable stream the facilities afforded by the Pearl, 
bear a very small proportion to the compara- 
tive length of its course. The estuary is also 
impeded by rafts of timber, shallows, and sand 
bars, 

Pearlington, p-v. and st. of jus, Hancock 
CO. Misp. situated on the left or estrn. bank of 
Pearl r. about 150 ms. s. e. Natchez, and 50' 
ms. N. E. New Orleans, lat. 30° 30', long. W. 
C. 12° 38' w. 

Pearman's, ferry and p-o. Dale co. Ala., by 
p-r. 220 ms. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Pecan, grove and p-o. Washitau parish. La. 
by P-r. 346 ms. n. w. New Orleans, 

Peconery, p-o. Conway co. Ark. 33 miles 
nthwstrd. Little Rock. 

Pedee, r. N. and S. C, having its extreme 
nthrn. source, however, in the wstrn. part of 
Patrick co. Va. This river has received the 
name of Yadkin in N. C, and it is only after 
entering S, C, that it is known as Pedee, The 
Yadkin rises from the sthestrn. valleys of the 
Blue Ridge, opposite the sources of French 
Broad, Nolachucky and Great Kenhawa, and on 
the Atlantic slope, having interlocking sources 
with those of Dan r. n., and Great Catawba s. 
Flowing thence northeastward over Wilkes and 
Surry cob, N. C. and receiving its extreme 
nthrn. water from Va., it bends to a course a 
little e. of s., after having flown about 80 miles 
nearly parallel to the Blue Ridge. The last 
noted inflection is made on the border between 
Surry and Stokes cos., at lat. 36° 17', long. 3° 
30' w. W. C. From this point the Yadkin 
gains only 30' of long, in the residue of its course 
to lat. 34° 48', where it enters S. C. and loses 
its name in that of Pedee. In the latter com- 
parative course of about 110 ms. no tributary 
above the size of a large cr. enters from the 
left; bat from the right, Little Yadkin from 
Iredell and Rowan cos., and Rocky r. from Ca- 
barras, Mecklenburg, Anson and the western 
part of Montgomery, are considerable streams, 
which will be described under their proper 
heads. The valley of the Yadkin is about 
135 ms. in length, with a mean width of 55 or 
a small fraction above 7,400 sq. ms., draining 
m Va. a small part of Patrick co., and in N. C. 



PEL 



383 



PEN 



all Wilkes, Surry, Rowan, Davidson, Montgom- 
ery and Cabarras ; with great part of Stokes, 
Iredell, Randolph, Richmond and Anson cos. 
If we rergard the Yadkin as one of the constitu- 
ent streams of the Great Pedee, the latter is 
formed by the Yadkin, Lynches, Waccamaw, 
and Little Pedee rs. See the secondary streams 
under their respective heads. The main stream 
enters S. C, between Marlborough and Ches- 
terfield dists., and continuing the general course 
of Yadkin, over Marion, and thence between 
Horry and Georgetown dists. opens into Win- 
yaw bay after a comparative s. s. e. course in 
S. C. of 110 ms. This lower part of the basin 
is very nearly a square of 100 ms. each side, 
equal to 10,000 sq. ms., making the whole ba- 
sin, including the Yadkin valley, equal to 
] 7,400 sq. ms. If the basin is extended from 
Winyaw Point at Georgetown entrance to the 
source of Toms cr. in Pattrick co. it stretches 
from lat. 33° 11', to 36° 35', and from the estrn. 
bend of Waccamaw to the extreme western 
fountains of Yadkin, from 1° 40' to 4° 30' of 
long. w. W. C. Without estimating the mtn. 
ridges, the relative oceanic level of the arable 
soil along the sthestrn. slope of Blue Ridge in 
Wilkes, Surry, and Patrick cos. is at least 1,500 
feet or an equivalent to 3^° of Fahrenheit, 
which added to 3° 24', the difference of lat. 
yields almost 7° diflierence in temperature be- 
tween the higher and lower part of the Pedee 
basin. This basin lies between those of Santee 
and Cape Fear rs., and if duly improved would 
be of immense importance as a navigable and 
commercial channel. 

Pedlar's hill, and p-o. western part of Chat- 
ham CO. N. C. 10 miles westward Pittsboro', 
and 43 miles in a similar direction from Ra- 
leigh. 

Pedlar's mills, and p-o. sthwstm. part of 
Amherst co. Va. by p-r. 198 ms. s. w. W. C. 
and 135 wstrd. Richmond. 

Peebles, tavern and p-o. Northampton co. N. 
C. by p-r. 208 ms. a very little w. of s. W. C, 
and 94 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Peekskill, incorporated v. Cortland, West 
Chester co. N. Y. on the east side of Hudson 
river, near the mouth of Peekskill cr. at the s. 
entrance of the Highlands, 40 ms. n. N. Y. ; 
has considerable trade, and daily communica- 
tion with that city, in the warm season, by a 
steamboat. 

Peektano, branch of Rock r. {See Rock 
River.) 

Peeling, p-t. Grafton co. N. H. 20 ms. n. 
Plymouth, 60 n. by w. Concord, with 33,359 
acres, is crossed by Pemigewasset r., its three 
branches uniting here, and has mill seats on 
several other streams, particularly the sources 
of Wild Amonoosuc, Baker's rs. &c. It has 
two ponds and several mtns. of which Cush- 
man's and Blue mtns. are the chief. Settled 
1773. Pop. 292. 

Pelham, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 37 ms. 
s. by e. Concord, 45 s. w. Portsmouth, 32 n. w. 
Boston, with 16,338 acres, contains Gumpas 
and Isl. ponds, and part of North pond, and is 
crossed by Beaver r. on which and its branches 
are fine meadows, bordered by pine lands, good 
for grain. There is good grazing, orchard and 



wood land e. and w. Wood, chiefly oak, has 
been taken down the river. There are several 
factories, &c. First settled 1722. Population 
1,070. 

Pelham, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 85 ms. w. 
Boston, 10 N. e. Northampton, and 5 ms. e. Am- 
herst ; is elevated and has a hilly surface, with 
good grazing land, and is watered in the e. by 
Swift r., and w. by Fort r Pop. 904. 

Pelham, t. Westchester co. N. Y., 18 ms. n. 
E. N. Y., 9 s. White Plains, n. Long Isl. sound, 
N. of East r. and e. of Chester cr., is small and 
terminates in an angle n. The surface is near- 
ly level, with a stony but good soil. Pell's 
or Rodman's Point is south. It comprehends 
City, Hart's and High isl. in the sound. Pop. 
334. 

Pembina, r. and vil. This vil. or settlement 
is laid down by Tanner, on the right bank of 
Red r., branch of Assiniboin, opposite to the en- 
trance of a small stream, from which the name 
has been derived, or to which it has been given. 
On the map the v. is placed immediately below 
N. lat. 39°, of course on the territory of the U. 
S.; long.W. C. 20'w. 

Pembroke, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 60 ms. 
N. w. Boston, 6 e. Concord, e. Merrimack r., s. 
e. Soucook r., n. w. Suncook r., with 10,240 
acres, has several factories and mills, and a con. 
siderable village, with a fine street of 3 ms. par- 
allel to Merrimack r. The roads generally run 
at right angles. The land near the v. slopes 
pleasantly to the narrow meadows on the rs., 
and it contains a town house, and an academy 
founded by Mr. Blanchard. The Indian name 
was Suncook, and it was granted, 1727, to the 
survivors of Capt. Lovewell's company, and the 
heirs of those deceased, for services against 
the savages. It was first settled 1728, and 
much interrupted by their attack. The set- 
tlers were of English and Scotch descent. Pop. 
1,312. 

Pembroke, p.t. Plymouth co. Mass., 23 ms. s. 
E. Boston. It originally belonged to Duxbury, 
and had the only saw mill in the Old colony for 
40 years. North r. runs between this t. and 
Hanover, and 2 branches flow from ponds. 
There are some manufactories. Pop. 1,325. 

Pembroke, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., lOms. w. 
Batavia, 257 w. Albany, e. Erie co., 8 ms. by 
14i ; is watered by Murder and Tonawanta 
crs. with streams of Oak Orchard cr. It con- 
tains the Tonawanta Indian v. on Tonawanta 
cr. The land bears maple, elm, beech, hem- 
lock, &c., and is pretty good. Pop. 3,828. 

Pembroke, p-v. sthrn. part Todd co. Ky., by 
p-r. 196 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Pembroke Springs, and p.o. Frederick co. 
\fe., 18 ms. wstrd. Winchester, the co. St., and 
by p-r. 89 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Pemigewasset, r. N. H., chiefly in Grafton 
CO., is the w. branch of the Merrimack. Its n. 
branch rises in Franconia, a few ms. s. w. of 
the White mtns., and meets two others in Peel- 
ing. 

Pendleton, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 284 ms. 
w. Albany. Pop. 572. 

Pendleton, co. Va., bounded by a ridge 
called there locally " The Great North Moun- 
tain," separating it from Rockingham e., Au, 



PEN 



384 



PEN 



gusta s. E., and Bath s. w., by the main spine of 
tiie Alleghany separating it from Randolph w., 
and by Hardy n. k. Length 40 ms., mean 
width 25, and area 1,000 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 38° 15' to 38° 53', and in long, from 
2° to 2° 42' w. V/. C. Pendleton occupies the 
most elevated part of the tableland between its 
two bounding ridges of mountains, discharging 
to the s. w. the extreme sources of .Tames r., 
and in an opposite direction the higher sources 
of South Branch of Potomac. More than four- 
fifths of the surface is, however, in the valley 
of the latter. Comparing the general elevation of 
Pendleton, with the determined height in James 
r. in Alleghany co., with the whole slope of 
Bath CO. intervening, the level of the arable 
land from whence flow the sources of James 
and Potomac rs., must exceed 2,000 ft. Cov- 
ington in Alleghany, at the junction of Port's 
or. with Jackson's r., is 1,222 ft. above the 
mean tide in Chesapeake bay, and at this point 
the v/ater of Jackson's r. has fallen down a plain 
of upwards of 50 ms. descent. The surface is 
generally mountainous, rocky and sterile. Of. 
t. Franklin. Population 1820, 4,836, 1830, 
6,271. 

Pendleton, formerly the northwestern dis- 
trict of S. C, has been sub-divided and the 
name discontinued. The territory formerly 
comprised in Pendleton, contains the present 
existing districts of Anderson and Pickens, 
which see. 

Pendleton, p-v. northwestern part of Ander- 
son dist. S. C, situated on a branch of Savan- 
nah r., by p-r. 143 ms. northwestward Colum- 
bia. Lat. 34° 38', long. 5° 42' w. W. C. 

Pendleton, co Ky., bndd. by Bracken e., 
Harrison s. e. and s.. Grant w., Campbell n., 
and Ohio river separating it from Clermont co. 
in the state of 0. n. e. Length 32 ms. by a 
diagonal from s. w. to n. e., mean width 14, 
and area 448 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
38° 30' to 38° 52', and in long, from 7° 10' to 
7° 35' w. W. C. Licking r. traverses this co. 
in a northwestern direction, and very nearly 
parallel to that of the Ohio r., where it joins the 
boundary between this and Clermont co. The 
declivity is of course in the same direction 
with the rs. Cf. t. Falmouth. Pop. 1820, 3,- 
086, 1830, 3,863. 

Pendleton, p-v. wstrn. part Madison co. 
Ind., by p-r. 40 ms. n. e. Indianopolis. 

Penfield, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 10 ms. e. 
Rochester, 2U w. by n. Albany, s. lake Onta- 
rio, w. Ontario in Ontario co. ; 67 sq. ms. It 
has Teoronto bay n. w., into which flows a mill 
stream, and several other streams run n. into 
the lake. The surface has an inclination north- 
ward, and the soil is poor. The village is s. 
w. The bay, which is often written Gerunde- 
gut, and Irondequot, is 1 m. by 5, and opens by 
a narrow strait into lake Ontario. Population 
4,474. 

Penfield, p-o. Lorain co. 0., by p-r. 116 ms. 
N. N. E. Columbus. i 

Penn Branch, p-o. Orangeburg dist. S. C, 
by p-r. 65 ms. sthwrd. Columbia. 

Penn Line, p-v. wstrn. part of Crawford co. 
Pa., 21 ms. northwestward Meadville, and 
about 100 ms. N. n w. Pittsburg. 



Pennsboro', p-v. Wood co. Va., by p-r. 268 
ms. w. W. C. 

Penn's Neck, Upper, t. Salem co. N. J., 50 
ms. s. w. Trenton, and 25 s. w. Philadelphia. 
It has Old Man's cr. n. which separates it from 
Gloucester co., and Delaware r. w., opposite 
the mouth of the Brandywine, and Wilmington, 
Del. It has settlements at Pcdrickstown and 
ScuUtown, and the Cove. Pop. 1,038. 

Penn's Neck, Lower, t. Salem co. N. J., 58 
ms. s. w. Trenton, 30 s. w. Philadelphia, Del. 
river w., and Salein r. e., which flows into it on 
the s. line, where there are tracts of marshy 
land. It lies opposite New Castle and Dela- 
ware city, Del., and near the middle of the r. is 
the small isl. on which was fort Delaware, 
beloniiing to the U. S., v.'hich was accidentally 
burnt in the winter of 1831 and 1832. Pop. 
994. 

Penn's Stoee, and p-o. eastern part of Pat- 
rick CO. Va., 17 ms. northeastward Taylors- 
ville. the co. seat, and by p-r. 316 ms. s. w. 
W. C. 

Pennsville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., 18 ms. n. 
w. Trenton, N. J., and 26 a little e. of n. Phil- 
adelphia. 

Pennsville, p-v. Morgan co. O., by p-r. 76 
ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. 

Pennsylvania, one of the U. S. ; it is bndd. 
N. by lake Erie and N. Y., n. e. by N. Y., e. 
by N. J. and Del., s. by Md. and Va., s. w. by 
Va., and w. by Ohio. The name of this state 
is derived from the surname of William Penn, 
and sylva, woods ; and means, literally, Penn's 
woods. Though at the epoch when the name 
was imposed, the real feaures of the coimtry 
it was in future to designate, were in great part 
unknown; to those who were its authors, no 
term could be more appropriate. Few, if any, 
regions of equal extent, and in one continuous 
body, ever bore, in a state of nature, a more 
dense forest. Pennsylvania was an expanse of 
woods, in the strictest acceptation of the word. 
As now limited, Pennsylvania extends from lat. 
39° 43' to 42° 10', and'from 2° 20' e. to 3° 36' 
w. W. C. It is bounded in common with Del- 
aware, from the Del. r. by a circular line, 
around New Castle co., to the n. e. limits of 
Cecil CO. Md., 24 ms. ; due north to the n. e. 
angle of Md., 2 ms.; along the northern limit 
ofMd., 203 ms. ; in common with Va., from the 
N. w. angle of Md. to the s. w angle of Greene 
CO., 59 ms.; due north, in common with Ohio 
and Brooke cos. of Va. to the Ohio river, 64 
ms.; continuing the last noted limit, in common 
with O. to lake Erie, 91 ms. ; along the s. e. 
shore of lake Erie to the western limit of New 
York, 39 ms. ; due south along Chatauque co. 
of New York to lat. 42°, 19 ms. ; thence 
due east in common with New York, to the 
right bank of Del. r., 230 ms. ; dovrn the Del. 
to the N. e. angle of the state of Delaware, 
230 ms.; having an entire outline of 961 ms. 
Its greatest length is due w. from Bristol on 
Del r., to the estrn. border of Ohio co. Va., 
through 356 minutes of longitude, along lat. 
40° 09'. This distance, on that line of latitude, 
is equal to 315 American statute ms. The 
greatest breadth 176 ms., from the Virginia 
line to the extreme nrthrn. angle on lake Erie ; 



PEN 



385 



PEN 



and general breadth 188 ms. The area of the 
state has been variously stated, but probably 
never very accurately determined. In both 
Morse's and Worcester's Gazetteers, the super- 
fii^es is given at 46,000 sq. ms. Other authori. 
ties vary, but comparing the best maps, and 
from calculating the rhombs, and parts occupi- 
ed by the state, Pemisylvania includes above 
47,000 sq. ms. Rejecting the fractional ex- 
cess, and using that curve superfices, the state 
will contain thirty millions and eighty thousand 
statute acres. Its mountains obtrude them- 
selves at the first glance on a map, as the most 
prominent of its natural features. No even tol- 
erably good survey having ever been made of 
the mountains of this region, and many impor- 
tant chains having been entirely omitted, a lu- 
cid classification is attended with great difficul- 
ty. Some of the collateral chains hitherto over- 
looked, have been supplied from personal ob- 
servation ; but no doubt much remains to be 
added or rectified, by future research. The 
structure and position of its mtns. has given to 
Pennsylvania an aspect peculiar to itself. The 
Appalachian system in the U. S., generally ex- 
tends in a direction, deviating not very essen- 
tially from s. w. to n. e. ; but in Pennsylvania, 
the whole system is inflected from that course, 
and passes the state in a serpentine direction, 
l^owards the s. boundary, the mtns. lie about n. 
N. E., gradually inclining more eastwardly as 
they penetrate northwards ; and in the central 
COS. many of the chains lie nearly e. and w. ; but 
as they extend towards the nthrn. border of the 
state, they again imperceptibly incline to the r^. 
E,, and enter N. Y. and N. J. in nearly that di- 
rection. The influence of the mtns. in modify- 
ing the general features, is very obvious, far 
beyond where any chains or ridges are suffi- 
ciently elevated to be classed as parts of the 
Appalachian system. It will be, however, 
shown in the progress of this review, that the 
mtn. system is very much too greatly restrict, 
ed, not alone in Pennsylvania, but also in Md., 
Va., N. Y., and N. J. Without attending to mi- 
nor claims, the mtns. of Pa., advancing from 
the s. E. to N. w., are as follows : — though omit- 
ted in most maps, a chain enters the s. boundary 
of York CO. and cut by the Susquehannah r., 
rises in and traverses Lancaster co. between 
Pequea and Octorara crs. ; and between the 
sources of the Conestoga and Brandywine, sep- 
arates for a short distance, Lancaster and Ches- 
ter cos. Continuing betweenBerks and Chester, 
it is interrupted by the Schuylkill above Potts- 
town. Rising again, and stretching n. e., it forms 
the boundary between Montgomery and Berks ; 
thence that between Lehigh and Bucks, and 
separating Northampton from Bucks, reaches 
the Del, Pursuing a n. e. course through N. 
J., separating Sussex from Huntingdon, Morris, 
and Bergen cos. it enters N. Y. between the 
sources of the Wallkill and Passaic rs., and 
extending in broken ridges, through the s. e. 
part of Orange co. forms the Highlands near 
West Point. After having formed the celebra- 
ted masses on both sides of the Hudson be- 
tween Newburg and West Point, the ridge con- 
tinues N. E. separating Putnam from Duchess 
CO. Inflecting to the n. and forming the sepa- 



rating ridge between the waters of the Hudson 
and Housatonic rivers, it stretches through the 
eastern part of Duchess, Columbia, and Rens- 
selaer cos. Along the two latter, however, the 
ridge forms, in reality, the separating bounda- 
ry between N. Y. and Mass. and entering the s. 
w. angle of Vt. continues through that state, by 
the name of Green mtns., into Lower Canada. 
Thus prominent and continuous, from the Sus- 
quehannah to the N. E., this part of the Appa- 
lachian system is equally so through Md., Va. 
and N. C. Passing over Harford, Baltimore, 
Ann Arundel, and Montgomery cos. in Md., it 
forms falls in the Potomac, twelve ms. above 
Georgetown, and extends into Va. in Fairfax co. 
Varying in distance from 20 to 30 ms. the Great 
Kittatinny or Blue Ridge, and the ridge we 
have been tracing, traverses Va. into N. C. 
Leaving Va. in Henry co. and entering N. C. in 
Stokes CO., there is no doubt but that it is dis- 
tinctly continued over the Carolinas and Geo. 
into Ala. Though the structure of the Atlan- 
tic slope, decidedly evinces a conformity to the 
Appalachian system, far below the S. E. moun. 
tain, it is the terminating continuous ridge to- 
wards the Atlantic. n. w. from, and nearly 
parallel to, the South mtn., another very re- 
markable ridge traverses N. J. and Pa. and 
similar to the former, the latter is unknown in 
either of these states, by any general name. 
Its continuation in N. Y. is designated by the 
Shawangunk. Between the Susquehannah and 
Potomac, it is termed relatively, tlie South mtn., 
and in Va. and the Carolinas, it forms the Blue 
Ridge, and entering the n. w. part of Geo. is 
gradually lost amongst the source of Chatta- 
hooche river. To preserve perspicuity, we 
have adopted, or rather extended the name. 
Blue Ridge into Pa. and N. J. Tiiis very re- 
markable chain of the Appalachian system en- 
ters Pa. on its southern line, and stretching n. 
between Adams and Franklin cos. reaches the 
sthrn. angle of Cumberland, where it turns to 
the N. E., and extending towards the Susque- 
hannah, separates Cumberland from Adams and 
York cos. About six ms. below Harrisburg, 
the Blue Ridge is pierced or broken by the Sus- 
quehannah, and again rising below the mouth 
of Swatara, crosses the southern angle of Dau- 
phin ; thence known as the Conewago hills, it 
separates Lebanon from Lancaster co. enters 
Berks, and reaches the Schuylkill at Reading. 
Continuing through Berks, Lehigh, and North- 
ampton COS., the Blue Ridge passes Allentown, 
Bethlehem, and Easton, and is again interrupt- 
ed by the Del. below the latter town. Extend- 
ing through Sussex co., the Blue Ridge enters 
N. Y., and is finally terminated in the Shawan. 
gunk, on the west side of Hudson river and 
amongst the branches of the Wallkill. In one 
respect the Southeast mtn. and Blue Ridge, in 
Pa. and N. J., differ from other sections of the 
Appalachian system. The two chains we have 
noticed, are formed of links more detached, 
than are those more remote from the Atlantic ; 
but, otbd*fwise, in respect to component matter, 
range, and vegetation, are in every place well 
marked sections of the general system. The 
very unequal elevation of their various parts, 
may, perhaps, be also adduced, as a character- 



PEN 



386 



PEN 



istic of the Southeast mountain and Blue Ridge. 
The former does not, it is probable, in an)' part 
of Pa. or N. J. rise to 1,000 ft. above the level 
of the Atlantic, whilst in N. Y. at the High- 
lands, some of the peaks, particularly Butter, 
hill, exceed 1,500 ft. elevation above tide wa. 
ter ; and in Mass. and Vermont tower to near 
3,000 ft. If taken generally, the Blue Ridge in 
Pa. and N. J. is more elevated than the South- 
east mtn., yet no particular part of the former 
rises to an equal elevation with the Highlands, 
on either bank of the Hudson. In Md. the 
Blue Ridge assumes a very distinctive aspect, 
and separating Frederick and Washington cos., 
is broken by the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, 
below the mouth of the Shenandoah. This fine 
chain crosses, and adorns Va. and N. and S. 
Carolina. In one remarkable circumstance, 
the Blue Ridge stands alone amongst the 
mountain chains of the U. S. From the Sus- 
quehannah to n. w. angle of S. C, in a distance 
of upwards of 500 ms. it every where forms a 
county demarcation. The third, and in some 
respects the most remarkable chain of Pa. is 
the Kittatinny. Known by divers local names, 
the Kittatinny, in a survey advancing from s. 
w. to N. E. first rises distinctively in Franklin 
CO., and like other chains in the sthrn. margin 
of Pa. ranges a little e. of n. ; but inflecting 
more to the n. e., extends to the Susquehannah, 
separating Cumberland and Perry cos. Five 
miles above Harrisburg, the Kittatinny is inter- 
rupted by the Susquehannah. Broken also by 
the Swatara, the Schuylkill, the Lehigh, and 
Delaware, the Kittatinny enters N. J. through 
which it passes into N. Y. and forms, by its 
continuation, the Catsbergs. The general as- 
pect of the Kittatinny is much more continuous 
than any other mountain chain of Pa. It is, 
however, very far from being uniform in eleva. 
tion, varying from 800, to perhaps 1,500 feet 
abcve tide water. Northwest from the Kitta- 
tinny, though more elevated, the chains are 
much less distinctly defined. Between the Kit- 
tatinny mountain, and the north branch of Sus- 
quehannah r. the intermediate country is in a 
great part composed of high rugged mtns., and 
narrow, deep and precipitous valleys. This is 
the most sterile and least improvable part of 
Pa., but it is the region producing the most ex- 
tensive masses of anthracite coal, known on 
the globe. The confusion in the natural ar- 
rangement of the anthracite section of Pa. is 
more apparent than real. The Kittatinny mtn. 
and Susquehannah r. lie nearly parallel, up- 
wards of seventy ms. ; distant from each other 
about 35 ms. The intervening space is filled 
by lateral chains, rising in many places far 
above any part of the Kittatinny. Amongst 
these chains, two are worthy of particular no- 
tice, and serve, pre-eminently, to elucidate the 
very peculiar topography of interior Pa. Bed- 
ford and Franklin cos. are separated by a chain, 
there known as Cove mtn. With a change of 
name, to Tuscarora mountain, the latter chain 
separates Franklin from Huntingdon, Perry from 
Mifflin, and reaches the Susqueharmah nearly 
opposite the southern extremity of Northum- 
berland Co. Rising again below the Mahan- 
tango r. and broken into vast links, the chain 



divides into nearly equal parts, the space be. 
tween the Kittatinny mountains and the main 
branch of Susquehannah r. Broad mtn., passed 
on the road from Easton and Bethlehem to Ber- 
wick, is one of the great links of this central 
chain. More accurate surveys would, it is 
more than probable, identify Sideling hill, of 
Bedford co., Jack's mtn., of Huntingdon and 
Mifflin, and the central chains of Union, Co- 
lumbia, and Luzerne cos. The chain which ri- 
ses on both banks of the Susquehannah, in Lu- 
zerne, is amongst the most interesting features, 
not only in the U. S. but the world. Below 
Sunbury, a chain commences, or if the writer's 
supposition is correct, is continued up the Sus- 
quehannah, along its left shore ; this chain is 
crossed by the r. above Danville, and again 
above Catawissa. From the latter place, it 
stretches to the n. e. through Columbia, enters 
Luzerne by the name of Nescopeck, and min- 
gles ultimately with other chains, and is termi- 
nated towards the southern angle of Wayne 
CO. Nearly parallel to the Nescopeck, and 
with a comparatively narrow intervening valley, 
another chain leaves the Susquehannah, above 
the borough of Northumberland, and traversing 
Northumberland and Columbia cos. enters Lu- 
zerne, and is broken by the Susquehannah six- 
teen ms. below Wilkesbarre. Skirting the left 
bank about eight ms. it is again crossed by the 
river, and continuing its course n. e. passes 
about two and a half miles from and opposite 
Wilkesbarre. Preserving its course n. e. it is 
for the third and last time, crossed by the Sus- 
quehannah, above the mouth of Lackawannock 
cr. ten miles above Wilkesbarre, and stretching 
towards the Del. is lost in Wayne co. Beyond 
the main branch of the Susquehannah, to the 
N. E., the chains lie nearly parallel to those s. e. 
from that r. The structure of the country, on 
both sides of the Susquehannah, is nearly the 
same. The yet discovered mines of anthracite 
coal, advancing from s. e. to n. w., cease, in the 
chain immediately opposite Wilkesbarre. To 
the eye, the region included between the west 
branch of Susquehannah and the Potomac, 
bears a strong analogy to that between the west 
and N. branches of Susquehannah ; but a minute 
scrutiny exposes a great change, advancing s. 
w. towards the borders of Maryland. Soil and 
vegetation both diifer materially. The beech, 
hemlock, and sugar-maple forests, are succeed- 
ed in the valleys, by oak, hickory, and elm. 
Thus far the entire drain of Pa. is into the At- 
lantic. The chain called the Alleghany, forms, 
in the southern parts of Pa., the dividing ridge 
between the Atlantic slope and the valley of 
Ohio. Alleghany has, no doubt, from this cir- 
cumstance, received its pre-eminence amongst 
the mtn. chains of Pa., Md. and Va. Only 
about sixty ms. of its range in the former state, 
however, separates the sources of the streams 
of the two great natural sections, the Atlantic 
slope and Ohio valley. The Alleghany chain, 
leaving Alleghany co. in Md., separates Bed. 
ford and Somerset cos., and extending in a 
northerly direction, also separates the n. w. 
part of Bedford from the s. e. part of Cambria 
CO. At the extreme northern angle of Bedford, 
the Alleghany turns to the n. e., and is thence 



PEN 



387 



PEN 



drained on both sides by tlie tributary streams 
of the Susquehannah. Discliarging the waters 
of the west branch to the n. w. and those of the 
Juniata and Bald Eagle rivers to the s. e., the 
Alleghany reaches the west branch of Susque- 
hannah at the mouth of Bald Eagle river. 
Here, once more, the defect of our maps is 
strikingly apparent. Lycoming co. is delinea- 
ted as if no mtn. chains traversed its surface. 
This is not the fact, though too little is known 
of that part of Pa. to admit a classification. 
To hazard a conjecture, the chain which cross, 
esthe Susquehannah in Bradford co., runs near 
to, and below Towanda, the continuation of the 
Alleghany. It may be remarked, that it is only 
in a few places e. of, and those immediately in 
its spurs, that bituminous coal has been hitherto 
discovered in Pa. on the Atlantic slope, whilst 
it abounds n. w. from the Alleghany chain. 
This locality of bituminous coal prevails across 
the whole state, and is found from near Towan- 
da, in Pa., into Md. How far, and to what ex- 
tent the bituminous coal formation spreads into 
Va., we are unable to determine. The Alle- 
ghany chain may, in the existing state of our 
mineralogical knowledge, be viewed as the lim- 
it between the two species of coal in Pa. 
Whatever may be the elevation of its summit, 
the base ot the Alleghany chain, between Bed- 
ford and Somerset, and Cambria cos. constitutes 
the height of land between the O. r. and Atlan- 
tic tides, and forms also a similar demarca- 
tion in Maryland. This circumstance is enti- 
tled to our serious notice, from this region be- 
ing the intended route of the Chesapeake and 
Ohio canal. The summit level, or Cumberland 
road, as given by Mr. Schriver, is 2,825 ft. As 
a mtn. chain, the Alleghany yields in grandeur 
of scenery, and in elevation above its base, to 
not only the Broad mtn., but to many other 
chains of the Appalachian system. Chesnut 
ridge is the next chain w. of the Alleghany, the 
two chains extending nearly parallel, and about 
20 ms. asunder. Though comparatively hum- 
ble in respect to elevation, Chesnut ridge is one 
of the most extended chains of the system to 
which it appertains, reaching by various local 
names over Va., into Ten., and most probably 
into Ala. As placed on our maps, Chesnut 
ridge enters Pa. at the n. w. angle of Md., and 
ranging a little e. of n., forms the boundary be- 
tween Union and Somerset, thence between 
Westmoreland and Somerset, and finally be- 
tween the N. E. angle of Westmoreland and the 
s. w. of Cambria co. At the extreme n. e. an- 
gle of Westmoreland, the Chesnut ridge reach- 
es the Kiskiminitas r., and as delineated, its 
termination. So far from being so in nature, 
.this chain preserves its identity through the 
state, farther n. than any other chain of the Ap- 
palachian system. Laurel hill is the last chain 
of the system in Pa. What has been already 
observed respecting the comparatively depres- 
sed chains nearest the Atlantic, may be repeat- 
ed respecting the Chesnut ridge, and the Lau- 
rel hill ; that, though not very elevated, they 
nevertheless exist as well defined mtn. chains. 
The latter is a very extended branch of the sys- 
tem, reaching from the nrthrn. part of Pa. into 
Ala. This chain traverses Va, by various 



names ; separates Va. from Ky. as Cumberland 
mtn. ; traverses Ten., and penetrates Ala. under 
the latter term, and interrupted by Ten. river, 
it forms the Muscle Shoals, and is impercepti- 
bly merged into the central hills of Alabama. 
Like many others, this very lengthened chain 
is delineated defectively in every map of Penn- 
sylvania. Similar to Chesnut ridge, Lau. 
rel hill is terminated on our maps, near the 
Kiskiminitas, though in reality extending to 
near the south boundary of N. Y. In addition 
to the great chains we have been surveyino-, 
many of minor importance might be noted ; 
but we have deemed a view of the most stri. 
king parts sufficient. If grouped into one 
view, the mtns. of Pa. exhibit many very inter- 
esting points of observation. The Appalachian 
system is here upwards of 150 ms. wide. The 
particular chains do not average more than 
3 ms. if so much, in breadth. Before proceed- 
ing farther in our review, we observe that 
mountains are considered as the superlative of 
hills. In not only Pa. but in the Appalachian 
system generally, hills and mountains are not 
only specifically, but generically, distinct fea- 
tures of nature. If this was not the case, the 
slope would, in most cases, gradually rise from 
the mouths to the sources of rivers, and no 
regular ranges of elevated ground could be 
found crossing the streams obliquely. Accor- 
ding to common opinion, the mtns. of the U. S. 
form the dividing ridge between the waters ol" 
the Atlantic slope, and those of the Misp. and 
St. Lawrence basins. So far, however, are the 
mtns. from constituting the separating line of 
the waters, that the real dividing ridge, if it 
can be so called, crosses the mtns. diagonally. 
The Appalachian system is formed, as we have 
seen, by a number of collateral chains, lying 
nearly parallel ; each chain is again formed by 
ridges, which interlocking, or interrupted by 
rivers, extend generally in a similar direction 
with the chain to which they particularly ap. 
pertain. The chains differ materially from 
each other in elevation and continuity. In 
some of the chains, at each side of the system, 
the parts are of very unequal height above their 
bases, and of tide water. The Southeast mtn. 
and Blue Ridge are prominent examples. In 
the correct solution of any question arising out 
of the advance or distribution of population, the 
determination of the real surface covered with 
mountains, would afford extremely satisfactory 
element. As far as observation, and the pres- 
ent state of our geographical knowledge afford 
data, we have estimated the extent of mountain 
base in Pa. ; and on the best maps, carefully 
measuruig every chain, the entire length pro- 
duced, amounts to a small excess above 2,250 
ms. If this sum is taken, and three ms. allow, 
ed for the mean breadth of the chains, the 
mountain area will be 6,750 sq. ms., or very 
nearly one seventh part of the superfices of Pa. 
The respective r. basins, or rather the sections 
included in Pa., are of very unequal extent. 
Delaware, Susquehannah, and Ohio, include an 
immense proportion of the whole state, and 
subdivide it naturally into the eastern, middle, 
and western r. sections. 

The following tables give the respective 



PEN 



388 



PEN 



area of each, and also the smaller sections of 
Potomac, Genesee, and Erie. 



Delaware river drain 


3 the counties of 




Square Miles. 


Berks, 


950 


Bucks, 


640 


Chester 3-4, 


550 


Delaware, 


ISO 


Lebanon 1-8, 


40 


Lehigh, 


3B0 


Luzerne, 


180 


Montgomery, 


450 


Northampton, 


1,100 


Philadelphia, 


1'20 


Pike, 


850 


SchaylkU15-8, 


500 


Wayne, 


790 




6,710 4 


Siisquehamiah drains 


the counties of 


Adams 3-5, 


350 


Bedford 3-5, 


1,000 


Bradford, 


1,260 


Cambria 2-5, 


330 


centre. 


1,480 


Chester 1-4, 


180 


Clearfield 9-10, 


1,450 


Columbia, 


630 


Cumberland, 


630 


Dauphin, 


550 


Franklin 13, 


280 


Huntingdon, 


i:280 


Indiana 1-lU, 


80 


Lebanon 7-8, 


280 


Luzerne 9-10, 


],9':!0 1 


Lycoming, 


2,510 1 


M'Kean 1-4, 


380 


Mifflin, 


910 


Northumberland, 


500 


Perry, 


550 


Potter 5-8, 


750 


Schuylkill 3-8, 


300 


Susquehannah, 


910 


Tioga, 


1,180 


Union, 


600 


York, 


1,120 



fJenesee drains 1-8 of Potter 

Potomac drains 
Adams 2-5, 
Bedford 2-5, 
Franklin 2-3, 
Somerset 1-6, 



21,390 
150 



220 
630 
560 
180 

1,590 



Lake Erie drains 1-2 of Erie county, 

380 



Ohio river drains the 
Alleghany, 
Armstrong, 
Beaver, 
Butler, 
Cambria 3-5, 
Clearfield 1-10, 
Crawford, 
Erie 1-2, 
Fayette, 
Greene, 
Indiana 9-10, 
Jefferson, 
M'Kean 3-4, 
Mercer, 

Potter 1-4, , 

Somerset 5-6, 
Venango, 
Warren, 
Washington, 
Westmoreland 




4,294,400 



224,000 
640,000 
80(j,400 
2I1,2''0 
934,400 

ni,20o 

828,000 
403,200 
403,200 
352,000 
179,200 
819,200 
51,200 
179,200 
1,228,800 
1,606,400 
243,200 
582,400 
320,000 
352,000 
480,000 
193,000 
582,400 
755,200 
384,000 
716,800 

13,685,600 



96,000 



140,800 
403,200 
358,400 
115,200 

1,017,600 



243,200 



518,400 
646,400 
441,600 
544,000 
512,000 
102,400 
665,600 
243,200 
576,000 
409,600 
435,200 
819,200 
729,600 
563,200 
204,800 
512,000 
768,000 
576,000 
576,000 
755,200 



16,760 10,598,400 





SUMMAKY. 




Delaware drains. 


6,710 


4,294,400 


Susquchauuah, 


21,390 


13,685,600 


Genesee, 


151) 


96,000 


Potomac, 


1,590 


1,017,600 


Ohio, 


16,760 


10,598,400 


Lake Erie, 


380 


343,200 



46,980 30,935,200 

{See articles Delaware, Susquehannah, Po- 
tomac, Genesee, Alleghany, Monongahela, 
Ohio, t^c.) 

Over a surface of 47,000 sq. ms. traversed by 
a wide mtn. system, and on which relative level 
of arable land differs from a surface, barely 
above tide water, to upwards of 2,000 ft., the 
varieties of soil must necessarily be very great, 
and such is the fact. Though as a state Penn- 
sylvania may be designated fertile, yet between 
the river alluvion, on both sides of the system 
and in the Appalachian vallies, and the rocky 
slopes of the mtns., the respective quality of 
soil embraces nearly the extremes of sterility 
and productiveness. The whole state where at 
all arable is favorable to grasses, including 
bread grain. Of fruits, the apple seems best 
adapted to the climate and soil, though similar 
to the stone fruits, liable to destruction from un- 
timely frosts. Climate and seasons. As an 
element in the philosophy of climate, it is only 
recently that relative height has been duly in- 
troduced, and yet without regard to difference 
of level, no rational deduction respecting cli- 
mate can be formed on any part of the earth. 
Under the head of Maryland, to which article 
the reader is referred, are introduced general 
tables of mean and extreme temperature, and of 
prevalent winds. The tables were placed in 
that article from the central position of Md., 
amongst the Atlantic states of the U. S. The 
following tables, founded on observations made 
in the city of Phila., and at Germantown in the 
vicinity of that city, may be prefaced by the re- 
mark that large cities have a local atmospheric 
temperature, higher than that of the surround, 
ing country, and that the subjoined tables ex. 
hibit the difference in two contiguous places. 
1. The monthly mean temperature at Phila. 
delphia, from a series of twenty years observa- 
tions, made by James Young, from 1807 in- 
clusive ; that of Germantown is from a series 
of 10 years observations, by Reuben Haines, 
from 1819 to 1828 inclusive, Fahrenheit. 



Philadelphia. 


Germantown. 


Excess in Pht! 


Jan. 


32° 7 


30° 


2° 7 


Feb. 


36 32 


33 10 


3 22 


March 


45 64 


41 22 


4 42 


April 


57 18 


49 40 


7 78 


May 


68 01 


61 30 


6 80 


June 


78 27 


71 20 


7 7 


July 


82 25 


75 


7 25 


Aug. 


80 06 


73 


7 06 


Sept. 


73 39 


65 


8 39 


Oct. 


60 81 


53 40 


7 41 


Nov. 


47 34 


42 60 


4 74 


Dec. 


37 01 


32 60 


4 41 



mean ann. 

temp. 58 41 52 37 

2. Table of mean monthly temp, at Phil, and 
Germantown, for 7 consecutive years, from 1820, 
1826 inclusive, being years common to both observ- 
ers : 



PEN 



389 



PEN 



Philadelphia. Germantown. Differ. 

January, 32.95° 29.68° 3.27° 

February, 39.93 31.72 8 21 

March, 47.03 40.61 6 42 

^pril, 55.53 50.33 5.21 

May, 70.44 61.76 8.68 

June, 80.05 70.03 10.02 

Julv, 84.07 75.04 9.03 

August, 80.46 72.92 7.54 

September, 76.68 64.83 11.85 

October, 61.89 53.38 8.51 

November, 47.23 41 75 5.4S 

December, 36.93 3175 5.18 

Mean Annual, 67.08 52 5.03 

From the above elements we involuntarily 
deduce the important fact, that the summer cli- 
mate of Phil, is from 8° to 10°, and in some in- 
stances still higher, above that of the adjacent 
country ; and that in winter the city atmosphere 
is warmest from 3-^ to 5 degrees. For the pre- 
vailing winds of Pa., we may again refer to the 
article Md., at the same time observing, that 
from Mr. Young's observations in Phil., the 
winds from the true western points n. w., w. and 
s. w., amount to 602 thousandths of the whole 
winds of the year ; and in Germantown Mr. 
Maine's observations give 663 thousandths. 
Combining therefore, the various observations 
quoted in this treatise, v/e are shown that the 
greatly prevailing winds of the middle states of 
the U. S., are from the wstrn. sides of the me- 
ridians. Again, if we add the intensity of the 
aerial currents to their respective courses, it 
would be safe to say, that four-fitths of all the 
atmospheric pressure is estwrd., and in Pa. the 
almost uniform leaning of forest, and more of 
orchard trees, demonstrates this physical fact. 
The climate of Pa. is relatively mfluenced by 
change of level. The surface of the state, with 
two partial exceptions, is composed of two 
great plains, declining from the dividing ridge 
of its waters. Tlie estrn. declivity, drained by 
the Del. and Susquehannah, and their conflu- 
ents, falls from an elevation of about 2,000 feet 
to the level of tide water; the western, drained 
by the numerous confluents of Cdiio, is up- 
wards of 600 ft. elevated above the ocean tides, 
at the very lowest part. This greater height is 
one of the most influential causes of the com- 
parative low temperature w. of the mtns., par- 
ticularly in winter. Observations made at U. 
S. military posts and by several other observ- 
ers, have dissipated the long cherished vulgar 
error of a superior warmth on like latitudes w. 
of the mtns., and have established directly the 
reverse, giving rationality to the theory of our 
climate, and distributing comparative tempera- 
ture according to the relative latitude and height. 
On both plains of Pa. it is a rare occurrence 
that the rivers are not frozen and rendered un. 
navigable in winter, for a longer or shorter pe- 
'riod ; 40 days would probably approach near a 
mean of this winter period. The actual sum- 
mer or period between frosts, does not exceed, 
if it amounts to, a mean of 120 days, except in 
the sthestrn. and lowest part. Receding west- 
ward, occasional frosts entrench on summer, 
and on the high mountain vallies, even where 
farming is conducted to considerable advantage, 
untimely frosts happen occasionally in every 
month of the year. The quantity of rain, or 

50 



rather more explicitly expressed, of water in 
rain, hail, snow, &c., which falls at any given 
place, affords very requisite elements in a the- 
ory of the climate. The following table is 
extracted from the Philadelphia Gazette. 

Statement of the rain fallen from 1810 to 
1839, inclusive, the first 14 years by the guage 
of P. Legarux, of Spring Mill, the following 7 
years by that kept at the Pa. hospital. 

laches. Inches. Inches. 

1310, 32.656 1817, 36.005 1824, 3s.74 
1811, 34.963 1813, 30.177 1-25, 29.57 
■!812, 39. 3 1819, 23.354 1826, 35.14 

1813, 35625 IS'JO, 39.609 1827, 38.50 

1814, 43.135 1821, 3-^.182 1828, 37.97 

1815, 34.666 1«22, 29.864 1829, 41.85 

1816, 27.947 182.3, 41.815 183J, 45.07 

" The whole quantity fallen for 21 years is 
748.143 inches, which, divided by 2 1 years, 
gives 35.626 inches as the annual average for 
that time." From the whole of these tables we 
find the discrepancy between the mean and ex^ 
treme temperature of different years at the 
same place, to be great, but we also find that 
moisture falls as unequally. Comparing the 
tables in possession of the writer, no strong 
obvious connexion can be traced between the 
prevalence or scarcity of rain and mean tern- 
perature. In 1816, a year of unusual low 
mean temperature, it appears that the quantity 
of rain fell short of 28 inches ; but in 1819, a 
warm year, the rain amounted only to 23.354 
inches ; and in 1814, when the rain fallen was 
so high as 43.135 inches, the mean temperature 
was high. 

Natural productionf?. Under this head a 
volume might be written, but a few brief noti- 
ces can only •be admitted into an article neces- 
sarily brief. The two great mineral produc. 
tions of Pa., are iron t^nd fossil coal. Iron ore 
is very extensively disseminated, and as great, 
ly diversified in quality and richness. The iron 
mines in the eslrn. part of the state were ex- 
plored and worked at an early period of coloni- 
al settlement in Pa., and had become an interest 
of great value before the revolution. Since 
the peace of 1783, with much fluctuation, iron 
has at all times employed much capital and 
labor. .Next to iron ore, mineral coal is most 
widely disseminated and is also next in im- 
portance. The fossil coal of Pa. is of 2 spe- 
cies : anthracite in the valleys e. of the main 
spine of the Appalachian system, and bitumin- 
ous w. of that ridge. This distribution may 
admit of some exceptions, but if taken general, 
ly it is correct. Independent of specific dis- 
tinction, the coal of Pa. has very deeply influen. 
ced the improvement of the state at both ex- 
tremes. The immense canals and locks which 
have been created on the Lackawannock, Le. 
high, Delaware and the Schuylkill, and others 
in progress or designed in every part of the 
state, have been more or less the eflfect of a 
desire to render accessible these vast mineral 
deposits. The eastern anthracite is mostly 
found imbedded in inclining strata ; the coal 
beds themselves of every variety of thickness 
from less than 6 inches to immense mountain 
masses of unknown extent. The largest body 
yet laid open is that explored and worked on 
Mauch Chunk mtn. by the Lehigh coal and 



PEN 



390 



PEN 



navigation company. It is probable, however, 
from numerous indications, that the most ex- 
tensive deposits of coal e. of the mtns. remain 
unexplored, perhaps undiscovered. The strata 
actually known are vast, and beyond the power 
of man to exhaust in many succeeding ages. 
The position of the bituminous coal of the west- 
ern part of Pa. is level or very nearly so. It 
is imbedded in horizontal strata, and unlike the 
anthracite is often so very near a dead level as 
to admit drainage with difficulty. In using the 
relative terms east and west in stating the great 
deposits of Pa. coal, some modification is ne- 
cessary. Bituminous coal has been found on 
Towanda cr. Bradford co. Pa., and in Allegha- 
ny CO. Md. near Cumberland. A line from one 
of these points to the other, runs nearly with 
the great spine of Alleghany, and divides Pa. 
into two not very unequal sections. The bitu- 
minous deposits prevail from the Alleghany, 
and increase in extent, falling down the r. to 
Pittsburg. In the vicinity of this city the coal 
strata are in extent immense ; from 3 to 6 feet 
in thickness, and often from 250 to 350 feet 
above the high water level of the rs. The 
number of mines already open, and the ease oi 
reaching the coal from the deep river valleys, 
has contributed to fix the opinion that coal is in 
unusual abundance near Pittsburg. That opin- 
ion is rendered doubtful by the fact, that in eve- 
ry part of the adjacent country, where suffi- 
cient pains have been taiien, coal has been 
found, and from analogy we may suspect its ex- 
istence as underlaying strata far into the state 
of Ohio. It abounds along the Ohio r. as low 
as Cincinnati. Though an indefinite number 
of other minerals have been named as having 
been discovered in Pa. except iron and coal, 
limestone is the only one of extensive use and 
value. Limestone is the prevailing rock in a 
band spreading n. w. from Blue Ridge, and 
crossing the whole of Pa. from the Del. into 
Md. It exists in detached deposits e. of Blue 
Ridge, and in western Pa. is found in intermina- 
ble beds, alternating with other rocks. Water 
impregnated with muriate of soda, or common 
salt, is found on the waters of Conemaugh, and 
might be, it is probable, discovered in other 
places in the Ohio valley, by digging to suffi- 
cient depth. On the Conemaugh, salt works 
have been many years in operation. Marble, 
of great variety of shade and tint, and that re- 
ceives a beautiful polish, is found in the lower 
cos. of Philadelphia, Chester, Montgomery, 
&c. These elegant marbles have greatly 
'added to the convenience, cheapness and beau- 
ty of domestic architecture. 

Rivers, Cities, Commerce, i^c. The most 
important rivers of Pennsylvania are the Dela- 
ware, Susquehannah, Ohio, Alleghany, Schuyl- 
kill, Genesee, Juniata, Clarion and Youhiogha- 
ny. Besides these there are other important 
streams, and by these, and innumerable others 
of less note, the state is abundantly supplied. 
There are 3 cities in Pa. Philadelphia, Harris- 
burg, the seat of government, and Lancaster ; 
there are also many other towns of some note 
in the state, among which are Reading, Carlisle, 
Chambersburg, York, Wilkesbarre, Lebanon, 
Washington, New Bloomfield, and Kittaning. 



For the commerce of Pa., which is chiefly 
centred at Philadelphia, and the late bequest of 
Stephen Girard, see art. Philadelphia. 

Internal Improvements. The foundation of 
the wealth and improvement of this prosperous 
state is deeply laid, in her fertility of soil, her 
iron mines, her coal stratas, and the industry of 
her population. Under this head we can only 
give the names of some of the works, and re- 
fer to their respective titles, in the article Rail 
Roads and Canals. Belonging to the state is 
the magnificent line of canals and rail road, en. 
titled the Pa. canal and Columbia rail road. 
Belonging to joint stock companies, are the 
Schuylkill navigation, Union canal, Lehigh 
navigation, consisting of artificial navigation 
along the Lehigh and the IVIauch Chunk rail 
road, Lackawaxen canal and rail road. Cones- 
toga canal, and the Chesapeake and Del. canal. 
We include the latter in the works of Pa. from 
the circumstance of the work having been in 
great part designed and executed by citizens of 
that state. Besides numerous others, there is a 
line of turnpike road extending from the city 
of Philadelphia through Lancaster, York, Get- 
tysburg, Chambersburg, Bedford, Greensburg, 
and Pittsburg, to Washington, where it meets 
the U. S. road. The latter enters Pa. in the 
southwestern angle of Somerset, and traversing 
Fayette and Washington cos. by Union, Browns- 
ville and Washington, passes on to Wheeling 
in Va. Without enumerating the amounts 
which have already been expended on various 
public works in Pa., we subjoin a statement of 
the year's appropriations, (made Feb. 1833,) 
for the promotion of the extensive internal 
improvements of this state, yet unfinished. 
Phila. & Columbia Rail Road $1,111,958 78 
Alleghany Rail Road 414,793 06 

Canal from Middletown to Col. 35,835 25 

Juniata Canal 32,712 04 

North Branch Canal 115,202 46 

West Branch Canal 470,007 90 

French Creek Canal 162,991 98 

Beaver Canal 197,159 97 



Total ^2,540,661 44 

This amount added to previous expenditures, 
will make an aggregate of about f 20,000,000, 
which this state has applied to the purpose of 
improvement, by canals and rail roads, within 
the last 8 years. 

Banks, Finances, ^c- — According to the re- 
port of the auditor general of the treasury, at 
the beginning of the year 1831, the capital stock 
paid in of 32 banks, was !;gl2,815,581 83 ; notes 
in circulation $7,870,613 90; contingent funds 
.$1,170,068 02; bills discounted ^18,4.54,213 
50; specie f 3,013, 383 84; amount of depos- 
its ^7,244,752 95. By the same report, the 
commonwealth owns, in bank stock, ,'^2,108,700 
00; turnpike stock, ^1,911,243 39; bridge 
stock, $410,000 00 ; canal stock, $200,000 00 ; 
Total, $4,629,943 39. The dividends receiv- 
ed by the state on the bank stock, amounted 
during the last year to ^^121,716, and on the 
bridge, canal and turnpike stocks, to $29,715 ; 
amounting aggregately to $151,431. In Janu- 
ary, 1833, there were 37 banks in the state, ex- 
clusive of the U. S. bank, 14 of which were lo. 



PEN 



391 



PEN 



cated in Philadelphia. The capital of these 
amounted to $14,515,368 ; notes in circulation 
$9,237,505 ; specie on hand f 2,954,047. The 
amount of notes in circulation of the bank of 
the U. S., and branch at Pittsburg, was $'1,C87,- 
297 ; specie .$2,311,618. From the report of 
the auditor, it appears that the receipts into the 
treasury during the year ending Oct. 31, 1832, 
amounted lo ^4,719,372 04; including a bal- 
ance in the treasury Nov. 1, 1831, of $124,482,- 
82. Among these were loans amounting to 
$3,188,213 ; Stephen Girard's legacy $300,000; 
dividends on bank stock $173,230 ; auction du- 
ties $113,537 ; duties on dealers in foreign 
merchandize §'69,783 ; tavern licences §58,795; 
lands, and land office fees $63,662 ; premiums 
on loans $355,462 ; and canal tolls $50,909. 
The expenditures amounted to $4,602,204 88, 
among which were for internal improvements 
$3,521,754 ; expenses of government $228,803; 
internal improvement funds $682,379 ; interest 
on loans $9 1, 925; education $10,970; pen- 
sions and gratuities $24,288 ; penitentiary at 
Phila. !t^4,045; do. near Pittsburg $3,115. 
Balance in the treasury Nov. 1, 1832, $117,- 
167,16. 

Political divisions and population. — Pennsyl- 
vania, as has been observed, is naturally divi- 
ded into three physical sections : first, sthestrn. 
section from the Kittatinny ; second the central 
mtns. ; and third, the western or that part drain- 
ed by the constituents of O. r. Along their 
lines of separation these natural sections blend, 
but in their physiognomy respectively, they are 
strongly contrasted. Of these divisions, the 
first or sthestrn. contains about 8,028 sq. ms., 
and a population of 603,864 ; the 2nd mountain, 
ous or middle section, 20,850 sq. ms., and pop. 
306,214 ; and the 3d or Ohio section 16,332 sq. 
ms., and pop. 342,922. The population of the 
state in 1800 was 602,545 ; 1810, 810,091 ; 
1820, 1,049,313 ; and in 1830, 1,348,233. In 
1820 and 1«30 as follows : 



Cu unties. 

Adams, 

Alleghany 

Armstrong, 

Beaver, 

Bedford, 

Berks, 

Bradford, 

Bucks, 

Butler, 

calnbria, 

centre, 

Chester, 

ciearfield, 

Coliunbia, 

Crawford, 

Cumberland, 

Dauphin, 

Delaware, 

Erie, 

Fayette, 

Franklin, 

Greene, 

Huntingdon, 

Indiana, 

Jelfrirson, 



Pop. ISW. 
19,370 
34,921 
30,324 
15,340 
20,248 
46,275 
11,554 
37,842 
10,193 

2,287 
13,796 
44,451 

2,342 
17,621 

9,397 
23,006 
21,653 
14,810 

8,553 
27,285 
31,892 
15,554 
20,144 

8,882 
561 



Juniata, included in Mifflin by census 1830. 

Lancaster, 68,336 

Lebanon, 16,988 

Lehigh, 18,895 

Luzerne, 20,027 

Lycoming, 13,517 

MacKean, 728 

Mercer, 11,081 

Mifflin, 10,618 



Pop. 1830. 
21,379 
50,552 
17,701 
24,183 
24,502 
.53,152 
99,746 
45,745 
14,581 

7,076 
18,879 
50,910 

4,803 
20,059 
16,0.30 
29 226 

is'i-Is 

17,323 
17,041 
29,172 
35,037 
18,028 
27,145 
14,252 
2,025 

76,631 
20,557 
22,256 
27,379 
17,636 
1,439 
19,729 
21,690 



Pop. 1830. 

39,400 

39,482 

18,133 

14,261 

188,797 

4,843 

1,265 

20,744 

17,702 

16,787 

8,978 

20,795 

9,470 

4,697 

42,784 

7,663 

38,400 

42,859 

1830, 1,348,233 

Females. 

111,947 

92,719 

80,087 

75,976 

115,898 

69,604 

44,485 

27,882 

16,221 

7,084 

1,929 

235 

21 



Total, 665,812 644,088 

Persons in the foregoing who are deaf and 

dumb, under 14 years of age, 224 ; of 14 to 

25,279, and of 25 and upwards 255. Blind, 

475. 

Colored population as follows : — 



Counties. 


Pip. 1820. 


Montgomery, 


35,793 


Norlliampton, 


31,705 


Northumberland, 


15,424 


Perry, 


11,3-12 


Phil, city and co. 


137,097 


Pike, 


2,894 


Potter, 


186 


Schuylkill, 


11,339 


Somerset, 


13,974 


Su quehannah, 


9,660 


Tioga, 


4,021 


Union, 


18,619 


Venango, 


4,915 


Warren, 


1,976 


Washington, 


40,038 


Wayne," 


4,127 


Westmoreland, 


.30,.540 


York, 


38,759 


Total pop. 1820, 


1,049,313 


Of the foregoing, were 


white persons 




Males. 


Under 5 years of age, 


117,853 


From 5 to 10 


96,199 


" 10 to 15 


82,375 


" 15 to 20 


73,113 


" 20 to 30 


121,359 


" 30 to 40 


75,172 


'• 40 to 50 


46,600 


" 50 to 00 


28,032 


" 60 to 70 


16,085 


" 70 to 80 


6,979 


" 80 to 90 


1,775 


" 90 to 100 


253 


" 100 and upwards 


42 



Under 10 years. 
From 10 to 24 
" 24 to 36 
" 36 to 55 
" 55 to 100 
" 100 and over. 



Free. 
Male. Female. 
5,054 
6,142 
4,476 
2,742 
1,105 
34 

18,377 19,553 



Slaves. 

Male. Female. 

23 32 

102 106 

25 22 

11 25 

10 42 

1 4 



172 



231 



Total, 

Colored deaf and dumb, under 14 years of 
age, 12 ; from 14 to 26, 12 ; 26 and over, 15. 
Blind, 28. 

Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free colored. 
1,309,900 37,930 



Slaves. 
403 



Total. 
1,348,233 



Education. — Literary Institutions. — Penn- 
sylvania has two universities, one in Philadel- 
phia, and another, " the Western university," 
in Pittsburg ; Mount Airy college, German- 
town ; Dickinson college, Carlisle ; Washington, 
in Washington ; Jefferson, in Cannonsburg ; 
Alleghany, in Meadville ; Madison, in Union ; 
and numerous academies in the different bo- 
roughs. The Philadelphia library may be, with 
great propriety, ranked amongst the first litera- 
ry institutions of the state. The interests of 
education have received so much legislative at- 
tention, as to induce a false opinion of the dis- 
tributive benefits derived from these enactments. 
Elementary instruction is in many large sections 
lamentably neglected. One cause of this evil, 
may be found, by examining the tables of pop. 
where the very unequal density of the objects 
of education is most strikingly apparent. But 
the inequality of inhabitants on a given space is, 
however, only one cause why mental culture is 



PEN 



392 



PEN 



neglected. The Moravian, or United Brethren, 
have schools at Belhlehern, Nazareth, Litiz, &c. 
There are theological seminaries at York, at 
Gettysburg, and in Alleghany town, opposite 
the city of Pittsburg. Under a constitutional 
injunction, legislative provision has been made 
for gratuitous instruction to the children of in- 
digent parents. The first school dist. of the 
state, comprising the city and county of Phila- 
delphia, has received an organization, vi'hioh, 
according to the 12th annual report of the comp- 
trollers of public schools in this dist. dated ."Sth 
Feb. 1830, has extended instruction to 34,703 
children within the 12 preceding years. 

Constitution. — Judiciary. — The existing con- 
stitution of Pa. was adopted the 23d Sept. 1790. 
The legislative power is vested in a general 
assembly, which shall consist of a senate and 
house of representatives. No person' siiall he 
a representative, who shall not have attained 
the age of twenty-one years, and have been 
a citizen and inhabitant of the state three 
years next preceding his election, and the 
last year thereof an inhabitant of tlie cify or 
CO. in which he shall be chosen ; unless he 
shall have been absent on the public business of 
the U. S. or of this state. Representatives arc 
chosen annually. The senators shall be cho- 
sen for four years by the citizens of Philadel- 
phia, and of the several cos., at the same time, 
in the same manner, and at the same place 
where they shall vote (or representatives. No 
person shall be a senator who shall not have at- 
tained the age of 2.0 years, and have been a cit- 
izen and inhabitant of the state four years next 
before his election, and the last year thereof an 
inhabitant of the district for which he shall have 
been chosen ; unless he shall have been absent 
on the public business ol the U. S. or of this 
state. The senators shall be chosen in dists. 
to be formed by the legislature ; each dist. con- 
taining such a number of taxable inhabitants, as 
shall be entitled to elect not more than 4 sena- 
tors. When a dist. is composed of two or more 
cos,, they shall be adjoining. Neither the city 
of Phil, nor any co. shall be divided, in forming 
a dist. In elections by the citizens, every free 
man of ;he age of 21 years, having resided in 
the state two years next before the election, and 
within that time paid a state or co. tax, which 
shall have been assessed at least six montlis 
before the election, shall enjoy the right of an 
elector. An enumeration of the taxable inhab- 
itants shall be mttde separately, in such manner 
as shall be directed by law. Such enumerations 
have been made in 1793, 1800, 1807, &c. up to 
1828. The supreme execu'ive power shall be 
vested in a governor, who shall be chosen on 
the second Tuesday of October, by the citizens 
of the commonwealth, at the place where they 
shall respectively vote for representatives. The 
person having the highest number of votes shall 
be governor. But, if two or more shall be 
equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be 
chosen governor by the joint vote of the mem- 
bers of both houses. The governor shall hold 
his office during three years from the third 
Tuesday of December, next ensuing his elec. 
tion; and shall not be capable of holding it Ion. 
:ger than 9 yeara in any term of 12 years. He 



shall be at least 30 years of age, and have been 
a citizen and inhabitant of this state 7 years next 
before his election ; unless he shall have been 
absent on the public business of the U. S., or of 
this state. No member of Congress, or person 
holding any office under the U. S. or this state, 
shall exercise the office of governor. The 
governor shall be commander in chief of the 
army and navy of the commonwealth, and the 
n)ilitia ; except when they shall be called into 
the actual service of the United States. He 
shall appoint all officers whose offices are es- 
tablished by this constitution, or shall be es- 
tablished by law, and whose appointments 
are not herein, otherwise provided for. He 
shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures 
and grant reprieves and pardons, except in ca. 
ses of impeachment. Every bill, which shall 
have passed both houses of the general assem- 
bly, shall be presented to the governor. If he 
approve, he shall sign it ; but if he shall not ap- 
prove, he shall return it, with his exceptions, to 
the house in which it shall have originated, and 
must be first examined in that iiouse, and sent 
to the other, with the governor's objections, and 
if approved by two-thirds of each house it be- 
conies a law. Any bill sent to the governor 
and not returned in ten days, Sundays excepted, 
becomes also a law. The judicial power is 
vested in a supreme court ; in courts of oyer and 
terminer and general jail delivery ; in a court 
of common pleas, orphans court, registers 
court, and a court of quarter sessions of the 
peace, for each co., injustices of the peace, &c. 
The state is divided into sixteen judicial cir- 
cuits, over which is appointed a president judge. 
For the supreme court five districts have been 
formed. The jurisdiction of the supreme court 
shall extend over the state, and the judges 
thereof shall, by virtue of their offices, be jus, 
tices of .oyer and terminer and general jail 
delivery, in the several cos. The trial by jury 
in issues ol fact to remain inviolate. No per- 
son who acknowledges the being of a God and 
a future state of rewards and punishments, shall 
on account of his religious sentiments, be dis- 
qualified to hold any office or place of trust or 
profit under this commonwealth. 

History. — The first settlement made in Pa. 
by a civilized people, was formed in 1627 or 
1 1'28, by a Swedish colony ; but remote from a 
nation, and not qualified by population or wealth 
to sustain distant settlements, the Swedish colo- 
ny remained weak, and in 1655, was conquered 
by the Dutch from N. Y. What is now Del., 
Pa., and N. J., shared the fate of all New Neth- 
erlands, or the Dutch settlements on the Del. 
and Hudson rs. In August, 1764, the whole 
country was seized by the English in virtue of 
a previous cession made by the States General. 
March, 1664, Charles II. granted the New 
Netherlands, by the name of New York, to his 
brother James, Duke of York. The latter on 
the 24th June, 1664 granted N. J. to Lord 
Berkeley, and Sir Geo. Carteret. In June, 
1680, Wm. Penn, son and heir of admiral Sir 
Wm. Penn, presented a petition to Charles II., 
stating not only his relationship to the late ad- 
miral, but that he was deprived of a debt due 
from the crown, and praying for a grant of 



PEN 



393 



PEN 



lands lying northward of Md. and wstrd. of Del. 
His petition was recommended by the Duke of 
York, and acceded to by Lord Baltimore's 
agents. It was confirmed Jan. 1681, and in the 
ensuing May, Markham, an agent and relation 
of William Penn, was sent over to take posses- 
sion. What is now Del. or then called the 
three lower counties, was conveyed to William 
Penn by a grant from the Duke of York, Aug. 

1682, and on the 24th of Oct. of that year he 
landed in person at New Castle, and found on 
his arrival, in both his colonies, about 3,000 
people, Swedes, English, Dutch and Finns. 
The first deliberative assembly was convened 
at New Castle, Dec. 4th, and commenced a 
regular government, (^oaquanock, now Phila- 
delphia, was chosen as the capital and laid out 
in 1682. Though involved in a controversy 
respecting their common boundaries, Md. and 
Pa. slowly but solidly advanced. The line be- 
tween the two colonies was finally fixed in 1762 
by actual survey, executed by two eminent 
English mathematicians, Mason and Dixon. 
The second assembly of Pa. was held at I'hil. 

1683. In 1718 the founder died, and from that 
period to the revolution in 1775, except fixing 
the boundary as already noticed, and treaties 
with the Indians, Pa., happily for its inhabit- 
ants, afforded few events for history. In the 
events of the revolution and in the subsequent 
history of the U. S., this great state acted a 
conspicuous part, and has risen to be, in wealth, 
pop. and improvement, the second state in the 
confederacy. 

Penn Tsp. and p-o. Pa., tsp. adjoining Phil, to 
the northward, Phil. co. Pa. 

Penn Yan, p-v. Milo, st. jus. Yates co. N. 
Y., 185 miles w. Albany, 30 n. Bath, 16 s. 
Geneva ; is in the n. w. corner of the town, 
on the outlet, ^ mile from Crooked lake, and 
partly in Benton. The stream affords good 
mill sites, which are used. The village con- 
tains the CO. buildings. It derives its name 
from a combination of parts of the words 
Pennsylvanians and Yankees, having been 
settled by New Englanders and Pennsylva- 
nians. 

Penobscot, r.. Me., the largest which is 
wholly in that state, rises in the w. part of 
Somerset co., in numerous small branches, 
which flow from springs in the height of land 
on the frontier of the district of Quebec, Lower 
Canada, very near the head waters of Chaudi- 
ere river. Some of the streams flow from Bald 
mountain ridge, which gives rise to some of the 
head waters of Kennebec r. Others interlock 
with head streams of St. John's r., so that a 
portage of 2 miles connects their boat naviga- 
tion. All the waters of the Penobscot in Som. 
erset co. unite in Che^umscook lake, and leave 
its s. end on the boimdary of Penobscot co. 
The stream then flows s. E. near the foot of 
Katahdin mountain, through the crooked and 
irregular lake of Banedumpkok, and receives 
the waters of several other lakes and ponds, 
the principal of which is Millinoket, and after- 
wards the east branch, which affords a boat 
navigation to Aroostook river, with only a short 
portage from the head of the Seboois lakes. 
Beyond this it bends s. w. receiving several 



tributaries, the principal of which is the Matta- 
wamkeag, and on crossing the s. line of the co., 
flows between Lincoln and Waldo cos., form- 
ing, with Penobscot bay, their boundary to the 
ocean. Besides the above mentioned branches 
it receives in Penobscot co., there are many 
others, the chief of which is Piscataquis r., on 
the w. It contains many islands, most of which 
are small, except Old Town in Penobscot co., 
and Orphan isl. in Hancock co., and Islebo- 
rough in Waldo co. The Fox isls. and Little 
Deer isls. in Hancock co. are in Penobscot bay ; 
and ofl' its mouth are several more. Isle au 
Haut, Manticus, ^^c. There are several very 
good harbors in the bay ; and Belfast, nearly at 
its head, in Lincoln co. is a flourishing place. 
Vessels of some size go up to Bangor, in Pe- 
nobscot CO., 50 ms. from the mouth of the bay. 
This great stream, with such a nmltitude of 
branches spread over a great extent of country, 
is capable of becoming a most important chan. 
nel of trade ; and, although the districts it 
waters, are still to a great degree wild and un- 
inhabited, Bangor and Belfast have already be- 
come important places. A large part of the 
business continues to be the timber trade ; but 
the forests annually recede before the axe, and 
give place to the plough. 

Penobscot, co. Maine, bndd. by Lower Can- 
ada N., Washington co. e., Hancock and Waldo 
COS. s., and Somerset co. w. ; is the largest co, 
in the state, and contains a large part of the 
uninhabited land within its boundaries. It was 
incorporated in 1816. The territory which it 
embraces, contained, in 1790, only 1,154 in- 
habitants. In 1820 only 1,143 acres, were im- 
proved in the towns, and the inhabitants were 
13,870. In 1830 there were 3,582 acres of 
tillage, 9,476 pasturage, 11,000 mowing, &c. 
23,940 acres cultivated, in all ; and there wei e 
raised 12,957 bushels corn, 25,591 wheat, 
1,333 rye, and 2,719 of oats. The streams, 
lakes and ponds are too numerous to be all men- 
tioned. St. John's r. crosses the co. e. and w. 
in the n. part, while its 3 n. branches rise and 
join it in the CO. viz : St. Francis, Madawaska 
and Green rs. The Allagash is partly in this 
CO., as are the sources of the Aroostic, and 
most of its course. Temiscouata, Long and 
Eagle lakes are the largest which are tributary 
to St. John's r. The s. part of the co. presents 
a labarynth of lakes and streams, the sources 
and principal tributaries of Penobscot r. which, 
crossing the s. line, divides the cos. of Waldo 
and Hancock on its way to Penobscot bay and 
the sea. The largest of these lakes are Milli- 
noket, Banedumpkok, &c. There are numer- 
ous mtns. in different parts of the county, the 
principal of which is Katahdin, the highest 
eminence in the state. The e. and w. lines of 
the CO. run n. and s. about 63 miles apart for 
nearly 200 ms. The n. and s. boundaries are 
irregular. The s. part of the co. contains near- 
ly its entire population, and Bangor, which is a 
large and flourishing village, and the st. jus. is^ 
on the Penobscot near the s. line. In 1830 there 
were only 46 ts. with names, but many more 
laid out in ranges, besides plantations. Pop. 
1820, 13,870, 1830, 31,530. 

Penobscot, p-t. and sea port, Hancock co. 



PEQ 



394 



PER 



Me. 75 ins. e. Augusta, e. Penobscot bay, and 
opposite Belfast ; is penetrated by an arm of 
the bay in the s. part, and possesses a consid- 
erable number of coasting vessels. Pop. 1,271. 

Penobscot, Indians. The remains of this 
tribe reside at Oldtown, or Orono, Penobscot 
CO. Me., where, though reduced in numbers, 
they have a Catholic church, having been former- 
ly collected under French missionaries from 
Canada. 

Pensacola, fine bay of the U. S. on the nrthrn. 
shore of the Gulf of Mexico, Escambia co. Flor- 
ida. The Pensacola bay is united to the Gulf 
by a narrow entrance, between Barancas Point 
and the wstrn. end of St. Rose's isl. Stretching 
from the bar n. e. by e. 28 ms., with a mean 
width of about 3 ms., it receives into the north- 
ern part Escambia r. and Yellow Water r. from 
N. E. The entrance admitting vessels of 21 ft. 
draught, is about 8 ms. s. s. w. from the city of 
Pensacola. The bar is on lat. 30° 19', long. 
10° 24' w. W. C. The country around Pensa- 
cola bay is in general low, sandy, and barren. 

Pensacola, city, port of entry, and st. jus. 
Escambia co. Florida, is situated on the n. w. 
shore of the bay of the same name, by p-r. 242 
ms. a little s. of w. Tuscaloosa ; as laid down 
on Tanner's United States, at lat. 30° 23', long. 
10° 19' w. W. C. This city was founded 1699, 
by Don Andre de la Riola, a Spanish officer. It 
is a parallelogram in form, and about a mile in 
length. The harbor is safe and commodious, 
being the deepest haven belonging to the U. S. 
on the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, 
admitting vessels of 21 ft. draught. The an- 
chorage is good, on mud and sand, but towards 
the shores the water is generally shallow, and 
small vessels only can approach the town. This 
is a naval station of the U. S. Pop. about 2,000. 

Peoria, lake, between Tazewell and Peoria 
OS., II., is an elliptical expansion, of the usual 
breadth of Illinois r. of about 20 ms. in length, 
and from half a mile to a mile wide. The 
lower part of this sheet of water is about 130 
ms. a little w. of n. Vandalia. 

Peoria, co. Illinois, bndd. by Fulton s. w., 
Knox N. w., Putnam n., and Illinois r. separating 
it from Tazewell e. and s. e. It is in form of a 
triangle base, along the western border 40 ms., 
and perpendicular along the northern border 30 
ms. ; mean breadth 15 ms., and area 600 sq. ms. 
The northwestern angle is traversed in a south- 
western direction by Spoon r., but the body of 
the CO. slopes s. e. towards Illinois r. This co. 
was connected with Putnam in taking the oen. 
sus of 1830, and contained an aggregate popu. 
lation of 1,310. For lat. and long, see next 
art. 

Peoria, p-v. and st. jus. Peoria co. II., situa- 
ted on II. r., at the lower extremity of Peoria 
lake, by p-r. 143 ms. a little w. of n. Vandalia, 
lat 40° 40', long. W. C. 12° 35' w. 

Pepperell, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 40 
ms. s. w. Boston, w. Nashua r. ; has a soil fa- 
vorable to grain, grass and fruit. The Nash- 
ua and one of its branches offer abundant water 
power. Maj. Gen. Prescott, who commanded 
the American troops at Bunker's Hill, was born 
here. Pop. 1,440. 

PEauANNOCK, t. Morris co. N. J. 18 ms. n. n. 



w. Newark, has Pequannock r. n., Rockawayr • 
s., and Pompton r. e. The Morris canal lies 
along its s. border, and Copperas brook, and 
Green meadow mtn., near its w. line. Pequan- 
nock r. separates it from Bergen co. Pop. 
4,451. 

PEauAWKETT, r. Strafford co. N. H., a small 
stream flowing n. into Saco r. 

PEauAWKETT, N. H., the Indian name for the 
proper residence of the Pequawkett Indians, a 
tract on Saco r. partly in Me. Conoray, N. H., 
and Fryeburgh, Me., with several other towns, 
are within its limits. The region is romantic, 
and was peculiarly adapted to the habits of In. 
dians. Their principal residence was at Frye- 
burgh, where the Saco pursues a most serpen- 
tine course, flowing 36 ms. through rich mead- 
ows, in a tsp. six ms. sq., and affording a cir- 
cuitous line of boat navigation of about 100 
miles in connection with the ponds emptying 
into it. Fish and fowl abounded here, and near 
where the village now is, was an Indian fort, 
which overlooked the extensive and fertile 
plain. This tribe was troublesome to the set- 
tlers in Mass. in the early part of the 18th cen. 
tury, and the general court having offered a re- 
ward for Indian scalps, a party proceeded 
through the wilderness, by Winnipiseogee and 
Ossipee lakes, against the Pequawketts, under 
the command of Capt. Lovell, with Mr. Frye 
for their chaplain, from whom Fryeburgh had 
its name. After a desperate fight this party was 
defeated, and only a few of them found their 
way back. 

Pequawkett, mtn. N. H., a prominent emi- 
nence of the second peaks of the White mtns., 
between Bartlett, Coos co., and Chatham, Straf- 
ford CO. It was formerly called Kearsearge 
mtn. 

Request cr., N. J., a good mill stream, rises 
in Newton, Sussex co., crosses Warren co., and 
enters Del. r. at Belvidere v., Oxford t., after a 
course of about 35 ms., watering a narrow 
valley. 

Percival's, p-o. nthrn. part Brunswick co. Va. 
67 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Perdido, r. and bay, forming the boundary 
between Baldwin co. of Ala., and Escambia of 
Flor. It rises in Baldwin co., flows southM'ard- 
ly about 40 miles, and expands into a narrow 
and shallow bay. Perdido bay is crooked, 
and from the intricacy of its entrance, derives 
its name " Perdido" or Lost Bay. The 
country adjacent to the bay, and drained by the 
Perdido, is mostly barren, and timbered with 
pine. 

Perkinsville, a manufacturing v. Weathers- 
field, Windsor co. Vt. on Black r. at the falls. 
It contains a woollen factory, a machine shop, 
saw mill, a manufactory of ivory black, and a 
cassimere factory. The v. has grown up with- 
in 6 years, and contains a church and a number 
of neat dwellings, 

Perkiomen, r. of Pa., rises in Berks, Lehigh, 
and Bucks cos., and the constituent crs., uni- 
ting in the nrthwstrn. angle of Montgomery, 
assumes a sthrn. course into the Schuylkill, G 
ms. above Norristown. 

Perkiomen, p-o. on Perkiomen r., Montgom- 
ery CO. Pa., 25 ms. n. w. Phil. 



PER 



395 



PER 



Pekrin's mills and p-o., Clermont co. O., about 
90 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Perrington, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 12 ms. 
s. E. Rochester, has a good soil, and several 
streams, the chief of which is Irondequot, or 
Teorondo cr. The Erie canal crosses it near 
the middle, and is carried over Irondequot cr. 
with an embankment, at which is Hartwell's 
basin. Thomas' cr. is a small mill stream. 
Pop. 2,183. 

Perky, p-t. Washington co. Me., 184 ms. e. 
Augusta, 5 N. w. Eastport, opposite Passama- 
quoddy bay and Deer isl., in N.Brunswick, has 
Cobscook bay s., and is crossed from n. w. to 
s. E. by the outlet of a pond which empties into 
the bay. It enjoys facilities for fishing. Pop. 
735. 

Perrv, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 22 ms. s, e. 
Batavia, 239 w. Albany, w. Livingston co., about 
6 ms. square, has a soil of ordinary quality, and 
several small streams flowing in different di- 
rections, with a part of the outlet of Silver lake 
in the s. e. Bog iron ore has been found here. 
Pop. 2,792. 

Perry, co. Pa., bndd. by the Kittatinny mtns., 
separating it from Cumberland s., by Franklin 
s. w., Tuscarora mtn. separating it from Juniata 
CO. N. w. and n., and by the Susquehannah, sep- 
arating it from Dauphin e. Length 36 ms., mean 
width 15, and area 540 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 40° 12' to 40° 40', and in long, from 
the meridian of W. C. to 0° 42' w. This co. is 
partly composed of what was formerly called 
Sherman's valley, and the sthrn. part is chiefly 
drained by Shei-man's cr. The nrthestrn. sec- 
tion is traversed by Juniata r. The declivity of 
the whole is estrd. towards the Susquehannah. 
Though the surface is rocky, and much of it 
moimtainous, the arable yoil is excellent for 
grain, fruit, and pasturage. Cf. ts. New Bloom- 
field, Landisburg, and Millerstown. Pop. 1820, 
11,342; 1830, 14,361. 

Perry, p.v. n. w. part Venango co. Pa., 22 
ms. from Franklin, the co. St., and about 75 ms. 
N. Pittsburg. 

Perry, p-v. and st. jus., Houston co. Geo., 
by p-r. 60 ms. s. w. Milledgeville, lat. 32° 25', 
long. W. C. 6° 54' w. 

Perry, co. Ala., bndd. by Dallas s. e. and s., 
Marengo s. w., Greene n. w., Tuscaloosa and 
Bibb N., and Autauga e. Length 42 ms., mean 
width 23, and area 966 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 32° 17' to 32° 54', and in long, from 
10° 02' to 10° 38' w. W. C. The wstrn. side 
falls towards the wstrd., and is drained by crs. 
flowing into Tombigbee and Black Warrior rs., 
but the central, estrn., and much larger sections 
of the CO., are traversed and drained by the Ca- 
tawba and its branches. General declivity sthrd. 
Cf. t. Marion, or Perry c. h. Pop. 11,490. 

Perry, c. h. and p-v., Perry co. Ala., by p-r. 
61 ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 37', long. 
10° 27' w. W. C. 

Peury, CO. Misp. bndd. by Jackson s., Han. 
cock s. w., Marion w., Jones n., Wayne n. e., 
and Greene e. Length 36, width 30, and area 
1,080 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 55' 
to 31° 33', and in long, from 11° 58' to 12° .30' 
w. W. C. Declivity sthestrd., and drained by 
Leaf r. and Black cr., branches of Pascagoula 



r. It is moderately broken, with a soil gener- 
ally thin, and covered with pine timber. Cf. t. 
Augusta. Pop. 1820, 2,037 ; 1830, 2,300. 

Perry, co. Ten., bndd. by Wayne s. e., Har- 
din s. w., Henderson w., Carroll n. w., Hum- 
phreys N., and Hickman e. Length 36 ms. ; 
width 30, and area 1,080 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 35° 27' to 35° 55', and the 11th de- 
gree w. W. C. passes very nearly over the mid- 
dle of the CO. The main volume of Ten. r. tra- 
verses it also in a nthrn. direction, as does the 
Buffalo branch of Duck r. Ten. flows over the 
wstrn. and Buffalo over the estrn. side, the lat- 
ter entering its recipient, Duck r., in the north, 
eastern angle. General declivity nrthrd. Cf. t. 
Barrysville. Pop. 1820, 2,384 ; 1830, 7,094. 

Perry, co. Ky., bndd. by Laurel mtn., sepa. 
rating it from Harlan s. e. and s., by Clay w., 
Estill N. w., Morgan n., Floyd n. e., and Pike 
E. Length 53 ms., mean width 20, and area 
1,060 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 55' to 
37° 36', and in long, from 5° 51' to 6° 30' w. 
W. C. Except a few crs. from Pike co.. Perry 
gives source to the higher branches of Ky. 
These branches leave their mountain vallies in 
a N. N. w. direction, over Perry, uniting and 
turning wstrd. in Estill. Cf. t. Perry c. h. Pop, 
3,330. 

Perry, c. h. and p-v.. Perry co. Ky., by p-r. 
114 ms. s. E. by e. Frankfort. 

Perry, co. 0., bndd. by Athens s., Hocking 
s. w., Fairfield w.. Licking n., Muskingum n. 
E., and Morgan e. and s. e. Length n. to s. 28 
ms., mean breadth 18, and area 500 sq. ms. 
Lat. 39° 45', long. W. C. 5° 15' w. It is a ta- 
ble land, between the vallies of Hockhocking 
and Muskingum rs., and from which crs. of the 
former flow w. and s. w., and of the latter n. 
and N. E. The surface is in most parts hilly, 
and in several places mineral coal has been 
found. Cf.t. Somerset. Pop. 1820, 8,429; 1830, 
13,970. 

Perry, p-v. Geauga co. O., by p-r. 165 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Perry, co. of Ind., bndd. w. by Spencer, n. 
w. Dubois, N. Crawford, and by the 0. r., sep- 
arating it from Meade co. Ky. e., Breckenridge 
CO. Ky. s., and Hancock co. Ky. s. w. Length 
from s. to N. 30 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 
450 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 08', long. W. C. 9° 40' 
w. Slope sthrd. towards 0. r. The surface is 
very broken, as it comprises a part of the great 
buttress of O. r., and reaches w. to the dividing 
ridge between that stream and White r. Cf. t. 
Rome. Pop. 3,369. 

Perry, co. II., bndd. by Jackson s., Randolph 
w., Washington n., Jefferson n. e., and Frank- 
lin s. E. Length from e. to w. 24 ms., mean 
breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Lat 38° 05', 
long. 12° 24' w. W. C. Slope sthrd., and drain- 
ed in that direction by different branches of 
Muddy cr. Cf. t. Pinckneyville. Pop. 1,215. 

Perry, co. Mo. bndd. s. by Cape Girardeau 
CO., s. w. Madison, n. w. St. Genevieve, and by 
the Misp. r., separating it from Randolph co. II. 
Lat. 37° 44', long. W. C. 13° 00' w. Slope 
nrthestrd. towards the Misp. r. Cf. t. Perry- 
ville. Pop. 3,349. 

Perryopolis, p-v. northwestern part Fayette 
CO. Pa. 16 miles a little w. of n. Union- 



PER 



396 



PET 



(own, 8 N. E. Brownsville, and by p-r. 209 
N. w. W. C. 

Perry's, Bridge and p-o. on Vermillion r., 
Lafayette parish, La., by p-r. 217 ms. w. New 
Orleans, 

Perrysburgh, p-t. Cattaraugus co. N. Y., 12 
ms. N. w. Ellioottsville, 306 w. Albany ; is near- 
ly in the form of a triangle, with its long and 
irregular side n. e. bndd. by Cattaraugus or. 
and Erie co., and partly by the south and its 
western branch, on the line of Chatauque co. 
It has several brooks flowing n. into Cattarau- 
gus cr., and others s., the head streams of Con- 
ewango cr. The n. w. corner lies only 5 or 6 
miles from the e. corner of lake Erie, at the 
mouth of Cattaraugus creek, and is about 500 
ft. above its level. The soil bears maple, beech, 
elm, &c., with some evergreens, and is most 
favorable to grass, though some of it produces 
grain well. Pop. 2,440. 

Perrysburg, p-v. and st. jus.. Wood co. O., 
situated on the right bank of Maumee r., 15 or 
16 ms. above its mouth, and by p-r. 135 ms. a 
little w. of N. Columbus. Lat. 41° 35', long. 6° 
36' w. W. C. Pop. 182. 

Perry's Mills, p-o. and st. jus. Tatnall co. 
Geo., by p-r. 115 ms. s. e. Milledgeville. 

Perry's store and p-o. Giles co. Ten., by p-r. 
67 ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

Perrysville, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., 7 ms, 
a little w. of n. Pittsburg, 

Perrysville, p-v. Perry co. Ten. 

Perrysville, p-v. Mercer co. Ky. by p.r. 40 
ms. sthrd. Frankfort. Pop. 283. 

Perryville, p-v. Sullivan, Madison co. N. Y. 

Perryville, p-v. Richland co. O., by p-r. 72 
ms. nrthestrd. Columbus. 

Perryville, p-v. Vermillion co. Ind., by p-r. 
88 ms. N. w. by w. Indianopolis. 

Perrysville, p-v. and st. jus., Perry co. Mo., 
by p-r. about 88 miles s. s. e. St. Louis, and 20 
ms. s. s. E. St. Genevieve. Lat. 37° 33'. 

Perth Amboy, Middlesex co. N. J. {See 
Amboy.) 

Peru, t. Oxford co. Me., s. Androscoggin 
river, with several small streams. Pop. 666. 

Peru, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 30 miles n. e. 
Bennington, 3;) s. w. Windsor, with 23,040 
acres ; first settled 1773 ; lies on the range of 
the Green mtns., in the n. e. corner of the co., 
and is high, with much broken land. There 
are 2 ponds of 60 and 40 acres, and some of the 
streams of W. r. water the e. part ; 3 school 
dists. Pop. 445, 

Peru, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 118 ms. w. 
Boston ; is on elevated ground, giving rise to 
the principal and middle branches of Westfield 
r. The surface is hilly, being on the declivity 
of the range of the Green mtns. The climate 
is as cold as that of any part of the state ; the 
soil is hard, but yields grass well. The in- 
habitants are scattered. Pop. 729. 

Peru, p-t. Clinton co. N. Y., 9 miles s. w. 
Plattsburgh, 153 n. Albany, w. lake Champlain, 
N. Essex CO., e. Franklin co. Great Sable r. 
forms the boundary s. e., and partly s. Little 
Sable r., whose whole course is in this t., is a 
good mill stream. From the lake, 10 ms. w., 
the land is nearly level, and good ; the remain, 
der is hilly, woody, and supplied with inexhaus- 



tible mines of the best iron ore. There are 
several iron works, particularly the Etna fur- 
nace, 9 ms. from the lake, at Port Kent, which 
is a landing place. The Russia iron works are 
on Sable r. Pop. 4,949. 

Peru, p-v. Huron co, O., by p.r. 104 ms. n. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Peterborough, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 
75 ms. w. s. w, Portsmouth, 60 n. n. w. Boston, 
40 s. w. Concord, 20 from Amherst, 20 from 
Keene, with 23,780 acres; has the range of 
Pack Monadnock hills on the e. line, and is 
crossed n. by Contoocook r., and contains part 
of the N. branch, which affords good mill seats. 
At the falls on the latter are broad meadows, 
and the soil is generally very good. Pine grows 
on the s. branch, hard wood in other parts, and 
large oaks on the hills. A church stands on a 
hill in the centre of the t., 200 ft. above the r. 
200 ft. higher than this, on the e. hills, is a pond 
of 9 acres ; and lower, one of 33 acres. The 
Notch in the mtn. is a remarkable pass. Iron 
ore is found, also ginseng and buck bean. The 
surface is varied, the t. healthy ; and there is a 
library, several cotton factories, &c. First set- 
tied 1739, deserted 1744, reoccupied 1745. 
Pop. 1,983. 

Peterborough, p-v. Smithfield, Madison co. 
iN. Y., 29 ms. s. w. Utica, 6 n. Morrisville, 108 
w. N. w. Albany, on Oneida cr., 7 ms. s. Erie 
canal. 

Petersburgh, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 25 
ms. N. E. Albany, 18 E. Troy, w. Pownal, Vt., 
and Williamstown, Mass., about 6 ms. by 8, has 
the range of Bald mtns. e. and the Green woods 
w. Little Hoosac r., a mill stream, flows n. 
through the middle, along the course of which 
is a broad valley. It is included in the great 
estate of Rensselaerwyck, and the land is leas, 
ed for about 10 bushels of wheat for 100 acres. 
The village of Rensselaer's mills, 18 ms. from 
Troy, is near the centre. Good limestone 
abounds. Pop. 2,011. 

Petersburg, p-v. Adams co. Pa., 23 ms. a 
little N. of w. from the borough of York, and 
20 s. s. w. Harrisburg. 

Petersburg, a borough and port of entry, 
Dinwiddie co. Va, is situated in the extreme 
northeastern angle of the co,, on the southern 
bank of the Appomattox river, just below the 
falls, and 12 miles above its junction with James 
river at City point ; by the p-r. 22 ms. nearly s. 
of Richmond, and 144 s. s. w. W. C. Lat. 37° 
13', long. 0° 24' w. W. C. Its location is pecu- 
liarly well adapted for commercial pursuits. 
The river is navigable to this place for vessels 
of 100 tons, and by means of a canal past the 
falls it is rendered beatable 80 ms. above, thus 
creating here a depot for the produce of a large 
portion of N. C. and Va. The foreign and 
American tonnage of this port in 1830 was 
13,152. There is a regular communication be- 
tween here and N. Y. by means of packets. 
The articles of trade are chiefly com, flour, 
tobacco and cotton. There are very extensive 
water privileges at the falls, some of which are 
improved for flouring mills, &c. The adjacent 
country is well peopled and cultivated, and in 
the immediate vicinity and contiguous, are the 
villages of Blanford in Prince George's co., 



PHA 



397 



PHI 



and Powhatan on the north side of the river, in 
Chesterfield co. These places, although in 
different cos. are from their contiguity and es- 
pecially in their commercial interests, almost 
identified with Petersburg. In 1815, 400 build- 
ings were destroyed by fire ; they have how- 
ever been since rebuilt with brick. The pub- 
lic buildings are the Bank of Va. and the Farm- 
er's Bank of Va., an Insurance office, a custom 
house, and academy and Masonic hall. Pop. 
8,322. 

Petersbuugh, p-v. on the point above the 
junction of Broad and Savannah rs., and in the 
extreme sthestrn. angle of Elbert co. Geo. 50 
ms. by the land road above Augusta, and by p-r. 
86 ms. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Petersburgh, p-v. lioone co. Ky., by p-r. 102 
ms. N. Frankfort. 

Petersburgh, p-v. Lincoln co. Ten., by p-r. 
61 ms. sthrd. Nashville. 

Petersbuegh, P-v. Columbiana co. O., by p-r. 
173 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. 

Petersburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. Ind., 
situated on the left bank of White r., below the 
main fork, 25 ms. s. e. Vincennes, and by p-r. 
119 ms. s.w. Indianopolis. Lat. 38° 32', long. 
W.C. 10° 20' w. 

Peter's Creek, p-o. Barren co. Ky., by p-r. 
104 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Peteesham, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 66 ms. 
w. Boston ; has a productive soil, and was an 
early settlement. The Indians had a village 
here called Nashawang. It was granted 
1732, as a reward for services in wars, and 
suffered hardships in the war cf 1755, when 
they had forts erected for their defence. The 
village is pleasantly situated on rising ground, 
and commands a fine view. Pop. 1,696. 

Peter's mtn., and p-o. Dauphin co. Pa., 20 
ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Peterstown, p-v. Monroe co. Va., by p-r. 
294 miles s. w. by w. W. C, and 249 w. Rich- 
mond. 

Petersville, p-v. nrthestrn. part Frederick 
CO. Md., 25 ms. n. e. Frederick, and 35 n. w. 
by w. Baltimore, and by p-r. 56 ms. a very little 
w. of N. W. C. 

Petit Gulf, Little Gulf, a remarkable bend 
in the Misp. r. opposite the nrthwstrn. angle of 
Jefferson co. state of Misp. {See Rodney, Jef- 
ferson CO. Misp.) 

Petite Jean, r. of Ark., rises in Crawford 
CO. interlocking sources with those of Poteau r. 
and with those of the extreme nrthrn. branches 
of Ouachitau. Flowing thence estrdly. this 
stream enters and traverses Pope co., falling 
into Arkansas r. between Pope and Conway 
cos. after an entire comparative course of about 
75 ms. 

Petit Menan, isl. Washington co. Me. It 
lies off a point of Steuben t. with a reef be- 
tween, and has a light house. Pop. 11. 

Peytonsburgh, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va. by 
p-r. 143 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Pharsalia, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 114 
miles w. Albany, 11 w. Norwich, 45 s. s. w. 
TJtica, 122 w. by n. Catskill ; 6 miles square, 
is high, a little uneven, and has several good 
mill streams and others, the head waters of 
Canasawacta creek, a branch of Chenango 

51 



creek, and of tributaries of Tioughnioga creek 
First settled 1798. There is a spring charged 
with sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Population 
1,011. 

PnEi.rs, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 197 ms. w. 
Albany, 12 e. Canandaigua, 5 n. Geneva, and 
w. Genesee co. It is about 8 ms. by 10, has a 
gently varied surface, and excellent soil. A 
part of Canandaigua creok is in the e. part, 
which has valuable meadows, and supplies mill 
seats. It was named after Oliver Phelps, the 
first purchaser of a large tract of land in this 
part of the state. Flint cr., a branch of Can. 
,andaigua cr., is in the w. The v. of Vienna ia 
at their junction. Orleans is another village in 
this t. Gypsum is found on the creek. Pop. 
4,876. 

Philadelphia, p-t. .Teflerson co. N. Y. 170 
ms. N. w. Albany ; 5 ms. by 8, is nearly level, 
with a good arable clay and sandy soil, and 
pretty well watered by Indian river and its 
branches, which supply mill seats. The tim- 
ber is oak, beech, bass, &c., with some hem. 
lock and pine. First settled, 1813. Population 
1,167, 

Philadelphia, co. Pa., bounded by Del. co. 
s. w., Montgomery n. w., Bucks n. e., Del. r. 
separating it from Burlington co. N. J. e., and 
Gloucester co. N. J. s. Length from s. w. to 
N. E. 22 ms., mean width 7, and area 154 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 52' to 40° 08', 
and in long, from 1° 47' to 2° 08'' e. W. C. 
Bounded on one side by the Delaware, and 
traversed by the Schuylkill, the confluence of 
these two streams is made in the southern part 
of the CO. The general declivity is to the 
sthestrd. in the direction of the mean course of 
the Schuylkill, and at right angles to that of 
Delaware. Though comparatively confined in 
extent, the features of this co. are very strong, 
ly contrasted. The upper and northern part is 
beautifully broken by hill and dale, whilst the 
lov/er and the sthrn. section is composed of 
recent alluvion, and is an almost dead level. 
The primitive ledge on the margin of which 
the city of Philadelphia is built, traverses the 
CO. from s. w, to n. e., arresting the tide in 
Schuylkill within the precincts of the city. On 
the Delaware, the scenery is rather tame, but 
along the Schuylkill and Wissahiccon cr, be. 
comes picturesque, and in many places even 
wild and bold. The variety of sites for coun- 
try residences in the northern part of the co., 
adds no little advantage to Philadelphia ; and 
the inexhaustible masses of gneiss, affords 
more than an ample supply of material for the 
rougher, more solid, and more durable kinds of 
architecture. Besides the city of Philadelphia 
and places adjoining, the co, contains the bo. 
roughs or towns of Frankfort, Germantown, 
Holmesburg, Bustletown, Smithfield, and some 
others. Population including Philadelphia and 
suburbs, 1820, 137,097 ; 1830, 188,961. 

Philadelphia, the largest city in the state of 
Pennsylvania, and the second in size in the U. 
S., is situated in the co, of the same name, be. 
tween the Delaware and Schuylkill rs., about 3 
ms. above the junction of the two streams, 120 
ms. from the Atlantic by the course of the Del- 
aware, and 55 ms. from it in a straight line to the 



PHI 



398 



PHI 



s. E. The state house in Chesnut street be- 
tween 5th and 6th streets, stands in lat. 39° 
56' 51", long. 75° 10' 05" w. of Greenwich, and 
1° 46' 30" E. of the city of Washington. The 
city lies 30 ms. below the head of steam naviga- 
tion on the Del., 96 from Harrisburg, 89 from 
N. Y., 98 from Baltimore, and 120 statute ms., 
or by the post route 136 ms. from Washington 
city. In its natural state, the ground on which 
Philadelphia stands was an undulating alluvial 
plain. The Indian name, Coaquanock, was 
changed to that of Philadelphia, and the city reg- 
ularly laid out into streets crossing each other 
at right angles, extending by a small angle from 
the true meridians. This regularity does not 
extend however to either of the suburbs or Lib- 
erties. In the latter, the streets in part corres- 
pond to those of the city, in part they are at 
right angles to each other, but oblique to those 
of the city ; and in part they are irregular, cros- 
sing at acute and obtuse angles. Dock street 
is the only one, either in the city or Liberties, 
which extends in curve lines. Happily the un- 
dulating surface on which the body of the city 
is built, has been left untouched by the rage for 
levelling, and contributes to clear the streets of 
filth whenever rain falls on them ; an advan- 
tage relinquished in places where a different 
policy has prevailed. Philadelphia, like New 
York, stands on a superstratum of porous allu- 
vion, based on primitive rock, which is an ad- 
ditional cause of cleanliness and dryness. The 
environs of Philadelphia on the Delaware, have 
been justly admired for the richness, and along 
the banks of the Schuylkill, for the variety of 
their scenery. Without due attention to the 
cause, it may excite some surprise that the 
scenery of the Delaware should present fea- 
tures so much more monotonous than that of 
the Schuylkill ; but the geological structure of 
the country explains the difference. The prim- 
itive rock ledge, on ftie margin of which Phila- 
delphia is situated, is at that city only touched 
by the Delaware ; whilst on the contrary, it is 
there that the Schuylkill emerges from the re. 
gion of hills based on the primitive, and meets 
the tide. If the two rivers are compared as to 
their relative connexion with the primitive 
ledge, the Delaware forms the traverse at Tren- 
ton, similar to that of the Schuylkill at Phila. 
The city was founded in 1682, by Wm. Penn : 
its original form was a parallelogram, extend- 
ing from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, and 
more than a mile on these rivers. Its present 
limits are much enlarged, and embrace in the 
northern and southern suburbs, an important 
part of its population. It is accessible by the 
Delaware for vessels of 600 tons burthen ; and 
the Schuylkill is navigable for vessels of lighter 
draught above its junction with the Delaware ; 
the navigation however, in the winter season, 
is much obstructed by ice. That part of the 
city adjacent to the Delaware was formerly the 
principal seat of business ; but since the coal 
mines in the interior of the state have been 
opened, their immense importance, with the fa. 
cilities for the transaction of business afforded 
by the completion of rail. roads and canals ter- 
minating in that vicinity, have directed the at- 
tention of tha public to the Schuylkill, and busi- 



ness is rapidly increasing on its banks. The 
numerous stores and other buildings erected in 
this part of the city, are the best evidence of 
the growing importance of this branch of do- 
mestic enterprise. The city itself, as was be- 
fore remarked, is laid out with remarkable reg- 
ularity ; the streets crossing each other at right 
angles. There are nearly 600 of these, gener- 
ally paved, with good walks of brick ; some of 
them are broad, and are fine promenades. 
There are also several public squares, which 
contribute in a great degree to the beauty and 
comfort of the city ; one of them contains 10 
acres of land. Public sewers have been con- 
structed under most of the principal streets, 
which carry the filth of the city to the Dela- 
ware, and promote in a high degree the health 
and comfort of the inhabitants. The city is 
built with a degree of neatness and beauty 
which is scarcely surpassed in the U. S. The 
houses are generally of brick, and are orna- 
mented with steps and window sills, and not un. 
frequently a basement, of white marble. Among 
the most prominent of the public buildings are 
the U. S. bank, a magnificent white marble edi- 
fice, copied after the Parthenon at Athens ; it is 
161 by 87 ft., including porticos: the bank of 
Pennsylvania, also of white marble, modelled 
after the temple of Minerva, 125 by 51 ft.; the 
mint of the U. S., a splendid building faced with 
marble, and presenting a front of 122 ft., em. 
bracing a portico 62 ft. long, and two wings of 
30 ft. each ; it is of the Ionic order, and was ta- 
ken from a splendid Grecian temple on the riv- 
er Ilissus, near Athens. Besides these are Gi- 
rard's bank, the Philadelphia library, the hall of 
the Philosophical society, the university of 
Pennsylvania, the arcade, the state house, from 
which the declaration of American Indepen- 
dence was first promulgated ; the academy of 
fine arts, the hospital, masonic hall, alms-house, 
arsenal, exchange, orphan's asylum, widow's 
asylum, carpenter's hall, custom house, old and 
new penitentiary, marine asylum, the institution 
for the deaf and dumb, the medical college, 
three prisons, four theatres, and several mar- 
kets, one of which is very extensive. In 1830 
there were 90 churches in the city and sub- 
urbs, of which Christ's church is the oldest, 
having been commenced in 1727. Of these 20 
were Presbyterian, 9 Episcopal, 7 Friends, 10 
Methodists, 6 Baptists, 5 Lutheran, 4 Roman 
Catholic, 10 African, and 19 of other denomina- 
tions. There are two bridges across the 
Schuylkill. Permanent bridge, thrown across 
from the west end of Market street, is 1,300 ft, 
long, and cost |235,000. The Fairmount bridge 
consists of a single arch of 350 feet span ; it 
was erected in 1823, and cost $150,000. These 
are beautiful and substantial structures. In ad- 
dition to the bank of the U. S., with a capital 
of $35,000,000, there are sixteen other banks 
in the city incorporated by the State, with an 
aggregate capital of $20,600,000; of which 
$ 18,935,000 has been paid in. The capi- 
tal of the different insurance companies, a. 
mounts to $5,080,000. Philadelphia is noted 
for the benevolent disposition of its citizens, 
and for the number, variety and extent of its 
charitable and literary institutions. Among 



PHI 



899 



PHI 



tliese may be mentioned the Pennsylvania hos- 
pital, founded in 1750, the buildings of which 
occupy an entire square ; the university, Gi- 
rard college, the medical college, the alms- 
house, the dispensaries. Friends' asylum for the 
insane, humane society, orphan's, and indigent 
widow's, and single women's asylum, the insti- 
tution for the deaf and dumb, and the abolition, 
savings fund, and fuel saving societies, besides 
many others. Some of these are worthy of fur- 
ther notice. The institution for the deaf and 
dumb was established in 1820, and incorpora- 
ted the next year, with a grant of $8,000 from 
the state, and a liberal appropriation for the 
support of indigent pupils from Pennsylvania. 
The building is of granite, was erected in 1824, 
is 96 ft. in front by 63 in depth, and is a chaste 
and beautiful specimen of architecture. The 
annual expenses of the institution are about 
$11,000. The number of pupils in May, 1833, 
was 72 ; half of whom were males and half fe- 
males. The university of Pennsylvania, loca- 
ted in this city, in Jan. 1833 had 186 students in 
the academical department, and in the medical 
department three hundred and sixty-eight stu- 
dents. The alms-house is supported at an ex- 
pense to the public of about $50,000 per ann. 
The city is well supplied with public schools 
and academies, some of which are well endow- 
ed ; and it has recently received a most munifi- 
cent bequest, for the establishment of a college 
for orphans, by the will of the late Stephen Gi- 
rard. This gentleman, who died in 1831, by 
his will bequeathed the sum of two millions of 
dollars to the corporation of the city, in trust 
for the endowment of an Orphan College. The 
site selected by Mr. Girard for this object, is 
1^ ms. from the city, on the Ridge Road, and 
at a place called Peel Hill. It contains forty 
five acres of land, upon which, by the terms of 
the will, buildings are to be erected for the ac- 
commodation of 300 pupils, together with those 
necessary for the teachers, and for other pur- 
poses. Provision is made for the education of 
as many poor orphans as the place will accom. 
modate ; the pupils are to be selected, 1st from 
the city of Philadelphia, 2nd from the state of 
Pennsylvania, 3d from the city of New York, 
and 4th from the city of N. Orleans. They are 
to be taught the various branches of a sound 
education, including practical mathematics, 
philosophy and the modern languages ; and pro- 
vision is made for extending the course of 
study, for those who may merit it by distin- 
guished capacity or industry. The corner stone 
of the Girard College for Orphans was laid, on 
the 4th July 1833. The building is to be 160 
feet front, by 217 feet in flank, including the 
porticos. The order is Corinthian ; the super- 
structure will repose on a basement in the form 
of a truncated pyramid, composed of 12 steps 
surrounding the whole building. The columns 
are to be 6 ft. in diameter at the base, and 54 ft. 
6 inches high. The body of the building will be 
of blue marble, and the columns, pediment, &c. 
of white marble. The magnificent water works 
of Philadelphia, by means of which the city is 
supplied from the Schuylkill with pure and 
wholesome water, are without a parallel on this 
side of the Atlantic. The water is raised from 



the river and conveyed into reservoirs, elevated 
56 feet above the highest ground in the city. 
From these reservoirs 3,000,000 gallons of wa- 
ter are taken daily for the supply of the city. 
72 J miles of iron pipe have already been laid, 
to convey the water, and additions are constant- 
ly making. The total amount expended for 
this object is $1,443,583, and the receipts 
for the present year are estimated at $77,- 
500. From this source the fire companies 
are liberally supplied with water in case of fire ; 
of these, there are about 30 engine, and 18 hose 
companies. The U. S. mint was established by 
Congress in 1790, and has since been continued 
at Philadelphia. The whole amount coined at 
this establishment from 1793 to 1831 was $37,- 
000,000. In 1831 there was coined $3,932,473 
60 of which $518,000 was from the gold of the 
U. S. In 1832 the amount coined was $3,331, 
055, of which |578,000 was from U. S. gold. 
Philadelphia is deservedly celebrated for the 
value and variety of its manufactures. All the 
necessaries and most of the luxuries of life are 
manufactured in the city and its vicinity, and 
large quantities of useful and fancy articles are 
annually sent abroad. The internal trade of 
the city is very great, particularly with the 
Western States. In 1830, 473,876 barrels ©f 
flour were inspected. The commerce of Phila- 
delphia is also extensive ; the tonnage, inclu- 
ding registered, enrolled and licenced, in 1833 
amounted to 79,703, of which 44,029 was re- 
gistered ; 28,093 enrolled ; 1,615 licenced ; and 
5,963 foreign. The tomiage of new vessels 
built and registered, from Jan. 1st to July 1st 
1833, was 8,068, of which 2,238 is to be employ, 
ed in the foreign trade. The number of arri- 
vals in 1830 was 3,702, of which 415 were for- 
eign, coastwise, 3,287 ; in 1831, 3,602, of which 
396 foreign and;3,206 coastwise. The imports 
of the state chiefly centre here. In the year 
ending Sept. 1830, they amounted to $8,702,, 
122, and during the same time the exports were, 
of domestic produce $2,924,452, foreign $1,. 
367,341. There are several extensive ship 
yards for building merchant vessels, and the U. 
S. have also a navy yard here. A line of steam 
packets is contemplated to run between the city 
and Charleston. The population of the city for 
several periods, has been as follows : — in 1731, 
12,000, 1753, 18,000, 1790, 42,500, 1800, 70,- 
287, 1810, 96,664, and in 1820, 119,325. In 
1830, the population of the city and suburbs was 
as follows: — 

Suburbs N., Nthn. Liberties, 31,376 
Spring Garden, 11,141 
Penn Township, 2,507 
Kingston, 13,326 58,350 



Suburbs, S. 



Southwark, E. 
Do. W. 

Moyamensing, 
Passyunk, 

City, 



10,361 
10,379 

6,822 
1,441 



29,003 
80,458 



Total, 167,811 

Philadelphia, p-v. northern part Monroe co» 
Ten., by p-r. 173 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 



PHY 



400 



PIE 



PuiLADELPHUs, p-v. Robesoii CO. N. C, by p-r. 
107 ras. s. w. Raleigh. 

Philanthropy, p-v. Boiler co. 0., by p-r. 19G 
ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Philips, r. Coos co. N. H., a branch of Up- 
per Amonoosue r. ; joins it in Piercy. 

Philips, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 53 ms. n. n. 
w. Augusta, 40 n. Norridgevvock, and e. of Ber- 
lin. Oxford CO. is crossed n. and s. by Sandy 
r., a branch of Kennebec r. Pop. 954. 

Philips, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y., 98 ms. s. Al- 
bany, opposite West Point, Cornwall, Orange 
CO., about 8 ms. by 12, is very mount 'inous, and 
has the principal part of Break Neck hill in the 
N. one of the chief eminences of the Plighlands. 
It contains also Hlue hill, &c. In the south along 
the branches of Peekskill creek are handsome 
meadows. There are otlier streams, and sev- 
eral ponds. The scenery is bold and varied, 
but much of the soil is broken, and iron ore 
abounds, which is mined. The village of Pleas- 
ant Valley is nearly opposite to West Point. 
Above it is Cold Spring, and the principal can- 
non foundry in the U. States. The Robinson 
mansion stands on an elevation not far from 
the shore. The property of the owner was con- 
fiscated in the Revolution, and the house Was 
occupied by Arnold when he treacherously de- 
serted the American cause. Pop. 4,761. 

Philips, co. Ark., bndd. by Arkansas co. s. 
w., Monroe w., S. Francis co. n., and n. e,, e. and 
s. E. by Misp. r. As laid down on Tanner's irn. 
proved map of the U. S. the outlines approach 
very nearly to a right angled triangle : base a 
N. ands. line 54 ms. ; perpendicular thenrthern 
boundary, 32 ms. and hypothenuse the genera" 
course of the Misp. r., area 864 sq. ms. Centra! 
lat. 34° 30' long. W. C. 13° 45' w. With but 
little exception, it is flat and liable to annual 
submersion. Cf. t. Helena. Pop. 1,152. 

Philipssurgh, p-v. Wallkill, Orange co. N. 
Y., on Wallkill creek, 20 miles w. Newburgh, 
and 4 from Goshen ; has several manufactories. 

Philipsbtjrgh, v., Warren co. N. J., e. side 
Del. r., opposite Easton, Pa. 

Philipsburg, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 114 
ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Philipsburg, p-v. .TefFerson co. O., by p-r. 149 
ms. N. E. by E. Columbus. 

Philips Store, and p-o. Nash co. N. C, by 
p-r. 61 ms. estrd. Raleigh. 

Philipston, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 65 ras. 
N. w. Boston, 26 n. w. Worcester ; has very 
good grass land, and many mill sites. Burn. 
shint r. rises here in a fine pond: pop. 932. 

Philipsville, p-v. Erie co. Pa., 345 ms. n. w. 
W.C. 

Philomont, p-v. Loudon co. Va., 41 miles 
wstrd. W. C. 

Phipsburgh, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 44 ms. s. 
Augusta, 20 s. w. Wiscasset ; forms the s. 
part of a long and irregular peninsula on the w. 
side of Kennebec r. at its mouth. It termin- 
ates in two points, called Bald Head and Cape 
Small Point, and has Cape Small Point harbor : 
pop. 1,311. 

Phoenixville, p-v. wstrn. part Chester co. 
Pa., about 30 ms. from Phil. 

Phyfer's Cross Roads, and p-o. Knox co. O., 
60 ms. N. E.Columbus. 



Physic Spring, and p-o. Buckingham co. Va., 
G7 ms. w. Richmond. 

ProKAWAV, CO. ()., bndd. s. by Ross, Fayette 
s. w., Madison n. w., Franklin n., Fairfield e., 
and Hocking s. e. Greatest length 28 miles, 
mean length 24, mean breadth 21, and area 500 
sq. ms. Central lat. 39° 37', long. W. C. 6° w. 
Slope sthrd., the Scioto r. traversing it in that 
direction, and within its limits receiving Walnut 
cr. from the n. e., and Darby's creek from the 
N. w. The soil is remarkably diversified, some 
part being exuberantly fertile, whilst the oppo- 
site extreme reaches barrenness. The fertile 
part has been found so productive as to afford 
crops of 40 or 45 bushels of wheat per acre, 
and other grains and fruits in equal proportion. 
Thepop. being in 1820, 13,149, lb30, 16,001, 
would seem to show that in general fertility, 
Pickaway must fall short of several other cos. 
of Ohio. Cf. t. Circleville. 

Pickens, extreme wstrn. dist. of S. C, bndd. 
by Greenville dist. n. e., Anderson e., Tugaloo r. 
separating it from Franklin co. Geo. s. w., and 
Habersham co. Geo. w., Chatuga r. separating 
it from Rabun co. Geo. n. w., and by Haywood 
and Buncombe cos in N. C, n. Length from 
s. w. to N. E. 40 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 
l,2a0 sq. ms. ; lat. 34° 50', long. W. C. 6° w. 
slope sthrd., and drained chiefly by the various 
branches of Seneca r. Surface hilly, and in 
part mountainous ; chief t. Pickenville. Pop. 
14,473. 

Pickens co. Ala., bndd. by Lowndes co. 
Misp. N. w., Lafayette co. Ala. n., Tuscaloosa 
CO. E., Greene s., and Tombigbee r. separating 
it from the Choctaw territory, Ala. w. Length 
from s. to N. 36 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 
720 sq. ms. ; lat. 33° 13', long. W. C. 11° 15' 
w. Slope s. w., and in that direction drained 
by Sipsey r. and several creeks flowing into 
Tombigbee r. ; chief town Pickensville. Pop. 
6,622. 

Fickens, c. h. and p-o. Pickens dist. S. C, 
by p-r. 157 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Pickensville, p-v. estrn. part Pickens dist. S. 
C, 43 ms. N. w. by w. Spartanburg, and by p-r. 
130 ms. N. v/.by w. Columbia. 

Pickensville, p-v. and st. jus. Pickens co. 
Ala., by p-r. n. w. by w. Tuscaloosa ; lat. 32° 
20', long. W. C. 110 16' w. 

Pickering isl. Hancock co. Me. Pop. 10. 

Pickerington, P-v. Franklin co. 0. 

Pickett's valley and p,o. Greenville dist. S. 
C, by p-r. 123 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

PicKMiNK r. (See Illinois r.) 

Piercy, t. Coos co. N. H., 5 ms. n. e. Lancas- 
ter, 20,000 acres, of irregular form, is crossed 
by Upper Amonoosue river, whose n. and s. 
branches here unite. Piercy'spond is e. The 
surface is uneven, soil not very good. It con- 
tains Mill and Pilot mtns., and Devil's Sliding 
Place, which has a smooth declivity n., and a 
precipice of 300 feet s. First settled 1788. 
Pop. 236. 

PiERMONT, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 70 ms. n. n. 
w. Concord, 132 n. n. w. Boston. It contains 
23,000 acres, lies e. Conn, river, has good soil, 
excellent on the river, with broad meadows. 
Grain and grass grow well on the adjoining 
plains ; e. of these are hills favorable to grass. 



PIK 



401 



PIK 



White pine grows near the river ; hard maple, 
birch, elm, &c. e. Eastman's ponds are n. e., 
flowing into Conn, through Eastman's brook, on 
which are mill seats. Indian brook, also a 
mill stream, is s. ; Barron's Isl. is in Conn. r. ; 
valuable quarries are in the n. First settled 
1770. Pop. 1,042. 

PiERPONT, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., 213 
ms. N. N. w. Albany, 28 e. s. e. Ogdensburgh, is 
crossed in the n. e. corner by Racket r., and in 
other parts has several small streams of Grassy 
r. Pop. 749. 

PiERPONT, p-v. Ashtabula co. O., by p-r. 199 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Pig r. Va., rising in the southeastern slope 
of the Blue Ridge, and flowing thence eastward, 
between Blackwater and Irvine rivers, travers- 
es and drains the central part of Franklin co., 
and entering Pittsylvania, turns to n. e. and 
falls into Roanoke, after a comparative course 
of 35 ms. 

Pigeon Hill, p-v. York co. Pa., by p-r. 90 
ms.N. W. C. 

Pigeon Roost, p-v. Henry co. Ten. by p-r. 
106 ms. a little n. of w. Nashville. 

Pig Point, p-v. on the left bank of Patuxent 
river, opposite the mouth of the W. branch, 
and in t^ie southern part of Ann Arundel co. 
Md., by p-r. 59 miles, but by the common inter- 
mediate road, only about 30 ms. s. e. by e. W. C. 

Pike, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y., 255 ms. w. 
by &. Albany, 18 n. w. Angelica, and s. Gene, 
see CO., 6 ms. by 12. It is crossed n. and s. by 
both branches of Wiscoy cr. Genesee r. flows 
through the adjoining t. of Portage on the e. 
The soil is good, bearing much maple, beech, 
bass, elm, &c. Bog iron ore is found here. 
Pop. 2,016. 

Pike, co. Pa., bndd. by Northampton s. ; the 
nrthrn. branch of Lehigh separating it from Lu- 
zerne w., by Wallenpaupack cr. separating it 
from Wayne n. w., Lackawaxen r. separating it 
from Wayne n., Del. r. separating it from Sul- 
livan CO. N. Y., N. E., and by Del. r. separating 
it from Sussex co. N. J., e., and Warren co. N. 
J., s. E. Length crossing diagonally from e. to 
w. 48 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 720 sq. 
ms. Lat. 41° 17', long. W. C. 1° 48' e. A mtn. 
chain traverses this co. from s. vv. to n. e. divid- 
ing it into two slopes, one estrd. towards that 
part of Del. below the mouth of Nevesink r., 
and the other nrthrds. towards that part of Del. 
between the mouths of Lackawaxen and Neve- 
sink rs. ; surface of the co. very broken. Cf. t. 
Milford. Pop. 4,843. 

Pike, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 149 ms. 
nrthrd. Harrisburg. 

Pike, co. Geo., bndd. by Fayette n. w., Hen- 
ry N., Butts N. E., Monroe s. e., Upson s,, and 
Flint river separating it from Merriwether w. 
Length from e. to w. 28 ms., mean width 17, 
and area 476 sq. ms. ; lat 32° 07', long. W. C. 
7° 30' w. ; slope sthrd. and drained in that di- 
rection by Auhau cr. a branch of Flint, and Chu- 
pee cr., a branch of Ocmulgee r. ; Cf. t. Zebu- 
Ion. Pop. 6,149. 

Pike, co. Ala., bndd. by Henry s. e., Dale s., 
Covington s. w., Butler w., Montgomery n. w,, 
and the Cherokee territory n. and n. e. ; great- 
est length along the sthrn. border 68 ms. ; mean 



breadth 25, area 1,700 sq. ms. The extreme 
nrthrn. angle is drained by Ockfuskee cr., a 
branch of Tallapoosa r. and slopes to the n. 
The much greater part of the whole surface, 
however, slopes s. w., and is drained in that di- 
rection by the sources of Conecuh and Choctaw 
rs. Cf. t. Pike c. h. Pop. 7,108. 

Pike co. Misp., bndd. s. w. by Amite, n. w. 
by Franklin, Lawrence n., Marion e., Wash, 
ington parish. La. s. e. and s., and St. Helena 
parish. La. s. w. ; length 30 ms., mean breadth 
28, and area 840. Extending in lat. from 31° 
to 31° 27', and in long, from 13° 10' to 13° 40' 
w. This CO. is traversed in a s. s. e. direction 
by the Bogue Chito r., and the sthwstrn. angle 
gives source to the Tangipao r. The general 
slope nearly sthrd. ; surface in a great part open 
pine woods ; Cf. t. Holraesville. Pop. 5,402. 

Pike co. Ky., bndd. s. by Harlan, s. w. and 
w. by Perry, n. by Floyd, and by Cumberland 
mtn., which separates it from Tazewell co. Va. 
E., and from Russell co. Va. s. e. It approaches 
the form of a triangle, base 55 ms. along Cum- 
berland mtn. ; mean breadth 20 ms., 1,100 sq. 
ms. ; lat. 37° 15', long W. C. 5° 40' w. The 
nrthestrn. angle is traversed nrthwstrly. by the 
West Fork of Big Sandy r., whilst from the 
central and sthrn. sections rise the extreme 
sources of Kentucky r. flowing also to the n. 
w. ; surface very broken ; Cf. t. Piketon. Pop. 
2,677. 

Pike co. O., bndd. s. by Scioto, Adams s. w.. 
Highland w., Ross n., and Jackson e. ; length 
from e. to w. 32 ms., mean width 18, and area 
576 sq. ms. ; lat. 39° and long. W. C. 6° w. in- 
tersect in this CO. It is traversed in a s. s. w. 
course by Scioto r. ; soil productive in grain, 
fruits and meadow grasses ; cf. t. Pikei.on. 
Pop. 1820, 4,253, 1830, 6,024. 

Pike co. Ind., bndd. by Warrick s., Gibson 
w.. White r. separating it from Knox n. w., the 
estrn. branch of White r. separating it from 
Daviess n. e., and by Dubois co. e. ; mean length 
from s. to N. 22 miles, mean breadth 18, and 
area 396 sq. ms. The slope of this co. is very 
nearly due w., and in that direction is traversed 
by Patoka r. The course also of both branches 
of White r. where they bound the co. is also to 
the w. ; cf. t. Petersburgh. Pop. 2,475. 

Pike co. II., bndd. by Calhoun s., Misp. r. 
separating it from Pike co. Mo. s. w., Ralls, Mo. 
w., and Marion Mo. n. w., again by Adams, 
II. N., Schuyler n. e., and II. r. separating it 
from Morgan e. and Greene s. e. ; length from 
s. to N. 33 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 990 
sq. ms. Lat. 39° 35', long. W. C. 14° w. ex. 
tending from the Misp. to II. r. ; the principal 
slope is wstrd. towards the former ; cf. t. Atlas. 
Pop. 2,396. 

Pike co. Mo., bndd. by Lincoln s. e., Mont- 
gomery s., Ralls s. w., andN. w., and the Misp. 
r. separating it from Pike co. II. n. e., and from 
Calhoun co. II. e. ; length from s. to n. 36 ms. 
mean breadth 20, and area 720 sq. ms. ; lat. 
39° 20', long. W. C. 14 w. Salt r. of Mo., en- 
ters the Misp. in the nrthrn. angle of this co., 
which it traverses to the s. e. The nrthrn. 
branches of Cuivre (Copper) r. rise in the sthrn. 
section, and also flow s. e. ; chief t. Bov/ling 
Green. Pop. 6,129. 



PIN 



402 



PIS 



Pike c. h. and p.o. Pike co. Ala., by p-r. 179 
ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

PiKEsviLLE, p-v. Baltimore co. Md. by p-r. 
46 ms. N. E. W. C, and 8 ms. from Baltimore. 
PiKETON, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. Ky. situa- 
ted on the W. Fork of Sandy r., by p-r. 165 ms. 
s. E. by E. Frankfort. 

Piketon, p-v. and st. jus. Pike co. O. situated 
on the left bank of Scioto r. 26 ms. above Ports- 
mouth, and by p-r. 65 ms. s. Columbia ; lat. 39° 
02', long. W. C. 6° w. Pop. 271. 

PiKEViLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Marion co. Ala. 
situated on Battahatche r., by p-r. 118 ms. n. n. 
w. Tuscaloosa ; lat. 34° 07', long. W. C. ll w. 

PiKEViLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Bledsoe co. Ten., 
situated on Sequatchie r., by p-r. 109 ms. s. e. 
by E. Nashville ; lat. 35° 39', long. W. C. 8° 
12' w. 

PiKEViLLE, p-v. Monroe co. Ky. by p-r. 145 
ms. s. s. "w. Frankfort. 

PiLESGROVE, t. Salem co. N. J. 50 ms. s. w. 
Trenton, 25 s. Phila., hasOldman's cr. n. which 
separates it from Woolwich, Gloucester co., 
and is crossed by Salem r., on which are the 
villages of Sharptown and Woodstown. Pop. 
2,150. 

PiNCKNEY, p-t. Lewis CO. N. Y., 153 miles 
N. w. Albany, 13 s. e. Watertown, and e. of 
Rodman in Jefferson co., 6 ms. by 6§, first set- 
tled 1805, has nearly a level surface, with much 
moist, sandy loam, favorable to grain and 
grass, and bearing a variety of forest trees : 
pop. 763. 

PiNCKNEY, p-v. on the left bank of the Mo. 
river, Montgomery co. Mo., by p-r. 66 ms. w. 
St. Louis. 

Pinckneyville, p-v. Union dist. S. C, 92 ms. 
N. N. w. Columbia. 

Pinckneyville, p-v. Gwinnet co. Geo. by p-r. 
106 ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Pinckneyville, p-v. Wilkinson co. Misp. 44 
ms. s. Natchez. 

Pinckneyville, p-v. and st. jus. Perry co. 
Illinois, situated on Boucoup creek, a branch of 
Muddy creek, by p-r. 129 miles a little w. of 
s. Vandalia, lat. 38° 02', long. W. C. 12° 25' 
west. 

Pindertown, p-v. and st. jus. Lee co. Geo., 
situated on Flint river, by p-r. 130 miles s, s. 
w. Milledgeville, lat. 31° 40', long. W. C. 7° 
10' w. 

Pine cr, or more correctly r. of Pa., rising in 
Potter and Tioga cos., interlocking sources 
with those of Tioga, Genesee, and Alleghany 
rs. The various branches unite in Tioga, from 
which the united water flows into Lycoming, 
and falls into the W. branch of Susquehannah 
r., after a sthrn. course by comparative distance 
60 ms. 

Pine cr. p-o. Tioga co. Pa., by p-r. 159 ms. n. 
Harrisburg. 

Pine Bluff, p-o, southeastern part Pulaski 
CO. Arkansas, by p-r. 50 miles s. e. Little 
Rock. 

Pine Grove, p.v. Schuylkill co. Pa., by p-r. 
41 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Pine Grove, p-v. Tyler co. Va. by p-r. 249 
ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Pine Grove, mills and p.o. Centre co. Pa., 
by p-r. 88 ms. nrthwstrd. Harrisburg. 



Pine Orchard, Catskill, Greene co. N, Y., 
8 miles w. Hudson river, and Catskill vil. a 
small level on the Catskill mtns., a favorite re- 
sort of travellers of taste during the hot sea- 
son. It was originally covered with a grove of 
pine trees, growing at nearly equal distances, 
on a surface scattered with broken rocks, and 
terminating at a projection which overhangs a 
precipice of some hundreds of feet. At that 
spot has been erected a splendid hotel, called 
the Catskill Mountain house, from which the 
view ranges without interruption over the wide 
valley of the Hudson, including some of the 
highlands of Conn., Mass. and Vt. The most 
distant eminences in sight n. and s. are about 
70 ms. apart. 

Pine Park, p-v. Bibb co. Ala., by p-r. 59 ms. 
estrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Pine Plains, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 79 ms, s, 
Albany, 28 n. e. Poughkeepsie, 4 ms. by 10, 
has a small village ; a high hill e. and Stissing 
mtn, w., on the e. side of which is Stissing 
pond, with an outlet s. the head stream of Wap- 
pinger's creek. Chicome creek crosses the 
town from s. e. to n. w. flowing into RoelefF 
.lansen's cr., which crosses the n. w. corner. 
Pop. 1,503. 

Pine Street, p-v. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 
162 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Pine Village, p-v. Edgefield dist. S. C, 66 
ms. wstrd. Columbia. 

. Pineville, p-v. nrthrn. part of Charleston 
dist. S. C, 53 ms. n. Charleston, and by p.r. 92 
ms. s. E. Columbia. 

Pineville, p-v. nrthrn, part Clarke co. Ala,, 
by p-r, 107 ms, sthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

PiNEY river, p-v. on a small stream of the 
name name, southern part Dickson co. Ten. 
By p.r. the p-o, is 54 miles westward Nash- 
ville, 

PiNTLALAH, Or Piutclalah, small r. of Mont- 
gomery co. Ala, rises on the sthrn. border of the 
CO. and flowing nrthrd. falls into the left side of 
Ala. r. 

PiNTLALAH, p-0. Montgomery co. Ala., 13 ms. 
from Montgomery, the co. st. and by p-r. 132 
ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa, 

Piping Tree, p-v. King William co. Va., by 
p-r. 20 ms. n. e. Richmond. 

PiauA, p-v. Washington tsp. nrthrn. part of 
Miami co. O., by p-r. 79 ms. a little n. of w. 
Columbus, and 8 ms. n, n. w. Troy, the co. st. : 
pop. 488. 

Piquea, p-v. sthrn. part of Lancaster co. Pa. 
27 ms. sthrd. Lancaster, and by p-r. 126 miles 
nrthestrd. W. C. 

PiscATAauA r., N. H., the boundary between 
N. H. and Me. from the ocean 40 ms. n, n. w. 
which is the length of its course. Its source 
is in Wakefield. Its mouth is near Portsmouth, 
which capital stands on its s. shore. It is a 
large, deep and important stream the last few 
ms. of its course, spreading out into several 
bays. Only this part of it is commonly called 
Piscataqua ; the middle part, from the mouth of 
Cocheco river to the lower falls in Berwick, 
bearing the name of Newichawannoc, and the 
upper part Salmon Falls river. The western 
branch is formed by several branches, which 
fall into Great Bay, Swamscot r. from Exeter, 



PIT 



403 



PIT 



Winnicot r. which passes through Greenland, 
and Lamprey river flowing between Durham 
and Newmarket. At a smaller bay below, 
Oyster river comes in from the n. The tide, 
which flows up to the lower falls in all these 
streams, affords navigation from them to Ports- 
mouth. The channel, being narrow, though 
very deep, 7 ms. from the ocean, causes a very 
rapid rush of water both at the rising and the 
falling of the tide, so that ice is never formed 
across. The harbor formed near the mouth of 
the Piscataqua is very safe and capacious. 
There is an outer and an inner bay, islands with 
forts, a light house, &c., and in the inner is a 
navy yard of the U. S. 

PiscATAQUoG r., HiUsborough co. N. H., is 
formed of 2 branches, and enters Merrimac r. 
on the line of Gofl'stown and Bedford. 

PiscATAQuoG, p-v. Bedford, Hillsborough co. 
N. H., a pleasant little village on Piscataquog 
r. near its junction with the Merrimac, with a 
bridge over the former, 60 ft. long. The Union 
canal here passes the falls, and facilitates the 
business of the place. 

PiscATAWAY, v., Piscataway, Middlesex co. 
N. J. 3 ms. N. E. New Brunswick, and n. Rari- 
tan r. 

Piscataway or. sthrn. part Prince George's 
county, Md. rises a few ms. w. of Upper Marl- 
borough, and flowing s. w. falls into Potomac 
at Fort Washington. 

Piscataway, p-v. on Piscataway cr., sthrn. 
part Prince George's co. Md. by p-r. 16 ms. s. 
W. C. 

PisGAH, p-v. Cooper co. Mo. 34 ms. wstrd. 
Jefferson. 

Pitcher, p-t. Chenango co. N.Y. 127 ms.w. 
s. w. Albany. Pop. 1,214. 

Pitch Landing, and p-o. sthrn. part Hertford 
CO. N. C. 12 ms. s. Winton, the co. st. and 129 
ms. N. E. by E. Raleigh. 

Pitt, co. N. G. bndd. e. by Beaufort, Johnson 
s., Lenoir s. w., Greene w., Edgecombe n. w., 
and Martin n. and n. e. Length from e. to w. 
44 ms. ; greatest breadth 36 ms. but mean 
breadth 18 ms., and area about 800 square ms. 
Central lat. 35° 35'. The meridian of W. C. 
traverses the eastern angle. Contentney or the 
mtn. branch of Neuse r. traverses the sthrn. 
angle in a s. e. course, whilst Tar. r. in a simi- 
lar direction winds over the central part. The' 
general slope is to the s. e. Cf. t. Greenville. 
Pop. 12,093. 

PiTTSBORo', p-v. and st. jus. Chatham co. N. 
C. situated on the road from Raleigh to Ash. 
boro', 33 ms. wstrd. of the former, and 39 
estrd. of the latter, lat. 35° 43', and long.2o 14' 
w. W. C. 

Pittsburg, city Alleghany co. Pa. situated on 
the point above the junction and between the 
Alleghany and Monongahela rs. and where 
these two streams form the Ohio r. by p-r. 323 
ms. northwestward W. C, 201 w. Harrisburg, 
and 297 ms. a little n. of w. Phila., lat. 40° 28', 
long. 2° 56' w. W. C. That part incorporated 
and particularly called Pittsburg, lies entirely 
on the point above noticed, and occupies an al- 
luvial plain and part of the adjacent hill pro- 
truded between the two rs. In its form the city 
of Pittsburg is laid out with a very strong re- 



semblance to N. Y. The streets along the Mo- 
nongahela are laid out at right angles to each 
other, and perpendicular or parallel to that 
stream; and the same relative arrancrement 
prevails along the Alleghany, and renders the 
streets of the two sections of the city oblique 
to each other. In 1820, if the adjacent villao-es 
were included, there were within 1 mile of 
its centre, about 10,000 persons, of whom 
7,248 resided in the corporation. In 1826, the 
city contained a population of 10,515. By 
the census of 1830, the city alone contained 
12,568 inhabitants, but in a commercial and 
social point of view, Alleghany tovm, Bir- 
mingham, Lawrenceville, Bayardstown, and 
the street along the Monongahela opposeit, 
all belong to Pittsburg as suburb's, and all 
included in one aggregate, amounted to 
18,000, in 1830, and now 1832, no doubt ex- 
ceeds 20,000. Pittsburg is emphatically the 
Birmingham of the Ohio valley, and is in no 
small proportion made up of manufacturing edi- 
fices, and inhabited by manufacturers. Amongst 
the machinery erected here, may be named as 
first' in utility and efficiency, a high pressure 
engine of 84 horse power, which raises water 
from the Alleghany river 116 ft. and can afford 
a diurnal supply of 1,500,000 gallons. There 
were according to Flint early in this year, 1832, 
n extensive iron foundries, from which, in 
1830, were manufactured from pigs, 5,339 tons. 
There were 6 rolling mills and nail factories 
united, which manufactured 7,950 tons of pigs 
into blooms, and 2,805 tons into nails. There 
were 4 extensive cotton factories, one of which 
worked 10,000 spindles. Two glass works, 
several breweries, and taking altogether up. 
wards of 270 manufacturing establishments. 
There are 13 churches, for Roman Catholics, 
Baptists, Covenanters, Seceders, Methodists, 
German Lutherans, Episcopalians, Presbyteril 
ans, Unitarians, &c. In this city is located the 
Western University of Pa., (in which are 4 in. 
structors and about 60 students,) the Pittsburg 
High school, numerous private schools. Lam- 
din's museum, a branch of the U. S. and 2 or 
3 other banks, a theatre, and also a state prison. 
The city is united to the adjacent country be- 
yond the two rs., by a bridge over each. That 
across the Monongahela is, however, in some 
measure useless, from being located too high 
up the stream, and a ferry is still kept up froln 
the point to the great western road, through 
Washington, Wheeling, Steubenville, and other 
places. The site is a real amphitheatre formed 
by the hand of nature. The rivers flow in chan- 
nels from 450 to 465 ft. below the highest peaks 
of the neighboring hills. The writer of this 
article measured the height of several hills in 
the vicinity of Pittsburg, and found them va. 
rying between the relative elevations stated. 
Another geological phenomenon deserves par- 
ticular notice ; the main coal strata lie some- 
thing above 300 ft. above the level of the streets 
of that part of the city on the alluvial point, and 
these strata lie almost exactly on one level. A 
levelling instrument placed at the mouth of any 
of the coal beds, if carried round the horizon 
the circle of vision passes along the openings 
of all the other mines. The hills though steep 



PIT 



404 



PIT 



are not, except in a few instances, precipitous, 
and afford from their slopes and peaks a series 
of rich and varied landscape. The scenery is 
in a most interesting manner strengthened in 
color by the fertility of soil which continues to 
the very summits. There is nothing of barren, 
ness visible ; vegetation in the forests, mead- 
ows, fields, orchards, and gardens, exhibits one 
theatre of abundance. The formation is here, 
as in every other part of the valley of Ohio, 
Jioctz, or level, so much so, indeed, as to ren- 
der the draining of the coal mines difficult. 
Limestone is formed, but the prevailing rock is 
a porous sand stone as far as the earth has been 
penetrated. 

Few places in the United States combine so 
great advantages of position as does Pittsburg. 
The great line of canal and rail road from Phil- 
adelphia by the Schuylkill over the Susquehan- 
nah valley, and the intervening mountains, ter- 
minaces for the present in the valley of Ohio at 
Pittsburg, but its extension down the latter 
stream is amongst the inevitable effects of its 
execution to the head of such a navigation. 
The Ohio is impeded by autumn drought in di- 
rect excess with ascent, and is nearly annually 
rendered unnavigable as low down as Marietta, 
for one, two or three months before the frosts of 
winter. It is, however, navigable as high as 
Wheeling, long after it ceases to be so at the 
confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela, 
Taken with all its existing business, few if any 
other places, in either the United States or Eu- 
rope with an equal population, have transactions 
to so great amount. The value of its manu- 
factures falls annually but little under ^3,000,- 
000, and the objects of manufacture being those 
of primary necessity, renders the prosperity of 
the place permanent. 

PiTTSFiELD, p-t. Somerset co. Me. by p-r. 38 
ms. from Augusta. Pop. 609. 

Pittsburgh, p-v. western part of Baldwin co. 
Geo. 8 ms. from Milledgeville. 

PxTTSFiELD, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 15 ms. 
N. w. Concord, with 14,92 1 acres, is uneven 
and rocky, with good soil, and is crossed by 
Suncook r. from n. to s., supplying mill seats, 
s. E. is Catamount mtn. from which is seen the 
ocean, and on which is Berry's pond, 300 yards 
by i mile, supplying mill seats with its outlet. 
There are several other ponds. Pop. 1,276. 

PiTTSFiELD, p-t. Rutland CO. Vt., 35 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 17 n. e. Rutland, is in the n. e. cor- 
ner of the CO. ; first settled 1786, and organized 
1793. Tweed r. a branch of White r., is form- 
ed near the centre, by the union of three 
streams, which afford mill sites. White r. also 
crosses the e. part. The surface is mountain- 
ous, and Wilcox's peak is the highest. 4 school 
dists. Pop. 505. 

PiTTSFiELD, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 125 ms. 
w. Boston, 38 e. s. e. Albany ; lies between the 
two mountainous ranges of Taughkannic and 
the Green mtns., has a varied and beautiful 
surface, good soil, and, along the two main 
branches of Housatonic r., extensive meadows. 
The village enjoys an airy situation, on the sum- 
mit of a hill, with a large public square, in the 
centre of which is a remarkably fine elm, which 
was left when the forest was cleared away. It 



has several streets, with a number of stores and 
handsome residences, and a bank ; the Berk- 
shire academy, and a seminary for females. In 
the tsp. are several extensive factories, inclu- 
ding Mr. Pomeroy's, of muskets, where arms 
are frequently made for the U. S. The settle, 
ment began in 1736, and two garrison houses 
were erected in 1754, but the general occupa. 
tion of the town has been much more recent. 
The Indians called it Pontoosuc. During the 
last war, many British prisoners were cantoned 
in the village. Pop. 3,515. 

PiTTSFiELD, p-t. Otsego CO. N. Y., 87 ms. w. 
Albany, and 15 s. w. Cooperstown ; has Unadilla 
w. which separates it from Chenango co., and 
has an irregular surface, with fertile vallies and 
arable hills, with fine pastures well watered. 
Wharton's cr. falls into Mead r. Pop. 1,006. 

PiTTSFORD, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 60 ms. n. Ben- 
nington, 44 s. w. Montpelier, 8 n. Rutland. 
First settled 1768, from Greenwich, Mass., 
and had forts Mott and Vengeance, picketed in 
the revolution ; the latter being the most n. 
frontier point held by Americans in the war, w. 
of the Green mtns. It contains 25,000 acres. 
Otter creek flows from s. to n. through the mid- 
dle, from 40 to 50 yards wide, winding, and 
slow. Furnace r. is a branch formed of East 
cr. and Philadelphia r., which have valuable 
meadows, and good mill sites. A pond s. e. 
contains twenty acres, and one n. e. 30. A 
hilly range is on the w. line. The soil is loam, 
with some sand and clay, bearing oaks, pine, 
maple, beech, &c. &c., and contains iron ore, 
yielding 25 per cent. Marble is quarried and 
sent to Middlebury to be sawn and cut. It is 
coarse and elastic, so that a thin slab laid hor- 
izontally, supported only at the ends, bends in 
the middle. Oxide of manganese also is found 
here. There are 14 school dists. Pop. 2,005. 

PiTTSFORD, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 215 ms. n. 
N. w. Albany, 8 e. Rochester, 22 n. w. Canan. 
daigua ; with 22 sq. ms. ; has Irondequot cr. s. 
E., Noyes cr. n. w., with few mill seats, and is 
crossed by Erie canal from n. w. in a crooked 
course to s. e., where is the great embanliment 
over Irondequot cr. The village is in the n. w. 
corner, arid almost surrounded by the canal. 
Pop. 1,831. 

PiTTSGRovE, p-t. Salem co. N. J., 74 ms. s. 
s. w. Trenton, 25 s. Philadelphia ; has a little 
of the head of Oldman's cr. n. with Gloucester 
CO., and at itss. angle just touches the n. w. an- 
gle of Deerfield, Cumberland co. Pop. 1830, 
2,216. 

PxTTSTON, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 7 ms. s. Au- 
gusta, has Lincoln co. e. and s., and Keimebec 
r. w., into which it sends several small streams. 
It is a place of some trade. Pop. 1,799. 

PiTTSTON, p-v. on the bank of the East Branch • 
of Susquehannah r., at the mouth of Lackawan- 
noc r., Luzerne co. Pa., 9 ms. above Wilkes. 
Barre. 

PiTTSTON Ferry, nearly opposite Pittston p-v. 
Luzerne co. Pa., 8 ms. above, but on the oppo- 
site side of the East Branch of Susquehannah 
from Wilkes-Barre. 

PiTTSTOWN, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 18 ms. 
N. E. Albany, 15 n. e. Troy, s. Washington co. ; 
with 35,500 acres; first settled 1750; is un- 



PLA 



405 



ILA 



even but arable, with a good soil, bearing oak, 
maple, beech, ash, &c., and sends wheat, pork, 
beef, &.C. to market. The villages of Pittstovvn 
and Tomhanoe, are in pleasant vallies. Hoosac 
r. is on the n. line. The mill streams are small. 
Pop. 3,702. 

Pittsylvania, go. Va., bndd. s. w. by Henry, 
Franklin w., Roanoke r. separating it from Bed- 
ford, N. w., and Campbell n. ; it has Halifax on 
the E., and Caswell and Rockingham cos. N. 
C s. Greatest length from s. to n. 40 ms., 
mean length 36, breadth 28, and area 1,000 sq. 
ms. Lat. 3<6° 50', long. 2° 21' w. W. C. This 
CO. is bndd. on the n. by Roanolie, in the centre 
by Banister r., and on the s. by Dan r., all of 
which streams in that part of their respective 
courses flow estrd., and of course give that 
slope to the surface. Much of the soil is ex- 
cellent. Cf. t. Competition, usually called Pitt- 
sylvania c. h. : Pop. 1820, 21,313, 1830, 26,034. 

P[TTSYi.vANiA, c. h. and p-o., or Competition, 
St. jus. Pittsylvania co. Va., is situated near the 
centre of the co. on a branch of Banister r., by 
p-r. 259 ms. s. w. W. C, and 167 ms. s. w. by 
w. Richmond. Lat. 36° 50', long. W. C, 2° 
20' w. 

Placentia, isl., Hancock co. Me. : Pop. 39. 

Plain Dealing, p-v. Meade co. Ky., 10 ms. 
estrd. Brandenburg, the co. St., and by p-r. 80 
ms. wstrd. Franlifort. 

Plainfield, t. Washington co. Vt., 55 ms. n. 
V/indsor, 21 n. w. Newbury; first settled about 
1794, and has 10,000 acres. Onion r. is in the 
N. w. part, and is here joined by Great brook, 
which crosses the town. The village is at the 
junction, with several mills, &c. There is a 
trout pond, and a small mineral spring which is 
resorted to by invalids ; the soil is pretty good, 
the surface hilly, and timber is abundant : Pop. 
874. 

Plainfield, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H., 12 ms. s. 
w. Dartmouth college, 55 w. n. w. Concord, 111 
N. w. Boston, E. Conn, r., and s. of Grafton co. 
Has pine timber near the river, maple, beech, 
&c. on the hills. It contains fine meadows, 
particularly on the r. Harts isl., 19 acres, be- 
longs to this town. There is a pleasant village, 
in which is Union academy, with a fund of 
$40,000, given by Hon. Daniel Kimball, the in- 
terest of which is to be given partly to a clergy- 
man, and partly to the education of ministers. 
First settled 1764. Waterqueechy falls are in 
ihis town : Pop. 1,581. 

Plainfield, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 110 
ms. w. Boston, 20 n. w. Northampton ; lies on 
the range of the Green mtns., and supplies the 
head streams of the n. branch of Westfield r. 
Pop. 984. 

Plainfield, p-t. Windham co. Conn, lies e. 
of Quinnebaug r. n. New London co. and is 
crossed by Moosup r. a branch of the Quinne- 
baug, with other small streams. The village is 
pleasantly situated in the midst of a level. The 
town has good soil and many valuable farms. 
It has also an academy : Pop. 2,290. 

Plainfield, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 75 ms. w. 
Albany, 15 n. w. Cooperstown, e. Unadilla r. 
or Madison co., and s. Oneida co. Several 
small branches of Unadilla r. are in the town. 
The surface is level and fertile n. w., and hilly 

52 



s., with fine pastures. The country is elevated 
between the head streams of the Mohawk and 
Susquehannah : pop. 1,626. 

Plainfield, village, Westfield, Essex co. 
N. J., 16 miles s. w. Newark, and e. of Green- 
brook. 

Plainfield, p-v. Coshocton co. O., by p-r. 70 
ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Plainfield, p-v. St. Clair co. Mich., by p-r. 
64 ms. n. e. Detroit. 

Plainsville, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., by p-r. 119 
ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Plaistow, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 30 ms. 
s. E. Concord, 30 s. w- Portsmouth, 35 n. by w. 
Boston, n. and n. w. Haverhill, Mass. ; 6,839 
acres ; was purchased o( the Indians, 1642, as 
a part of that town, and has a good, black, 
loamy soil, rocky n. w. Some minerals are 
found here, many springs and a few small 
streams : pop. 591. 

PLAauEMiKES, (Pcrcimon,) outlet of the Misp. 
to the right, 96 ms. below the mouth of Red r., 
8 ms. below the outlet of Iberville from the op- 
posite side, and 117 ms. above New Orleans. 
The Plaquemine outlet receives water only 
when the Mississippi is within 8 or 10 feet of 
its extreme height of flood ; but when the main 
stream has attained its greatest height, large 
barges and steamboats are safely navigated 
down the Plaquemine into its recipient the At- 
chafalaya ; and thence by the various inter- 
locking streams to upper Altacapas, and to Ope- 
lousas. The channel of Plaquemine, of 15 ms. 
in length, is very winding, but the banks being 
steep and composed of alluvial soil, vessels re- 
ceive but little damage by running on shore. It 
is a pass of very great importance, as, through 
it, passes the travelling and co)nmerce of a 
wealthy and fertile section of La. 

Plaquemine, remarkable bend of the Missis- 
sippi r. 75 ms. below l>ie\v Orleans. Fort St. 
Philip, called in the p-o. list fort .Tackson, stands 
on this bend, and on the left bank of the r., and 
completely commands the stream, which, oppo- 
site the glacis, is only 37 chains, or a fraction 
less than half a mile wide ; of course the op- 
posite shore is within reach of point blank shot. 
At this place is a post office called Fort Jack- 
son. 

Placiuemines, parish of La., bndd. w. by Jef- 
ferson, St. Bernard n. w., lake Borgne n., 
Chandeleur bay e., and the gvdf of Mexico s. 
E. and s. Greatest length, following the gener- 
al comparative course of i\'!isp. r. 85 miles. 
Greatest breadth from Barataria bay to the pass 
of Marian 75 ms. The form approaching that 
of a cross, ends in narrow points at each ex- 
treme ; the area about 2,500 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 29° to 30° 10', and in long. W. 
C. 12° to 13° w. The surface is the sthestrn. 
salient part of the great plain of the Missis- 
sippi, and is literally a plain, over which no 
spot rises 10 ft. above the level of the gulf of 
Mexico. This was demonstrated by the hurri- 
cane of the 18th and 19th August, 18 12, when 
the water was raised 8 ft. above its ordinary 
level, inundated the whole Plaquemine parish, 
spreading ruin and death along the cultivated 
banks of the Misp. r. Houses, fences, horses, 
cattle, and not a few human beings, were en- 



PLA 



406 



PLE 



gulfed. The storm was truly terrible over all 
La., but below the English Turn, 15 ms. below 
New Orleans, it was a real deluge with all the 
terrors of such a catastrophe. The writer of 
this article passed along the scene in April, 
1813, when it still appeared aa if an enormous 
weight had been rolled over the whole surface 
where any timber had stood to meet the fury of 
the tempest. The wooded, very slightly eleva- 
ted, and arable margins of the Misp. river 
would be fully estimated at 120 square miles 
in Plaquemine parish ; and the residue is one 
extended grassy marsh. The arable soil is, 
however, extremely productive. Sugar cane, 
cotton, Indian corn, rice, the orange and fig 
tree, with an indefinite list of esculent plants, 
grow luxuriantly. There is no town in this 
parish deserving the title : pop. 1820, 2,354, 
1830, 4,489. 

Plato, p-v. Lorain co. Ohio, by p-r. 139 ms. 
N. N. E. Columbus. 

Platte, large r. of the U. S., and one of the 
great wstrn. confluents of Mo. r., rises accord- 
ing to Tanner, in the eastern vallies of the 
Chippewayan or Rocky mountains, interlocking 
sources to the southward with those of Arkan- 
sas, to the nrthrd. with those of Yellow Stone 
r., and to the wstrd. with those of Lewis' r., 
branch of Oregon or Columbia r. The extreme 
source of Platte, as laid down on Tanner's N. 
A., is in lat. 40^ and a little w. of 30° w. long. 
W. C, and so nearly due e. is the general 
course of this large stream, that though trav- 
ersing ll degrees of long., its entrance into the 
Mo. river is at lat. 41° 03'. It is in the higher 
part of its course composed of two branches ; 
the Padouca or sthrn. and the Platte proper or 
nrthrn., both deriving their sources along the 
estrn. slope of the Chippewayan system, and 
along or near long. W. C. 30° w. The two 
branches inclining upon each other, unite after 
a separate course over 5 degrees of long. The 
name of this r. is derived from the features of 
its channel, which is disproportionably wide, 
shallow, and impeded by sand banks and isls. 
These phenomena, however, the Platte shares 
in common with all the streams sthwrd. from 
Misp. proper, and which flow from the Chippe- 
wayan mtns. or immense plains between that 
system and the Misp. and gulf of Mexico, none 
of which maintain throughout the year naviga. 
ble water, answering in any moderate propor- 
tion to their length of volume or surface they 
respectively drain. This is the case with the 
Platte, Kansas, Arkansas, Red river, Sabine, 
Trinity, Brasos, Colerado of the Gulf of Mex- 
ico, and in a very striking manner with the Rio 
Grande del Norte. The valley of the Platte, 
as laid down on our best maps, lies between 
those of Mo. and Yellow Stone r. to the n., and 
the Arkansas and Kansas rs. s., and is about 560 
ms. from w. to e. ; mean breadth 120, and area 
67,200 sq. ms. Surface in great part unwooded 
and in many places desert plains. The series 
of rs. belonging to the system of which Platte 
is one, is continued sthrd. to the Rio Grande 
inclusive, and nrthrd. to the Mo. at the Mandan 
villages. In the latter direction the streams 
are rapidly abridged m their length by the pe- 
culiar form of the upper valley of Mo. If the 



volume of the Platte afforded navigable facili- 
ties in proportion to the length, and direction of 
its channel, it would be the most suitable 
route of intercommunication between the Misp. 
basin and Pacific ocean, as it heads in the 
same system of mountains, and at no great 
distance from the sources of the Timpanogos, 
Bueneventura, and Colerado of the gulf of 
California. These latter rivers from the vague 
knowledge we possess of the region they 
drain, partake of the navigable defects we 
have noticed in regard of those streams issuing 
from the opposite side of the same system of 
mountains. 

Plattekill, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 89 ms. s. 
by w. Albany, 22 s. Kingston, n. Orange co. ; 
with 30 sq. ms. ; has an irregular form, few 
streams, and a village called Pleasant Valley : 
pop. 2,044. 

Plattsburgh, p-t. and st. jus. Clinton co. N. 
Y., 164 ms. N. Albany, 112 n. Whitehall, 120 e. 
Ogdensburgh, w. lake Champlain, is crossed 
by Saranac and Salmon rs., and several smaller 
streams which furnish good mill seats. The e. 
part is nearly level, and the w. very hilly and 
broken. The v. is at the mouth of the Saranac, 
13 ms.N. Port Kent, and contains the co. build- 
ings. It was taken by the British twice in the 
last war. The view upon the lake from the 
high grounds near, is very fine. Cumberland 
bay was the scene of iM cDonough's victory in 
the American squadron on the lake, on the 1 1th 
Sept. 1814, over that of the British general. 
Sir George Prevost, who was at that time en- 
camped in the n. part of the village of Platts- 
burgh, with 14,000 men. The American ves- 
sels had a total of 86 guns and 820 men, and 
the British 95 guns and 1,050 men. The result 
of the battle was of the highest importance, as 
it compelled the enemy to retreat, and delivered 
the country below from the fear of invasion : 
pop. 4,913. 

Pleasant, p-v. nrthwst. part Switzerland co. 
Ind., 93 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Pleasant Exchange, p-v. Henderson co. 
Tenn., by p-r. 128 miles s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Pleasant Gakden, p-v. Burke co. N. C, by 
p-r. 223 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Pleasant Grove, p-o Lunenburg co. Va. by 
p-r. 89 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Pleasant Grove, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by 
p-r. 64 ms. u. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Pleasant Grove, p-o. Greenville dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 125 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Pleasant Grove, p-o. Henry co. Geo. by p-r. 
Il5 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. 

Pleasant Grove, p-o. Maury co. Ten. 10 ms. 
sthrd. Columbia the co. St., and by p-r. 52 ms. 
sthrd. Nashville. 

Pleasant Grove, p-v. Tazewell co. II. by p-r. 
153 ms. N. N. w. Vandalia. 

Pleasant Grove, p-v. Lafayette co. Mo. by 
p-r. 286 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 

Pleasant Hill, p-v. Delaware co. Pa. by p-r. 
125 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Pleasant Hill, p-o. Charles co. Md. 26 ms. 
sthrd. W. C. 

Pleasa\t Hill, p-v. western part of Wythe 
CO. Virginia, by p-r. 344 miles s. w. by w. 
W.C. 



PLU 



407 



PLY 



Pleasant Hill, p-v. Northampton co. N. C. 
byp-r. 101 ms. n. e. Raleigh. 

Pleasant Hill, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 66 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. 

Pleasant Hill, p-v. Dallas co. Ala. by p-r. 
105 ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Pleasant Hill, p-o. Jefferson co. Misp. by 
p-r. 14 ms. N. Natchez. 

Pleasant Hill, p-o. Crawford co. Ark. by 
p-r. 139 ms. ms. wstrd. Little Rock. 

Pleasant Hill, p-o. Davidson co. Ten. by 
p-r. 8 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Pleasant Mount, p-v. Wayne co. Pa. by p-r. 
269 ms. n.n.e.W. C. 

Pleasant Plains, p-o. Franklin co. Ten. by 
p-r. 81 ms. s. e. Nashville. 

Pleasant Ridge, p-o. Greene co. Ala. by p-r. 
67 ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Pleasant Ridge, p-o. Rush co. Ind. 49 ms. 
s. E. by E. Indianopolis. 

Pleasant Spring, p-v. Limestone co. Ala. by 
p-r. 178 ms. n. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Pleasant Unity, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa., 
by p-r. 189 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Pleasant Vale, p-v. Pike co. II., 10 ms. n. At- 
las, CO. St., and by p.r. 158 ms. n. w. Vandalia. 

Pleasant Valley, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y. 7 
ms. N. e. Poughkeepsie, and 82 from Albany, 
about 6 ms. sq., is nearly level, with good land. 
The V. is near the centre, on Wappinger's cr. 
7 ms. s. E. Poughkeepsie, and contains several 
factories : pop. 2,419. 

Pleasant Valley, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. about 
43 ms. N. Phila. 

Pleasant Valley, p-v. Fairfax co. Va. 30 
ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Pleasant Valley, p-v. Lancaster dist. S. C. 
by p-r. 96 ms. n. n. e. Columbia. 

Pleasant Valley, p-v. Dallas co. Ala. by p.r. 
92 ms. s. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Pleasant Valley, p-v. Washington co. Ind. 
by p-r. 89 ms. s. Indianopolis. 

Pleasant View, p-v. Henry co. Ten., by p-r. 
189 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Pleasantville, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa. by 
p-r. 22 ms. nrthrd. Phil. 

Pleasantville, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C. 
by p-r. 118 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Pleasantville, p-v. Fairfield co. 0. by p-r. 
29 ms. s. E. Columbus. Pop. 34. 

Pleasureville, p-v. Henry co. Ky. by p-r. 34 
ms. n. w. Frankfort. 

Pluckamin, P-v. Bedminster, Somerset co. 
N. J., 6 ms. n. Somersville. The range of 
Pluckamin mtns. begins here, which extends 
N. E. to the Passaic falls at Patterson. 

Plumb, isl., Mass., between Ipswich and 
Newburyport, is near the main land, and about 
9 ms. in length. 

Plumb isl., Southold, Suffolk co. N. Y., 1 m. 
by 3, has a few families ; it is separated from 
Oyster Pond point, by a narrow strait. A line 
drawn nearly n. e. from that point passes through 
this isl., the Gull isls., the Race and Fishers' 
isl. where Long Isl. sound appears to have been 
formerly more nearly closed at its e. extremity 
than now. The surface is very stony. Some 
pine wood is found in a swamp. 

Plumb Grove, p-o. St. Charles' co. Mo., about 
40 ms. wstrd. St. Louis. 



Plum Orchard, p-o. Fayette co. Ind., by p-r. 
60 ms. estrd. Indianopolis. 

Plymouth, t. Penobscot co. Me., 44 ms. from 
Augusta. Pop. 504. 

Plymouth, p-t. and half shire Grafton co. 
N. H. 75 ms. n. w. Portsmouth, 40 n. by w. 
Concord, 31 s. e. Haverhill, w. Pemigewasset r., 
16,256 acres, has also Baker's r., 30 ms. long, 
and several smaller streams, pretty good soil, 
bearing beech, maple, birch, hemlock and white 
pine. The uplands, which are mountainous, 
are seven. eighths of the t. The church in the 
N. e. corner, is on a commanding hill. There is 
a library. First settled 1764. Baker's r. has 
its name from a successful attack on the Indians, 
who dwelt on its meadows, by Capt. Baker, 
from Haverhill, Mass. Pop. 1,175. 

Plymouth, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 15 ms. w, 
Windsor, 52 s. Montpelier, 16 s. w. Rutland ; 
settled 1776 ; gives rise to Black r. which runs 
s. E., and furnishes mill seats, and has several 
fish ponds connected with it. Here rise also 2 
branches of Queechy r. The surface is broken. 
Mount Tom, and another mtn. cross the t. paral- 
lel to the r. ; primitive limestone is quarried 
and cut here for market ; soap stone also 
abounds. There are several caverns 500 yds. 
s. w. of the r., one of which, discovered in 
1818, is quite extensive. The soil is good for 
grazing : pop. 1,667. 

Plymouth co. Mass., bndd. by Norfolk co. 
N. w., Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays e., 
Barnstable and Buzzard's bays s., and Bristol 
CO. w. The surface is uneven, and the soil va- 
rious ; the form is irregular, extending n. to 
Point Alderton, the s. point of Boston bay, from 
which to the s. w. extremity is a line of irregular 
coast, with a short interval of land, where the 
s. E. boundary crosses the isthmus of Cape Cod. 
Plymouth bay indents the e. line near the mid. 
die, and receives a few brooks. It is the spot 
first settled by the pilgrim fathers of N. England, 
who landed here on the 22d December, 1620, 
O. S. The principal stream in the county, is 
Taunton r., which rises in the n. w. part, and 
crosses the w. boundary into Bristol co. ; there 
are rnany ponds and brooks. Plymouth colony 
remained under a separate colonial government 
until 1685. It has several harbors, Plymouth, 
Duxbury, &c., with considerable coasting and. 
some foreign trade ; fisheries of value, and some 
manufactures. It contains 21 tsps. and Plymouth 
is the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 38,136 ; 1830,43,044. 

Plymouth, sea port, p.t. and st. jus., Plym- 
outh CO. Mass., 36 ms. s. e. Boston, 5 ms. by 
16, contains the oldest permanent settlement in 
New England. It stands on Plymouth bay, 
which is large, but affords but little depth of 
water. It is almost shut in by two long reach, 
es, formed of sand thrown up by the waves, and 
is gradually increasing. The government of 
the U, S. appropriated $2,500 to repair it in 
1832. The land is high on the n. and s. sides 
of the bay, and there are rocky isls. off the har- 
bor. Manumet point, a bold, rocky promontory, 
lies s. The soil is generally thin and poor, and 
some portions of it are very good. The v. is 
near the n. e. part; the principal street runs n. 
and s. between the head of the harbor, and sev. 
eral sandy hills, which rise at a little distance 



roG 



408 



FOG 



from the shore. Some foreign trade has been 
carried on here. One (if the principal buildings 
is Pilgrim's Hall, which was erected by the 
pilgrim society, for the annual celebration of 
the landing of the forefathers of New England. 
This important event occurred here on the 29d 
of December 1G20, 0. S., when the crew of the 
Mayflower debarked. A large granite, on which 
they first stepped from the boat, is still preserv. 
ed.' One half of it retains its original position, 
near the waler, which has since been some- 
M'hat encroached on by the knd, while the oth- 
er has been removed to the centre of the v. 
The Indians on this part of the coast had been 
greatly reduced in numbers before the arrival 
of the colonists, by the small pox ; and Massa. 
■eoit and his men first presented themselves on 
Watson's hill. A fort was erected on Burying 
hill, which also became a grave yard ; and sev- 
eral of the stones of the early colonists are still 
preserved there. The first well dug in New 
England is still in existence. The first child 
born in the colony was Peregrine White. The 
first mill erected in N. England was built here, 
in 1632. From this spot at different periods, 
proceeded some of the first settlers of many of 
the old towns in Massachusetts and Conn. It 
contains 407 acres of tillage land, 828 mowing, 
3,486 of pasturage : Pop. 4,758. 

Plymouth, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 24 ms. 
w. Hartford, 30 from New Haven, w. Bristol, 
Hartford co., and n. of New Haven co., about 
5 ms. by 5i, is hilly, with primitive rocks, bear- 
ing oak, chestnut, swamp maple, &c., also rye, 
corn, oats and grass. It has Naugatuck r. v/. 
with mill seats, and other streams. Pop. 2,064. 

Plymouth, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 107 ms. 
w. Albany, 7 n. w. Norwich, has an uneven sur- 
face, with good laud, well watered by Ganasa- 
wacta cr., whose two branches meet near the 
centre, at Frankville v. The stream then runs 
s. E. towards Chenango r., which it meets in the 
next tsp., Norwicli. There are several mill 
sites. The timber is maple, beech, elm, bass, 
&c. : Pop. 1,609. 

Plymouth, p-o. and tsp. Luzerne co. Pa., op- 
posite Wilkesbarre. The p-o. is 6 miles from 
Kingston, and 7 s. w. Wilkes-Barre. 

Plymouth, p.v. and si., jus. Washington co., 
N. C, situated on a small cr. extending sthrd. 
from the mouth of Roanoke r., by p-r. 128 ms. 
E. Raleigh, and 35 ms. n. n. e, Washington, in 
Beaufort co. ; lat. 3i° 51', long. W. C. 0° 1 9' e. 

Plymouth, p-v. Richland co. 0., 20 ms. nrthrd. 
Mansfield, the co. St., and by p-r. 91 ms. n. n. 
E. Columbus. 

Plymouth, p-o. n. w. part Wayne co., Mich., 
by p-r. about 25 ms. n. w. Detroit. 

Plympton, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass., 32 ms. 
s. E. Boston, has a branch of Taunton river s., 
has extensive iron manufactories. The Indian 
name was Putuxet, or Wanatuxet. It contains 
349 acres under tillage, 613 of mowing, and 
1,366 of pasturage : Pop. 950. 

PocAGON, p-v. Benien co. Mich. It is situat- 
ed on St. .Toseph's r. of lake Michigan, by p-r. 
180 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. Though placed 
in Cass co. by the p-o. list, it is laid down by 
Tanner in his improved U. States map, in the 
southeastern part of Berrien co. Mich. 



Pocahontas, co. Va., bndd. by Greenbrier s. 
and s. w., Nicholas w., Randolph n. w. and n., 
and Alleghany mtn. separating it from Pendle- 
ton N. E. and E. Length from s. w. to n. e. 50 
ms., mean brendth 20 ms., and area 1,000 sq. 
ms. Lat. 38° 20', long. 3° w. W. C. This co. 
is amongst the most elevated in the U. States, 
giving source to Cheat r. branch of Mononga. 
liela, flowing northwardly, and to Greenbrier r, 
flowing southwardly. The mean height of the 
arable land of Greenbrier co. is about 1,700 ft. 
and of course, being lower down Greenbrier r. 
than I'ocahontns, the lowest part of the latter 
must exceed that relative oceanic elevation, or 
rise to a mean exceeding 1,800 ft., or an equiv- 
alent to four degrees of lat. or mean winter 
temperature. Greenbrier mtn enters and trav- 
erses Pocahontas from s. w. to n. e. from the 
western slopes of which issue the extreme 
fountains of Gauly and Elk rs. The surface is 
excessively broken and rocky, and most of the 
soil sterile. Cf. t. Huntersville : Pop. 2,.542. 

Pocket (The). {See " The Pocket,'' p-v. 
Moore co. N. C.) 

PocoMOKE, r. and bay, Md. The r. rises on 
the border between Sussex co. Del., and Wor- 
cester CO. Md., from whence by a s. s. w. di- 
rection 60 ms. by comparative courses, travers. 
ing Worcester co., it opens into a bay of the 
same name at lat. 38°, and on the line between 
the eastern shores of Va. and Md. The bay of 
Pocomoke is a triangular sheet of water, bndd. 
N. w. by Tangier isl., n. by the sthrn. shore 
of Somerset co. Md., and e. by the wstrn. shore 
of Accomac co. Va. To the s. w. it opens into, 
and is confounded with Chesapeake bay. Small 
coasting vessels ascend to Snowhill on Poco- 
moke r. 

Pocotaligo, r. Va., in Kenhawa co., rises in 
the N. w. part of the co. interlocking sources 
with those of the west fork of Little Kenhawa, 
and flowing thence southwestward 60 miles by 
comparative courses, falling into Great Kenha- 
wa r. at the point of separation on that stream, 
between Kenhawa and Mason cos. 

Pocotaligo, p-o. on Pocotaligo r. Kenhawa 
CO. Va. by p-r. 353 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 

Pocotaligo, p-v. near the right side of Com. 
bah.ee r. and in the n. e. part of Beaufort dist. 
S. C. 67 ms. a little s. of w. Charleston, and by 
p-r. 141 ms. s. Columbia. 

PoESTEN Kill, Rensselaer co. N. Y. a very 
good mill stream, which falls into Hudson river 
at Troy, after turning much machinery for va- 
rious manufactures in the vicinity. It rises in 
Grafton, and has a course of about 20 ms. At 
the falls, on the side of mount Ida, 1 m. east of 
Troy, is a small manufacturing village. 

Poge, cape, the n. e. end of Chippaquiddick 
isl., E. of Martha's Vineyard. 

Pogoi Keys, or St. Martin's Keys, are mere 
sand banks or islets, scattered along the wstrn. 
coast of Flor., between the mouth of Amasuro 
r. and Vaceasausa bay. The sea along this 
coast, even where deepest and at high tides, 
admits only of vessels of 5 feet draught. The 
opposite coast is also low, sandy and devoid of 
harbors of any kind. The estrn. slope of the 
peninsula here commences within 30 ms. from 
the wstrn. coast. 



POM 



409 



POM 



Poindexter's iStore and p-o. Louisa co. Va. 
by p-r. 68 ms. n. w. Richmond. 

Point Coupee, parish of La. hndd. s. by West 
Baton Rouge, vr. by Atchafalaya r. separating 
it from Opelousas or Saint Landry, and from 
the parish of Avoyelles, n. e. and e. by Misp. r. 
separating it from West Feliciana, and East 
Baton Rouge. The outline is triangular, base 
along the general course of the Atchafalaya 34 
ms., perpendicular 39 ms. along the southern 
border; area 510 sq. ms. Lat. 30° 45', long. 
14° 36' w. W. C. The very slight inclination 
sthrd. The whole being a plain, elevated about 
4 or 5 ft. along the margins of the streams, but 
depressed from the water courses so as to be 
annually submerged. It extends from the efflux 
of Atchafalaya, widening as the two rivers di- 
verge from each other. In its natural state the 
surface was covered with a very dense forest, 
and the greatest part remains in tliat state. The 
soil, where sufficientty elevated for the plough, 
is exuberantly fertile. Cotton is the common 
staple, and in this parish is the highest point in 
La. where the sugar cane has been cultivated 
to any advantage. Cf. t. Point Coupee : Pop. 
1820, 4,912, 1830, 5,936. 

Point Coupee, or Cut Point, p-v. and st. jus. 
parish of Point Coupee, situated on the left 
shore of the Misp. r. opposite St. Francisville, 
and by p-r. 154 ms. above and n. w. New Or- 
leans. Lat. 30° 42'. 

Point Harmer, p-v. Washington co. 0. by 
p-r. 106 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. 

Point Ladadie, p-v. Franklin co. Mo. by p-r. 
43 ms. w, St. Louis. 

Point Pleasant, p-v. and st. jus. Mason co. 
Va. situated on the point above the junction of 
Ohio and Great Kenhawa rs. by p-r. 358 ms. a 
little s. of w. W. C. and 358 ms. n. w. by w. 
^ w. Richm'd. Lat. 38° 50', long. 5° 7' w. W. C. 

Point Pleasant, p-v. sthrn. part of Clermont 
CO. O.by p-r. 19 ms. s, Batavia, the co. st. and 
128 s. w. ( olumbus. 

Point Remove, p-v. on Arkansas r. sthrn. 
part of Conway co. Ark. by p-r. 51 ms. above 
and N. w. by w. Little Rock. This name is 
another instance of that propensity so common 
of accommodating proper names to our own 
language ; it comes from the French Point Re- 
mu, and that from a counter current in the ad- 
jacent r. 

Poland, p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 44 ms. s. s. 
w. Augusta, 30 n. Portland, s. Little Andros. 
coggin r., borders on Oxford co. on the n. w., 
and part of a small lake, which, with several 
ponds and small streams, empties into Little 
Androscoggin r. : pop. 1,916. 

Poland, p-v. in the southeastern angle of 
Trumbull co. O. 20 ms. s. e. Warren, the co. 
St., and by p-r. 283 ms. n. w. W. C, and 164 n. 
E. by E. Columbus . pop. of the tsp. of Poland, 
1,186. 

Polsley's Mills and p.o. Monongalia co. Va. 
by p-r. 235 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Pomfret, t. Windsor co. Vt. 18 ms. n. Wind- 
sor, 40 s. Montpelier, 5J ms. by 7 ; first settled, 
1770 ; is uneven, with good soil, and has White 
river n. e. and Queechy s. e. ; 13 school dists. 
There is a range of young timber in the forests, 
7 or 8 miles long, and about 500 yards wide, 



wliich appears to have grown up after a hurri- 
cane, which is supposed to have swept through 
that region about 120 years ago : pop. 1,866. 
Pomfret, p-t. Windham co. Conn. 40 ms. n. 
e. Hartford, 30 e. Providence, and w. Quine- 
baug r., about 6 ms. by 7, with about 42 sq. ms. 
It is hilly, with primitive rocks, and has a good 
soil, fiivorable to grazing. Cotton, woollen, 
&.C. are manufactured to some extent. It is 
watered by Little r. and several other branches 
of the Quinebaug. Shad are caught in Quine- 
baug r. In a wild and solitary part of the town 
is the famous cavern, in which major general 
Israel Putnam, who afterwards commanded the 
American militia at the battle of Bunker's Hill, 
performed the bold and celebrated feat of kill- 
ing a wolf. He was an inhabitant of Pomfret 
from 1739, for many years. He distinguished 
himself in the French war of 1755 as well as 
through the revolution : pop. 1,981. 

Pomfret, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 20 miles 
N. N. E. Maysville, and s. of lake Erie, has 9i) 
square miles, and is crossed n. e. and s. w by 
Chatauque ridgs, which runs parallel to the 
lake, 3 or 4 miles distance, with a smooth al- 
luvial tract of land lying between them, with a 
good sandy loam ; s. is a slaty loam, bearing 
tulip, maple, beech, hemlock and other trees. 
Canadawa cr. crosses the t. in a n. w. direction, 
and there are several smaller streams. Dun- 
kirk V. is on the lake, with a good harbor, 3 ms. 
n. e. Fredonia, and 45 s. w. Buflalo. Tiiere 
are seven ft. of water on a reef of rocks at the 
bar. From this place to Erie the shore is rocky. 
Fredonia v. stands on Canadawa or., 22 ms. 
from Maysville, and 45 from Buffalo, is on the 
Buffalo and Erie road, and is a thriving v. Bear 
and Cassadaga ponds are on the s. line of the 
t. Pop. 3,388. 

Pomona, p-v. Wake co. N. C, 14 ms. n. e. 
Raleigh. 

PoMPEY, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 11 ms. s. e, 
Onondaga, 146 w. n. w. Albany, has several 
excellent mill streams ; Butternut cr. w., and 2 
branches of Limestone cr. e., all which flow n. 
to Chitteningo cr. The surface is varied by 
hills and valleys. Traces of considerable ex- 
cavations and mounds are perceptible here, of 
unknown antiquity ; and metallic weapons and 
instruments, and even a church bell, have been 
dug up from the ground. The first settlement 
was made in 1788, and no tradition exists which 
refers to the ancient inhabitants. The mounds 
are evidently of remote construction. Three 
of them are traceable near Delphi, the largest 
of which is a triangle of about 6 acres, with a 
gateway and picquets. From numerous graves 
have been dug bones, weapons, utensils, Span. 
ish coins, &c. There are several villages in 
this t. Pompey v., Pompey w., Hill, and Del- 
phi, s. e. In the t. is an academy. On Lime- 
stone cr. are two falls, about 100 yards apart, 
which turn machinery for several manufacto- 
ries, &c. Pop. 4,812. 

Pompton, r. N. J., between Morris and Ber- 
gen COS., is a branch of Passaic r. formed by the 
union of Pequannoc, Longpond and Ramapo rs. 
and bears the name of Pompton for only 7 or 8 
ms., when it enters the Passaic at the corners 
of 3 COS., Morris, Bergen and Essex. 



POO 



4.3 



POP 



PoMPTON, t. Bergen co. N. J., 60 ms. n. n. e. 
Trenton, has N. Y. on the n. e., Sussex co. n. 
w., and Pequannoc r. s., dividing it from Morris 
CO. It is crossed n. and s. by Kingwood r., 
and is hilly and mountainous in many parts, be- 
ing rendered rough by the mountainous range 
which extends s. w. nearly across the state, and 
forms a natural line of defence, which was oc- 
cupied by the American troops during different 
periods of the revolutionary war. In advance 
of it s., is the inferior range of elevated ground 
called the Short Hills : pop 3,085. 

PoMPTON, p-v. Pequannoc, Morris co. N. J , 
5 ms. N. w- Patterson, stands on the s. side of 
Pompton r., a little n. of Pomptonmtns., and n. 
w. ofthe plain. 

PoNTCHARTRAiN, lake of La., between the al- 
luvial Delta, and the comparatively high and 
hilly interior. Inspection on a map, and still 
more actual examination of the country adja- 
cent, must convince any person that lakes Borg- 
ne, Pontchartrain and Maurepas, are the re- 
mains of a deep bay, which in remote ages pen- 
etrated upwards of 120 ms. from opposite the 
mouth of Pascagoula r. towards the Misp., and 
separating the high grounds to the n. from the 
Delta. This chain of lakes has been formed 
by alluvial protrusions into the ancient gull. 
Pearl r. and the outlets ofthe Misp., have form, 
ed a neck only traversed by the Rigolets and 
Chef Menteur straits, separating lakes Borgne 
and Pontchartrain ; and at the opposite extrem- 
ity ofthe latter, similar natural operations have 
formed a similar neck with the Bayou Man- 
chac, connecting it with lake Maurepas. From 
the high lands, lake Maurepas receives Amite, 
and Tickfolah rs. Into Pontchartrain is poured 
Tangipaha, Tchefuncte, and some smaller crs. ; 
whilst lake Borgne, or rather the Rigolets, re- 
ceive the different outlets of the large stream of 
the Pearl. The greatest length of Pontchar- 
train from the outlet ofthe Rigolets to the Pass 
of Manchac, is about 45 ms. ; greatest breadth 
25, but mean breadth 12 ms. The common 
depth from 16 to IS ft., but every where shal. 
low along shores, and in no harbor or cr. afford- 
ing a harbor of 9 ft. draught. Along the north- 
ern side the banks are low, but in part solid ; 
towards the Delta it is bordered by an uninter- 
rupted marsh. Timber covers the nrthrn., and 
open grassy plains the sthrn. side. Compared 
with the depth of the Misp. r. at New Orleans, 
the bottom of lake Pontchartrain is about 50 ft. 
elevated, and the surface about 6 ft. depressed 
below that of the Misp. at mean flood. The 
tides ofthe Gulf of Mexico, slight as they are, 
not exceeding a mean of 2^ ft., flow into Pont- 
chartrain, and are diurnally perceptible in the 
rear of New Orleans. 

PoNDicHERRY, mtn. between Jefferson and 
Bretton Woods, Coos co. N. H. 

PoNTiAc, p-v. and st. jus. Oakland co, Mich., 
situated on Clinton r. by p-r. 26 ms. n. n. w. De- 
troit, lat. 42° 37', long. W. C. 6° 15' w. 

PooLESviLLE, p-v. wstm. part Montgomery 
CO. Md., 33 ms. n. w. W. C. 

PooLEsviLLE, p.v. Spartanburg dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 112 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Poor's, p.v. Jackson co. 0., by p-r. 82 ma. s. 
s. E. Columbus. 



Pope, co. II., bndd. by Johnson w., Gallatin 
N. and N. E., Ohio r. separating it from Livings- 
ton CO. Ky. E., and the Ohio r. again separating 
it from MacCracken co. Ky. s. Greatest length 
due N. from the 0. r. opposite the mouth of 
Tenn. r. 40 ms. ; mean breadth 20 miles, and 
area 800 sq. ms. ; lat. 37° 20', long. W. C. 11° 
36' w. General slope sthestrd. towards Ohio r. 
Soil of middling quality, and surface hilly. Cf. 
t. Golconda. Pop. 3,3 16. 

Pope, co. Ark., as laid down by Tanner in 
his improved map of the U. S., is bndd. by Con- 
way E., Hot Springs co. s., Crawford w., and 
Washington n. Greatest length from s. to n. 
64 ms., mean breadth 33, area 2,100 square ms. 
Extending in lat. from 34° 42' to 35° 35' n., 
long. W. C. 15° 54' to 16° 37' w. Surface very 
diversified. The northern part slopes to the 
sthrd. and is drained by crs. falling into Ark. r. 
The main volume ofthe latter traverses the co. 
in a s. E. by e. direction. Petite Jean r. enters 
from the w. and also traverses Pope co., form- 
ing on the estrn. side part of the boundary be- 
tween it and Conway. The sthrn. section gives 
source to the extreme nrthrn. tributaries of Ou- 
achita r. In this co. are found a very contrast- 
ed scenery, from the alluvial bottoms of Ark. r. 
to mtns. of no mean elevation. On Tanner's 
map the principal t. is Dwight, but on the post 
office list Scotia is named as principal p-o. The 
centre of this co. is about 80 ms. in a direct 
line N. w. by w. Little Rock. Pop. 1,483. 

Poplar branch, p-v. Currituck co. N. C, by 
p-r. 228 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Poplar corner, p-o. Madison co. Ten., by 
p-r. 10 ms. wstrd. Jackson, the co. st. and 157 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Poplar Grove, p-o. Dinwiddle co. Va. byp-r. 
39 ms. s. Richmond. 

Poplar grove, and p-o. Iredell co. N. C. by 
p-r. 155 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Poplar grove, p-o. Newberry dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 45 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Poplar hill, p-o. Giles co. Va. by p-r. 310 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Poplar mount, p-o. Greenville co. Va. by p-r. 
56 ms. s. Richmond. 

Poplar plains, p-v. Fleming co. Ky. by p-r. 
84 ms. E. Frankfort. 

Poplar ridge, p-v. Scipio, Cayuga co. N. Y. 
4 ms. E. Cayuga lake, 14 s. w. Auburn. 

Poplar ridge, p-o. Obion co. Ten. 10 miles 
from Troy, the co. st. and by p-r. 168 miles a 
little N. of w. Nashville. 

Poplar run, p-o. Orange co. Va. by p-r. 95 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Poplar spring, p-o. Fairfield dist. S. C. 36 
ms. nrthrd. Columbia. 

Poplar springs, p-v. near the extreme north, 
western angle of Ann Arundel co. Md. It is 
situated on the western turnpike from Balti. 
more to Frederick, by p-r. 61 miles n. W. C. 

PoPLARTowN, p-v. Worcester co. Md. 12 ms. 
wstrd. Snowhill, the co. st. and by p.r. 152 ms. 
s. E. by E. W. C. 

Poplin, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 24 ms. w. 
s. w. Portsmouth, e. s. e. Concord, 50 n. n. e. 
Boston, with 10,320 acres, is watered by 
Squamscot or Exeter r. and other streams, and 
has Loon pond n., and Spruce swamp e., has 



PCR 



Incorporated 



good soil, and no high hills 
1764 : pop. 429. 

Porpoise, cape, Kennebunk port, York co. 
Me., long. 70° 23' w., lat. 43° 22', forms Ken- 
nebunk harbor, which lies at the mouth of a 
small stream. 

Portage, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 247 ms. 
w. Albany, and s. of Livingston co., is crossed 
by Genesee river which pursues a serpentine 
course from the s. to the n. line, and passes 
three falls, of 8, 66, and 110 ft. near which, on 
the w. side, is situated the village. The shape 
of the t. is regular, except at the s. w. corner: 
pop. 1,839. 

Portage, co. O. bndd. s. e. by Columbiana ; 
Stark s. ; Medina w. ; Cuyahoga n. w. ; Geauga 
N. ; and Trumbull n. e. The greatest length 
30 ms. is from e. to w. ; breadth 24, and area 
720 sq. ms. ; lat. 41° 12', long. W. C. 4° 20' w. 
This CO. is a true table land between the valleys 
of Big Beaver and Cuyahoga rs. The south, 
western angle also giving source to Tuscara- 
was r. or the nrthestrn. constituent of Musking- 
um r. The peculiar structure of the surface 
may be more particularly seen by reference to 
the article Cuyahoga r. The arable surface of 
Portage co. exceeds a mean of 1,000 ft. above 
tide water in the Atlantic, or rather more than 
an equivalent to two degrees of lat. The sur- 
face is rather level, and in part deficient in good 
fountain water. The soil moderately fertile. 
The Ohio and Erie canal traverses this co. in 
its greatest breadth and near the western bor- 
der ; and within it is the summit level of that 
work, 973 ft. above the Atlantic tides. Cf. t. 
Ravenna. Pop. 1820, 10,095, 1830, 16,963. 

Portage r. O. rising in Hancock co. inter- 
locking sources with those of Blanchard's fork 
of Maumee r. Formed by numerous creeks 
which unite in Wood co., and curving to n. e. 
enters Sandusky co. in which latter it again 
curves more estrd., finally falling into lake Erie 
after an entire comparative course of 50 ms. 
The valley of Portage lies between those of 
Sandusky and Maumee. 

Portage, p-v. sthestrn. part of Wood co. O. 
by p-r. 136 ms. n. n. w. Columbus. 

Port bay, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y. 193 ms. from 
Albany. Pop. 1,082. 

Port Byron, p-v. Cayuga co. N. Y. 

Port Carbon, flourishing p-v. Schuylkill co. 
Pa. 10 ms. wstrd. Orwigsburg, the co. St., and 
by p-r. 177 ms. n. n. e. W. C. and 69 ms. n. e. 
Harrisburg. 

Port Clinton, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa, by p-r. 
60 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Port Clinton, p-v. at the mouth of Portage 
r., into lake Erie in the nrthrn. part of Sandus- 
ky CO. O. by p-r. 117 ms. due n. Columbus. 
Pop. 116. 

Port Conway, p-v. and s-p. on Rappahannoc 
r. sthwstrn. part King George's co. Va. by p-r. 
79 ms. sthrd. W. C. 

Port Deposit, p-v. on the left bank of Sus- 
quehannah r. at its lowest falls, Cecil co. Md. 
37 ms. N. E. Baltimore, and 5 ms. above Havre 
de Grace, at the mouth of Susquehannah r. 

Porter, t. Oxford co. Me. 91 ms. s. w. Au- 
gusta, 34 s. w. Paris, lies e. of N. H., n. Ossipee 
r. which separates it from York co. Pop. 841. 



41i POR 

Porter, t. Niagara co. N. Y. 15 ms. n. w. 
Lockport, s. lake Ontario, and e. Niagara r., 
contains Youngstown village and fort Niagara. 
There is a ferry across N. r. at Youngstown. 
Niagara v. stands on the e. side Niagara r. at 
its mouth in lake Ontario, opposite Newark, 
U. Canada. It stands 15 ms. below Niagara 
falls, and 7 from Lewiston. A palisaded fort 
was made here in 1679, by the French, which, 
in 1725, was enlarged into a considerable work. 
It was surprised by the British, Dec. 19, 1813 
and delivered up in March, l815. Pop. 1,490. 

Porter, p-v. Scioto co. Ohio, by p-r. 100 ms. 
s. Columbus. 

Portersville, P-v. northern part of Butler co. 
Pa. 16 ms. n. of the borough of Butler, and by 
p-r. 252 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Portersville, p-v. Franklin county, Misp. 
about 20 ms. s. e. by e. Natchez. 

Portersville, p-v. and st. jus. Dubois co. Ind. 
situated on the left bank of the East Fork of 
White r., by p-r. 124 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis, 
lat. 38° 30', long. W. C. 9° 52' w. 

Port Genesee, or Charlotte p-v. Greece, 
Monroe co. N. Y. stands at the mouth of 
Genesee river on the shore of lake Ontario. 

Port Gibson, p-o. and st. jus. Claiborne co. 
Misp. 67 ms. from Jackson. Pop. 950. 

Port Gibson, Ark. {See Cantonment Gib. 
son.) 

Port Glasgow, v. Wolcott, Wayne co. N. 
Y. 22 ms. N. Waterloo, stands on Sodus bay, at 
the head of navigation ; it has a good harbor 
for lake vessels, and is agreeably situated. A 
good road leads to Clyde, on the Erie canal, 10 
3-4ms.s. 

Port Kent, v. Chesterfield, Essex co. N. Y. 
3 1-2 ms. E. Keeseville, 2 s. Sable river, 13s. 
Plattsburgh, and w. Lake Champlain, has a 
good harbor, with stores and docks, and serves 
as a landing place for vessels engaged in the 
transportation of iron from the extensive mines 
in the neighbourhood. 

Portland, p-t. and port of entry, Cumber- 
land CO. Me. until lately the capital of the state, 
is beautifully situated on an elevated peninsula 
in Casco bay. It is 54 ms. n. n. e. Portsmouth, 
118 N. N. E. Boston, 542 from Washington, and 
258 s. Quebec ; lying in lat. 43° 9', and long. 
6° 45' E. W. C. Portland is the principal com. 
mercial and most populous town in the state, 
has an excellent and capacious harbor, and 
seldom frozen, bounded by cape Elizabeth s. on 
which is a light house of stone, 70 ft. high ; the 
land about the harbor is generally elevated. 
Numerous isls. are in the bay to the E. on two 
of which are forts which defend the entrance of 
the harbor. Fort Preble, on Bang's isl. and 
Fort Scammel, a block-house on House island. 
Fort Burrows stands under the observatory 
bluff, on the water's edge. About 45,000 tons 
of shipping belong to this port, consisting of a 
large number of ships, brigs, schooners, sloops, 
and steamboats, and other craft. The towTi, 
(formerly Falmouth, called Portland and incor. 
porated 1786,) is handsomely laid out, and the 
style of the buildings, generally, is neat and 
convenient. A fine street, on which are sever- 
al churches and other buildings of granite, runs 
along the ridge and extends to the observatory. 



FOR 



412 



FOR 



where formerly was fort Sumner on a com- 
manding eminence. From this point the view 
is extensive and various, embracing the beauti- 
ful island scenery in the vicinity, and in clear 
weather, the peaks of the White Mountains of 
New Hampshire. The town lies principally on 
a declivity, and has the appearance of a con- 
siderable and flourishing commercial place. 
Among the public buildings is that formerly the 
state house, a court house, town hall, theatre, 
almshouse, 5 banks, besides a branch of the 
United States' bank, a custom house, academy, 
and an atheneum, to which a large library (of 
about 3,000 vols.) belongs. Besides these, 
there are 15 churches, one of which is for mar- 
iners. Education is well attended to, and 
there are numerous schools, including some of 
a high character. A company has recently 
been formed here for coal mining at Cape Eliz- 
abeth. Portland, (then called Falmouth,) was 
burnt by Capt. Mowatt, of the British sloop of 
war Canceau, Oct. 18, 1775, on the inhabitants 
refusing to deliver up their arras. The place 
was first bombarded for about 9 hours, after 
which torches were applied and about 130 
houses, (two thirds the whole number,) were 
consumed. The old church was one of the 
buildings which remained : pop. 1820, 8,581, 
1830, 12,601, 

Portland, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 8 ms. n. 
Maysville, s. lake Erie, 36 sq. ms., is crossed 
N. E. and s. w. by the Chatauque ridge, a few ms. 
from the lake shore and parallel to it, vt'ith a 
regular descent towards the water, and unbro- 
ken except by the courses of a few streams. 
On this ridge grow chestnut, beech, maple, 
hemlock and other forest trees, and on the low- 
er country, with these are found walnut, tulip, 
cucumber tree, &c. The soil is pretty good, 
and the mill seats are numerous and valuable. 
The rocks are often of mica slate. The town 
is crossed by the portage road from lake Erie 
to the head of Chatauque lake, 8 ms. passing 
through Westfield, a p-v. 1 mile from the har- 
bor, and 7 from Maysville. The harbor of Port- 
land is good, and the p-v. stands upon it 8 ms. 
from Maysville. The earth was once bored 
near this place 600 feet for salt water, without 
success : pop. 1,771. 

Portland, p-v. Dallas co. Ala. by p-r. 112 
ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Portland, Huron co. O. {See Sandusky.) 

Portland, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Foun- 
tain CO. Ind. 88 ms. n. w. Indianopolis. 

Port Lawrence, p-v. and port, on the left 
bank of Maumee r. and in the s, e. part of Mon- 
roe CO. Mich, by p-r. 55 ms. s. s. w. Detroit, 
and about 3 ms. above the mouth of Maumee 
into lake Erie. 

Port Penn, p-v. New Castle co. Del. and on 
the right bank of Delaware r. opposite Ready 
Island, 15 ms. sthrd. Wilmington, and 121 ms. 
N.E. W. C. 

Fort Republic, p-v. Rockingham co. Va. by 
p-r. 143 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Fort Royai, Caroline co. Va. p-v. on Rappa- 
hannoc r. opposite Port Conway, in King George 
CO. about 25 ms. below Fredericsburg, and by 
p-r. 78 ms. sthrd. W. C. 

Fort Royal, p-v. in the estrn. part of Mont- 



gomery CO. Ten. situated at the mouth of Sul- 
phur creek into Red r. 20 ms. eastward Ciarks. 
ville, the co. st. and by p-r. 42 miles n. w. Nash, 
ville. 

Port Royal, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Morgan co. Ind. by p-r. 16 miles s. Indian- 
opolis. 

Portsmouth, p-t. and port of entry Rocking, 
ham CO. N. H. ; the most populous tovvii in the 
state, and the only seaport. It lies on Piscata- 
qua r. which divides it from Maine, on a fine 
peninsula about 3 ms. from the ocean, in lat. 
43° 5', and long. 6° 23' e. W. C. It is 45 ms. 
E. Concord, 55 n. by e. Boston, 58 s. w. Port- 
land, and 491 from W. C. The population is 
chiefly collected near the harbor, on a hill de- 
scending towards it n. and e., and from com- 
manding points, the view is very fine. It was 
settled in 1623 by a company, of which Sir 
Ferdinando Gorges was an associate ; and 
was incorporated by Mass. in 1653, while 
N. H. was under that colony. It never suffer- 
ed from Indian attacks, the neck on the south 
being stockaded. The town originally inclu- 
ded all the peninsula formed by the river 
and the ocean. The harbor of Portsmouth is 
one of the finest in the world, rarely, or never 
freezing, owing to the excessive tides, and has 
40 feet of water in its channel at low tide. It 
is well protected from storms, being complete, 
ly land-locked, admits vessels of the largest 
class, and is defended by fort Constitution on 
Great island, fort McClary opposite, fort Sulli- 
van on Trefethen island and fort Washington 
on Pierce's island. The two latter were gar- 
risoned during the late war. The amount of 
shipping owned in Portsmouth, which includes 
nearly all belonging to the state, is quite large, 
and though not extensive, it has considerable 
coasting and other trade. (See article JSew 
Hampshire.) Portsmouth contains several hand- 
some houses of public worship ; a branch of the 
U. S. bank and 4 others ; several markets, in- 
surance offices, a custom house, academy, athe- 
neum and some other public buildings. Two 
bridges were built to Kittery, Maine, in 1822, 
across the Piscataqua, the channel of which is 
broad, and the current rapid at particular times 
of tide. The long bridge l,7o0 feet in length, 
extended across water varying from 43 to 45 
feet in depth at low tide, a distance of 900 feet, 
and crosses an island in the river. A water 
company was formed and commenced opera- 
tions in 1799, which supplies all the streets 
with good water, brought a distance of 3 ms. 
On Great isl. is a light house. On Continental 
island, which is owned by the U. S. is a navy 
yard belonging to government, and on Badger's 
island was constructed the first ship-of-the-line 
in America. It was built during the revolu- 
tion, and named the North America. Ports, 
mouth has suffered severely at different periods 
from fires. Stocking weaving has recently been 
commenced here. Pop. 1820, 7,327, 1830, 
8,082. 

Portsmouth, p-t. Newport co. R. I. 7 ms. n. 
w. Newport, about 2 ms. by 8, occupies the n. 
part of the island of R. I. with water on 3 sides, 
viz. E. bay e., Mount Hope bay n., and Narra- 
ganaet bay w., has a moderate elevation, with 



POS 



413 



POT 



slopes, a variety of soil, generally pood, with 
slate rocks. Wheat, barley and fruit flourish, 
and sheep are raised in considerable numbers. 
Fish abound along the shores. Prudence isl- 
and, and several others still smaller, belong to 
Portsmouth. A bed of anthracite coal, at the 
N. \v. corner of the town, has been worked to 
some extent, on the shore, but has been aban- 
doned; the quality being inferior to that of the 
Pa. mines. Pop. 1,727. 

Portsmouth, p-v. and st. jus. Norfolk co. Va. 
opposite the borough of Norfolk, 1^ m. distant, 
on the left bank of Elizabeth r., and at the 
mouth of the sthrn. branch, by p-r. 219 ms. s. s. 
E. W. C. Portsmouth aflbrds one of the finest 
harbors in America; ships of the largest class 
may lay with safety at the wharves. The navy 
yard is directly on the sthrn. extremity of Ports- 
mouth, and within the boundaries of the town. 
This part is called Gosport, and resembles the 
Northern Liberties of Phila. Charlestown, or 
Newtown, another suburb rapidly improving, 
stands at the opposite side from Gosport. Pop. 
2,000. 

Portsmouth, p-v. and st. jus. Scioto co. O. 
situated on the point above the junction of O. 
and Scioto rs. by p-r. 421 ms. a little s. of w. 
W. G. and 91 ms. s. Columbus, lat. 38° 42', 
long. W. C. .5° 54' w. Though rather exposed 
to river floods, from the lowness of its site, this 
is a flourishing town. Here the Ohio and Erie 
canal leaves the former, at an elevation of 474 
feet above the Atlantic tides. According to 
Flint it contains a printing office, bookstore, a 
bank, two churches, 18 stores, 4 commission 
stores, 1 druggist, 20 mechanical establish- 
ments, steam mill, market house, and the or- 
dinary county buildings. In position it has 
great and enduring advantages, as a commer- 
cial depot. Pop. 1,063. 

Port Tobacco, p-v. and st. jus. Charles co. 
Md. by p-r. 32 ms. a very little e. of s. W. C. 
and 69 s. w. Annapolis. It is situated on a 
small cr. or bay, making northward from the 
Potomoc river at the Great bend opposite King 
George's co. Va. lat. 38° 30': Pop. 500. 

Port Watson, v. Cortlandtville, Cortlandt co. 
N. Y. 3 ms. s. Homer v., w. Tioughnioga r. at 
the head of boat navigation, just below Cort- 
landt v., which is on Factory Branch. 

Port William, p-v. and st. jus. Gallatin co. 
Ky., on the point above the junction of Ken- 
tucky r. with the Ohio, by the land p-r. 57 ms. 
below and n. n. w. Frankfort, lat. 38° 40', long. 
W. C. 8° 09' w. : Pop. 323. 

Port William, p-v. sthrn. part Lawrence co. 
Ind. by p-r. 87 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Posey, sthwstrn. co. of Ind. bndd. n. by Gib- 
son, E. by Vanderburg, Ohio r. s. separating it 
from Henderson and Union cos. Ky., by Wa- 
bash r. separating it from Gallatin co. II. s. w., 
and White co. II. w. Greatest length from s. to 
N. 32 ms. ; mean breadth 16, and area 512 sq. 
ms. ; lat. 38 and long. W. C. 11° w., intersect 
near Springfield. Though bordered on the sthrd. 
by Ohio r. the slope of Posey co. is wstrd. to- 
wards the Wabash r. The surface is hilly, but 
soil productive. Cf. ts. Springfield, Harmony, 
and Mount Vernon, the st, jus. : Pop. 1820, 
4,061 ; 1830, 6,549. 

S3 



Potomac r. of Va., Md. and Pa. This river 
above Blue Ridge, is formed by the north 
branch, distinctively called Potomac, Patter. 
son's r.. South Branch, Cacapon, Back creek, 
Opequhan, and Shenandoah, from the south, 
westward, and by a series of bold, tho' com- 
paratively small streams from the nrthrd. The 
stream to which the name of Potomac is first 
applied, rises in the Alleghany chain opposite 
to the sources of Cheat and Youghioghany 
branches of Monongahela, at lat. 39° 10', long. 
W. C. 2° 30' w. Flowing thence n. e. 30 ms. 
receives from the n. Savage river, and bend, 
ing to s. E. 10 ms. traverses one or two minor 
chains of mountains, and returning to n. e. 18 
miles to the influx of V/ill's creek from the 
north at Cumberland. Now a considerable 
stream, by a very tortuous channel, but direct 
distance 15 ms. to s. e. the Potomac below 
Cumberland, breaks through several chains of 
mtns. to the influx of South Branch. The lat. 
ter is in length of course, and area drained, 
the main branch. The various sources of this 
mountain r. originate in Pendleton co. Va. lat. 
38° 25', between the Alleghany and Kittatinny 
chains. Assuming a general course of n. e. 
the branches unite in Hardy co. near Moor, 
fields, below which, in a distance comparative 
of 40 ms. to its union with the North Branch, 
the South Branch receives no considerable 
tributary. The volume formed by both branch- 
es, breaks through a mtn. chain immediately 
below their junction and bending to n. e. by 
comparative distance 25 miles, but by a very 
winding channel reaches its extreme northern 
point at Hancock's town, lat. 39° 41', and with, 
in less than 2 ms. s. of the sthrn. boundary of 
Pa. Passing Hancock's town the Potomac again 
inflects to s. E. and as above winds by a very 
crooked channel, but by comparative courses 
35 ms. to the influx of Shenandoah from the 
sthrd. Shenandoah is the longest branch of 
Potomac, having a comparative length of 130 
ms. and brings down a volume of water but 
little inferior to that of the main stream. Ha- 
ving its most remote sources in Augusta co. Va. 
interlocking sources with those of Great Calf 
Pasture branch of James r. and by Blue Ridge 
separated from those of Rivanna, as far s. as 
lat. 37° 55' almost exactly due w. of the mouth 
of Potomac into Chesapeake bay. The elonga- 
ted valley of Shenandoah is part of the great 
mtn. valley of Kittatinny, and comprises nearly 
all the cos. of Augusta, Rockingham, Page, 
and Shenandoah, with the estrn. sections of 
Frederick and .lefferson. The upper valley of 
Potomac including that of Shenandoah is in 
length from s. w. to n. e. 160 ms., where broad- 
est 75 ms., but having a mean breadth of 50 
ms., area 8,000 sq. ms. The water level of Po- 
tomac at Harper's Ferry is 288 feet above tide 
water; therefore we may assume at 350 ft. the 
lowest arable land in the valley above the Blue 
Ridge. This is equivalent to a degree of lat. 
on the aerial temperature at the lowest point of 
depression. So rapid is the rise, however, in 
crossing the valley to the foot of Alleghany 
mtn. that an allowance of 1,200 ft. is rather too 
moderate an estimate for the extremes of cul- 
tivated soil. Passing the Blue Ridge, with par. 



POT 



414 



POU 



tial windings, tiie Potomac continues s. k. by 1 tories here are various and include some iron 
comparative courses 50 ms. to the lower falls works. Water is brought into the village from 



and head of ocean tides at Georgetown. Ha 
ving in the intermediate distance received the 
Monocacy r. from the n. and some minor crs. 
from the s. similar to the Delaware, below 
Trenton, and the higher part of Chesapeake 
bay below the mouth of Susquehannah, the Po. 
tomac meeting the tide bends along the outer 
margin of the primitive rock. It is indeed very 
remarkable that the three bends, in the three 
consecutive rs. follow almost exactly the same 
geographical line, or flow from head of tide s. 
w., the Delaware 60, Chesapeake 40, and Poto- 
mac 45 ms. The latter, a few ms. below where 
it retires from the primitive, has reached within 
6 ms. of Rappahannoc r. below Fredericksburg. 
Leaving the primitive, the two latter, not far 
from parallel to each other, assume a compara- 
tive course of 75 ms. to the n. e., the interme- 
diate peninsula in no part above 22 ms. wide, 
and the distance 20 ms. from Smith's Point, on 
the s. side of the mouth of Potomac to Wind- 
mill Point, the n. side of that of the Rappa- 
hanoc. Combining the two sections above and 
below the Blue Ridge, the whole basin of Po- 
tomac embraces au area of 12,950 square miles 
or in round numbers 13,000, extending from lat. 
37= 50' to 40°, and in long, from W. C. from 0° 
45' E. to 2° 45' w. The winding of its tide 
water channel renders the navigation of the 
Potomac bay (for such it is below Georgetown) 
tedious though not dangerous. The channel 
is of adequate depth for ships of the line of 74 
guns, to the navy yard at W. C. With its de. 
fects and advantages, as a commercial and ag 
ricultural section, the basin of the Potomac is a 
very interesting object in physical and also in 
political geography. Deriving its sources from 
the main Appalachian spine the Potomac chan- 
nel has been worn through the intervening 
chains to their bases, and performed an im- 
mense disproportion of the necessary task to 
effect a water route into the valley of Ohio. 
Such a route has been commenced under the 
name of " Chesapeake and Ohio canal." {See 
article rail roads and canals.) 

Potomac, p-v. Montgomery co. Md. Neither 
position nor distance in p-o. list. 

PoTosi, p-v. and st. ju'it. Washington co. Mo., 
situated on the head waters of Big r. branch of 
Maremac r. 70 ms. s. s. w. St. Louis, and by 
the road 55 ms. w. St. Genevieve, lat. 37° 56', 
long. W. C. 13° 48' w. This place derives its 
name from being the central point of the mine 
dist. When visited by Mr. Schoolcraft in 1 818, 
it contained 80 houses and probably 400 inhab- 
itants, the ordinary co. buildings, 3 stores, 2 
distilleries, 2 flour mills, 1 saw-mill, a post 
office and 9 lead furnaces. This traveller de- 
scribes the site as a handsome eminence, dry 
and pleasant. 

Potsdam, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 25 ms. 
E. Ogdensburg, 90 w. Plattsburg, and 2l6 n. 
N. w. Albany, lias a very fertile soil, and the 
surface agreeably varied. Racket river flows 
1 1 ms. through the t. and on it are situated 
quarries of stone. The v. stands at the falls of 
this stream, 3 ms. from the s. boundary. Above 
it the r. is almost 1 Hi. across. The manufac- 



the bottom of the r. by a forcing pump : pop. 
3,661. 

Potter, co. Pa. bounded by Lycoming s., 
MacKean w., Alleghany co. of N. Y. n., Steu- 
ben CO. N. Y. N. E., and Tioga co. Pa. e. 
Length from s. to n. 37 ms., breadth 30, and 
area 1,110 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 43', and long. 1° w. 
W. C. intersect near the centre of this co. In- 
dependent of mtn. chains this is the most eleva- 
ted CO. of Pa. In the northeastern angle rises 
the Cowanesque r., flowing to the e. ; from the 
nrthrn. side rise the extreme sources of Gene- 
see r., flowing to the n. From the central and 
nrthwstrn. sections issue the higher fountains 
of Alleghany r. and the extreme nrthestrn. sour- 
ces of Ohio valley ; and finally from the south 
side issue the Sinnamahoning and Kettle crs., 
branches of the West Branch of the Susque- 
hannah. From these elements it is evident that 
Potter CO. is a real table land, giving source to 
streams flowing into the basin of St. Lawrence 
N., that of Misp. s. w., and into the Atlantic s. 
E. Mean elevation at least 1,200 ft. Cf. t. 
Coudersport : Pop. 1820, 4,836, including some 
adjacent cos., and in 1830, Potter co. alone 
1,265. 

Potter's mills, and p-o. Centre co. Pa. by 
p-r. 71 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Pottsgrove, p-v. Northumberland co. Pa. by 
p-r. 67 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Pottstown, P-v. on the left bank of Schuyl- 
kill r. and in the n. w. angle of Montgomery 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 68 ms. e. Harrisburg, and 16 
from Reading. 

Pottsville, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. on Schuyl- 
kill r. 8 ms. N. w. Orwigsburg, the co. St., and 
by p-r. 67 n. e. Harrisburg. 'This fine village, 
one of the creations of the coal mines, stands 
on the right bank of the main branch of Schuyl- 
kill river at what may be regarded the head of 
navigation; it is however connected with pla- 
ces farther distant from tide water by canals 
and rail-roads. Pottsville is seated amid mtn. 
chains, but enriched by some of the richest coal 
mines of the State, it has risen in about 12 years 
to almost a city in size. In 1833, from the 
opening of navigation to Aug. 1, 137,000 tons 
of coal were forwarded from this place to Phil. 
Pop. 1830, 2,464; in 1833 about 3,500. 

Poughkeepsie, p-t. and st. jus. Duchess co. 
N. Y. 75 ms. s. Albany, 74 n. N. Y. and 10 n. 
Newburgh, about 3^ ms. by 10, lies on the e, 
side Hudson r. and is nearly level, except w. 
where the surface is uneven and broken by 
courses of streams. Gypsum has been useful 
on the sandy soils. Fall cr. n., Wappinger's cr. 
E., and a small stream s. furnish excellent mill 
seats. Barnegat limestone, which is dug and 
burnt in the s. w. part of the town is very good. 
The village of Poughkeepsie is situated about 
a mile from the river; the ground on which it 
stands is level, and there are many neat and 
handsome buildings in the place. The principal 
street runs e. and w., or at right angles with 
the Hudson. The public buildings are several 
places of public worship, a court house, jail, a 
bank, academy, and some others. The whaling 
business has recently been introduced here, and 



POW 



415 



PRA 



thus far successfully. At the landing there is 
a considerable number of houses, stores, &c. 
and a number of sloops are engaged in business 
with New York. The Albany steamboats stop 
here several times in the day during the season 
of navigation: Pop. 7,222. 

PouLTNEY, r. Rutland co. Vt. is a small 
stream, rising in Tinmouth, and after running 
a few ms. w. marks a part of the boundary be- 
tween this state and N. Y., till it falls into the 
head of E. bay, an arm of lake Champlain. It 
is about 25 ms. long, and Castleton and W. Ha. 
van rs. are its branches. In 1783, during a 
high flood, Poultney r. cut through a ridge near 
E. bay, which had before dammed it up, and 
made a chamiel 100 ft. deep, destroying for a 
time all sloop navigation in E. bay. By the 
force of the current and the works of a compa- 
ny formed for the purpose, the obstructions 
have been greatly removed. 

Poultney, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 13 ms. s. w. 
Rutland, 10 ms. e. Whitehall, 46 n. Benning- 
ton, 60 s. w. Montpelier, 7 s. Castleton, and e. 
of Hampton N. Y., is crossed by Poultney r. 
and its branches, and has 35 sq. ms. It was first 
settled 1771, is well supplied with mill seats, 
and has an agreeable surface and a fertile soil, 
especially in the river meadows. There are 
2 vs., a female academy, &c. Pop. 1,509. 

PouNDRTDGE, p.t. Westchcster co. N. Y., 139 
ms. s. Albany, 15 e. Hudson r., 12 n. L. Island 
sound, and 5 s. e. Bedford ; is supplied with 
mill seats by Mechanus cr. on the w. line ; some 
of the streams of Croton r. &c. The surface 
is uneven, with much stony land. Pop. 1,437. 

Powell's Tavern, and p-o. Goochland co. 
Va., by p.r. 15 ms. w. Richmond. 

PowELTON, p-v. Richmond co. N. C, 15 ms. 
sthrd. Rockingham, the co. seat, and by p-r. 128 
ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

PowELTON, p-v. on Great Ogeeche r. in the 
nthestrn. part Hancock co. Geo. by p-r. 15 ms. 
N. E. Sparta, the co. seat, and 37 n. e. Milledge- 
ville. 

PowERViLLE, v., Morris co. N. J., 8 ms. n. by 
E. Morristown ; on Morris canal and Rockaway 
r., near the falls. 

Powhatan, co. Va., bndd. by Chesterfield s. 
E., Appomattox river separating it from Amelia 
s. w., Cumberland w., and James r. separating 
it from Goochland n. Length 25 ms., mean 
breadth 10, and area 250 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 34', 
and long. W. C. 1° w. intersect in this co. It 
contains two opposing slopes ; one sthwstrd. 
towards the Appomattox ; but the second, to the 
nrthestrd. towards James r. includes much the 
larger section. Cf. t. Scottsville. Pop. 1820, 
8,292, 1830, 8,517. 

Powhatan, p-v. Madison co. O. 

Powhatan Point, and p-o. Belmont co. O., 
by p-r. 155 ms. e. Columbus. 

PowNAL, p-t. Cumberland co. Maine, is of 
small size and irregular form, 35 ms. s. s. w. 
Augusta, 18 N. E. Portland. Pop. 1830, 1,308. 

PowNAL, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 56 ms. s. w. 
Rutland, 30 w. Brattleboro' ; lies n. Williams, 
town, Mass., e. Hoosac, N. Y. ; with 25,000 
acres; first settled 1761. It is uneven, with 
good soil for grass. Hoosac r. flows n. w. into 
N. York, afibrding good mill sites, and water 



tracts of meadow land; several brooks in the 
N E. which form head water ot Wallamsack r. ; 
13 school dists. Pop. 1,!!34. 

Powow, r. N. H. a good mill stream, rises in 
Kingston, and after a devious course, falls into 
the Merrimac on the line of Amesbury, in 
which town is its principal fall, where it de- 
scends 100 ft. in about 275 yards. 

Prairie, from the French language, signi- 
fies literally meadows. It is a term occur. 
ring so frequently in the geography of the 
United States, that we have deemed it requi- 
site to introduce it as an article, in order to 
explain the true meaning, and describe the 
features of country intended by the term. Pre 
in French, means a meadow in the common 
acceptation of the word, whilst prairie is the 
superlative, and used for a large and indefinite 
space covered with grass. The term prairie, 
therefore, is perfectly applicable to the immense 
open grassy spaces in N. America, wliich, with 
partial interruptions, extend from the Gulf of 
Mexico to the Arctic ocean, and of course 
traverse the whole territory of the U. States 
along the great slope falling estrd. from the 
Chippewayan system towards the Appalachian, 
though in no place actually reaching the latter. 
In their external features and relations to the 
great mtn. systems of the two continents, the 
steppes of Asia, and prairies of N. America, 
have a complete specific resemblance. The 
Asiatic steppes commence in fact in Europe, m 
the valley of the Wolga, from whence, follow- 
ing the great system, known by the respective 
names of Altai, Stavonoy, and Yablony mtns., 
spread across the whole continent of Asia, 
from the Caspian sea to that of Ochotz. As in 
N. A., the Asiatic steppes follow the mountain 
chains, and are traversed at or near right angles 
by the rivers. Called by either name, these 
grassy spaces partake of all the varieties of 
soil and surface of regions covered with forest. 
It is very erroneous to suppose the prairies ne- 
cessarily plains ; the real fact is, that strictly 
speaking small parts only of the prairies are 
level plains. In the southwestern part of La., 
and skirting along the Gulf of Mexico, over 
the sea border of Texas, the prairies are level 
plains, but advancing northwards they exhibit 
every variety of surface and of soil, and when 
traversed to their termination on the Arctic 
ocean, sink again to level plains. The La. 
prairies are perfectly congenial to the growth 
of every species of forest tree, that the climate 
will admit, and where fertile, are equally with 
woodland adapted to every object of agricul- 
ture, gardening, or orchard. This statement 
is made from personal experience ; the writer 
of this article resided 8 years in Opelousas and 
Attacapas, or in the prairie section of La. The 
llanos, or pampas, of South America, spreading 
along the great eastern slope of the Andes, are 
specifically prairies, with similar variety of soil 
and surface. 

Prairie, p-o. Perry co. Ala., by p.r. 68 ms. s. 
E. Tuscaloosa. 

Prairie Creek, p.o. southern part Vigo co. 
Ind. 17 miles southward Terre Haute, the co. 
seat, and by p.r. 100 miles s. w. by w. Indian, 
opolis. 



PRE 



416 



PRI 



PiiAiRiE DE Long, p-o. Monroe co. II., by p-r. 
87 nis. s. w. Vimdalia. 

PiiATRiE DU CiijKN, p-v. and St. jus. Crawford 
CO. Mich, or more correctly Huron, is situated 
on the point above their junction, and between 
the Misp. and Oniscoiisin rs., as stated in the 
p-o. list, by p-r. 1,0G0 jus. If we compare the 
bearing and distance of Galena, which may be 
seen by reference to that article, we may see 
that Prairie du Chien bears about n. 70 w. from 
W. C, and the direct distance within a small 
fraction of 800 statute miles : pop. including 
that of the military station at fort Crawford, 692. 
Fort Crawford is adjoining to the village of 
Prairie du Chien. 

Prairie Ronde, p-o. Kalamazoo co. Mich., 
about 140 ms. nearly due w. Detroit. 

Prattsburg, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 2.30 ms. 
w. Albany, 14 n. Bath ; has an imeven surface, 
and is watered by Five Mile creek, and streams 
of Crooked lake and Conhocton cr., on which 
are mill seats : pop. 2,402. 

Prattsburg, p-v. Warren co. Misp., about 
50 miles above, and by the road n. n. e. 
Natchez. ■:.. 

Preble, p-t. Cordrland co. N. Y., 138 ms. w. 
Albany, 7 n. Homer, 21 s. Salina, s. TuUy, 
Onondaga co., e. Cayuga co. ; 5 miles square ; 
has brooks of Tioiighnioga creek, a hilly sur- 
face favorable for grazing, and rich vallies, 
where the rocks are limestone and slate. First 
settled 1800, by New Englanders, Germans 
and Dutch. Maple, beech, bass, elm, nut 
woods, and some hemlock and pine grow 
here ; and there are a few ponds. Preble 
Flats, 2 miles wide, cross the town n. and s. : 
pop. 1,43.5. 

J'keble, CO. Ohio, bndd. N. by Darke, Mont- 
gomery E., Butler s.. Union, Ind. s. w., and 
Wayne, Ind. n. w. Length from s. to n. 24 
ms., breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 
45', long, W. C. 7° 40' w. General slope s. e., 
and drained in that direction by St. Clair and 
Franklin creeks branches of Great Miami. 
The soil productive. Chief town Fiaton : pop. 
16,291. 

Prescott, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 76 ms. 
w. Boston, 15 N. e. Northampton ; is watered 
by several streams of Swift r., and has an 
uneven surface, with good grass land : pop. 
758. 

Preston, p-t. New London co. Conn., 44 
miles s. s. e. Hartfjrd, 5 miles s. e. Norwich, 
w. and s. e. Thames and Quinebaug rivers ; 
has an irregular form, containing about 30 
square miles. It is uneven, rocky, with a 
pretty good soil. First settled 1686 : pop. 
1,934. 

Preston, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 5 ms. w. 
Norwich, 115 w. byS. Albany, has a good soil, 
bearing maple, beech, bass, elm, &c., and favor- 
able to grain ; watered by small streams of 
Chenango r. : pop. 1,213. 

Preston, co. Va., bndd. s. by Randolph, Mo- 
nongalia w., Fayette co. Pa. n., and Alleghany 
CO. Md. E. The greatest length from s. to n. 36 
ms., mean breadth 13, and area 463 sq. miles. 
Lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 2° 38' w. The main 
Alleghany chain extends northwardly along the 
eastern border of this co., and the Chesnut 



ridge separates it from Monongalia on the w. 

The body of the co. is a mountain valley be. 

tween the two chains. Cheat river enters the 

southern side, and winding to n. n. w., divides 

It into two not very unequal sections. Though 

generally broken, rocky, and in part mountain. 

ous, Preston contains some excellent soil. Cf. 

town, Kingwood : pop. 1820, 3,428 ; 1830, 

5,144. 

Preston, p.v. in the southwestern part of 

Hamilton co. O., by p-r. 127 ms. s. w. Columbus. 
pRKSTONBURG, p-v. and St. jus. Floyd county 

Ky., on the w. fork of Sandy r., by p-r. 142 ms. 

s. E. by E. Frankfort, Lat. 37° 37', long. VV. 

C. 5° 38' w. Pop. 81. 

Prestonville, p.v. Rhea co. Ten., by p-r. 

147 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 
Prewett's Knob, p-o. Barren co. Ky., by p-r. 

118 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. 
Priestford, p-o. Harford co. Md. 
Prince Edward, co. Va. bndd. s. e. by Lu- 
nenburg, s. and s. w. Charlotte, w. Campbell, 

N. w. and N. Buckingham, n. e. Cumberland and 
Amelia, and e. Nottaway. Length from e. to 

w. 32 ms., mean breadth 8, and area 256 sq, 
ms. Lat. 37° 12', long. W. C. 1° 30' w. This 

CO. is bndd. along its whole northern border 
and greatest length by Appomattox r., and of 
course slopes in the direction of that stream or 
eastv/ard. The southern and central parts have 
a counter slope to n. e., and drained by numer- 
ous crs. falling into Appomattox r. This is 
one of the best peopled and most enlightened 
cos. of Va. In 1820, the pop. stood at 12,577, 
and in 1830, at 14^107, or 55 to the sq. ni. Of 
the latter aggregate 5,039 were whites. There 
are 12 post offices, and Hampden Sidney col- 
lege is located in this co. The following in. 
formation was forwarded to the editor. " This 
CO. derives great advantage from the naviga. 
tion of the Appomattox. A large part is fer. 
tile, well watered, and highly cultivated, 
Hampden Sidney college, has in this county an 
elevated, dry, and remarkably healthful situa- 
tion, 80 ms. s. w. Richmond. The college was 
founded in 1775. The charter is as liberal 
and ample as that of any college in the U. States, 
The following proi'essorships have been estab- 
lished : the president is the professor of men. 
tal philosophy, rhetoric, moral philosophy, and 
natural law ; besides which are the ch- irs of 
chemistry, natural philosophy, mathematics, 
and the learned languages. The philosophical 
apparatus, and libraries of the college, philan. 
thropic, the union, and philosophical societies 
are ample. The permanent college funds are 
vested in lands and bank stock. A preparatory 
academy is annexed to the college, in which 
those studies only are taught, that are required 
for admission into the lowest college class. 
The number of students is about 60, and the li. 
brary contains about 7,000 vols. The annual 
expense of a student is jJ^lSO, including board, 
tuition, room rent, washing, and servant's hire. 
The Union theological seminary, also located 
in this CO., commenced operations in 1824. 
There are in the institution 3 professors and an 
assistant, and about 50 students. The library 
contains 3,000 vols. 

Prince Edward, c. h., and p-o. Prince Ed- 



PRI 



417 



PRI 



ward CO. Va. by p-r. 75 ms. s. w. by w. Rich- 
mond. 

Prince Fredeeicktown, p.v. and st. jus. 
Calvert co. Md. by p-r. 56 ras. s. e. W. C. and 
63 ms. s. Annapolis, lat. 38° 32', long. W. C. 0° 
28' E. 

Prince George, co. Va. bounded by Surry 
s. E., Sussex s., Dinwiddie w., Appomattox 
r. separating it from Ciiesterfield n. w., James 
r. separating it from Charles City co. n. and 
N. E. Length from e. to w. 26 ms., mean breadth 
12, and area 312 sq. ms., lat. 37° 10', and long. 
W. C. 20' w. Though bordered on two sides 
by Appomattox and James rs., the far greatest 
part of the surface slopes s. e. and is drained 
by the sources of Blackwater r., and some con- 
fluents of Nottaway r. ; of course its water is 
tributary to Albemarle sound, by Chowan r. 
Chieft. City Point. Pop. 1820, 8,030 ; 1830, 
8,367. 

Prince George's co. Md., bndd.s. by Charles, 
s. w. Potomac r. separating it from Fairfax co. 
Va., District of Columbia w., Montgomery co. 
N. w., and the Patuxent r. separating it from Ann 
Arundel co. n. e., and Calvert s. e. Greatest 
length 40 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 600 
sq. ms. The meridian of W. C. passes along 
the wstrn. border, whilst the northern angle is 
traversed by lat. 39°. The dividing ridge be- 
tween the confluents of Potomac and Patuxent, 
traverses this co. from s. to n., dividing it into 2 
very nearly equal sections. The surface is 
generally hilly, though much of the soil is ex- 
cellent. Cf. t. Upper Marlboro. Pop. 1820, 
20,216; 1830,20,474. 

Princess Ann, p-v. sea port, and st. jus. Som- 
erset CO. Md., situated on Manokin r. near the 
head of tide water, by p-r. 144 ms. s. e. by e. 
W. C. and 107 ms. s. e. Annapolis, lat. 38° l2', 
long. W. C. 1° 18' E. It is a place of consider- 
able commerce, and contains a bank, the ordin- 
ary CO. buildings, and several places of public 
worship. It stands IS ms. above the mouth of 
the Manokin into Chesapeake bay. 

Princess Ann, sthestrn. co. of Va., bndd. by 
Norfolk CO. w., Chesapeake bay n., Atlantic 
ocean e., and Currituck co. N. C. s. Length 
irom s. to N. 30 ms., mean breadth l2, and area 
360 sq. ms. Lat. 36° 45', and long. W. C. 1° 
E. intersect near its centre. Though in general 
level, it is a table land, discharging the sources 
of the east branch of Elizabeth's r. wstrd. ; the 
various branches ofLynhavenr. into Lynhaven 
bay northwards, and the confluents of Currituck 
sound sthrd. Cf. t. Princess Ann c. h. Pop. 
1820,8,730; 1830,9,102. 

Princess Ann, c. h., p-v. and st. jus. Princess 
Ann CO. Va., by p-r. 23 ms. s. e. by e. Norfolk, 
lat. 36° 44', long. 0° 57' e. W. C. 

Princess' Bridge, and p.o. eastern part of 
Chatham co. N. C, 23 ms. a little s. of w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Princeton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 52 ms. 
w. Boston, and 16 n. Worcester, has a soil very 
favorable to agriculture, but contains Wachu- 
settmtn. The land embraced by the present t. 
bore the same name in the Indian language. 
This solitary eminence is 3,000 ft. above the 
ocean, and is often ascended on accomit of the 
extensive and delightful view enjoyed from its 



summit. The v. is situated a little distance up 
the side of the mtn. Pop. 1,346. 

Princeton, p-t. Schenectady co. N. Y., 20 
ms, N. w. Albany, 7 w. Schenectady. It is of 
irregular form and is crossed by Norman's 
Kill cr. E. and has several brooks n. which flow 
into the Mohawk. The surface and soil are 
various, and some of the principal eminences 
afford fine views : Pop. 812. 

Princeton, borough, N. J. between West 
Windsor, Middlesex co. and Montgomery, Som- 
erset CO., 10 ms. N. E. Trenton, 10 s. w. New 
Brunswick, 50 s. w. N. Y. and 40 n. e. Phil., is 
a pleasant place, not large, containing about 110 
dwellings, and is the seat of Nassau Hall (New 
Jersey) college, and also the theological sem- 
inary of the Presbyterian church. The princi- 
pal buildings of these two institutions are of 
stone, and are spacious. Nassau Hall is 4 sto- 
ries high, 170 ft. long and 50 deep ; it is ven- 
erable in its appearance, shaded by trees, and 
has 60 apartments for students, besides a chap- 
el. The rooms for the libraries, recitation, 
philosophical apparatus, museum, refectory, and 
the societies, are in 2 adjacent buildings, 30 ft. 
by 60. ThiS college was founded in 1746 ; was 
first located at Elizabethtown, afterwards re- 
moved to Newark, and was finally permanently 
located at Princeton in 1757. It was founded 
by the Synod of N. Y., and many distinguished 
men have been educated within its walls. It is 
now, and has long been highly prosperous. The 
faculty is composed of a president and vice pre. 
sident; beside 10 others, professors and teach- 
ers. Number of alumni, 1833, 1,930 ; Students, 
133; commencement is on the last Wednesday 
in Sept. In the College library are 8 000 vols., 
and in those of the Students 4,000. The theo- 
logical seminary was founded in 1812, and is 
devoted to the education of young men destined 
for the ministry. There are 3 professors, and 
23 scholarships. The number of students is 
now, (1833,) about 95, and the course of in- 
struction embraces a term of 3 years. Prince- 
ton is celebrated as the field of a battle, very 
important in its results, between the Americans 
under the command of Gen. Washington, and 
a British force, during the war of the Revolu- 
tion. The latter, after having taken refuge in 
Nassau Hall college, the same now standino-, 
were forced to surrender, Jan. 3, 1777. 

Princeton, p-v. Washington co. Misp. by 
p-r. 100 ms. N. N. E. Natchez. Pop. 2u0. 

Princeton, p-v. Jackson co. Ten. by p-r. 107 
ms. N. E. by e. Nashville. 

Princeton, p-v. and st. jus. Caldwell co. Ky. 
situated on the summit ground between the val- 
lies of Cumberland and Tradewater rs. by p.r. 
229 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and 59 ms. a lit- 
tle N. of w. Russellville, lat. 37° 02', long W 
C. 10° 54' west: Pop. 366. 

Princeton, p-v. Liberty tsp. sthrn. angle of 
Butler CO. O. 20 ms. a little e. of n. Cincinna. 
ti, and 98 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus : Pop. 33. 

Princeton, p-v. and st. jus. Gibson co. Ind. 
situated on the summit ground between the val- 
ley of Patoka r. branch of Wabash r. and the 
sources of Pigeon cr. flowing into O. r. by p-r. 
141 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, lat. 38° 22', long. 
W. C. 10° 38' w. 



PRO 



418 



PRO 



Printer's Retreat, and p-o. Switzerland co. 
Ind. Ill ms. s. e. Itidianopolis. 

Prospect, p-t. Waldo co. Me, 52 miles e. 
Augusta, 15 N. w. Castine, and 227 n. n. e. 
Boston; lies on the west side of Penobscot r., 
and north of Belfast bay, opposite Orphan isl., 
and includes Brigadier isl. in the Penobscot. It 
has a few small streams : Pop. 2,383. 

Prospect, p-t. New Haven co. Conn. 12 ms. 
N. by w. New Haven, is crossed by the West 
Rock range of hills, and has a few small streams 
which flow into the Quinnipiack and other rs. 
emptying at New Haven harbor : Pop. 651. 

Prospect, p-o. Prince Edward co. Va. by p-r. 
80 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Prospect Hill, and p-o. Fairfax co. Va. 9 
ms. wstrd. W. C 

Prospect Hill, p-o. Caswell co. N. C. by 
p-r. 59 ms. n. w. Raleigh. 

Protho's Mills, and p-o. Orangeburgh dist. 
S. C. 38 ms. s. w. Columbia. 

Providence go., R. I. bndd. by Norfolk and 
Worcester cos. Mass. n., Bristol co., Mass. e., 
Kent CO. and Narraganset r. s., and the line of 
Conn. w. It is about 17 ms. broad by 22 long, 
containing about 380 sq. ms. and iaithe largest 
CO. in the state. It has an irregular surface and 
is in some parts rough; most of the rocks are 
primitive, with some transition and limestone. 
The soil is most favorable to grass, and fruit 
thrives. The timber is various. Water power 
is abundant, and there are manufactories of 
many kinds carried on in different parts of the 
CO. Pawtucket r. crosses the co. on the n. e., 
and Sekonk r., into which it falls, is on the line 
of Mass. Pawtuxet flows s., and there are oth- 
er streams, as the Mashasuc and Wanasqua- 
tucket. The Blackstone canal, which commen. 
ces at Providence and soon after strikes along 
the course of Blackstone or Pawtucket r., pur- 
sues it to Worcester, Mass. and affords an im- 
portant channel of transportation to many man- 
ufacturing and agricultural places. Cotton is 
the principal article of manufacture in this co. 
The first machinery every erected in America 
in this manufacture was first set up in Provi- 
dence, and afterwards in the village of Paw- 
tucket. The commerce of this co. is extensive, 
and almost the whole foreign commerce of the 
state is centered at Providence, which is the 
St. jus. of the CO. The Canton trade of that city 
is very extensive. Pop. 1820, 35,736, 1830, 
47,018. 

Providence, city and sea port, Providence 
CO. R. I., the most commercial and populous 
town in the state, and second in pop. in New 
England. It is situated in lat. 40° 51', and in 
long. 5° 37' E. W. C, at the head of Narragan- 
set bay, 30 ms. from Newport and the ocean, 
42 s. w. Boston, 58 n. e. New London, 70 e. 
Hartford, 190 n. e. N. Y., and 394 n. e. Wash- 
ington. The town contains about 9. sq. ms., is 
separated from Mass. by Seekonk r., and the 
two streams which form Providence r. unite 
within it, and afford an abundance of fish. The 
city is divided by the latter stream nearly in the 
centre, which is here navigable for vessels of 
900 tons burthen; two fine bridges across it 
unite the two parts of the city. Providence is 
well laid out, and viewed from several eminen- 



ces within the city, or from the bay, its appear- 
ance is fine and imposing. The calamities which 
it has several times suffered by storms, floods, 
and particularly an extensive fire in 1801, 
and the great storm of 1815, when 500 build- 
ings were destroyed, have ultimately tended 
to the improvement of the city, in its streets 
and buildings. These are mostly of wood, 
and are uniformly neat ; there are many how. 
ever, of brick, granite, &c., which are spacious 
and elegant, and finely situated. The public 
buildings are numerous, and several of them are 
very handsome. Among these is the arcade, a 
noble edifice of stone 222 feet in length, with 
two fronts of granite, 72 feet wide, and colon- 
ades of 6 columns each, 25 feet high, the 
shafts of which are single blocks 22 feet in 
length. Thi,^ building was completed in 1828, 
and cost ^130,000. There are 14 churches, 
some of which are in fine taste. There are al- 
so a state house, the Dexter asylum (for the 
poor), the building occupied by the Friends' 
boarding school, and two edifices belonging to 
Brown University : these are all of brick, and 
the three latter are finely located on a very com- 
manding eminence. Providence is well situa- 
ted for commercial enterprise, and internal im- 
provements have recently added much to its 
prosperity. The foreign and coasting trade are 
both extensive, as the commerce of the statB, 
which was formerly concentrated at Newport, 
is now chiefly transferred to this place. Sev- 
eral lines of packets, beside other vessels, run 
regularly to diff'erent parts of the U. S., and the 
facilities for internal communication are nu- 
merous. The trade with Canton has for some 
years been quite large. — The duties collected 
in 1831 amounted to ,$227,000 ; the imports of 
the same year to |457,000, and the exports to 
^329,000. The registered amount of shipping 
wasmore than 12,000 tons ; there are in the city 
4 insurance companies, with a capital of $360,- 
000 ; a branch of the U. S. bank, with a capital 
of $800,000, and 16 other banks, with an ag- 
gregate capital of $4,602,000, including a bank 
for savings, the capital of which is $100,000. 
The Blackstone canal, which extends from 
Providence to Worcester, passing near numer- 
ous manufactories, adds much to the trade of 
the city, as does the manufacturing v. of Paw- 
tucket, one of the most important in the coun- 
try, and to which leads one of the finest roads 
in the U. S. The Boston and Providence rail 
road, which is to be commenced immediately, 
will probably be productive of still greater ben- 
efits. A branch of it is to extend to Taunton, 
Mass., and another to New London, Conn., so 
as to connect the land transportation of the N. 
York and Boston route, with Long Island sound 
at the latter place ; the navigation round point 
Judith being exposed, and sometimes danger- 
ous. Steamboats of the largest and finest kind, 
keep up a daily communication with N. Y. dur- 
ing the season of navigation, and in connection 
with them are several lines of stage coaches, 
which run to Boston in 6 or 7 hours. Providence, 
as well as the state of which it is the chief t., is 
distinguished for its numerous manufactories. 
There are 4 of cotton, with a capital of $327,- 
500, and consuming annually nearly half a million 



PRO 



419 



PUL 



pounds of cotton, from which are woven about 
1,500,000 yards of cloth, valued at about $250,- 
000 ; there are three bleacheries, two of which 
bleach about 3,300,000 pounds of cotton annual- 
ly, which is an equivalent to about 13,200,000 
yds. ; there are also 4 dye houses, 4 iron found- 
ries, and 7 machine shops, manufacturing an- 
nually about $300,000 worth of machinery, 
chiefly for cotton factories ; three brass found- 
ries, 2 for the manufacture of steam engines ; 
10 tin, copper, sheet iron, and coal grate es- 
tablishments ; 27 jewellers' establishments, 
manufacturing jewelry, &c. to the value of 
about $230,000 ; and a glass factory, where 
cut and flint glass to the amount of $70,000, 
is annually manufactured ; besides these are 
various other manufactories of combs, oil, 
soap, candles, hats, boots, shoes, &c. &c. It 
is estimated that not less than 3,000 persons are 
regularly employed, or are principally occupied 
in the larger manufacturing establishments in 
the city. In addition to all these, a capital of 
more than ^2,000,000, owned in Providence, is 
invested in various manufactures in other parts 
of the state. Brown University, transferred 
from Warren to Providence in 1770, was found, 
ed in 1764. Its two buildings are spacious ; 
four stories high each, and one 150, the other 
120 ft. long, and contains rooms for the oflScers 
and students, library and philosophical rooms, 
and a chapel. The philosophical apparatus is 
now very complete ; recent eflbrts have en- 
larged its means, and the present condition of 
this institution is comparatively prosperous. A 
new building, the gift of Hon. Nicholas Brown, 
is about to be erected ; it is to be of brick, 3 
stories high, 86 ft. long and 42 deep, and is to 
include a chapel, library, philosophical, lecture, 
and other rooms. A subscription was lately 
commenced, to raise the sum of $26,000, the 
proceeds of which is to be applied to the pur- 
chase of books, philosophical and chemical ap- 
paratus, &c. This sum will undoubtedly be 
raised. The officers of this institution are, a 
president, and five professors and tutors. Num- 
ber of students 1832 — 3, 133 ; the several li- 
braries contain about 12,000 vols., of which 
6,000 belong to the library of the college. The 
total number of alumni, 1832 — 3, 1,219 ; com- 
mencement is on the 1st. Wednesday in Sep. 
tember. This is the principal literary institu- 
tion in the state ; besides it, and the Friends' 
boarding school (which belongs to the Friends 
of N. England,) there are several grammar, 
primary, and other schools in the city. There 
are two daily, and eight other newspapers pub- 
lished here. Providence was originally found- 
ed in 1636, by Roger Williams, who was ban- 
ished from the Plymouth colony for avowing 
the doctrine that all denominations of Chris- 
tians are equally entitled to the protection of 
the civil magistrate. In 1644, this settlement 
was permitted to establish a government for 
itself, mdependent of Mass. ; and in 1663, a 
charter was granted by the king to the Provi- 
dence plantations, which extended the right of 
voting to all except Roman Catholics. In 1831 , 
Providence was incorporated as a city, and its 
municipal government organized : pop. 1810, 
10,071 ; 1820, 11,767 ; and in 1830, 16,833, of 



which 8,701 were on the e., and 8,132 on the 
w. side of the river. 

Providence, or Narraganset river. Provi- 
dence CO. R. I., is formed by the union of See- 
konk river, and another branch which meet 
at Providence. It is deep enough for large 
ships, forms the harbor of that town, and a 
short distance below, falls into Providence bay. 
Providence, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 42 ms. 
N. w. Albany, 15 n. w. Ballston Spa, 20 n. Sche- 
nectady, E. Montgomery co., 6 ms. by 7, is hilly 
N. E., crossed by Kayderosseras rntn. and else- 
where uneven, with Sacandaga r. n. w., and 
several small streams. The soil is favorable 
for grass : pop. 1,579. 

Providence, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., 10 ms. n. 
E. Wilkes-Barre, and by p-r. 130 ms. n. e. Har- 
risburg. 

Providence, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 5 
ms. s. e. Charlotte, the co. St., and 135 ms. by 
p-r. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Providence, p-v. in the wstrn. part of Hop- 
kins CO. Ky., by p-r. 17 ms. wstrd. Madison- 
ville, the co. St., and 217 ms. s. w. by w. Frank- 
fort. 

Province'^wn, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., 50 
ms. s. e. Boston, (116 by land,) is on the n. 
point of Cape Cod, with the ocean n. and e., 
and Cape Cod bay w. It is in the form of a 
hook, being inwards w. and s., and enclosing 
Provincetown bay, which is almost shut in by 
land, with an opening s., with water enough for 
ships of the largest size. The soil is a loose, 
sterile and shifting sand ; and the houses of the 
V. which stands on the n. w. side of the bay, are 
very small, and built on piles so that the winds 
blow under them. The inhabitants are devoted 
to fishing, and take and cure great quantities of 
cod annually. There are no wharves in the 
harbor ; the land is not cultivated. This was 
the place first visited by the N. England pil- 
grims, who spent a little time here in Dec. 1620, 
before they proceeded to Plymouth. Lat. 42° 
3' N., long. 70° 9' w. Pop. 1,710. 

Pruntytown, p-v. estrn. part of Harrison co. 
Va., and near the ferry over Tygart's Valley r., 
20 ms. N. E. by e. Clarksburg the co. St., and by 
p-r. 209 ms. n. w. by w J w. W. C. 

Pryor's Vale, p-o. Amherst co. Va., by p-r. 
191 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

PoGHTowN, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Chester 
CO. Pa., situated on French cr. 35 ms. n. w. by 
w. Phila. 

Pulaski, p-v. and half shire, Richland, Oswe. 
go CO. N. Y., 153 ms. from Albany, 27 n. e. 
Oswego, 30 s. Sacket's Harbor, 36 n. Salina, 60 
N. w. Utica, on Salmon creek, 3^ ms. from its 
mouth on lake Ontario. The harbor at its mouth 
receives vessels of 60 or 70 tons. 

Pulaski, co. Geo. bndd. n. by Twiggs, n. e. 
Lawrens, s. e. Telfair, and by Ocmulgee r. 
separating it from Dooley s. w. and Houston n. 
w. Length from s. e. to n. w. 34 ms., breadth 
20, and area 680 sq. ms. n. lat. 32° 20', long. 6° 
22' w. W. C. Slope s. e., and in that direction 
it is traversed by different branches of Auchen- 
hachee r. a small confluent of Ocmulgee ; and 
the latter flows in a similar course along the 
southwestern border. Cf. t. Hartford. Pop. 
4,906. 



PUT 



420 



PUT 



Pulaski, p-v. and st. jus. Giles co. Ten. by 
p-r. 77 ms. a little w. of s. Nashville, n. lat. 35° 
08', long. 10° w. W. C. 

Pulaski, co. Ky. bndd. w. by Wolf cr., sepa- 
rating it from Russell, Casey n. w., Lincoln n., 
Rockcastle n. e., Rockcastle creek, separating 
it from Whitley e., and Cumberland r. separa- 
ting it from Wayne s. Length from e. to w. 
40 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 640 sq. ms. 
N lat. 37°, and long. 7° 30' intersect in the 
southern part of this co. Slope southward to- 
wards Cumberland r. Cf. t. Somerset. Pop. 
y,500. 

Pulaski, a p-v. named in the p-o. list as be- 
ing situated in Allen co. Ind., but from the dis- 
tance given from Indianopolis 214 ms. a very 
extravagant allowance would be requisite to 
bring it into any part of Ind. There is no point 
in Allen co. 150 ms. by the road from Indian, 
opolis. 

Pulaski, co. of Ark. bndd. by Clark s.. Hot- 
springs CO. w., Conway n. w., Jackson n. e., 
Monroe e., and Jefferson s. e. Length from s. 
w. to N. E. 100 ms., mean breadth 40, and area 
4,000 sq. ms. These boundaries are, however, 
vague, and given as being merely relative. The 
town of Little Rock, st. jus. and capital of Ark. 
stands on the right bank of Arkansas r. n. lat. 
34° 42', long. W. C. 15° 15' w. Slope sthestrd. 
and in that direction traversed by the main vol- 
ume of Arkansas r. The nrthestrn. section is 
drained by the sources of Big Meto, and some 
confluents of White r., whilst from the sth- 
westrn. portion flow the higher tributaries of the 
Saline br. of Ouachita r. The features of this 
CO. are much varied, from deep alluvion liable 
to annual submersion to mtns. of considerable 
elevation. It presents also dense forests and 
extensive prairies. Pop. 2.395. 

PuLTENEY, Vt. (See Poultney.) 

PuLTENEY, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 230 ms. w. 
Albany, 16 n. Bath, n. Ontario co., w. Crooked 
lake, has imeven land e., with beach, maple, 
&c. for timber, and several small streams, of 
which Five Mile cr. rises n. e. and flows 
through it s. e. towards Coiihocton cr. Pop. 
1,724. 

Pultenevville, p-v. Wayne co. N. Y. 16 ms. 
N. Palmyra, s. lake Ontario. 

Pumpkintown, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C. by p-r. 
145 ms. N. w. Columbia. > 

Pumpkintown, p-v. Campbell co. Geo. by p-r. 
130 ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

PuNGOTEAGUE, p-v. Accomac CO. Va. 10 ms. 
s. w. Drummondstown, and by p-r. 218 ms. s. e. 
W. C. 

PUNXUTAWNY, PuNGATAWNEY, Or PUNXETAUNY, 

(for all these spellings are used,) p-v. on Ma- 
honing cr., southern part of Jeiferson co. Penn., 
by p-r. 216 ms. n. w. W, C. 

Purcell's Store and p-o. Loudon co. Va. by 
p-r. 41 ms. northwstrd. W. C. 

PuRDY, p-v. and st.jus. McNairy co. Ten. by 
p-r. 128 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville, n. lat. 35° 
13', long. 11° 36' w. W. C. 

Put-in-Bay, fine harbor of Huron co. O. See 
Bass Islands. This haven, the most deep and 
safe in lake Erie, except Detroit, and Niagara 
rs., ia formed by a curve of the sthrn. Bass 
island. The concavity constituting the basin is 



on the nrthrn. side of the island, and directly 
opposite at about half a mile distance stretches 
from east to west, the middle Bass ; and again, 
as if nature intended to give complete security 
to this haven, an islet rises at each opening, af- 
fording four passes to and from the bay. Ves- 
sels of 12 feet draught can be safely navigated 
and find good anchorage in Put-in-Bay. Ship 
channel about 20 ms. n. n. w. from the mouth 
of Sandusky Bay; and 30 s. e. from the mouth 
of Detroit r. 

Putnam, co. N. Y. bndd. by Duchess co. n., 
Conn. E., West Chester co. s., Hudson r. or Or- 
ange CO. w., 12 ms. N. and s. by 21, with 252 sq. 
ms. ; is very rough, with mtns. s. w., and but a 
small proportion of level land. Iron ore is taken 
from mines here in considerable quantities, and 
partly smelted in the co. At Cold Spring, in 
Philipstown, opposite West Point, is the largest 
cannon foundry in the U. S. Here are 1 blast 
furnace, making 850 tons of iron annually, .S 
air furnaces, and 3 cupola furnaces, which melt 
2,500 tons, making ^280,000 worth per annum. 
Black lead and pyrites are formed in some 
places. In the co. are 2 paper mills, and 1 
woollen m.anufactory. The 2 branches of Cro- 
ton r. or cr. flow through the co. and unite on 
the s. line, after receiving the waters of many 
ponds. Carmel v. the st.jus. of the co. is in n. 
E. corner of Carmel t. on a small lake. Pop. 
1820, 11,268, 1830, 12,628. 

Putnam, p.t. Washington co. N. Y. 30 ms. n. 
Sandy hill, w. lake Champlain or Vt., e. lake 
George, about 3^ ms. by 10 ; is on a narrow 
tongue of land between these lakes ; mountain, 
ous, with poor soil. The n. end is 4 ms. from 
Ticonderoga : pop. 718. 

Putnam, co. Geo. bndd. s. by Baldwin, Jas- 
per w., Morgan n., and Oconee r. separating it 
from Greene n. e., and Hancock s. e. Length 
24 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. 
N. lat. 33° 20', long. 6° 27' w. W. C. Slope 
sthrd., and drained by Oconee or confluents. 
Cf. t. Eatonton : pop. 13,261. 

Putnam, p-v. Muskingum co. O. situated on 
Muskingum r. opposite Zanesvilie, and by p-r. 
59 ms. E. Columbus : pop. 758. 

Putnam, co. O. bndd. s. by Allen, Vanwert s. 
w., Paulding n. w., Henry n., and Hancock e. 
Length 24, width 24, and area 576 sq. miles. 
Lat. 41°, and long. 7° w. intersect in tliis co. 
The general slope n. w., the whole surface, 
with a very small exception, being in the valley 
of Au Glaize river. Cf. t. Sugar Grove. It is 
a new settlement : pop. 230. 

Putnam, co. Ind. bndd. by Owen s.. Clay s. 
w., Parke w. and n. w., Montgomery n.. Hen. 
dricks n. e. and e., and Morgan s. e. Length 
30 ms., breadth 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 
39° 40', and long. 10° w. W. C. intersect in 
this CO. Raccoon cr., a branch flowing s. w. 
over the northwestern angle, flows thence over 
Parke into Wabash ; but the much larger sec. 
tion inclines to s. s. w., and is in that direction 
drained by the higher constituents of Eel r., 
branch of the North fork of White r. Cf. t. 
Green Castle : pop. 8,262. 

Putnam, co. II. bndd. s. by Peoria, Knox s. 
w., Henry w., unappropriated territory n., La 
Salle E., and McLean s. e. As laid down by 



QUE 



421 



QUE 



Tanner on his recently improved map of the 
U. S., it is about 40 ms. eq. ; area 1,600 sq. 
ms. Central lat. 41° 18', Ion. 12° 35' w. W. C. 
The northwestern angle is drained itno Rock 
r. Illinois r. enters on the eastern border, and 
flows s. s. w. over the southeastern angle, and 
the much greater part of the surface is drained 
to the southward direct into II. or into that 
stream by Spoon r. Cf. ts. Hennipin and Al- 
exandria, Including Putnam and Peoria, the 
joint pop. 1830 was 1,310. 

Putney, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 10 miles n. 
Brattleboro', 34 n. e. Bennington, 33 s. Wind- 
sor, w. Conn. r. ; 18,115 acres ; settled 1754, 
Iroiii Mass. Great Meadow fort was burnt by 



Indians in the last French war. Conn. r. bends 
so as to form part of the s. boundary. Great 
Meadow n. e., contains about 400 acres of ex- 
cellent land. A ridge of hills runs n. and a. 
through the e. part of the town, w. of which 
is Sacket's brook, with a fall of 75 ft. in 500 
yards near the village, where are several dams, 
and many mills and factories ;'w. of this the 
surface is very hilly, and near the w. line is 
iirooklyne valley. The rocks are mica slate, 
black limestone, &,c., and green fluate of lime 
has been discovered. Birch, beech, maple, and 
some hemlock, grow on the hills, and on Conn, 
r. nut trees and oak. Pop. 1,510. 



QuAKERTowN, p.v. in the northwestern part 
of Bucks CO. Pa. 38 ms. n. n. w. Phil. It is a 
neat small village, in a single street along the 
main road. Pop. about 2Q0. 

QuANTico, cr. andp-o.inthe nrthw&trn. angle 
of Somerset co. Md. 

QtJEECHY, or Waterqueechy r. Windsor co. 
Vt. rises in Sherburne, Rutland co., crosses 
Windsor co. and enters Conn, river 2 miles 
above Queechy falls. Two good mill streams 
enter the Queechy in Eridgewater, and two 
others in Woodstock. Its course is about 35 
miles over a stony or gravelly bed, and its 
water is pure. It waters about 212 square 
miles. 

Queen Ann, co. Md. having on the e. Chop, 
tank r. separating it from Caroline, Talbot co. 
s., Chesapeake bay w., Chester r. separating it 
from Kent n. w. and n., and Kent co. Del. e. 
From the southern part of Kent isl. to the 
northeastern angle of the co. 40 ms. ; mean 
breadth 10 ms., and area 400 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 
andlong. 0^ 45'intersect in Queen Ann. Slope 
s. w. The CO. is composed of Kent isl. and a 
long narrow space between Choptank and Ches- 
ter rs. Cf. t. Centerville. Pop. 1820, 14,952 ; 
in 1830, 14,397. 

Queen's co. N. Y. on Long Island, bndd. by 
East r. and the sound n., Suffolk co. e., the At- 
lantic s. and King's co, w. ; has 6 townships, 
and about 355J sq, ms. The greatest breadth 
of the isl. in this co. is 22 ms., but the water 
approaches from opposite sides in one place 
v/ith 5^. The surface is slightly varied, the 
greatest elevation, viz. Harbor Hill, in North 
Hempstead, being 319 feet above high water. 
A sandy ridge crosses the co. e. and w. The 
w. has much excellent soil, well cultivated for 
vegetables, fruit, &c. for N, Y. market. There 
are many coves, inlets and bays, on which tide 
mills are erected, principally for flour. On the 
N. are Cold Spring bay and harbor. Oyster do. 
do., Hempstead do. do., Cow and Little Neck 
bays, and Flushing bay and harbor ; on the E. 
r. is Hurl Gate, and several coves and points on 
N. Y. harbor and bay, and s. part of S, bay, 
Jamaica bay, Rockaway beach. Hog isl. &c. 
&c, ■ There is a light-house at Sand's point in 
Long Isl. souiid. North Hempstead, which is 
21 ms. from N. Y. city, is the st.jus. of the co. 
A large part of the co, was aettled by Holland 

54 



farmers, among whom were many families of 
French extraction, whose ancestors fled into 
Holland after the massacre of St. Bartholo- 
mews. This CO suflered severely during the 
war of the revolution. A landing was made 
here by the British army after it evacuated 
Boston, on the s. e. shore ; and a battle was 
fought, inconsequence of which general Wash- 
ington was compelled to draw off his army 
and evacuate the city of N, Y. In this he was 
favored by a thick mist, and the dilatoriness of 
the enemy. Queen's co. long remained in the 
possession of the British : Pop. 1820, 21,519 ; 
1830, 22,460. 

QuEENSBORo', p-v. cstm. part of Anderson 
dist. S. C. by p-r. 108 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Queensbury, t. Warren co. N, Y. 58 ms. n. 
Hudson, 5 n. w. Sandy Hill, 8 s. Caldwell, w. 
Washington co., n. Hudson r. and Saratoga co., 
about 6 ms. by 13, has loose, sandy soil w., 
and loam e. both bearing pine. There are some 
plains e., and the w. is hilly, with French mtn, 
and French pond at its foot, 1^ by 2 miles in 
length and width. There are also several cran- 
berry marshes. Halfway brook rises here and 
flows into Wood cr. Iron ore and lime are 
found in the t., and an extensive and beautiful 
quarry of black marble has recently been 
wrought in considerable quantities. Glens Falls 
village is pleasantly situated, on a plain near 
the falls of the same name in the Hudson. This 
is a favorite spot in the northern tour of travel- 
lers, lying on the road from Saratoga springs 
and lake George, and presenting interesting 
scenery at the falls. The descent of the Hud- 
son here is 37 ft, A ledge of blackish lime- 
stone crosses the channel, over which the wa. 
ter is precipitated perpendicularly into a deep 
basin. Below, the channel is divided by an isl, 
of solid rock, in which the floods have worn 
holes and two singular caverns, in a direction 
parallel to the strata and across the course of 
the stream. The neighboring banks are high, 
rocky and perpendicular ; and the whole is seen 
at great advantage from a bridge which rests 
upon the island, A dam crosses the r, at the 
falls, which supplies several saw mills and 
turns part of the water into a branch canal and 
feeder. This passes along the bank in this t. 
and through Sandy Hill v, to Kingsbury, where 
it enters the Champlain canal above fort Ed- 



RAG 



422 



RAG 



ward. A convoy of wagons was attacked on 
the banks of the r. in this t. during the French 
war, and a skirmish ensued. At the foot of 
French mtn. is a defile, in which occurred 
(1755) the fight between a detachment of the 
English and colonial troops under General Sir 
Gharlcs Johnson, on a scout from fort George ; 
the French troops and Indians under Gen. Dies- 
kau. The latter lay in ambush, and the former 
suffered severely. The famous IViohawk chief, 
Hen(Jrick, fell among his allies, the English : 
Pop. 3,080. 

QuEENSDALE, p-v. Robcson CO. N. C. by p-r. 
117 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

QuEENSTOwN, p-v. Queen Ann co. Md. on 
the s. E, side of Chester bay, 7 ms. s. w. Gen. 
terville, the co. St., and by p-r. 62 ms. estrd. 
W. C. 

QuERCUs Grove, and p-o. Switzerland co. 
Ind. by p-r. 117 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Quigle's Mills, and p-o. Gentre co. Pa. by 
p-r. 100 ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

QuiNCY, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 8 ms. s. e. 
Boston, s. w. Boston harbor, settled 1625, be- 
fore Boston or Salem, under the name of Mount 
WoUaston, as a trading post. On Neponset r. 
is a salt marsh. Squantum is a peninsula run- 
ning into Boston harbor. Two ridges of the 
Blue hills run parallel through the west part. 
There are extensive quarries of fine granite 
wrought here, 3 ms. from tide water, in Ne- 
ponset r., to which it is conveyed on a rail road, 
constructed in 1826 — the first work of the kind 
in America. Pine rails, 12 inches deep and 6 
wide, were laid, under oaken rails 2 inches by 
3, covered by iron plates 3-8 inches thick. 
These rails are 6 feet apart, on granite blocks 
7^ ft. long. In this t. are the mansions of John 
Adams and Josiah Quincy. Pop. 2,201. 

QuiNCY, p-v. Franklin co. Pa. by p-r. 83 ms. 
N. N. w. W. G. 

Quincy, p-v. and st. jus. Gadsden co. Florida, 



situated in the nrthm. part of the co. 23 ms. 
N. w. by w. Tallahassee, lat. 30° 34', long. W. 
C. 7° 47' w. 

Quincy, p-v. Munroe co. Misp. by p-r. 168 
ms. N. E. Jackson. 

Quincy, p-v. wstrn. part Gibson co. Ten. by 
p-r. 153 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Quincy, p-v. and st. jus. Adams co. II., sit- 
uated near the left bank of Mississippi r., by 
p-r. 193 ms. n. w. Vandalia, n. lat. 39° 52' long. 
W. G. 14° 18' w. 

Quinebaug, r. a considerable stream in the e. 
part of Gonn. and a very valuable r. for water 
power. It takes its rise from a pond (Masha- 
pang) in the town of Union, and after making a 
circuitous course into Massachusetts, unites 
with French r. between Woodstock and Thomp- 
son, Gonn. After a course of 30 ms. through 
a rich agricultural dist., it forms a junction with 
the Shetucket, three ms. north of Norwich city ; 
from thence to its junction with tlie Yantic it 
bears the latter name. These united streams 
form the Thames. On the Quinebaug and its 
tributaries are now (1832) from 85 to 100 cotton 
and woollen manufactories, containing from one 
to four thousand spindles each, exclusive of 
those in the Yantic, Willimantic and Shetucket 
rivers and their tributaries. The course of the 
Quinebaug has been proposed as the route for 
a canal, from tide water in the Thames into 
Mass. 

QuiNipiACK, the ancient Indian name of New 
Haven, Gonn. 

QuiNipiACK, or E. r. Gon. rises in a pond in 
the s. part of Farmington, Hartford co. and 
flows through Southington, between the two 
ranges of mtns. in that t., then breaks thro' the 
E. range, and flows at its e. base at the foot of 
mt. Garmel and of E. Rock, entering New Ha- 
ven harbor under a long bridge. The Farm- 
ington canal lies along the upper part of the 
course of this stream. 



JtC* 



Rabun, nfthestrn. co. Ga. bndd. s. w. by Tu- 
roree r. separating it from Habersham co., w. 
by the nrthrn. part of Habersham, n. by Macon 
CO. N. C., N. E. Haywood co. N. C., and e. and 
s. E. by Ghatuga r., separating it from Pickens 
dist. S. C., length from e. to w* 30 ms., mean 
breadth 11, and area 330 sq. ms., lat. 34° 53', 
long. W. G. 6° 24' w. The Blue Ridge passes 
along the nrthrn. border, and from the northern 
side of the chain and in Rabun co. rise the ex- 
treme sources of Tennessee proper and Hiwas- 
see r. From the sthrn. slope again issue the 
fountains of Turoree and Ghatuga, or the ex- 
treme sources of Savannah r. We may add 
also, that the higher fountains of Ghattahooche 
r. rise in Habersham, within 4 or 5 ms. from 
the sthwstrn. part of Rabun. From these ele- 
ments it is evident that Rabun co. occupies a 
very elevated table land. The farms must be 
from 1,500 to 2,000 ft. above the Atlantic tides, 
producing an eflect on aerial temperature to at 
least 4 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer. 
Gf. t, Glaytonsville : Pop. 2, 176. 

Raccoon, p.o. nrthrn. part of Washington co. 



Pa., 12 miles nthrd. the borough of Washing- 
ton. 

Raccoon Ford, and p-o. Culpepper co. Va. 

Race, the e. end of Long Island sound, be- 
tween Connecticut and Long Island, where a 
sunken reef renders the surface agitated when 
the tide is rapidly passing. The reef lies about 
N. e. and s. w. in a line with Fisher's, Gull and 
Plumb islands. 

Race Point, the n. w. extremity of Cape Cod, 
Provincetown, Barnstable co. Mass., 3 ms. n. 
w. Provincetown v. 

Racket, r. N. Y. rises in Hamilton co. in a 
mountainous region, near the head streams of 
Hudson and Black rs. It is at first deep, slow 
and crooked, flows through several ponds ; but 
for about 30 ms. during a part of its course, it 
has a rapid descent and affords many mill sites. 
At Louisville it again becomes slow and deep, 
and is navigable in boats of 5 tons to its mouth 
in the St. Lawrence. The boat navigation con- 
tinues thence to Montreal. Its whole length is 
about 120 ms., its descent 200 ft. and its gene- 
ral course n. 



RAI 



423 



RAI 



Radnor, p-v. Delaware co. O. by p-r. 30 ms. 
N. Columbus. 

Ragged mtns., N. H. a range about 10 ms. 
long, running nearly e. and w. on the line be- 
tween Merrimac and Grafton cos. between 
Kenrsearge mtn. and Pemigewasset r. They 
are broken and precipitous, and some peaks are 
nearly 2,000 ft. high. 

Ragged Isl=, town, Lincoln co. Me. Fop. 
14. 

Rahway, p-t. Essex co. N. J. 4 miles s. w. 
Elizabethtown, n. Middlesex co., is crossed by 
Rahway r. n. and s., with a pleasant v., and 10 
school houses. The r. enters Staten Island 
sound 4 ms. below. Pop. 1,983. 

RAIL-ROADS AND CANALS. 

In arranging the article Rail-Roads and Ca- 
nals, we shall endeavour to state what has al- 
ready been eflected, in regard to these two sys- 
tems of internal improvement, so far as our 
documents will admit. We commence with 
Canals, and with the map of the country before 
us, proceed with them from south to north ; 
with some reference to other means of inland 
navigation, in the southern, middle and western 
states. The Rail-Roads will follow these, in 
alphabetical order. 

Louisiana, or Mississipjji Delta navigation. 
— Besides the main volume of Mississippi, this 
state is traversed by numerous outlets from that 
stream, and by counter, or interlocking water 
courses. The whole plain nearly approaches 
the curve superficies of the sphere, and the 
highest lands are but slightly elevated above 
the general level. Under the head of Missis- 
sippi, we have shown that that river flows in a 
comparatively deep valley, and cannot by either 
natural or artificial means be diverted from its 
bed. Canal works therefore, must be con- 
structed, to obviate the defects of river naviga- 
tion, or to supply an artificial r. where a natu- 
ral one did not exist. A view of the country 
itself, suggests the idea of prodigious facilities 
for canal construction, which, however, have 
been only very partially taken advantage of, 
for many reasons. 

A short cut, to admit schooners, sloops, and 
other small craft into a basin in the rear of N. 
Orleans, from Bayou St. John, is yet the most 
important canal in La., or indeed in the United 
States thus far south. This canal is called 
Carondelet, from governor Carondelet, under 
whose administration, during the existence of 
the Spanish government, it was projected. 
Another canal, extending from New Orleans 
(faubourg St. Mary's) to lake Pontchartrain, is 
now (1833) in progress. This will be 6^ ms. 
in length, with a depth of 8 ft. and 30 ft. wide at 
the surface. Lafourche, a short canal, suppli- 
ed with water only when the Mississippi is in 
flood, unites the outlet of Lafourche (the fork) 
with the chain of lakes and creeks which lead 
into the lower Teche, and opens the commerce 
of Attacapas to N. Orleans. This canal leaves 
the Lafourche, 16 ms. below its efflux from 
the Mississippi. Where the Plaquemine issues 
from the Mississippi, a cut has long been made 
to admit vessels into the former. This is also 



supplied with water only at high flood. Bayou 
Iberville, the firstoutlet of the Mississippi from 
the left, descending that stream, is exactly sim- 
ilar to the Lafourche, Plaquemine, and Atcha- 
falaya, from the opposite side. Iberville issues 
from the main stream below the last highlands, 
which extend s. of Baton Rouge, and 8 miles 
above the efflux of Plaquemine. Following the 
windings, Iberville receives the Amite r. from 
the N., 20 ms. from the Mississippi. Now a 
navigable stream admitting vessels of 5 feet 
draught, the Amite turns to the eastward, and 
following its very winding channel flows 35 ms. 
before it opens into lake Maurepas. This lake 
is again contracted into a creek (bayou) which 
connects it with the much larger lake Pont- 
chartrain, which is itself joined to lake Borgne, 
a bay of the Gulf of Mexico, by two channels ; 
the Rigolets and Chef Menteur. Through this 
chain of lakes, creeks and bjys, an immense 
line of internal navigation has been projected ; 
which is, however, only in project, and men. 
tioned only in this place, as being connected 
with the design of cutting a canal over the pe- 
ninsula of Florida. In furtherance of the plan 
of the Florida canal, an act of congress was 
passed March 3rd, 1826, authorizing surveys. 
The surveys were made in virtue of the act of 
congress, and reported to the board of internal 
improvement, 8th Feb. 1828. From this report 
it appears that the canal is practicable. " The 
elevation of the highest intermediate ridge 
above the level of the seas, has been found 152 
feet at the head of St. Mary's r. near the Geo. 
line ; 158 feet between Kinsley's pond and Lit- 
tle Sta Fe pond, head of Sta Fe river ; and 87 
feet between the head branches of the Amaxu- 
ra and Ocklawaha." The sea shore was found 
shallow from Tampa bay to Appalachie bay, on 
a width outwards from the land, varying from 
5 to 15 ms. From the latter to cape San Bias, 
this width diminishes, except at the intervening 
capes, where extensive ahoals project out, but 
from cape San Bias to lake Pontchartrain, the 
shore is generally bold, and the coast affords 
several good harbors. The Atlantic coast " is 
all along shallow," say the engJheers, " and 
offers no harbors except at the mouth of St. 
John's r. and St. Augustine." The shortest 
distance across the peninsula, is from near St. 
Augustine, to a point on the Gulf between the 
mouths of the Suwannee, and Amaxura rivers, 
105 ms. The distance in a straight line from 
the mouth of St. John's to that of the Suwannee 
is 130 ms., and from the mouth of St John's to 
that of St Mark's, 170. The wide and shoaly 
bank, which obstructs the coast from Espiritu 
Santo (Tampse) continues uninterrupted to the 
bay of Appalachie, where its breadth is reduced 
to about 3 ms., and a channel formed of 10 feet, 
to enter St. Mark's r., and vessels drawing 8 
feet can ascend to the town of St. Mark. 
Along the shore 4 or 5 feet is the general 
depth, and 10 or 12 ms. out at sea only twelve 
feet is foimd. The difference of level between 
the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ocean, re- 
sulting from these surveys, give to the former 
an elevation of 3 or 4 feet above the latter. 
Tides in the Gulf about 2 feet at a niean. It 
appears from the investigations as far M prose- 



RAI 



A2'[ 



RAI 



cuted, that 8 foet is the deepest water tliat cnn 
be calculated on, as a debouchment to the in- 
tended canal on the side of the Gulf; of course 
the canal itself may not necessarily be construct- 
ed with a greater draught than can be naviga- 
ted from sea to sea. This navigation would be 
60 obviously beneficial, and practicable, the cli- 
mate offering no winter obstruction, that we 
may regard its actual construction as amongst 
the improvements which the coming ago will 
earry into effect. 

Leaving the Delta of the Mississippi, and 
passing along the northern coast of the Mexi- 
can Gulf, and over the intervening land and 
rivers, we reach the small basin of Ashley and 
Cooper, before we find any considerable im- 
provements in the inland navigation of the 
country, with the single exception of the Sava^i- 
nah and Ogeechee canal, which is 16 miles in 
length, and extends from Savannah to tlie (3gee- 
cliee river. This canal was completed in 
1829, has a lockage of 29 feet, and is 4 feet 
deep, with a breadth at bottom of 33 feet. This 
canal it is proposed to continue to the Alatama- 
lia, 60 ma. With this exception, setting out 
from the mouth of St. John's r. of Florida, a 
distance of 200 ms., and along a coast indented 
by the outlets of St. John's, St. Mary's, Santilla, 
Alatamaha, Great Ogeechee, Savannah, Coosa- 
jhatchie, Edisto, and numerous smaller streams, 
nature has been left to direct, or impede the 
channels according to her own caprice. The 
importance and wealth of Charleston, with the 
peculiar range of the channel of Santee river 
suggested ^ canal, which was undertaken about 
the beginning of this century, and in 1802, the 
harbor of this southern emporium was united 
to Santee r. by a canal called " Tne Santee 
canal." It extends from the head of Cooper r. 
N N. w. 22 ms., and is joined to Santee opposite 
Black Oak island. The Santee canal is 34 
feet wide at surface, with 4 feet water, and 
cost 650,667 dollars. The Santee, Columbia, 
and Saluda navigation, has been improved 
above the Santee canal, upwards of 150 lUiles, 
combining side cuts and locks, with the river 
channels, and about thirty locks overcome 217 
■feet fall. The foregoing embraced the western 
branch. Along the Catawba or Waterce, exten- 
Bive side cuts and locks in Kershaw district, 
near Camden, at Rocky Mount in Fairfield, and 
in other places, opened the fine channel of Ca- 
tawba to the ocean by the Santee canal. But 
all that has been done in this extensive region, 
has hardly done more than to demonstrate the 
utility and necessity of very extended opera- 
tions. This will be more obvious when we see 
the extent of country embraced in this section, 
exclusive of that of Flor. and La. Along the 
Atlantic coast at least, the climate opposes no 
great obstacle to the formation, and permanent 
use of canals as far as Albemarle soimd, in lit. 
36°. The almost united mouths of Santee and 
Pedee, are but little above lat. 33° ; the Atlan- 
tic part of the navigation therefore, is exempt 
from impediment by ice in winter. It has been 
projected to comiect Charleston with Savannah, 
by an inshore chain of natural channels and 
short cuts. This line of improvement is no 
doubt practicable, and may be effected at an ex- 



pense of money bearing a small proportion to 
lis immense advantages. The same natural 
facilities extend in both directions from Savan- 
nah r. To the s. w. the inshore navigation may 
be extended to connect with that of Flor., and 
advancing westward, reach and join the already 
vast commercial operations, of the Delta of the 
Mississippi. On the opposite side, it is true we 
discover a new character of coast, but the 
natural channels still seem to invite to canal 
improvement. Passing the Pedee, the insular 
coast, so remarkable along Florida, Georgia, 
and the Carolinas, changes its nature and aspect. 
Three great elliptic curves sweep from the 
mouth of Pedee to cape Hatteras, of very near- 
ly equal length, 100 miles each. Defective in 
deep harbors, as is the coast s. w. of the Pe- 
dee, it is still more so to the n. e. of Winyaw 
bay, or outlet of Pedee. This latter coast of 
300 ms. is broken but by one river, that of cape 
Fear, and in no place admits vessels of 15 feet 
draught. Beyond cape Hatteras to Chesapeake 
bay, this latter character of coast continues, 
but with increased asperity. Between cape 
Lookout and cape Henry, extend Pamlico, Al- 
bemarle, Currituck, and other shallow sounds, 
not admitting the navigation of vessels drawing 
6 feet water. Into this region of shallow 
sounds, are poured the volumes of Neuse, Pam- 
lico, and Roanoke rs. There is not in America, 
if there is on earth, another range of ocean 
coast, where one canal improvement would 
more obviously suggest another, until one 
chain of such works would unite the extremes, 
than that stretching from the mouth of the Mis- 
sissippi, to that of Chesapeake bay. We may 
here remark, that there is no other obstacle 
opposed to the construction of canals, so formi- 
dable, as an extensive shallow sheet of water. 
Without a correct knowledge of their real 
character, the North Carolina sounds would be 
taken as fine expansive bays, and like the Ches- 
apeake, peculiarly fitted for inland navigation ; 
but when actually and carefully examined, we 
find that the Cape Fear and Chesapeake basins 
cannot be united, by a chain of canals at any ex- 
pense within human means, unless that chain is 
carried along the mouths of the rivers, and heads 
of the sounds. The basins of Albemarle and 
Chesapeake are separated by a marshy, and 
generally dead level peninsula, 60 ms. vnde. 
The name given to its central part. Dismal 
Swamp, serves as a brief description of this 
tract. From this dreary region of lakes, marsh- 
es, and almost impervious woods, Bonnet's 
creek flows into Chowan river ; and the rivers 
or rather bays of Perquimans, Pasquotank and 
North river, are connected sthrdly. with Albe- 
marle sound. To tlie n. the surplus water is 
carried into the James, by Nansemond and 
Elizabeth rivers. The Dismal Swainp canal, 
is yet the only work of any importance, which 
has improved the navigation of this region of 
shallows and fens. It commences on the Va. 
side, on Elizabeth r., near the mouth of Deep 
cr., and stretches over the Dismal Swamp to the 
mouth of Joyce's cr., a branch of Pasquotank; 
its length is 23 ms. ; and it rises only 16J feet 
above the Atlantic level ; it is 40 ft. wide at the 
surface, and is 6^ feet deep. It receives the 



RAI 



425 



RAI 



water of a feeder from lake Drummond of 44- 
feet depth, and 5 ms. in length. This work has 
cost directly or indirectly, about $800,000. 
Since the construction of Dismal Swamp canal, 
it has been projected to deepen it to 8 or 10 feet, 
but that design has been considered useless if 
efi'ected, unless a similar depth of canal was ex- 
tended along the heads of the sounds. A line 
of connected canal and river navigation has, 
however, been sketched, which, with such 
modifications as more accurate surveys may 
point out, will be no doubt effected, at no very 
distant time. This splendid project is to com- 
mence with the deepening and enlargement of 
the Dismal Swamp canal, and carrying it into 
the Chowan r., near the mouth of Bennet's 
creek; thence following the shores of Chowan 
into the Roanoke, and up the latter to the port 
of Williamston. Thence in a direction little w. 
of S.29 ms., to Washington, on Pamlico r. ; and 
continuing sthrd. beyond Washington 16 ms. to 
the navigable water of Neuse r. at Dawson's 
bridge. Neuse r. offers a natural channel of 
35 ms. past Newbern, to the mouth of Adams' 
cr. ; up the latter with 12 feet water for several 
ms., and by an intermediate canal to North r., 
and down that stream to Beaufort. This line 
could be varied or branched, by going up Neuse 
r. to its great bend in Lenoir co., and thence 
into the North branch of Gape Fear r., or leave 
the Neuse at Newbern, and follow the Trent 
into Duplin co., and thence into Cape Fear r. 
Either of the two latter routes would debouch 
into Cape Fear r. at Wilmington. To carry this 
navigation forward into Wineyaw bay, several 
routes have been proposed. The most direct 
is a canal from opposite Wilmington to the nav- 
igable water of Waccamau r. Another plan is 
to leave the channel of Cape Fear r. at Hay- 
woodsboro', 180 ms. above Wilmington, pro- 
ceed up the valley of Deep r. as far as requi- 
site, and thence by the most practicable route 
to the Yadkin near Blakeley in Montgomery 
CO. N. C. This route has received Legisla- 
tive sanction, and the name of Cape Fear and 
Pedee canal. Combining the whole space 
from St. John's basin to Roanoke inclusive, the 
subjoined table will exhibit the great area, inclu- 
ded in the navigable section s. of Chesapeake 
bay, and estrd. of the Appalachian system of 
mtns., with the pop. of 1830. 

Mean Area in Pop. 
Sub-basins. hsih. brth. sq. ms. 1830. 

Basin of Geo. and S. C, 3S0 170 64,G00 925,734 
Do. Cape Fear r., 200 40 8,000^ 
Do. Neuse r., 180 40 7,200 !„.„„„ . 

Do. Tarr., 160 25 4,000 r'*"'""° 

Do. Albemarle, 290 60 17,400J 

Aggregate, 101,200 1,665,734 

We have thus, exclusive of Florida and Lou. 
isiana, a section of the U. S. comprising a 
fraction above 100,000 sq. ms., and a population 
exceeding 1,600,000 inhabitants, on which the 
Santee and Dismal Swamp canals are the only 
works of that nature of any magnitude, except 
such as have been executed to meliorate the 
navigation of rivers. In the latter species of 
improvement, however, more has been done 
than is generally supposed. Obstructions have 
been removed, though to no very great extent, 



in the Savannah river. Some expense has been 
incurred to open the inner channels of PJdisto 
rs. N. and s. Near Columbia, where the Saluda 
and Broad rs. unite, there are canals or side 
cuts, called (he Columbia canal and Saluda 
canal, made to permit navigation past rapids. 
These, with other works in connexion, along 
Saluda and Broad rs., comprised, in 1826, 28 
locks, and 150 miles of mixed navigation. The 
Wateree, (the principal branch of the Santee,) 
is obstructed in Kershaw district, S. C, by 
rapids. A canal has here been extended along 
its western side, and another constructed for a 
similar purpose, at Rocky mtn., in Chester dis- 
trict. At an expense of between 2 and 300,000 
dollars, the Catawba has been made navigable 
nearly to its source in N. C. Between Cheraw 
and Georgetown, a considerable expense on 
side cuts and other improvements has shortened 
the distance, and given a navigation, though a 
defective one, to the Pedee. The navigation 
of the Cape Fear has been noticed. Much has 
been done, and much more remains to be done, 
to render this the valuable commercial channel 
which its position demands, and its volume of 
water will admit. A plan has been suggested 
for the improvement of the Neuse, Pamlico and 
Tar rivers, to which we have already alluded. 
To improve the channels of the Roanoke and 
its confluents, companies have been formed ia 
both N. C. and Va. Sloops ascend the Roan- 
oke to Weldon above Halifax, and the Chowan 
to Winton. The Weldon canal, in a distance 
of 12 ms., overcomes 100 ft. fall, and as early 
as Dec. 1828, by a report of the Va. Roanoke 
company, it appeared that the improvements 
had been such as to admit steamboat navigation 
to Salem in Botetourt co., w. of the Blue 
Ridge, overcoming upwards of 900 ft. fall in 
244 ms., following the r. channel. Danville 
navigation was also (Nov. 1828) so greatly im- 
proved, as to admit, by a mixed series of locks, 
sluices, and side cuts, a regular navigation into 
Rockingham co. N. C, at the village of Leakes- 
ville, 152 ms., following the bends of the river. 
Expenditures of the Roanoke companies lo 
Nov. 1826, $341,283 ; Nov. 1898, $365,991. 

Virginia navigation east of the Appalachian 
mtns. Under this comprehensive head are in, 
eluded the lower part of the deep bay of Ches- 
apeake, and its conflaents, James, York, Rap. 
pahamioc, and the far greater part of the valley 
of the Potomac. The earth affords no other 
instance where so great a physical change is 
found in so short a distance, as that between 
the shallow sounds of N. C, and the deep 
water of the Chesapeake. In the latter, the 
largest ships of war have adequate depth al- 
most to the very verge of the primitive rock. 
Ships of the line ascend the main bay lo near 
its head, up the Potomac to Alexandria, some 
distance into York r., and up James r. to the 
mouth of Nansemond r. and Hampton Roads. 
Sloops drawing 6 or 7 feet water penetrate into 
innumerable creeks on both sides of the Chesa- 
peake. In the peculiar direction of their chan- 
nels, it would appear as if nature intended to 
lavish her favors on this state, by making her 
estrn. border a common centre of confluent 
streams. The rivers of Geo. and the Garolinas 



RAI 



42G 



RAI 



from Alatamaha to Cape Fear inclusive, and 
without much violence we might say to Roan- 
oke inclusive, flow to s. e., or s. s. e. In sthrn. 
Va., tliQir general course is estrd to the Sus- 
quehannah, which is again almost due s. Much 
has been done to improve the navigation of the 
rs. of Va., but what is executed is indeed 
small, when compared with the extent of the 
physical section under review. James r. ad- 
mits vessels of 125 tons to Rockett's, the port 
of Richmond. At that city commences the 
falls or rapids, to pass which by a navigable 
canal, the old James river company was char- 
tered in 1784, and the works were so far ad- 
vanced, that tolls were regularly collected in 
1794. {See art. Richmond city.) The Rich- 
mond canal enters a basin in the wstrn. side of 
the city ; is 25 ft. wide, and 3 deep, and extends 
2i miles to where it enters the river ; there 
are 12 locks, and the fall is 80 feet. Three 
miles above the first is a second short canal, 
with 3 locks, overcoming 34 feet fall. These 
canals and locks, with, other slight improve- 
ments, opened a navigation at all seasons of 12 
inches water to Lynchburg. The James 
river company in 1825, declared another canal, 
known as the James and Jackson river canal, 
complete, to the head of the falls called Mai- 
den's Adventure, Goochland co., 30| ms. above 
Richmond. Width of canal 40 feet, depth of 
water 3| feet, fall overcome, 140^ feet. If the 
data in Armroyd's treatise are correct, this, in 
proportion to magnitude, was the most promptly 
executed work of its kind ever performed in 
the U. S. A section canal to carry anavigation 
along James r. through the Blue Ridge gap, was 
commenced in 1824 ; fall 96 feet; stone locks 
lOi feet wide, and 76 feet long. With these, 
a short canal, 7 ms. in length, requiring 96 ft. 
of lockage, around a fall in Rockland co., and 
some other improvements, the navigation of 
James's r. has been eff'ected into the valley 
above Blue Ridge. Extensive farther im- 
provements have been proposed, to the amount 
of $5,750,000, according to the engineer's re- 
port, July 1826. These estimates are again 
swelled by plans of canal construction in the 
Ohio section of Va. ; but in actual performance 
the efibrts of the state seem to have rather re- 
laxed than augmented. Below Richmond and 
the head of tide water, some canal works have 
benn executed. From City Point at its mouth 
into James r., the Appomattox has been im- 
proved 10 ms., to Fisher's bar, and thence by 
canal round the falls, to 5 or 6 ms. above Peters- 
burg. Thence the channel of the r. has been 
cleared to Farmville, Prince Edward co. On Up- 
per Appomattox, about $100,000 have been ex- 
pended ; below tide water, about ^30,000. Ves- 
sels of 7 ft. draught can ascend to Petersburg. 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. This impor- 
tant channel of communication was chartered by 
Virginia in 1824, and the charter was confirmed 
by Maryland, and the Congress of the U. S. in 
1825. It is to extend from tide water above 
Georgetown, D. O., on the Potomac, to Pitts- 
burg, Pa. a distance of 341 ms. The breadth 
at the surface, will vary from 60 to 80 feet, 
at the bottom 50 feet and the depth will be 
from 6 to 7 feet. The lockage required on 



the whole route amounts to 3,210 feet; and 
at the summit level, upon the Alleghany 
mtns., a tunnel 4 ms. long will be necessary. 
The estimated cost of this canal is rising of 
$22,000 000, but it is now supposed that it will 
fall short of $20,000,000. The U. S. have sub. 
scribed for $1,000,000 of the stock. Some 
dift'erences have arisen between this company 
and that of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, 
which have been the cause of much delay in 
accomplishing the objects of the two companies, 
but these are now (June 1833) in a fair train for 
a mutual adjustment. Of the canal, 102 ms. 
are under contract, 64 of which were to be 
completed by June 1st 1833, and the balance on 
the 1st Sept. From the report of June 4th 1832, 
it appears that the Chesapeake and Ohio canal 
company had then received from various re- 
sources, funds to the amount of $-2,065,769 
and 80 cts. ; and had expended $2,007,875 
and 15 cts., leaving a balance on hand of $57,- 
894 and 65 cts. The charter of this company 
requires, on penalty of forfeiture in case of 
failure, the completion of 100 ms. of the ca- 
nal in 5 years from its commencement, which 
took place 4th July, 1828; of course unless 
provided for, the 100 ms. of canal must be in 
operation by the 4th July, 1833, or the com- 
pany must cease operations. On the subject 
of this contingency, the report acknowledges 
the inability of the company to save the charter 
by a full compliance with its provisions ; but 
observes, "although the apprehension should 
not be for a moment indulged, that the charter 
of the company would be endangered by their 
failure to construct 100 ms. of canal in 5 
years from its commencement, considering 
the legal obstructions which have impeded its 
progress for more than three years of that pe- 
riod, yet this provision of the charter, and the 
interests of the stockholders, impose on the 
company the obligation of diligently prosecuting 
their work, to the extent here contemplated. 
" From the treasurer's report, 1st May, 1832, 
it appears that, on the 30th April, the subscri- 
bed stock, payable in money, as contradistin- 
guished from the part payable in the shares of 
the former Potomac company, amounted to 
$3,609,200 ; of this stock there had been then 
collected ^1,959,087, leaving to be collected 
the farther sum of ^1,650,113. Deduct allow- 
ance for bad debts $70,113, a balance remains 
of g 1,580,000. To which add cash on hand, 
at tTie date of the treasurer's report, $30,814, 
and there results a fund of $1,610,814, applica- 
ble to the following objects : — for the payment 
of work below the Point of Rocks, $40,841 ; 
indemnity for lands taken for the construction 
of the canal, between the Point of Rocks and 
the mouth of Tiber creek, $30,000 ; comple- 
tion of mifinished work, between the Point of 
Rocks and the mouth of Tiber creek, $170,000 ; 
completion of 12 ms. of canal and their appur- 
tenances, between the Point of Rocks and the 
Harper's Ferry feeder, including the dam and 
guard lock at the latter ^310,000 ; and for the 
completion of 24i ms. of canal, between the 
Harper's Ferry feeder, and that in the vicinity 
of Opeccon, $788,197 ; total amount for these 
objects $1,339,038. These being deducted 



RAI 



427 



RAI 



from the available stock, and cash on hand, ^1,- 
610,814, leaves the sum of $271,776, which 
balance is to be applied to the portion of canal 
between the feeder at Licking creek, and that 
next to Opeccon. The portion of canal extend- 
ing from the former, which will be required to 
make up 100 ms., when added to the part be- 
low, need not exceed 14 ms. ; for which the 
above sum leaves near $19,500 a mile." By- 
reference to the following tables, it will be seen 
that 100 ms. of canal from Georgetown will 
reach 32 ms. above Harper's Ferry, and 4 ms. 
above Williamsport. In regard to work actual- 
ly completed, the same report states, that, the 
various works on the canal between the Point 
of rocks and the basin in Georgetown, which 
had been permitted to proceed very tardily, for 
many months, have reached very near their final 
completion. The account rendered of the tolls 
of the canal, for the 11 months which expired 
on the 30th of April, (1832) is i|525,108 93, to 
which may be added, those for the month of 
May, 56,400 32, making the tolls for the year 
amount to $31,509 25, being an excess beyond 
those of the previous year of $2,367 90. After 
some estimates, which we have not room to in- 
sert, the report adds, "the resources, exclusive 
of the canal tolls, may be safely computed at a 
sum exceeding $150,000, and if not profitably 
converted into money, might be pledged, as the 
basis of a loan, to that amount, in aid of the un- 
collected stock of the company, if required to 
construct 100 ms. of canal by the Autumn of 
1833 ; by which period, the contracts last made, 
require that part of the canal below Opeccon 
to be completed. Those for the works below 
the head of Harper's Ferry falls, limit the pe- 
riod of their completion, as has been stated, to 
the 1st of December (1832,) by which time, or 
at any rate, by the opening of the ensuing spring 
(1833), it is confidently expected to bring the 
entire canal into use, from the still water, at 
the head of the falls, produced by the dam of 
the U. S. armory, down to the mouth of the Ti- 
ber." The preceding is a brief view of the pre- 
sent state of the canal system along the Atlantic 
coast, 'and that of the Gulf of Mexico from the 
Potomac to the Mississippi, inclusive. It was 
our intention to have given a summary table of 
expenditures ; but so desultory have been the 
operations, and so loose the registers of ex- 
pense, that any summary must be extremely de- 
fective ; we state the following however, as 
approximating to the amounts expended on sev- 
eral objects in this section of the U. S. previous 
to June 1832. Expenditures on the Santee ca- 
nal, $650,667; Roanoke navigation, $365,991 ; 
Dismal Swamp canal and feeder, $800,000 ; 
James r. navigation, including the Appomattox, 
&c. say $1,200,000 ; Chesapeake and Ohio ca. 
nal, $2,007,875. To which add for all other 
improvements on the various rs. and inlets, 
from the Delta of the Mississippi to the Poto- 
mac inclusive, $1,000,000- Aggregate amount, 
$6,024,533. To which amount we may add 
as already expended on rail-roads in the same 
natural section, viz. Chesterfield rail-road, 
$140,000 ; Petersburg and Roanoke rail-road, 
say $100,000, and the South Carolina rail-road, 
the estimated cost of which is $904,499, ma. 



king a total of expenditures in canals and rail- 
roads of $7,169,032. {For Chcsa-jeakc and 
Delaware canal, see Pennsylvania navigation.) 



Table of the sub-basins and aggregate extent of 
Chesapeake basin. 





^ 


£ 


Between 




Between 


Basins. 


£P 


?iS 


Latitudes. 


Longil udes 




>-i 


^1 


N. 




from W. C. 


James r. 


250 


40 


360 40' 


38C 


20' 


lono' 


E. 


30 


40' W. 


York, 


i:«i 


20 


37 15 


38 


16 


41 


E. 


1 


12 W. 


Rappahan'c. 


140 


20 


37 34 


38 


44 


41 


E. 


1 


25 W. 


Potomac, 




















al)ove Blue 
Ridge, 


ICO 


50 


37 58 


40 


05 


25 W. 


o 


45 W. 


Potomac, 




















below Blue 
Ridge, 


165 


30 


37 50 


39 


55 


45 


E. 


1 


00 W. 


Patuxent, 




















Patapsco, 
&c. 


110 


25 


38 10 


39 


42 


45 


E. 





05 W 


Eastern sh. 




















of Chesa- 
peake, 


200 


25 


37 07 


40 


00 


40 


E. 


1 


40 E 


Susqueh'h. 


230 


125 


39 33 


42 


53 


2 16 


E. 


1 


41 W. 


Chesapeake 
bay, 


180 


20 


37 00 


39 


33 


2'? 


E. 


1 


24 E 


Aggregate, 


500 


138 


36 40 


42 


53 


2 16 


E. 


3 


40 W 



Table of the ascents and descents from tide water at 
Weldon, on Roanoke, by Salem, and thence over the 
AUeghany chain into the channel of New river, and 
down that stream and the Great Kenhawa to the Ohio 
river at Point Pleasant. 









Eleva- 




Distances in 


Ascent 


tion in 


Route. 


miles. 


or 


ft. above 






descent. 


mid-tide. 


Tide water to Salem, 


224 


OiDO 


rises. 


1002 


1002 


Salem to forks of 












Roanoke, 


11 3-4 


235 3-4 


" 


176 


1178 


Mouth of Elliott 












creek. 


11 1-4 


247 


" 


221 


1399 


Beginning of summit 












level, 


12 3-4 


259 3-4 


" 


(150 


2049 


Over summit level, 


5 3-4 


265 1-2 


" 






From western end of 












summit level down 












iVl eadovv creek and 












Little river to New 












river, 


11 1-4 


276 3-4 


falls. 


309 


1740 


Thence to mouth of 












Greenbriar river. 


83 1-2 


360 1-4 


" 


358 


138a 


Bovvyer's ferry, 


45 3-4 


406 


" 


400 


98ii 


Foot of Great falls of 












Kenhawa, 


22 


428 


<' 


341 


641 


Mouth of Great Ken- 












hawa at Point 












Pleasant, 


94 


522 


" 


108 


53:i 



Ascents and descents from head of tide water in James 
river at Richmond, along the chamiel of James, Green- 
briar and Kenhawa rivers to the Ohio river at the 
mouth of Great Kenhawa ; and crossing the Appa- 
lachian system by way of Covington and Greenbriar 
rivers. 



Route. 



From tide water 
to Maiden's Ad 
venture, 

Columbia, 

Big Bremo, 

Hardware r. 



Distances 

in 

miles. 



30 
11 
3 1- 



29 
59 
70 
73 1- 



Ascent 



descent 
in feet. 



Elevation in 
feet above 
mid-tide. 



140.5 
39.28 
29.22 
33.27 



140.5 

179.78 

209. 

242.27 



RAI 



428 



RAI 







Dist 


incea 




Elevation in 


Route. 




in 
miles. 




descent 
in feet. 


feet above 
mid tide. 


Sroitsville, 


a 




81 


1-2 


rises. 


1.5.11 


2.57.38 


WaiuiiiiRler, 


i!t 




mn 


1-2 


" 


58.37 


315.75 


L.viK'iihurc, 


m 




ir>o 


1-2 


" 


185.88 


501.63 


P.IUf KillKI', 


20 




170 


1-2 


11 


103.47 


605.1 


'J'lirdii^'li do. 


fl 


1-2 


177 




11 


94.75 


699.85 


Pattonsburg, 


21 


1-2 


108 


1-2 


1' 


106.23 


806.08 


(,'(iviiis;t,oii, 


58 


1-2 


257 




" 


416. 


1222.08 


ftloutli uf Fork 
















Run, 


If) 


1-2 


273 


1-2 


" 


432. 


1654.08 


Bcgiiinirvg of 
















sinnrait lovcl, 


2 


1-2 


276 




" 


2G4. 


1918.08 


Along summit 
















level, 


4 


1-2 


280 


1-2 


" 






Prom western 
















end of summit 
















irvel down 
















Howaid cr. to 
















Greenbriar r. 


8 




283 


1-2 


falls. 


249. 


1669.08 


Down Gref'B- 
















briartoits en- 
















trance into 
















New river, 


40 




337 


1-2 


'1 


287. 


1382.08 


Bowyer's ferry, 


45 


1-2 


383 




11 


400. 


.982. 


Foot of falls in 
















Great Keu- 
















hawa, 


22 




405 




1' 


341. 


641. 


Mouth of Great 
















Kenhawa, 


94 




499 




" 


108. 


533. 



Table of the ascents and descents from tide water in 
James river at Richmond, along the channel of James 
river to the mouth of Catawba creek, thence up the 
latter and over the intermediate summit into the val- 
ley of Roanoke at the forks of the latter above Salem, 
and thence, as in table VIII. 









Eleva- 




Distances in 


Ascent 


tion in 


Route. 


miles. 


or 


ft. above 






descent. 


mid-tide. 


Pattonsburgh, 




198 1-2 


rises. 




806 


Mouth of Catawba, 


14 1-4 


212 3-4 


11 


80 


886 


Forks of Roanoke, 


51 


263 3-4 


11 


202 


1178 


Summit level, table. 


24 


287 3-4 


11 


871 


2040 


Thence to the mouth 












of Greenbriar, 


94 3-4 


382 1-2 


falls. 


667 


1382 


Thence to the mouth 












of Great.Kenhawa, 


161 1-2 


544 1-4 


11 


849 


533 



Route. 



Table of the ascents and descents along the channel of 
Potomac, from tide water at Georgetown to Cumber- 
land, and thence, following the contemplated route of 
the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, over the Appalachian 
system by the channels of Youghioghany and Monon- 
gahela to the Ohio at Pittsburgh. 





Distances 


Ascent 


Elevation in 


Route. 


in 


or 


feet above 




miles. 


descent. 


mid-tide. 


Mouth of Mono- 












cacy. 




44 


rises. 




224 


Harper's ferry, at 












passage of Po- 












tomac through 












the Blue Ridge, 












and influx of 












Shenandoah, 


24 


68 


11 


62 


286 


Williamsport, 


28 


96 


11 


69 


355 


Hancockstown, 


31 


127 


It 


52 


407 


Old Town, 


42 


169 


11 


82 


489 


Cumberland, 


17 


186 


11 


84 


573 


Mouth of Little 












Wills Creek, 


13 3-4 


199 3-4 


11 


309 


882 


Eastern end of 












summit level. 


15 1-4 


215 


11 


1016 


1898 


Western end of 












summit level, 


5 3-4 


268 »-4 


" 







Mouth of Middle 
Fork Creek, 

Mouth of Cassal- 
man river, 

Comnellsville, 

Mouth of Yough- 
ioghany, 

Pittsburgh, 



Distances 



20 
27 1-2 



43 3-4 
14 



304 3-4 
332 1-4 



376 
390 



Ascent 

or 
descent. 



Elevation In 
feet above 
mid-tide. 



216 



420 
432 



1.52 
35 



1262 
830 



678 
643 



Pennsrjlvania navigation. Under this head 
is inchided the Chesapeake and Delaware ca- 
nal, since, though not actually in the ^tate, it 
was with means principally afforded by Penn- 
sylvania, that this work was constructed. 
Though only about 14 ms. in length, this canal 
was built at great expense, owing to its size, 
the depth of its excavations, and the extent of 
its embankments. It is of sufficient dimensions 
for the passage of coasting vessels, and ex- 
tends across the state of Delaware, from the 
Delaware river, 45 ms. below Philadelphia to 
the EDt, which falls into Chesapeake bay. In 
this canal is a deep cut of 3| ms., 76^ feet in 
depth, where the greatest excavation was 
made. Within the state of Pa. the following 
are the most important works of this nature 
which have been executed. The Conestoga 
canal, passing from Lancaster, about 62 miles 
directly w. from Philadelphia, down the Cones- 
toga creek, 18 ms., in nearly a southwest direc 
tion, to the Susquehannah r. The Delaware 
canal commencing at its northern extremity at 
Easton, 55 miles nearly n. from Phil, on the 
N. w. bank Delaware r., which, for about 50 ms. 
s. of this place, is s. e., when it turns nearly s, 
w. about 30 ms. to Phil. This canal follows 
the general course of the river, keeping its w. 
bank to Morrisville, where it bears off from 
the river to avoid a bend, and proceeds in a 
nearly direct course to Bristol, on the w. bank 
of the Delaware, 19^ ms. n. e. from Phil. The 
Lackawaxen canal is a continuation of the 
Delaware and Hudson, up the Lackawanna r. 
and terminates at the rail-road at Honesdale, 
Its length is 36 ms., width at the surface 32, 
and at bottom 20 ft, and depth 4 ft. The Le- 
high canal commences at the Mauch Chunk 
coal-mine on the river Lehigh, and runs to 
Easton on the Delaware. The whole distance 
of this navigation is 46| ms., but a part of it is 
on the r., the length of the canal being 37 ms. 
At Easton, it meets the western termination of 
the Morris canal, in New Jersey. This canal 
has a depth of 5 ft. and is 65 ft. broad at the 
surface, with 45 at the bottom. The Pennsyl- 
vania canal commences at Middletown, at the 
termination of the Union canal, whence it is 
proposed to proceed up the Susqueharmah in a 
westerly direction, to the AUeghanies, which 
are passed by a rail-road, about 50 miles in 
length, into the valley of the Ohio ; here the 
canal again commences, and is continued to 
Pittsburg, a distance, in the whole, of 320 ms. 
of canal and rail-road. The Schuylkill canal 
is constructed on the banks of Schuylkill river, 
from Phil, about 110 ms. to Mount Carbon, the 
region of the anthracite coal in Schuylkill co.. 



RAI 



429 



RAI 



the general direction being nearly n. w. It has 
620 feet of lockage, is 36 ft. broad at the .sur- 
face, 24 at bottom, is 4 ft. deep, and has a .slack 
water navigation of 45 ms. The SchuyifciU 
(Little) canal is 27 miles in length, from the 
mouth of the Little Schuylkill r. to the coal- 
mines. The Union canal branches off from 
the Schuylkill canal 2 ms. below Reading, in 
Berks CO. It extends to Middletown, a little 
above the junction of the Swatara with the 
Susquehannah, first passing up a branch of the 
Schuylkill, and then down the valley of the 
Swatara, somewhat circuitously, a distance ot 
80 ms., exclusive of the Swatara feeder, which 
is 24 -ms. in length. This canal connects the 
waters of the Schuylkill with those of the Sns- 
quehannah : width at the surface 3G ft., at bot- 
tom 24 ; and depth 4 feet. It is connected 
with the coal mines at Pine Grove, by a rail- 
road, 4 ms. in length. Besides these canals are 
the following, which are either completed, or 
will be during the present year, (1833,) viz: 
Frankstorcn, extending from Huntingdon to 
Holidaysburg, 30^ ms., 15^ of which is slack 
water. Franklin, extending from the Allegha- 
ny, at the mouth of French cr., which it follows 
22^ ms. to the French creek feeder. Of this 
17 ms. is slack water. Beaver, extending to 
Newcastle from the mouth of the Big Beaver, 
on the Ohio ; length 25 ms., with 16 ms. of 
slack water. Wyoming, 16 ms. in length, com- 
mencing at the Nanticoke dam, and terminating 
near the mouth of Lackawannock creek, and 
Lycoming, commencing at Muncy dam, extend- 
ing up the West branch of the Susquehannah 
and terminating at Big island ; 41 miles in 
length, about ^th of which is slack water. 

It has been a question somewhat warmly 
mooted, with whom originated the canal system, 
in the United States. Were it practicable to 
arrive at a satisfactory adjustment of rival 
claims, the result would be wholly unimportant, 
since the idea, by whomsoever conceived, was 
entirely without originality, having been bor- 
rowed from older countries. In Pennsylvania 
the first enterprises of any moment in this 
country, in the way of internal improvement, 
were undertaken and accomplished. But it 
was not till, by the completion of the great Erie 
canal, the immense benefits resulting from such 
works were fully demonstrated ; it was then 
that the system acquired vigor, and won upon 
the confidence of the people. New York suc- 
ceeded, and roused her powerful sister state 
into action ; and that action has produced ef. 
fects in direct ratio with positive power ; giv- 
ing a lesson to man that all future ages will 
read, from a book traced on the surface of the 
earth. Pennsylvania has already (1832) ex- 
pended not much if any less than ^40,000,000 
on her stupendous internal improvements. 

New Jersey, from the limited extent of its 
territory, the dry and sandy nature of its soil in 
the southern part, its mountains on the n., and 
the general want of commodious harbors on 
the eastern coast, has not been the scene of 
very extensive canal operations. The Morris, 
and the Delaware and Raritan canals, however, 
are important works, and will prove of very 
great utility. The Delaware and Raritan canal, 

55 



aulnorized by the legislature of New Jersey, 
by an act passed in Feb., 1830, will connect the 
navigable waters of the Delaware with those 
of the Raritan. Its length will be 38 miles, 
Width 75 ft. at the surface, and depth through, 
out, 7 it. The bridges will be moveable, like 
those of the Delaware and Chesapeake canal. 
The locks are 1 lO feet in length, by 24 in width. 
Vessels of large burthen may consequently pass 
through the canal; and its advantages to the 
coasting trade will be great, as it will complete 
an internal water communication for masted 
vessels between N. York and Albemarle sound. 
The terminating points of the canal, are, on 
the Raritan, at New Brunswick, and on the 
Delaware, at Bordentown. It follows the val- 
ley of the Rarilan, Millstone, and Stony brook; 
and, crossing the liawrence Meadows to the 
valley of the Assanpink, along the valley of 
that stream to Trenton, and thence down the 
river, (crossing the Assanpink by an aqueduct,) 
to the point where Crosswick'e cr. comes into 
the Delaware nt Bordentown. It passes the 
towns of New Brunswick, Boundbrook, Mill- 
stone, Griggstown, Kingston, Princeton, Tren- 
ton and Lanibarton, discharging at Bordentown. 
The route is throusih a beautiful and highly cul- 
tivated valley, affording great advantages to 
numerous mills and other water works, on the 
various streams adjacent. It is supplied by a 
feeder from the Delaware r., commencing at 
Bull's island, 26 ms. above Trenton, and passing 
along the bank of the river to the main canal 
at Trenton. The feeder is also a canal, 60 feet 
in width, 5 deep, and 20 ms. in length. The 
works are under the direction of an able engi. 
neer and assistants, and there is no doubt of the 
completion of the whole work in 1833. The 
Morris canal extends from Philipsburgh, on the 
Delaware river, to the Passaic at Newark, 
across the state of New Jersey, through the 
coimties of Warren, Sussex, Morris and Essex, 
and was constructed chiefly to open a more di. 
rcct channel of communication by boats, for 
the transportation of coal from the mines on 
Lehigh river, Pa., to the city of New York. 
It is 32 feet wide, 4 deep, and 101 ms. l-^ng, in- 
cluding a feeder from Musconetcunk (or-cong) 
or Hopatcunk (or -cong) lake. The elevation 
of the summit is nearly 900 feet above tide 
water, and 700 feet above the Delaware at 
Easton, Pa., opposite which it joins that river. 
On account of the scarcity of water, the com. 
pany were induced to construct inclined planes 
at some of the principal elevations on the route. 
There the boats are received in large cars, 
which are raised or lowered by machinery ; the 
weight of the descending boat being often ap- 
plied to assist in raising an ascending one. The 
canal is navigable in boats of 25 tons, many of 
which are actively engaged in transporting coal, 
iron ore, produce, lumber and merchandise of 
different sorts. The country through which it 
passes has many iron mines, forges and furna- 
ces, numbers of which have been abandoned 
on account of the scarcity of fuel in their vi- 
cinity, or for other causes ; but some of them 
will again be rendered profitable. Large quan. 
titles of anthracite coal will find the way to the 
New York market by this route, and ore from 



RAI 



430 



RAI 



the different mines is transported by this channel ' 
to forges in the different places, particularly in 
tlie lower parts of New Jersey, to be smelted. 
The route, after leaving the Delaware, lies near 
Musconetcong and Pohatcong rivers, through 
Hacketstown and Stanhope, to the summit near 
Brooklyn, then down to Suckasunny Plains, 
Dover, Rockaway, along the valley of Rocka- 
way r. across the Raritan on a fine aqueduct 3 
ms. above Patterson, through Bloomfield, to 
Newark. The rise and fall of this canal is 
1,657 ft., 223 of which is overcome by locks, 
and the remainder by 23 inclined planes. That 
at Newark is 1,040 feet long, rising m-ore than 
70 feet, and has a double line of tracks, on each 
of which is a car with eight wheels, large 
enough to receive a canal boat. This car is 
connected to a machine turned by a water 
wheel, 24 feet in diameter, and by a chain 
strong enough to support 15 tons. A boat may 
be raised, and another lowered at the same 
time, in about eight minutes. Five such opera- 
tions may be performed in an hour, and 6,000 
tons may be passed in a day. It has been esti- 
mated, that if locks had been substituted for 
inclined planes on this canal, the time spent in 
passing them all would have been 24 hours, 
while the inclined planes are passed in 2 1-2 
hours. 

The great basins of the St. Lawrence and 
the Mississippi are very intimately connected, 
and no difficulty exists in the way of uniting 
their navigable waters, by artificial channels. 
This object is effected, by the two great Ohio 
canals ; to which will soon be added the Wa- 
bash and Erie canal, of which a brief notice is 
given below. What has been actually comple- 
ted on the Atlantic slope, and in the cases of N. 
York and Pennsylvania, the extensions made 
into the great Canadian basin by the former, 
and into the Ohio valley by the latter, may well 
excite astonishment, but if all things are con. 
sidered and liberally compared, the two great 
canals of the state of Ohio are the most stu- 
pendous undertakings ever achieved on the face 
of nature by man. Forty years ago the ground 
now comprising that state was a wilderness, 
and it is little more than forty years since an 
army was defeated by savages on the very sec- 
tion of this youthful state, where now a canal is 
navigated. The Miami canal commences at 
Cincinnati and extends north-north-eastwardly 
along the valley of the Great Miami, a total 
distance of 67 ms. It pastes the towns of 
Hamilton, Middletown, Franklin and Miamis- 
burg, to Dayton, the co. seat of Montgomery 
CO. This canal is in full operation, and it is in 
contemplation to extend it to lake Erie, by the 
valleys of Miami, Auglaize and Maumee rivers. 
To secure this latter extension, the congress of 
the United States made a grant or grants of 
land to a large amount, conditioned that the 
Ohio canals be completed within seven years 
from 1828, or in 1835, and said canals to 
be and forever remain public high-ways, 
for the use of the government of the United 
States. The route of eastern or Great canal 
of Ohio, with its ascents and descents, will be 
seen by reference to a table in article Ohio, 
page 357. This cauul commences on the O. at 



Portsmouth, and at the mouth of Scioto r., and 
thence ascends the Scioto upwards of 70 miles, 
passing the towns of Piketon, Chillicothe and 
Cifcleville. It then, leaving the Scioto, pursues 
a course a little e. of n. e. to Coshocton, passing 
the towns of Hebron and Newark, and the sum- 
mit level between the valleys of Scioto and 
Muskingum rs. From Coshocton, the canal 
follows the valley of Tuscarawas about 100 
miles to the summit level between the Ohio val- 
ley and basin of Erie. It thence finally falls 
rapidly 31 miles to the level of lake Erie at 
Cleaveland. This great canal traverses the 
counties of Scioto, Pike, Ross, Pickaway, 
Franklin, Fairfield, Licking, Muskingum, Co- 
shocton, Tuscarawas, Stark, Portage and Cuya- 
hoga, and may, in more than one important cir- 
cumstance, be regarded as a continuation of the 
Erie canal. Both the Ohio canals are owned 
by the state. This great canal line may be re- 
garded as a continuation of that of the Hudson 
and Erie canal of N. York. The cost of these 
two canals, including incidental expenses, has 
exceeded ^4,900,000. To these we may add 
another canal which is now commenced, being 
an extension of the Miami, northwardly, from 
Dayton to the Maumee r. at fort Defiance ; and 
thence n. e., along the Maumee, to its junction 
with lake Erie, at its western extremity. 

The Louisville and Portland canal, for the 
passage of large vessels round a cataract in the 
Ohio at Louisville in Ky., is the last work of 
that kind of any considerable importance yet 
completed in the valley of Ohio, which remains 
to be noticed. For its length, the Ohio and 
Portland canal is perhaps the most important 
artificial hydraulic work ever executed. It has 
been in use since the 21st Dec, 1829. The 
charter was granted Jan. 1825, to " the Louis- 
ville and Portland canal company ;" stock 
$6(10,000, of which, by act of congress, the U. 
S. took ^100,000. The length of this canal is 
between 2 and 3 ms., overcoming 24 feet fall, 
by 5 locks. To this notice of western canals 
we add the Wabash and Erie canal, of Indiana, 
about 40 ms. of which are under contract. It 
is to extend from the Wabash in Tippecanoe 
CO., following the course of that stream into 
Allen CO. and thence to the Maumee river. The 
entire length of this canal will be about 200 
ms. ; it is undertaken under the authority of the 
state, and its object is, to unite the waters of 
Ind. with lake Erie. 

To the basin of the St. Lawrence belongs 
all the northern portion of the state of New 
York, and it has been for the purpose pf form- 
ing a connection between the waters of this 
basin and the Atlantic, that the Champlain 
and Erie canals have been constructed. But 
beside these splendid works, which were the 
first to open the eyes of the people of the U. 
S. to the vast utility of artificial navigation, 
so many others, of more or less consequence 
and extent, exist within the limits of the state, 
either completed or in progress, that we have 
thought proper to present a succinct and sepa- 
rate account of each, in the following arrange- 
ment. Black river canal ; a canal has been 
proposed by the canal commissioners, from the 
High Falls of Black r., to Rome, 36 ms. with 



RAl 



431 



RAI 



tlie improvement of the navigation of tlie river 
from those falls to Carthage, and a navigable 
feeder of 9 miles from Boonville, the whole 
amounting to 76 ms. at an estimated expense ol 
,•$602,544. The water it is proposed to take 
from Black river. Buffalo canals, at Buffalo in 
Erie co. are two short canals. One of these is 
for the passage of lake vessels from Buffalo 
harbour to the line of the Erie canal. It is 
about 700 yards in length, 80 feet wide, and 1.3 
feet deep. It commences near the outlet of 
Buffalo creek. The other is a boat canal, from 
Big Buffalo creek to Little Buffalo creek, 1,606 
feet long. Cayuga and Seneca canal, extends 
from Geneva, at the foot of Seneca lake, to 
Montezuma, on the Erie canal 20 ms. 44 chains. 
About half the distance is by slack water navi- 
gation, the other by an artificial canal. The 
descent to the canal is 734 feet, which is sur- 
mounted by 11 wooden locks. The tolls col- 
lected on this canal in 1831, amounted to 812,- 
920 39 cents. The tolls reported in July, 1832, 
amounted to ,^725 44. Champlain canal, ex- 
tends from the junction with the Erie canal, 8 
ms. N. Albany, to Whitehall, Washington co. 
at the s. extremity, or head of lake Champlain, 
and affords a boat navigation between that lake 
and Hudson river. It is 72 ms. long, and has 
21 locks, with a total rise and fall of 188 feet ; 
7 of these descend 54 ft. from the summit level 
N. to the lake, and 14 s. to the level of Hudson 
river 134 feet. From Albany to West Troy, 
the Champlain and Erie canals are united ; 
West Troy is 7 ms. and the route lies along the 
level on the west bank of Hudson river. At the 
junction it leaves the Erie canal, and crosses 
the Mohawk river at a ferry ; passing through 
Waterford, Stillwater, Saratoga, Schuylersville, 
Fort Miller, Fort Edward, and Fort Ann, it 
terminates at Whitehall. The tolls collected 
on this canal in 1831, amounted to $102,896 23. 
This is the route of an extensive and valuable 
trade, between the shores of lake Champlain, 
the Hudson and New York. The work was 
commenced in 1818, and finished in 1823 ; 46 
ms. of the route is dug, 6^ lies in Wood creek 
from Fort Ann n., the water being raised by a 
dam. Npar Fort Edward a feeder enters from 
the Hudson, in which is a dam 900 feet long 
and 27 feet average height. From Fort Ed- 
ward to Fort Miller, 8 ms. the canal lies in the 
Hudson, and again 3 ms. above Saratoga Falls. 
Chemung canal. — The legislature appropriated 
f 300,000, in 1829, for the construction of this 
canal, which is now completed. It extends 
from Elmira, Tioga co. on Tioga or Chemung 
river, (a tributary of Susquehannah river,) to 
the head waters of Seneca lake, 18 miles. To 
this work is to be added a navigable feeder of 
13 ms. for the summit level, from the Chemung 
at Painted Post. The canal is to have 53 locks, 
all of wood, 70 bridges, 1 dam, 6 culverts and 
3 aqueducts. The distance from Elmira to 
Philadelphia by this route, is 374 miles, and to 
Baltimore, 394, Chenango canal. — A canal has 
been proposed, from a point on the Erie canal 
in Oneida co. to the Susquehannah at Bing- 
hampton, Broome co. through Oriskany and 
Saquit creeks and Chenango river. The cost 
is estimated at $944,775. The lockage would 



be 1,009 feet, the rise from Erie canal to the 
summit being 706 ft. and from Susquehannah 
r. 303 feet. It would cross the following towns, 
New Hartford, Clinton, Madison, Hamilton, 
Sherburne, Norwich, Oxford, Greene and Che- 
nango forks. C itteningo canal, extends from 
Chitteningo village, Madison co. 1 1-2 ms. to 
the Erie canal, and has 4 locks. Crooked Lake 
canal, is to extend from near Penn-Yan, along 
the outlet of Crooked lake 7 miles to Seneca 
lake. There must be 270 feet descent over- 
come by locks, and the legislature have appro- 
priated $120,000 for the work. Delaware and 
Hudson canal. — This canal was commenced in 
1825 and completed in 1828 ; its entire length 
is 108 ms. It extends from the Hudson river 
at a point 90 ms. n. New York, to Port Jervis, 
on Delaware r. 59 ms. up the e. bank of the 
latter 24 ms., and up Lackawaxen r., Pa., to 
Honesdale, Wayne co. 25 ms. It is here con. 
nected with a rail road, 16 ms. long, running 
to Carbondale, Luzerne co. Pa. where are ex. 
tensive mines of Lackawana coal. This com. 
pany has a capital of $1,500,000, one third part 
of which is in banking capital in New York. 
The canal is from 32 to 36 feet in breadth at 
the surface, 4 feet deep, with locks 9 feet by 
76, for boats of 25 or 30 tons ; 43,200 tons of 
coal were transported on it in 1830, and 
52,000 in 1831. It is re-shipped into vessels 
at Bolton, on the Hudson, where there is 11 
feet water to market. In 1831, 641 vessels 
were loaded there with coal and other arti- 
cles, and $19,500 was received in tolls that 
year at Rondout, exclusive of that paid on 
coal ; 138 boats were devoted to the trans, 
portation of coal only. Erie canal, or Grand 
canal of N. Y. extends from Albany to Buffalo, 
363 miles. It is 40 feet wide at top, 28 at 
bottom, depth 4 feet. The tow path is 10 
feet wide, and it is fenced, lined and bridged, 
by the state. It leaves lake Erie at Buffalo, 
which it has rendered a rich and flourishing 
place ; runs to Black Rock near the lake along 
Niagara r. 7 ras. in the channel of Tonnewanta 
creek, 12 ms. through a deep cut in mountain 
ridge 7^ ms. to Lockport, descends 60 feet by 
5 double locks ; passes near the ridge road 
63 ms. to Rochester, crosses Genesee river, 
thence to Mohawk river at Rome, passing a 
little N. of the small lakes, near the course of 
Seneca r. through the Cayuga marshes and the 
long level. It then follows the course of the 
Mohawk to Cohoes bridge, and after uniting 
with the Champlain canal, terminates at the 
great basin at Albany. It crosses Genesee r. 
on a noble aqueduct, the Mohawk three times, 
and has many aqueducts, dams, feeders, cul. 
verts, &c. connected with it. The Albany and 
Schenectady rail-road will carry many of the 
commodities, and other rail-roads are projected 
from Schenectady west even as far as Buffalo. 
Several canals of much importance are branch- 
es of the Erie canal ; the Oswego canal, which 
extends from Syracuse to Oswego, on lake On. 
tario, and the Cayuga and Seneca canals, con. 
necting it with several of the small lakes in the 
middle of the state. There are others planned, 
with rail roads in different directions, which 
will still further increase the vast amount of 



RAI 

transportation now carried on tiirou 
The following is an ucuount of the 
ceived in tolls nt different jjlaces 
and Champlain canals in 1831, and 



432 



RAI 



Albany, 

West Troy, 

Schenectady, 

Little Falls, 

Utica, 

Koine, 

Syracuse, 

Montezuma, 

Lyons, 

Palmyra, 

Rochester, 

Albion, 

Brockport, 

Lockport, 

Butralo, 

Geneva, 

Waterford, 

Bloop Lock, 

Fort Edward, 

Whitehall, 

Balina, 



«2iUi,443 73 

109,458 J9 

:i5,7l)() 56 

ii,0W5 78 

41,01-J (ii 

28,i;80 79 

C(),144 8i 

05,570 15 

20,539 4ij 

55,770 33 

174,350 90 

J0,!)93 94 

10,750 8^ 

31,023 19 

t)(i,ni)9 19 

27,742 98 

U,u(i7 34 

700 15 

J 5,054 17 

45,829 09 

' 39,:JG0 30 



gh the state. 

amounts re- 

on the Erie 

1832. 

1832 
230,036 32 
100,329 28 
37,794 95 
15,023 12 
47,046 78 
35,547 14 
94,916 24 
73,288 99 
25,278 85 
59,434 78 
1.54,541 08 
10,219 43 
13,025 81 
28,433 22 
58,232 09 
29,333 09 
17,338 18 
],0'J1 59 
10,249 85 
50,357 21 
31,839 52 



$1,190,008 12 



Total, • ©1,194,010 49 

Increase in 1832, 51,3:i7 63 

Besides this, large quantities of flour, ashes, 
provisions, &c. have been sent to the Canadas, 
of which no account is here made. 

The N. Y. canals were constructed at the ex- 
pense of the state, and a large debt has been 
thus contracted, tfl defray which their income is 
pledged with the net revenue from the auction 
and salt duties. In 1837 about 2-5 of the debt 
is payable. The debt for the Erie and Cham- 
plain canals amounted, on the 1st Jan. 1832, to 
$7,001,035 86; the Oswego, Chemung and 
Crooked Lake canal debt to f 1,054,610 00; so 
that the whole canal debt of the state then was 
^8,055,645 86. In 1831 were inspected at Al- 
bany, 48,653 bbls. of wheat flour, a large part 
of which was raised in the fertile counties of 
the state, and ground at the extensive mills of 
Rochester. The tolls collected on the Erie 
and Champlain canals, in .July, 1832, amounted 
to $102,904 98; ^3,953 52 less than in 1831. 
Haerlem canal, N. Y. co. extends from East r. 
to Hudson river, 3 ms. through Manhattanville. 
The company was incorporated in 1826, and en- 
joy a perpetual charter, with a capital of §550,- 
000. It is 60 ft. wide, and in the middle part of 
the route 100 ; 6 or 7 ft. deep, and about 3 miles 
long ; a street of 50 ft. breadth is to be formed 
on each side ; it has guard locks at the ends, 
and the sides are to be walled with stone. Hell 
Gate canal-^A company has been incorporated 
to construct a sloop canal, 800 yards long, round 
the dangerous passage in East r. called Hell 
Gate, on the w. end of Long Island. Delays 
are frequently caused to the numerous vessels, 
principally coasters, which navigate that chan. 
nel, as the passage is imsafe except at particu- 
lar states of wind and tide. Hallet's Cove, at a 
short distance, is often crowded with vessels, 
Waiting for an opportunity to pass. It has been 
estimated that ,520 packets pass 22,520 times 
in a year ; 500 trading vessels which pass 11,000 
times; and 13 steam boats, most of them large, 
and employed in transporting numerous passen- 
gers and valuable freights, which pass 5,000 
times, making 50,000 in all. It is proposed to 
make the canal 82 ft. wide, 18 ft. deep, with 
gates, and to face it all with stone ; and the cost 



is estimated at ,$70,000, and the purchase of all 
the lands, about 50 acres, including houses, 
buildings of all kinds, ferries, rail-ways, quar- 
ries, &.C. will amount to about fifty thousand 
dollars more. It is computed that it will pay 
about twenty-two per cent, on the original cost, 
.iMohawk canals. — The Mohawk river was ren- 
dered navigable in boats from Schenectady to 
Rome, some years ago, by the construction of 
canals round Little Falls, and Wolf Rift, on the 
German Flats. A canal ot 1 1-2 ms. was also 
made from the head of the Mohawk to Wood 
creek, which leads into Oneida lake. Oswego 
canal, in Onondaga and Oswego cos. extends 
from Syracuse, on the Erie canal, to Oswego, 
on lake Ontario, 38 ms. For half the distance 
Oswego r. is used, having been dammed, and 
supplied with a towing path on the bank. The 
descent to the lake is 123 feet, which is over- 
come by 13 locks, all of which are of stone ex- 
cept one. Cost, ,$525,000. $16,271 10 was 
collected on this canal in tolls in 1831. The 
tolls reported in July, 1832, amounted to 
<$ 192,62. Scottsville canal. A company was 
incorporated in 1829, with $15,000 to construct 
a canal from Genesee r. to Scottsville, Munroe 
CO. Sodus canal, is to be 24 ms. long, 6 miles 
of its route is on Seneca r. and the outlet of 
Crusoe lake, and 13 ms. to be excavated at the 
summit level only 10 feet. The descent is 130 
feet, of which 114 is near the end of the canal. 
The locks will afford abundance of water pow- 
er. Big Sodus harbor, with which this canal 
is to communicate, is large, and one of the best 
on lake Ontario. This work is on a route said 
to be the most direct communication between 
the waters of lake Champlain and the St. Law- 
rence, 

In the preceding table we have exhibited the 
receipts of the Erie and Champlain canals in 
1831 and 1832. The names of the two other 
canals in N. Y., the property of the state, we 
give below, with their receipts durmg the same 
period. 

1831. 1832. 

Oswego, $16,271 10 $19,786 90 

Cayuga and Seneca, 12,920 39 13,894 68 
The increase of the former in 18.32 being 
$3,515 10, and of the latter $974,29. The 
total receipts of these 4 canals in 1831 was 
$1,223,801 98 ; and in 1832 $1,229,689 00. 
Increase of the whole receipts in 1832, over 
that of 1831, $5,887 02. The amount expend- 
ed on these canals in payment of repairs, sala. 
riesto superintendents, and pay of lock tenders, 
for the year ending October 1, 1832, was 
$358,258 04. 

New England, possessing in general, the 
usual rugged character of primitive formations, 
offers fewer facilities for extensive artificial 
navigation, than many other portions of the 
U.S. 

In Connecticut, the work of greatest mag- 
nitude which has yet been undertaken, is the 
Farmington canal. This extends 58 ms. from 
New Haven to Southwick ponds, on the boun- 
dary of Mass. It passes through Hampden, 
Cheshire, Southington, Northington parish, 
Simsbury, Farmington, Granby, to Southwick, 
where it enters several ponds. From the level 



RAI 



433 



RAI 



of Farmington it rises n. 38 feet by 6 locks ; it 
crosses Farmington r. on an aqueduct of 280 
feet, 34 high. It is 36 feet wide at top, 20 at 
bottom, 4 deep, with 218 feet lockage, all as- 
cending from N. Haven, Farmington r. feeder, 
3 ms. long, gives the principal supply, and is a 
branch. The work began in 1825. The 
Hampshire and Hampden canal has been con- 
structed in Mass. in continuation of the Far- 
mington canal to Westfield, and was intended 
to go to Northampton, and even proposed to be 
extended to Barnet, Vt. It will probably be 
completed to Northampton soon, where it will 
communicate with Connecticut r. Besides this 
in the same state is the Enfield canal, extend- 
ing round Enfield falls, on the w. side of the 
Connecticut. It is 6 miles long, and is an im- 
portant improvement in the navigation of that r. 
The fall is 30 feet, which is overcome by three 
locks of 10 feet lift each, of hammered stone. 
Great advantages are afforded by this canal 
for hydraulic purposes, which are partially im- 
proved. 

In Rhode Island, the Blackstone canal com- 
mences at Providence, and extends about 40 
ms. to Worcester in Mass. It follows principal- 
ly the course of Blackstone, or Pawtucket riv- 
er, and passes through Smithfield and North 
Providence in R. I., and Mendon, Uxbridge, 
Northbridge, Sutton, Grafton and Milbury to 
Worcester, where it terminates. It is supplied 
with water from the Blackstone r. Numerous 
manufactories lie on and near this route, to 
which the canal affords great advantages. 
This canal was built by a company chartered 
by the states of R. I., and Mass. at an expense 
of about $700,000 and was completed in 
1828. It is 45 miles long and has a fall of 450 
feet, to surmount which there are 48 locks 
on the route. The canal has a depth of four 
feet, is 34 feet wide at the surface and 18 at the 
bottom. 

In Massachusetts few canals of magnitude 
have been constructed, besides the above. The 
principal are the Middlesex, and the Hampshire 
and Hampden canals ; the latter is not yet com- 
pleted, and has been already noticed under the 
head of Farmington canal. Middlesex canal 
extends from Charlestown, on the navigable 
waters of Boston harbor, to Lowell, on the 
Merrimack, where it communicates with the 
works on that r. and extends the line of boat 
navigation to Concord, N. H. It is 27 ms. long, 
30 ft. wide and 3 deep, with 20 locks and 7 
aqueducts over valleys and streams. There 
are four levels, each 5 ms. long. At Charles- 
town the canal terminates in a large mill pond. 
On the summit level it crosses Concord river, 
which supplies it with water. 13 locks de- 
scend hence to Charlestown, 107 feet, and 3 
locks to Merrimack r. above the falls, HI feet. 
This work cost f 530,000. The Pawtucket, 
South Hadley, Wickasee and Montague canals, 
are comparatively of inferior importance. Paw- 
tucket canal was constructed in 1797. It pass, 
es round the Pawtucket falls (in the town of 
Lowell) in the Merrimack, a distance of IJ ms. 
Since its first construction it has been both 
deepened and widened and affords water power 
to several manufactories. The falls in the 



whole distance are about 30 ft. and the canal is 
now 90 ft. broad, and 4 deep. South Hadley 
canal, is 2 ms. long, and overcomes a descent 
of 40 feet in Connecticut r. It was the first 
canal in the U. S., being commenced in 1792. 
Near its lower junction with the Conn, is a cut 
through solid rock, 300 ft. long and 40 deep, 
through which it passes. Wiikasee canal, 
leads boats round the falls at that place in Mer, 
rimack r. 3 ms. above Lowell, where the Mid. 
dlesex canal commences. It cost $14,000. 
Montague canal, at Montague, Mass. extends 
round a fall of the same name in Conn, river. 
It is 3 ms. long, with a lockage of 75 ft., and is 
25 ft in width, and 3 in depth. 

The remaining canals of New England will 
occupy but a very brief space. 

The White r. canal, in Vt. is a small work 
around a fall in Conn, r., for flat bottomed boats 
and rafts. The Bellows Falls canal, in the 
same state, is a short but expensive work along 
the west shore of Conn, river, round these 
falls. It is cut through a bed of hard granite ; 
but a part of the excavation was made in 
ages past, by the current of the stream. Flat 
bottomed boats, small steamboats and rafts, 
thus pass a natural obstruction in the naviga. 
tion. 

In N. H. a company was incorporated in 
1811, the charter of which has since been re- 
newed, for the purpose of forming a canal with 
locks from Winnipiseogee lake to Dover, 
along Cochego r. 27 ms. As the descent is 
452 ft., no less than 53 locks would be necessa- 
ry ; and the expense is estimated at ^300,000. 
This work would be of benefit to above 400 
sq. ms. ; and it has been even proposed to ex- 
tend a canal to Pemigewasset r. The follow- 
ing works, completed in the same state, consti. 
tute with the Pawtucket and Wickasee canals, 
in Mass. already mentioned, links in a chain of 
navigation, extending from Boston harbor by 
the Middlesex canal and the Merrimack r., to 
the central part of N. H. Amoskeag canal, 
affording a boat navigation round a fall of 4.4 
ft., in the Merrimack, is one mile in length. 
The fall is 45 feet, and is overcome by 9 locks, 
which with the canal cost $50,000. Bow canal, 
affords boat navigation of | m. round the falls 
in Merrimack r. at Bow, of 25 feet descent. 
The works cost $21,000. The canal commen- 
ces at the upper landing in Concord, and is the 
first link in the chain of improved internal 
transportation, which extends down the lV(erri- 
mack to Lowell, and thence to Boston. Hook- 
sett canal, hO rods only in length, passes round 
Hooksett falls, 7 ms. below Amoskeag. These 
falls are 16 feet, and the canal and locks cost 
117,000. They afford a navigation for boats. 
The Union canals pass 7 falls in the Merri. 
mack, and the distance improved by them for 
the navigation of boats is 9 ms. There are 7 
locks on the route, which furnish water power 
for several manufactories. This and the 3 ca. 
nals preceding, all in New Hampshire, are a 
part of a line of navigation long since pro. 
jected between Boston and the central parts 
of N. H. The Middlesex canal unites with 
this improved navigation 27 ms. n. n. e. Boston, 
at Chelmsford. The charter granting to a com- 



RAI 



434 



RAI 



pany, in I8ll, the right of constructing a canal 
from hike Winnipiseogee to Cocheco river, 
near Dover, has been renewed. The distance 
is 27 miles ; and the estimated expense of the 
canal is $350,000. The lake is 450 feet above 
the level of the river. 

In Maine the Cumberland and Oxford canal 
extends 50 ms., from Portland to Sebago pond. 
The latter, with Brandy pond and outlets, in- 
clude 27 ms. of the canal, the balance, 23 ms., 
being artificial, and having 26 locks. It is 34 
ft. in width at the surface, 18 at the bottom, and 
is 4 ft. in depth. Bridgeton is at the head of 
the canal. 

This completes what we have to say descrip- 
tive of canals in the U. S. With regard to the 
system in general, the expense attendant on the 
construction of such works, and the amoimt of 
profit accruhig from them to the proprietors, a 
few word's here may not be out of place. The 
following observations and statistical detail are 
extracted from Wood's treatise on rail roads 
and interior communication in general, edited 
by George W. Smith, and published in 1832. 
" The spirit of enterprise has been displayed," 
says Mr. Smith, " on a scale commensurate 
with the extensive territory of the U. S. With 
.the exception of Great Britain and Holland, no 
country on the face of the globe contains so 
many or extensive canals as this republic ; and 
the whole of combined Europe has not effected 
as much during the last 16 years, as the three 
states of Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio 
only. The total number of miles of canals in 
the Union is 2,526, including about 264 which 
are nearly finished, and which will be navigable 
during the ensuing spring, (1833.) Several 
extensive canals are in progress, and an im- 
mense number of projected or authorized works 
are not included in the summary just given. 
Nearly four-fifths of the aggregate amount 
have been executed in the three states above 
mentioned. The cost of the canals in the U. 
S., has been about Jii;21,400 on an average, per 
mile. Although many expensive alterations 
have been made, a large additional sum will be 
requisite, for the purpose of completing these 
works in a permanent and suitable manner. 
The amount necessary for this purpose cannot 
be accurately estimated ; but, if a judgment 
may be formed from the brief and limited ex- 
perience of N. Y. and Pa., (where much ex- 
penditure will still be necessary,) the ultimate 
cost will probably be at least *s28,500 per mile. 
The navigable canals of Pa. have already cost 
^25,185 per mile. The cheapest canal (prob- 
ably in the Union) cost about $5,200 on an 
average per mile. The Chesapeake and Dela- 
ware canal cost nearly $169,000 per mile. The 
dimensions of this work permit the passage of 
coasters. It presents one of the cases where 
canals are decidedly superior to rail-roads — 
namely, for connecting by a short line an im- 
mense extent of navigable waters ; although 
the tolls chargeable on every ton render the 
cost of transportation ten times greater than on 
a rail-road of similar extent, and constructed 
for perhaps one-tenth of the cost of the canal — 
nevertheless, the expense, delay, and incon- 
venience of transhipment give a preference to a , 



work which permits of a continuous voyage. 
A rival rail-road, to connect the same points, 
has, however, even in this instance, been made, 
and with great advantage, for the rapid con- 
veyance of light goods, passengers, &c., for 
which purposes canals are not adapted." From 
the stated cost of $169,000 per mile, the 14 
ms. contained in the Chesapeake and Delaware 
canal, must have cost $2,366,000 ; the original 
estimate of the sum this canal would cost was 
made in 1824, and stated at $1,129,036 73, or 
too low by nearly one half. (The actual cost 
was $2,200,000.) The mistake in the esti- 
mates most probably saved the enterprise. " In 
the U. S., the proprietors of the two thousand 
five hundred and twenty-five miles of canals, 
which are in operation or in progress, have 
not, in any one solitary instance, received from 
the tolls derived from these works the current 
interest of the country on the capital expended 
in their construction (including therein, as part 
of the real cost, the arrears of unpaid, interest 
on those •portions of the capital which were tern, 
porarily dormant.) The Erie and Champlain 
canals of New York, (now the most productive 
in the Union, j have not in any one year, with 
one exception, paid the expenses of their repairs 
and management, and the current rate of inter- 
est on their actual cost, although in other re- 
spects they have greatly increased the wealth 
and welfare of that populous state. Justice, 
however, requires the remark, that many of 
the American canals have only recently been 
constructed, and, consequently, that the trade 
on them is not yet established to the extent 
which time will create." 

RAIL-ROADS. 

The authorities consulted in the following 
notices of rail.roads, are chiefly " Smith's 
Wood," and the " Rail road Journal" of New 
York. Those who would see accounts more 
full in detail, are referred to these and other 
more extended works. 

KAIL-ROADS, COMPLETED, COMMENCED, OR 
INCORPORATED. 

Alatamaha and Brunswick, r-r. Geo. Thi? 
road is to extend from the Alatamaha.river, 12 
miles to Brunswick. It was commenced in 
1832. 

Albion and Tonawanda, r-r. N. Y. A com- 
pany has been incorporated to construct this 
road. 

Albany and Schenectady, r-r. (See Hud- 
son and Mohawk r-r.) 

Alleghany Portage r-r. Pa. This is one of 
the links of the Pennsylvania chain of r-rs. and 
canals; it extends over the main Alleghany 
ridge of mtns., from Hollidaysburg on the Ju- 
niata r. to Johnstown on the Connemaugh, 36 J 
miles. It passes over the Alleghany mtns. 
by 10 inclined planes, 5 on each side ; the 
estrn. slope, from Hollidaysburg to the summit 
being 10 ms., and the wstrn. declivity 26^. It 
passes a part of the mtn. by a tunnel 880 feet 
long, 26 high, and 22 wide. There are 4 via- 
ducts, (road ways) of masonry, containing 
15,465 perches, estimated cost about $80,000 ; 
a bridge, for the passage of a turnpike, cost 



RAI 



435 



RAI 



,f 1,284 ; 72 culverts, 11,775 feet, cost $37,000; 
cost of grading, exclusive of the masonry, 
^499,300 ; estimate for engines and machine, 
ry $89,000. This road is not completed, but 
is in rapid progress, and may be in operation in 
1833. 

Amboy r-r. {See Camden and Amhoy r-r.) 

Au Sable and Lake Champlain r-r. N. Y. 
A company has been incorporated to construct 
tiiis road from the forks of the great Au Sable 
river, along the valley of that stream to lake 
Champlain about 15 miles, with power to 
make branches to the iron mines of Pa. The 
object of this plan is to facilitate transportation 
between navigable water and the mines. 

Baltimore and Ohio r-r. The charter for 
this work was granted by the legislature of 
Maryland, Feb. 9th, 1827, and the work was 
commenced the 4th .July, 1828. The original 
design was to unitethe city of Baltimore with 
the Ohio by a line of double tracks ; and to 
that efi'ect, permission was obtained from the 
legislature of Pa. and Va. ; but as the extension 
of the road beyond the Point of Rocks, where 
it intersected Potomac r., has been prevented 
by a legal dispute with the Chesapeake and 
Ohio canal company, we confine our notice to 
that part either finished or in progress. The 
controversy, however, between these two com- 
panies, has been decided in favor of the Canal 
CO., and the present purpose of the r-r. com. is to 
extend it to Williamsport, thence to Cumber- 
land, and from thence to Pittsburg, the whole 
distance being 325 ms. It commences in the 
city of Baltimore, and extends to the Point of 
Rocks 693 ™s., with a branch road to Freder- 
ick, of 3^ ms., the whole distance being 73| 
ms. The road-bed is 26 ft. wide. The line of 
the road is inflected very considerably along 
the vallies of the streams ; and presents seve- 
ral rather abrupt curves. Of the whole dis- 
tance, about 33 miles are for the most part 
straight. The bridges and viaducts are nu. 
merous, and solid, but very expensive struc- 
tures. The materials on which the rails are 
laid, are stone blocks and wooden sleepers. 
Forty miles of single track, are composed of 
granite sills 8 inches thick, 15 wide, and of va- 
rious lengths. These are laid intrenches, filled 
with broken stone. The estrn. section of 13 
ms. was by far the most difficult and expensive ; 
costing, for only graduation and masonry, above 
^46,354. The cost of graduation of these 13 
ms., amounted to ^8,994 more than did the res- 
idue ; and on the first 8 3-4 ms. was expended 
in masonry, a sum equal to the cost of the re- 
maining 61. The average cost of the road 
when completed, was estimated at $30,000 per 
mile. This road is in operation, and during 
the last very severe winter, kept the cost of 
fuel in Baltimore down to its ordinary price, 
about 100 per cent, below what it was in Phila., 
New York, &c. 

BALTIMORE AND PoRT DEPOSIT T-x. Md. to ex- 
tend to the latter place, situated on the Susque- 
hannah, 37 miles n. e. Baltimore. Chartered 
1832. 

Baltimore and SosauEHANNAH r-r. This 
line of road, designed to connect the city of 
Baltimore with York Haven on the Susquehan- 



nah, will be about 76 ms. in length. It has to 
pass a summit of 1,000 feet. The first division 
of 7 ms., commencing at the depot in the city 
of Baltimore, and terminating on .Tones' Falls 
creek, was completed and opened with one 
track, on the 4th of July, 1831. The road-bed 
of 22 feet, v/ill admit two tracks. The second 
division, G 3-lOth ms.,, continuing from the first 
up the valley of Jones' Falls to the mouth of 
Rowland's run ; thence up the latter, and over 
the summit, between the vallies of Jones' 
Falls creek and Gunpowder river to a point 
on York turnpike between the 12th and 13th 
mile stones from Baltimore, is nearly comple- 
ted. From the termination of the first division, 
on the right branch of Jones' Falls creek, the 
Westminster branch road leaves the main line, 
and follows the valley of Jones' Falls to its 
head, 8 ms., and terminates on Reisterstown 
road, near the 11th mile stone. This work 
was commenced in the autumn of 1830. It will 
extend to n. line of the state of Maryland, and 
thence to York Haven in Pa. Another section 
of the Westminster branch of this road is com- 
pleted to " Owing's mill," and the cars have 
already commenced running to that place. The 
same is true of another division of this road, 
which extends to the York turnpike road. 

Baltimore and Washington r-r. Md. This 
r-r. is another, and an important branch of the 
Baltimore and Ohio r-r., and has been com- 
menced by the same company. The surveys 
are completed, and the expense is estimated at 
f 1,555,000. The road will be 33 ms. long, 
from Washington to Elkridge landing ; its stock 
has been chiefly taken by the state of Mary- 
land, and the Baltimore and Ohio r-r. company. 

Black River r-r. A company was incor- 
porated by fhe legislature of N. Y. in 1832, to 
construct this r-r. from the Erie canal at Rome 
or Herkimer, to the r. St. Lawrence, with a 
capital of $900,000. 

Boston r-rs. There are now three r-rs. con- 
structing from Boston in as many different di- 
rections ; all of which will probably be greatly 
extended beyond the points at which for the 
present they will terminate. The road to Prov. 
idence will undoubtedly be continued to Nor. 
wich or New London ; that of Worcester to 
Albany, and that of Lowell to Vt., perhaps to 
Burlington, or from the opposite shore of the 
lake to Ogdensburg, N. Y. The Worcester 
road may possibly be connected with one from 
Norwich, Ct. ; one to Hartford and New Ha- 
ven, Ct. ; and one to the n. w. parts of Mass. 

Boston and lake Ontario r-r. This pro- 
posed line embraces the Boston and Lowell r-r. 
That part of the road to the New Hampshire 
line, via Lowell, is now in a vigorous train of 
execution ; and in New Hampshire it is con. 
tinned 15 ms. by the Port Kent and Au Sable 
r-r. A company, under the title of " the Bos- 
ton and lake Ontario r-r. company," has been 
incorporated by the legislatures of Massachu- 
setts, Vermont and New Hampshire, and it is 
expected will be by that of N. Y. at the ensu- 
ing session. 

Boston and Lowell r-r. This road, which 
was incorporated in 1830, is now actively pro- 
gressing ; it is to be constructed of the most du. 



RAI 



436 



RAI 



rable materials, stone and iron, with a single 
track at present, and provision for the addition of 
another if expedient. It is to commence near 
Warren bridge, to cross Charles river by a via- 
duct, thence through Woburn, and terminate at 
the Merrimack canal at Lowell, a distance of 
25 miles. 

Boston and PnoviDEncE r-r. This road was 
incorporated in 1831 ; the route has been sur- 
veyed, and the location determined. The road 
will be nearly, (for the most part actually) 
straight; and its direction is such, that while it 
will aflbrd the shortest conmiunication between 
Boston and Providence, it affords great facilities 
for a connexion also with Taunton, by a branch 
rail-way (diverging from the main line, say 23 
ms. from Boston,) of but 11^ to 12 ms. in 
length ; making the distance, therefore, from 
Boston to Taunton, but 35 ms. ; or exceeding 
that by the turnpike, only 3 ms. Length of the 
route from Providence to Boston, 43 ms. 

Boston and Tauntoh r-r. A rad-road was 
incorporated, 1831, to extend between these 
two places, a distance of 32 ms. 

Boston and Worcester r-r. The excavation 
for this road was commenced, August 1832, at 
Brighton and at Needham. Thirteen ms. cf it 
are to be completed in 1833, and 13 other ms. 
are under contract ; the whole it is expected 
will be completed in May 1834. The length 
of the road as it is located, is 43^ ms. This is 
about 2 ms. longer than a straight line between 
the points of termination, and about equal in dis- 
tance to the road which is now most travelled 
between Boston and Worcester. The iron for 
the construction of this road is admitted into 
the country free of duty ; and it is stated that 
the work will be executed at less expense than 
the sum estimated, and considerably below the 
capital of the company. 

Brooklyn and Jamaica r-r. This road is to 
be constructed on Long Island, to form a r-r. 
communication between Brooklyn and Jamaica. 
The distance is between 11 and 12 ms. ; the 
company was incorporated in 1832, the stock 
has been taken up, and it is expected the road 
will be completed, a single track, in 1834. 

Buffalo and Erie r-r. A company was in- 
corporated in 1832 by the legislature of New 
York, to construct this r. road, extending from 
Buffalo, to lake Erie, with a capital of ^650,- 
000. (-See Table.) 

Camden and Amboy r-r., commences on the 
Delaware r. at Camden, opposite Philadelphia, 
and extending 61 ms. terminates at Amboy, on 
Amboy bay. So direct is the line of this road 
that the actual distance between the extremes 
is not supposed to exceed 60 ms. The first di- 
vision of 34^ ms. follows the left bank of Dela. 
ware river from Camden to Bordentown; the 
ground plan nearly level, and few places hav- 
ing an inclination of 20 feet to the mile. From 
Bordentown to Amboy, the line is generally 
favorable. The average descent from Borden- 
town to South Amboy is 27 feet per mile, with 
one deep cut of 2 ms. long and 60 feet in depth 
in the deepest place. There are now 3 loco- 
motive engines on this road, and 6 more are 
soon to be added. A single track of this road 
ojily is now in operation ; it was chartered in 



1830, and by the terms of it the comjiletion of it 
was limited to 9 years. This company have 
the exclusive right of rail-roada across the state, 
by their charter, for 30 years. For this privi- 
lege the company gave the state 1000 shares 
of stock, which is to revert to the company in 
case of any rail-road being built in N. J. for the 
purpose of transporting passengers or property 
between New York and Philadelphia. In 1831 
this company and the Delaware and Raritan 
canal company were united by an act of the 
legislature of New Jersey. The legislature of 
New Jersey has authorized extensions of this 
rail-road to New Brunswick, and to the Hud- 
son r. opposite the city of New York. 

Cape Fear, and Yadkin r-r., N. C. This 
road was incorporated in 1832, with a capital 
of $2,000,000. It is to extend from Wilming- 
ton via. Fayetteville to Yadkin r., and thence 
by Salisbury to the Catawba, probably at Beat. 
ty's ford, a distance of about 240 ms. A sub- 
scription has been raised for this purpose, and 
a loan also contracted of §200,000. [See JN. 
Carolina Central rail-road.) 

Carbondale and Honesdale r-r. In 1826 
the legislature of Pa. granted a charter for this 
road, which was commenced in 1826, and com- 
pleted in 1829. It is in fact a continuation of 
the canal line extending from Eddyville on the 
Hudson r., over a part of N. Y., N. J., and Pa., 
to Honesdale on the Lackawaxen r. It is 16 
ms. long, and is intended as a channel ot gen- 
eral trade, but has been hitherto chiefly used 
in the transportation of coal. This road reach- 
es the summit of Moosic mountain, 920 feet 
aggregate ascent above the mines, by 7 inclin- 
ed planes, worked by stationary power, and 
thence descends to Honesdale 913 feet by 3 self 
acting machines or planes. (-See Lackawaxen 
rail-road.) 

Catskill and Canajoharie r-r. N. Y. incor- 
porated 1830. Its capital, §600,000 has been 
subscribed for, and it was commenced in 1831, 
near Cat&kill. Distance, 70 miles. When 
finished it will connect Canajoharie on the 
Mohawk river, with Catskill on the Hudson 
river. 

Central r-r. Pa. This r-r. " extends from 
Pottsville, through the valley of the Shamokin 
creek to Sunbury, near the junction of the Sus- 
quehannah river, with its western branch," 
{See Pennsylvania r. roads.) 

Central r-r., N. C. {See North Carolina.) 

Charleston and Hamburg r-r. {See South 
Carolina.) 

Chesterfield r-r. Va. takes its name from 
Chesterfield co. Va. within which it is formed, 
to connect the bituminous coal strata on James 
r. with tide water in the same stream, below 
Manchester and Richmond. It extends 13 ^ 
ms. in single track, with several turn outs, and 
IJ mile branch roads to the different coal beds. 
This work was commenced January, 1830, 
and opened for use on the 1st of July, 1831, 
and afforded a dividend of 10 per cent, to the 
stockholders on the first six months. Cost was 
§8,000 per mile, and including their wagons, 
horses, &c. the whole disbursements of the 
company has been about $140,000, or §10,370 
per mile. 



RAl 



437 



RAI 



Dansville and Rochester r-r. N. Y. A 
company has beea incorporated, and surveys 
made preparatory to extending a r-r. from 
Dansville to Rochester, under the title of " The 
Dansville and Rochester rail-road." The sur- 
face to be passed over is unusually level and 
favorable to the work. 

Danville and Pottsville r-r. Pa. This 
rather circuitous but highly important line is a 
continuation of Mount Carbon rail-roads and of 
the Schuylkill navigation. It is made as a pub- 
lic high way, and calculated to open a cheap 
and expeditious channel of communication be- 
tween the Schuylkill valley and that of Sus- 
quehannah near the junction of the two main 
branches of the latter. In order to render the 
description of the whole line more perspicuous, 
it is necessary to commence with the Mount 
Carbon road. This latter line was commenced 
in 1829, and completed in 1S31, with a main 
line and two branches. It begins at the lower 
landing of Mount Carbon on the Schuylkill ca- 
nal, about 106 ms. northwestward Philadelphia, 
passes through the town of Pottsville, and 
thence up the Norwegian creek. A branch of 
this road extends up the main fork of the 
creek 1 7-10 ms. and another branch along the 
west fork within a small fraction of 3 miles. 
Both branches and the mainline are mostly ex- 
tended in double tracks. From the branch of 
the Mount Carbon rail-road on the eastern fork 
of Norwegian cr. extends the road from Potts- 
ville to Danville, on the Susquehannah, by Sun- 
bury ; this rail-road was chartered by the legis- 
lature of Pa. in 1826, but subsequently merged 
into the Mount Carbon rail-road company. 
The former leaves the latter road at an eleva- 
tion above Sunbury of 330 feet, and 2 1-2 ms. 
from Pottsville by a deep cut and tunnel of 1,400 
feet, which leads into Mill creek, along the 
valley of which it is carried to the summit of 
Broad mtn. 1,040 feet above Sunbury. The 
height is reached by 4 inclined planes, and the 
opposite side of the mtn. is descended by a sin- 
gle plane of 400 feet perpendicular elevation. 
The next stage of 2 1-4 ms. is level. The 
sixth inclined plane descends to a level of about 
4 ms. The line thence ascends to the summit 
level between the Mahonoy and Shamokin 
creeks, by the 7th inclined plane, ascending at 
the rate of from 10 to 30 feet per mile, and de- 
scends to Sunbury by two inclined planes. The 
entire length of the main line is 47 miles, 174 
poles, and the Danville branch 7 miles, the 
whole 54 54-100 ms. Mill Creek rail-road is 
connected with the two preceding, and was the 
first road of the kind formed in the Upper 
Schuylkill valley. It is a single track line of 6 
turn outs, main line 4 ms. from Mine Hill to 
Fort Carbon, and branches, 9 in number, aggre- 
gate extent about 5 miles. Mine Hill and 
Schuylkill Haven rail-road is not yet connected 
with the Central or Danville and Pottsville 
rail-road ; yet as such union is in contem- 
plation, and as both these roads are in the same 
vicinity we unite them in one general view. 
The main line of the Mine Hill and Schuylkill 
Haven rail-road commences at Schuylkill Ha- 
ven, and stretching along the West branch of 
Schuylkill r. 10 1-2 ms. passes the Mine Hill 

56 



gap. At the fork or where the W. W. branch 
leaves the W. branch, an arm of the rail-road 
extends along the former 3J ms. of a double, 
and 1 m. of single track; making in all 14 ms. 
of a double, and 1 of a single track road. From 
the preceding accounts we discover that the 
Schuylkill navigation in its Upper valley is cori' 
nected with three systems or lines of r. roads. 
There are also in the same region several 
miles of rail-road not included in the above, 
but which were constructed on private proper- 
ty by individuals. These immense works, in a 
period comparatively short, have changed re- 
gions, once barren, wild, and desolate, into the 
busy residence of several thousands. 

Delaware and SusauEHANNAH r. road. (See 
Elizahethtoion and Somerville r-r.) 

Detroit and Pontiac r-r., Mich. A com- 
pany has been incorporated and the surveys 
made for a rail road between Pontiac and De- 
troit. The length of the road when completed 
will be 25 ms. 

Dutchess County r-r., N. Y. A company 
has been incorporated to construct a r-r. from 
Poughkeepsie to the Connecticut line. The 
road will be from 20 to 30 ms. in length. Capi- 
tal of the company, ^6;J0,000. 

Elizabethtown and Somerville, and Dela- 
ware and SusauEHANNAH r-rs. These roads 
have been surveyed, and it is expected that the 
work will soon be commenced. The route, 
which has been examined, will probably cross 
the Delaware at Belvidere, and is l46 ms. long; 
extending from Jersey city opposite New- York, 
to the Great Bend of the Susquehanna, at or 
nearPittston. It will pass through Stroudsburg, 
Belvidere, Somerville, Elizabethtown, andNew- 
ark. This road will be intersected by the New 
.Tersey rail road, near Elizabethtown. The es- 
timated cost of that part of this route, extend- 
ing from Elizabethtown to Somerville, 20 
miles, is .$200,000 ; from Somerville to Bel- 
videre, 45 miles. $541,250, or for the 65 ms. 
^741,250. The stock of this route is taken up. 

Elmira and Williamsport r-r., N, Y. A 
company was incorporated by the legislature of 
N. York in 1832, to construct this rail road ; 
its capital 75,000 dollars. 

Experiment r-r. (See N. Carolina r. roads.) 

Fatetteville r-r., N. C. This road when 
completed will extend from Campbeltown on 
the Cape Fear r. to Fayetteville. The company 
was incorporated in 1830 ; its capital ^20,000. 

Germantown r-r. (See Philadelphia, Gar- 
mantown and Norristown r-r.) 

Haarlem r-r., N. Y. This r-r. is entirely 
within the city of New York, if we regard that 
city as commensurate with Manhattan island. 
The grading of the other parts of the road is 
rapidly progressing. The contemplated New 
York and Albany r-r. will probably commence 
at the N. extremity of this road, so that it may 
be considered as the first link in the grand chain 
of r-roads, which shall yet connect the city of 
New York with "the West." 

Hudson and Berkshire r-r. The legisla- 
ture of N. Y., in 1832, incorporated a compa- 
ny, with a capital of ($350,000, to construct a 
r-r. to the Massachusetts line, to meet a r-r« 
authorized by the government of that state. 



RAI 



438 



RAI 



Hudson and Delaware r-r., N. Y. This 
company was incorporated in 1830, for the con- 
struction of a road from Newburgh through Or- 
ange CO. to the Delaware river at Carpenter's 
Point, 51 ms. ; from this Point it is proposed to 
extend it to Lackawanna river, and the coal re- 
gion, 65 ms. farther. 

Hudson and Mohawk r-r., N. Y. This, 
which in length is 16 ms. is a very important 
r-r., connecting Albany and Schenectady. It 
was chartered by the legislature of New York 
in 1830. It is calculated for double tracks, one 
of which is completed and in operation, and the 
second in progress. The summit is 335 feet 
above the level of tide water in the Hudson. 
This is a dead level of 14 ms. in length. At 
each end of the road there is a stationary en- 
gine of 12 horse power, which overcome by 
inclined planes, a rise of about 120 feet. A 
very heavy locomotive engine, imported from 
Europe, was found by its weight, 12,742 lbs., 
to injure the road ; but another weighing only 
6,758^ lbs., made at West Point, is in use, and 
a second has recently been added. The mean 
rate of motion on this road with a load of 8 
tons, is 15 ms. hourly. The company were au- 
thorized, in 1832, to construct a branch rail- 
road from the line of the present one, near its 
intersection with the great western turnpike, to 
Capitol square in Albany, and from thence, or 
some point between the places of intersection 
and the Capitol, to the Albany basin. 

Indiana. Eight joint stock companies have 
been incorporated in this state, with a total 
capital of $4,000,000, for the construction of 
rail-roads. The principal road is to commence 
on the Ohio, at Madison, in Jefferson co. 76 ms. 
s. E. Indianopolis, from thence to Indianopolis, 
and is afterwards to be continued into Fayette 
CO. It is also expected to continue these from 
Lidianopolis to several places on the Wabash. 

Illinois and Michigan r-r. This road, 
which, when completed, will be 96| miles in 
length, is to commence at Chicago on lake 
Michigan, and after running in a s. w. direction 
along the valley of the river Des Plaines, to 
terminate at the Illinois rapids. The summit 
level will be less than 200 feet above the low- 
est part of the road. 

Ithaca and Geneva r-r. The company for 
the construction of a rail-road between these 
two towns was incorporated in 1832 by the 
New York legislature ; capital ^800,000. 

Ithaca and Catskill r-r. N. Y. The whole 
length of this road when completed between 
the two places will be about 167 ms. 

Ithaca and Owego r-r. N. Y. This line of 
29^ ms. is intended to connect the village of 
Ithaca in Tompkins co. with Owego in Tioga 
CO. N. Y. The direction s. s. e. It is the first 
rail-road line actually commenced which will 
unite the basins of Chesapeake and St. Law- 
rence. It was incorporated in 1828, the stock 
subscribed for, and the work commenced. It 
is expected that half of the route will be com- 
pleted the present season, and the balance early 
in 1834. 

James River and Kenhawa r-r. Va. Incor- 
porated 1831, for the purpose of uniting the 
James with Ohio river, by rail-road and canal, 



or either. The state proposes to take 2-5ths of 
the stock after the subscription for the balance 
shall be filled. 

Knoxville and Southern r-r. company. 
{See North Carolina Central rail road.) 

LaCKA WAXEN AND SUSQUEHANNAH r-r. Pa. 

This line extends from Carbondale coal-mines 
down the Tunkhannoc valley to the Susquehan- 
nah river, 16 ms., and is a continuation of the 
Carbondale and Honesdale r-r. The Lacka- 
waxen r-r. was authorised by the legislature of 
Pennsylvania, in 1826, and by charter required 
to be a public high way for the conveyance of 
persons, produce and merchandize. {See Car- 
bondale and Honesdale rail-road.) 

Lake Champlain and Ogdensburg r-r. A 
company was incorporated in 1832, by the New 
York legislature, to construct a roil-road be- 
tween Ogdensburg on the St. Lawrence, St. 
Lawrence co. and lake Champlain, with a capi- 
ital of ^3,000,000. 

Lafayette and Michigan r-r. Ind. The 
charter for the construction of this road was 
granted in 1832, with a capital stock of 
§■500,000. This road is to extend from Lafay- 
ette, Tippacanoe co., on the Wabash, to a port 
on lake Michigan, a distance of 84 ms. This, 
when completed will give the interior of this 
state a very direct communication with New 
York. 

Lake Pontchartrain r-r. This rail-road, 
which is about 4^ miles in length, and consists 
of a single track, extends from lake Pont- 
chartrain to New Orleans. The company was 
incorporated in 1830, the road opened in 1831. 
Whole cost of construction about |70,00O. 

Lexington Ky. and Ohio r-r. This road is 
designed to extend from the town of Lexington, 
in a direction a little n. of w. through Frank- 
fort, Shelbyville, and some other intermediate 
places, to Louisville. The length will be about 
66 ms. Six miles of this road is completed, 
and a locomotive engine is soon to be placed 
upon it. A second division of 20 ms. is now 
under contract, to be completed the present 
season. The first 6 miles it is expected will 
cost about 545,000, or an average of f 7,500 
per mile, and the second division about-. 
$11,000. 

Little Schuylkill r-r. Pa. This road com- 
mences at Port Clinton, and mouth of Tama- 
qua, following the valley of the latter stream 
21|ms., and 1^ ms. above the town of Tama- 
qua. A branch of 1 m. leaves the main line 
from Tamaqua, to other mines. The road is 
graded for double tracks, and a single track 
has been constructed throughout. The com- 
pany are authorized to continue this rail-road 
to Reading from Port Clinton in one direction, 
and to the foot of Broad mtn. in the other. 
Another company is empowered to extend it to 
Catavvissa on Susquehannah r. 57^- ms. from 
Port Clinton. Upon these extensions nothing 
except surveys has yet been executed. 

Lykin's Valley r-r. Pa. which was commen- 
ced in 1831, and completed 1832, is a single 
track extending from a coal basin of Broad mtn. 
through Bear Creek gap, down the Wiconisco 
valley, north side of Berry's mtn., to Millers- 
burg on the Susquehannah. Length 16^ miles. 



RAI 



439 



RAI 



This line extends along the n. side of Dauphin 
CO. Pa. ^^ 

Mad River and Lake Erie r-r. Pa. This 
road when completed will extend from Dayton 
at the head of Miami cr., in a n. n. e. direction, 
to Sandusky ; and its length will be about 150 
ms., stretching along the vallies of Mad river, 
part of Scioto, and thence down that of San- 
dusky, to its point of northern termination. 
The route has been surveyed, and the stock 
books are soon to be opened. It is said of 
this road, that when completed " a locomotive 
engine, with its train of cars can traverse its 
whole distance with ease, as there is not an 
inclined plane upon the route rendering the 
intervention of stationary power necessary. 
Manchester, r-r. .This r-r. which is in Ches- 
terfield CO. Va., extends from Manchester to 
the coal mines, about 13 ms. distant. (See 
Chesterfield r-r.) 

Mauch Chunk, r-r. Pa., was one of the first 
attempts made in the U. S. to introduce the r-r. 
system. In construction, it shares the imper- 
fections of first efforts, but in point of profit to 
the company which constructed it, it has been 
highly successful. The Mauch Chunk r-r. was 
commenced in the winter of 1826-7, and brought 
into use in the latter year. Main line 9 ms. ; 
branches 42, or 13^ ms. in all. It extends from 
Lehigh r. to the coal mines, to which it has a 
continued ascent ; down this plane the cars, 
when loaded, descend by their own gravity, 
and are returned to the mines again by mules. 
Room Run and Mauch Chunk r-r. is in fact an 
arm of the Mauch Chunk r-r., and extends about 
5-4 ms. from the coal mines on Room Run, to 
the depot at Mauch Chunk. The total cost in- 
cluding machinery, $76,111. 

Mill Creek r-r. Pa. [Sec Danville and 
Pottsville r-r.) 

Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven r-r. Pa. 
(See Danville and Pottsville r-r.) 

Morris canal and Patterson r-r. N. J. A 
company has been incorporated in N. J., for the 
purpose of constructing a road to connect the 
Morris canal with the Patterson and Hudson 
river r-r. How far the company have progres- 
sed in the work is not accurately known. 

Mount Carbon r-r. Pa. This road was in- 
corporated in 1829, and is now in use. It ex- 
tends from Mount Carbon to Morrisville, thence 
through Pottsville to the Forks. It is 36,808 
ft. long, and cost ^100,000. 

New Castle and Frenchtown r-r. Del. This 
line of 16 46-100 ms. reaches from the centre 
of Front street in New Castle, to Elk r. at 
Frenchtown. A direct line connecting the ex- 
tremes measures 15 97-100 ms., the road being 
but half a mile longer than its chord. It was 
chartered in 1827, and completed in 1832. The 
road is composed of 6 curves and 6 straight 
lines, of which the curves occupy 5 16-100 ms. 
Road bed 26 ft. exclusive of side drains. There 
are 4 bridges or viaducts, and 29 culverts of 
stone masonry. Locomotive engines only are 
used on this road for the transportation of pas- 
sengers, and it is estimated that 150,000 persons 
have travelled across it since its completion, to 
not one of whom, it is said, has the slightest 
accident occurred. The first locomotive in- 1 



troduced on this road has performed 70 succes- 
sive days, without loss of a trip, and a consid- 
erable number of days it performed double 
trips. The time of travelling this road is from 
55 to 60 minutes, and information is conveyed 
from one end to the other in 3 minutes, by means 
of signal staves erected along its route. The 
cost of this road, including land, wharves, loco- 
motive engines, &c. $400,000. From the main 
line of the New Castle and Frenchtown r-r., 
there is a small branch of about 800 ft., which, 
added to 16 46-100, gives 16 61-100 ms., as the 
entire length of the road. 

New Jersey r-r. This company was incor- 
porated in 1832, with a capital of $750,000, and 
with permission to double the amount. The 
road is to extend 30 ms., from Hudson r. (See 
Patterson and Hudson r-r.) to Newark, and 
thence to New Brunswick, through Elizabeth- 
town, Woodbridge and Rahway, and will inter- 
sect with the Elizabethtown and Somerville r-r. 
near the former place. The stock of this co. 
has been subscribed for, and the work was com- 
menced in Dec. 1832 ; it is supposed the road 
will be completed, from Hackensack r. through 
Newark to Elizabethtown in 1833, and in 1834 
to the latter place from the Hudson. The time 
limited for the completion of this road, by the 
company's charter, is 5 years. The estimated 
cost of a single track, turn outs, cars, and all 
other expenses, is §718,236 ; and for the com- 
pletion of the whole, with double track, $860,. 
236. 

New York and Albany r-r. A company 
was incorporated in 1832 by the legislature of 
N. Y., to construct a r-r. between these two cit- 
ies, on the E. side of Hudson river, through the 
COS. of Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess and Co- 
lumbia, into Rensselaer co., in which it is to 
terminate on the Hudson, opposite Albany. A 
branch may extend to Troy, and others to meet 
those contemplated from Mass. and Conn. This 
road is to be completed in 10 years, on penalty 
of forfeiture of the charter. The length will 
be about 160 ms., and the capital of the compa- 
ny is $3,000,000. The state will be at liberty 
to take the road at any time between ]0 and 15 
years after its completion, on paying the cost 
and 14 per cent interest. 

New York and Erie r-r. This line, the most 
extended ever actually planned in the U. S., was 
projected as a continuous road from the Hudson 
r. opposite the city of New York, to some point 
on lake Erie. A company was incorporated in 
1832, with a capital of |10,000,000, to construct 
the work. By the terms of the charter of this 
rail road, it will pass the entire distance within 
the state, not connecting with those of N J. or 
Pa., without permission of the legislature* of N. 
Y., on penalty of forfeiting their charter. The 
route of it will probably be from N. Y. city, or 
some point near it, through the sthrn. and south 
western cos., bordering on Pa. n. to the lake. 
The stock books of this company were opened 
in July, 1833, and the quantity requisite to the 
commencement of the work was taken. The 
whole must be completed in 20 years ; distance 
about 400 ms. 

New York, Providence and Boston r-r. For 
that part of this line extending from Providence 



RAI 



440 



RAI 



to Boston, see art. Boston and Providence r-r. 
The ground on that division of the road running 
to Providence from Stonington, Conn., was bro- 
ken with some ceremony on the 14th August, 
1833, in the vicinity of the latter place. The 
distance is 48 ms., and the cost of its construc- 
tion, in the most durable manner, with a single 
track, is estimated at gl, 139,414, including con- 
tingencies. 

NoRRisTOWN r-r. (See Pkila., Gcrmantoion, 
and NorrisUnonr-r.) 

North Carolina Central r-r. Under this 
head we shall enter into some detail for the 
purpose of showing the extent that the r-r. in- 
terest has gained in the southern states ; and 
also because the rail-road system is admirably 
adapted to the localities and climate of the Car- 
olinas, Georgia, Tennessee, and the adjacent 
states. Rail-road meetings have been held 
at several places in the southern states ; in- 
quiries made respecting the best routes of land 
communication between navigable waters, and 
the southern Atlantic seaports. Surveys have 
also been made of the Tenn. and Savannah rs., 
and information derived from other sources. 
A competent engineer will probably soon ex- 
amine several of the routes which have been 
proposed. The Charleston and Hamburg r-r., 
the completion of which will essentially aid the 
projected channel of communication, is nearly 
finished (1833.) The Fayetteville r-r. extend, 
ing to the western part of the state, is in con. 
templation, and a company for its construction is 
chartered. A central r-r. (the title standing at 
the head of this article) was incorporated in 
1832, with a capital of P,000,000, which is to 
extend from Beaufort, via. Raleigh and Sahs- 
bury, to the western part of the state. Tenn. 
has not been inattentive to her interest in these 
grand enterprizes ; and at a recent session, her 
legislature incorporated the Knoxville and 
Southern r-r. company. This review, though 
brief, justifies the conclusion that the several 
communities interested in the undertaking are 
aware of its great importance and value to all ; 
and if they but observe a proper concert of ac. 
tion, its accomplishment can no longer be 
deemed problematical. A meeting of dele- 
gates from S. Carolina, N. Carolina and Ten- 
nessee, has been proposed, to be held at Ash. 
ville, to take the subject into more deliberate 
consideration. The citizens of N. and S. Caro- 
lina were requested to send delegates to the 
convention, which was fixed for the first Mon- 
day in Sept., 1832. The citizens of N. C. 
seem fully prepared to second the views of the 
friends of r-r. imj)rovement, and with a view 
of promoting the success of the Central, by a 
practical demonstration of the great advantages 
attendant upon that mode of transportation, a 
company has been recently organized in Ra- 
leigh for the purpose of constructing in the im- 
mediate vicinity of that city, an experimental 
r-r. It is to be about 1 mile in length, and in 
every respect will be a complete model. Near- 
ly the whole amount required for its completion, 
has been subscribed, and no doubt is entertain, 
ed of its successful prosecution. Proposals for 
grading the line of the road, for furnishing ma. 
terials, &c., have been advertised for in a N. 
C. paper. 



Norwich, Conn, and Worcester, Mass. r-r. 
A company under this title was incorporated in 
Conn, in 1832, with a capital of ^1,000,000, 
in connection with the Quinnebaug bank with 
a capital of $500,000, and free from taxation, 
intended to aid the company in the construction 
of the rail.road. The books of these compa- 
nies were opened in May, and the stock readily 
taken. The distance between the two places 
is 60 ms., and via. of Worcester, the distance 
from Norwich to Boston by rail-roads will be 
103 ms. This road may be extended to Lyme, 
New London, or New Haven. 

Oliio. Beside those which we have given 
under their proper heads, we are unable, for 
want of documents, to say but little on the sub- 
ject of the intended rail roads in this state. The 
following however have been incorporated by 
a recent act of the legislature of that state. 
From Port Clinton to Lower Sandusky ; from 
Milan, in Huron co., to INewark, in Licking co. ; 
from Milan to Columbus ; from Chilicothe, Ross 
CO., on the Ohio canal, to Lebanon, in Warren 
CO.; - to Richmond, Eaton and Miami; Franklin, 
Springboro' and Wilmington; Columbus, Dela- 
ware, Marion and Sandusky ; Cincinnati, Harri- 
son & Indianopolis ; and Cincinnati & St. Louis. 

Otsego r-r. A r-r. company was incorpora- 
ted by the New York legislature in 1832, to 
construct a work of this kind from Coopers- 
town to CoUierville, with a capital of 200,000 
dollars. 

Patterson and Hudson r-r. This r-r. is de- 
signed to extend from Patterson N. J., to the 
Hudson at Hoboken, opposite the city of New 
York, a distance of 14 ms. This road is lo 
form a junction with the New Jersey rail road, 
at Bergen, to which place it will be completed 
in 1833. Its cost to this place is estimated at 
^361,318 ; and the continuation of it to the 
Hudson, in concert with the New Jersey co's. 
road, $55,171, or a total of |416,989, including 
all expenses. About 7 ms. is partially, and 4 f 
entirely finished. The part completed extends 
from Patterson to the village of Aquackanonk, 
and is now in successful operation. The com- 
pany have placed upon the road three splendid 
and commodious cars, each of which will ac- 
commodate 20 passengers inside, and from 6 
to 12 on the top, and may be drawn by 1 horse, 
at the rate of a mile in 3 minutes. There is a 
gradual ascent from Aquackanonk, or the land- 
ing, for about 3 ms., in the course of which, 
the road passes over an embankment, and 
through a cutting in rocks, from 10 to 20 feet 
deep, for about 150 yds. The summit level 
extends about ^ of a mile, and thence to Pat- 
terson there is a descent of about 21 feet per 
mile. A company has been incorporated, for 
the purpose of connecting this, by a rail road, 
with Morris canal. 

Pennsylvania r-r. By a very culpable con- 
fusion of names, this term includes a r-r. of 81 
6-10 ms. from Philadelphia to the Susquehan. 
nah, and another of 36 69-109 ms. over the Al- 
leghany mtn., separated by r. and canal naviga- 
tion, of 171 ms. The part over the Alleghany 
mtn. we have already noticed under the head 
of " Alleghany Portage r-r." [which see.) The 
estrn. division of the Permsylvania r-r., called 



RAI 



441 



RAI 



the Philadelphia and Columhia r-r.. as indeed 
the wstrn. division and intermediate canal work, 
were undertaken in virtue of numerous acts of 
the legislature of Pa., from 1811 to the 24th of 
March 1828. It was at the latter date, that the 
Pa. r-r., including both sections, was authorized 
as a state work, so that this r-r. is, therefore, 
the first which was undertaken in any part of 
the loorld by a government. The Philadelphia 
and Columbia r-r. commences ia the city of 
Philadelphia, at the corner of Broad and Vine 
streets, from whence branches, constructed by 
the dilFerent corporations of the city and con- 
tiguous places, will diverge, and terminate at 
the necessary points. The main road leaves 
the city and vicinity by a line inflected by curves, 
and straight lines, and thence to a viaduct of 
984 feet over the Schuylkill below Peter's isl. 
After passing the river, the road in a distance 
of 2745J feet ascends an inclined plane of 187 
2-10 feet perpendicular height. It thence con- 
tinues by Dovvningstown, Coatsville, and Lan- 
caster, to Columbia on the Susquehannah, 81 
6-10 ms. On the line there are 31 viaducts, 73 
stone culverts, and nearly 500 stone drains. 
There are 18 common road and farm bridges. 
The whole road formation is finished, with the 
exception of 2 viaducts and the deep cut thro' 
Mine ridge, the principal summit, and which 
is 599 feet above the Delaware at Philadel- 
phia; this is nearly completed. The rails are 
laid, and travelling commenced on some sec- 
tions. The country traversed by this road is 
very uneven, and presented great obstacles to 
the direct line, yet the actual length of the r-r. 
exceeds but a few ms. that of the common turn- 
pike, between the same points, and is not one 
half the length of the Schuylkill, Union canal, 
and Susquehannah water navigation between the 
same points. If the profile be analyzed, it will 
be perceived that 71 per cent, of the useful ef- 
fect will be obtained on this road, which would 
be attainable on a line perfectly level. The es- 
timated expense of this great line, allowing a 
mean of 20,000 dolls, per mile, including all 
expenses to complete double tracks, with their 
appropriate machinery, wagons, cars, and other 
contingencies, will be about 1,632,000 dollars. 
It is proposed to continue this road westward, 
to York, a distance of 14 miles. Westchester 
r-r., is a branch of that of Phila. and Columbia, 
leaving the latter about 2 ms. w. of Paoli, and 
follows the general direction of the ridge 9 
ms. to the town of Westchester. The road 
formation is 25 feet wide, and designed for a 
double track. The entire road, single track, is 
in full operation. Total cost $90,000. There 
are three companies formed to extend branches 
from the Phila. and Columbia r-r. One com- 
pany to construct a branch from the main line 
near Downingstown to the city of Wilmington ; 
a second to carry a branch via Oxford to Port 
Deposit on the Susquehannah r. ; and a third in 
Maryland to extend the latter to Baltimore. 
Neither of those three branches have been 
commenced. The Philadelphia, Germantown 
and Norristown r-r., now completed, is in fact, 
a link in the chain of which the Philadelphia 
and Columbia r-r. constitutes the main line, and 
extends from Philadelphia to Norristown on 



the Schuylkill, a distance of 18 7-10 ms. The 
junction of these roads is contemplated ; hith- 
erto, however, they are separate. 

Pennsylvania and Ohio r-r. We are unable 
to say more of this rail-road than it is proposed 
to extend it from Pittsburg, Pa. to Massillon, 
Stark CO. O., situated on the Ohio canal. The 
distance is about 108 ms., and the estimated cost 
is about $15,000 per mile. 

Petersburg and Roanoke r-r. This very 
important road commences at Petersburg in 
Va., and extends 60 miles a little w. of s. to 
Weldon in N. C, and to the foot of the falls in 
Roanoke r. The line is very direct ; gradua. 
tion in no place exceeding 30 feet per mile ; 
and the curves having radii from 2 to 4 miles. 
The direction is almost at right angles to the 
ordinary course of the great roads, and in the 
line of southern travelling must receive great 
emolument from the transportation of persons. 
Norfolk has been hitherto regarded as in some 
measure the depot to the Roanoke valley, an 
advantage which this road will divert in great 
part to Petersburg. Estimated cost, when com- 
pleted with double tracks, 400,000 dollars. In 
February (1833) this road was completed and 
in use, from Petersburg to Belfield, a distance 
of 41 ms. ; and from present appearances, it is 
probable that before the close of 1833, the en- 
tire line will be completed, and the enterprise 
of the company rewarded, by seeing Petersburg 
becoming the mart for the rich products of the 
country bordering on the Roanoke. 

Philadelphia and Baltimore r-r. The route 
of this proposed road is, diverging from the 
Penn. r-r. 45 J ms. from Philadelphia, and running 
from thence 31 ms., to the Susquehannah, ^ a 
mile above Port Deposit. This route will pass 
through Cochranville, Edentown, Russellville, 
Haysville and Oxford. 

Philadelphia and Delaware co. r-r. This 
road is to extend southwesterly from Philadel- 
phia, and along the margin of the Delaware. 
It is in contemplation to extend it across the 
state of Delaware, to Maryland. 

Philadelphia, Gekmantown and Norris- 
town. (See Philadelphia and Columbia r-r. 
under the head of Pennsylvania r-r.) 

Philadelphia and Trenton r-r. The route 
for this road through Kensington and Morris- 
ville, has been surveyed, and the stock princi- 
pally subscribed for. The whole distance will 
be a little short of 27 ms., and contracts have 
been entered into for the construction of the 
road formation and bridges, for the sum of 
$161,047. The road is to be graded for adoiu 
ble track, and ready for the laying of the rails 
Jan. 1, 1834, the bridges to be completed by the 
1st Sept. following. 

Philipsburg and .Juniata r-r. A company 
was incorporated in 1830 by the Pennsylvania 
legislature, to construct this rail-road from the 
Pennsylvania canal near the mouth of the Little 
Juniata river to the coal-mines near Philipsburg. 

Pine Grove r-r. This road, which is about 
5 ms. in length, extends from the coal-mines to 
the Swatara feeder ; cost $30,000. 

Port Kent and Keeseville r-r. N. Y. Two 
routes have been surveyed for this road, one 
4 3.4ths, the other 5 3.4th3 ms. in length. 



RAI 



442 



RAI 



Portsmouth Va. and Roanoke r-r. This 
line of rail-road is to extend from Portsmouth, 
opposite Norfolk, through Sufiblk, in Nanse. 
niond CO,, and through Gates co. N. C, to some 
point on the Roanoke ; thus connecting tide 
water in this river with that in the Chesa- 
peake. This road is progressing ; 4 ms. were 
completed in Aug. and it is expected that the 
whole line, from Portsmouth to Suffolk, 16 ms., 
will be completed by Dec. 25, 1833. 

QuiNcy r-r. This road, extending in a single 
track, from the granite quarries in the town of 
Quincy, terminates at Neponset r. which dis- 
charges itself into Boston harbor. It is 3 ms. 
long, the base of the rails is wood, surmounted 
with plates of wrought iron, on which the cars 
traverse. It is used principally for the trans- 
portation of granite, and was the first experi- 
ment of rail-roads in the U. S., having gone 
into operation in 1827. 

Rensselaer and Saratoga r-r. A company 
was incorporated in 1832, to construct this 
work, with a capital of ^300,000. Surveys 
have been made of the route, and the stock 
has been, chiefly, disposed of. It extends from 
Troy to Ballston Spa, and the work, it is ex- 
pected, will be commenced the present season, 
(1833.) 

Rochester r-r. completed in 1832, extends 
from the Erie canal at Rochester to the head 
of navigation in Genesee river, below the falls. 
It crosses Main street in Rochester, and ter- 
minates at the end of the aqueduct, near Ely's 
mill. 

Room Run and Mauch Chunk. (See Mauch 
Chunk rail-road.) 

Saratoga and Fort Edward r-r. A compa- 
ny was incorporated in 1832, for the construc- 
tion of this rail road, with a capital of 200,000 
dollars. The distance from Port Edward to 
Saratoga by this road will be about 14 ms. The 
expense is estimated at about 1 10,000 per mile. 
Fort Edward is on one of the great routes 
leading from Albany to Whitehall and Lake 
Champlain, 48 ms. from the latter. 

Saratoga and Schenectady i--r. This road, 
which is a continuation of the Hudson and Mo- 
hawk rail road, was completed in .Tuly 1833. It 
extends from Schenectady to Saratoga, a dis- 
tance of 21 ms. ; that of the Hudson and Mo- 
hawk is 16 ms., making a distance between the 
two extremes, Albany and Saratoga, of 37 ms. 
By reference to the article Hudson and Mo- 
hawk r-r., and connecting that line with that of 
the Saratoga and Fort Edward r-r., the reader 
will perceive that when the latter is brought 
into operation, the Alpine scenery along the 
upper Hudson will be rendered cheaply and 
delightfully accessible, to the visitants to Ball- 
ston and Saratoga. 

Schoharie and Otsego r-r. A company was 
incorporated in 1832 to construct a rail road 
from the Cattskill and Canajoharie rail road, 
via the Cobleskill and Schenevas creeks to the 
Susquehannah r., with a capital of ^300,000. 

Schuylkill r-rs. Under the heads of Dan. 
ville and Pottsville and Little Schuylkill r-rs., 
we have noticed several of the rail roads of this 
system, but there still remains the 

Schuylkill Valley r-r. This road commen. 



ces on the Schuylkill at Port Carbon, the head 
of the Schuylkill canal, about 2 ms. above Potts- 
ville, and extends northeastward up the valley, 
10 ms. to the town of Tuscarora. It was com- 
menced in 1828, and completed in 1830. The 
number of its lateral branches is 15, extending 
in the aggregate 13 ms. From the town of Tus- 
carora, a branch has been constructed to Cold 
Run, and which is intended to be connected 
with the Little Schuylkill r-r. 

South Carolina r-r. The South Carolina 
rail-road extends from Charleston to Hamburg, 
situated on Savannah river, and directly oppo- 
site to Augusta, Geo. The direction of the 
road is w. by n. from Charleston, and its length 
is 135 ms. In its course, after passing several 
difficult streams and depressions, it crosses 
Edisto river, 65 ms. from Charleston, and near 
the junction of the North and South Fork, by a 
bridge 400 feet long, with a single arch of 66 
ft. span over the main stream. Its route is then 
continued on the ridge which divides the Edisto 
from several branches of the Savannah, and, 
passing 9 ms. to the n. of Barnwell vil., it reach- 
es its highest altitude, the head of the valley of 
Wise's creek, 21 ms. s. of Edgefield c. h., 16 
from the bridge at Augusta, and 119 .from 
Charleston. This point is 510 feet above the 
level at the latter place, and 360 feet elevation 
above Augusta bridge. One half the latter is 
overcome by an inclined plane, commencing at 
the summit, 3,800 ft. long, at the head of which 
are two stationary engines ; by these the pas- 
sage of loaded trains and cars is effected, at the 
rate of 10 ms. an hour. At Hamburg are two 
spacious depositories, built of brick, with zinc 
roofs. The road is a single track, except at the 
inclined plane, where is one mile of double 
road, and at the turn outs and depositories, 
which in all are about 3 ms. more. The direc- 
tion is generally straight, and the curves, where 
they occur, have large radii. The first 65 ms. 
from Charleston varies but half a mile from a 
straight line, and there are several courses of 
6 to 10 miles. In August (1833) the U. S. mail 
was transported on this road, a distance of 105 
ms. ; subsequent to this period the whole route 
has been completed, and seven locomotive en- 
gines are now employed upon it ; thus afford- 
ing the greatest facilities to the traveller, and 
to commercial enterprise. The cost of this 
road, including surveys, engineers, purchases 
of land, locomotive and stationary engines, and 
all other expenses, amount to ^904,500, or 
$6,700 per mile. All things considered this is 
a most important work, both commercially and 
politically ; and its successful execution, and 
beneficial results must have a powerful tenden- 
cy to introduce similar works into this section 
of the United States. 

SusaUEHANNAH AND DELAWARE T-T. This 

road has recently been surveyed. Its route 
commences at the junction of the Lackawanna 
and Susquehannah rivers at Pittston, Luzerne 
CO., passing up the valley of the former, thence 
to lake Henry, crossing afterwards the head 
waters of the Lehigh to those of Anatomak or 
Broadhead's creek, thence down the Pocono, 
one of its tributaries, through Stroudsburg, 
then down the main stream, approaching the 



RAI 



443 



RAI 



DelawBre at the head of the Water Gap. The 
elevation of the summit between the two rivers 
respectively is 1366 ft. and 1599 ft., and the 
length of the route is about 70 ms. A route 
has also been surveyed for a branch from this 
road, to extend to the state line, near the Great 
Bend of the Susquehannah, a distance of about 
17 miles. 

Tennessee and Alabama r-r. The company 
undertaking these improvements was incorpo- 
rated in 1832, with a capital of f 3,000,000. 
The object is to connect the navigable waters 
of the Hiwassee with the Connessauga or 
Oostenalah, and thence to the head of Coosa, 
and the Ten Islands, a distance in all of 270 
ms. This is to be accomplished by removing 
the obstructions from the rivers, and by the 
construction of a rail-road from Hiwassee, at 
the head of its navigation, to the Connessauga, 
a distance of 16 ms. All this it is estimated 
may be performed at an expense of about 
|65,000. It is then proposed to construct a 
rail-road extending about 100 ms. to the Ala- 
bama river at Selma, Dallas co. Ala. thus ma- 
king the route proposed to be improved a dis- 
tance of about 270 miles. The whole expense 
is estimated at about 1^800,000. 

ToNA WANDA v-x. N. Y. A Company has been 
incorporated to construct a r-r. from Rochester 
to Attica, in Genesee co., with this title. The 
capital stock, which is ^500,000, has been ta- 
ken up, and operations are expected to be com- 
menced the present season, (1833.) 

TUSCUMBIA, COURTLAND AND DeCATUR r-r. 

Ten. This road is designed to connect the 
navigation of Tennessee river, above and be- 
low the Muscle shoals. It extends from Tus- 
cumbia, in Franklin co., to Decatur, in Morgan 
CO., between which, the distance in an air line 
is about 51 ms. ; the route is along the southern 
side of the Tennessee. This road has been 
successfully commenced, and 25 ms. of it are 
to be completed the present season, (1833.) A 
part of this distance extends from the village of 
Tuscumbia, to a depot on the river ; this is a 
single track, 2 1-10 ms. and cost ^9,500. It is 
a branch of the main route, and is called, dis- 
tinctively, " Tuscumbia Rail Way." 

Utica and Schenectady r-r. The company 
for the construction of this road was incorpora- 
ted in 1832, with a capital of $2,000,000, The 
stock books of the com. were opened in June, 
(1833,) and ^14,374,000 were subscribed. 

Utica and Susquehannah r-r. The legisla- 
ture of New York, in 1832, incorporated a 
company for the construction of a r-r. from 
Utica along the valleys of the Susquehannah 
and Unadilla rivers to the line of the projected 
New York and Erie rail-road. The capital is 
1,000,000 dollars. 

VicKSBURG AND Glinton t-t. This proposcd 
road will extend from Vicksburg, in Warren 
CO. Misp. to Glinton, in Hinds co. A large por- 
tion of the stock has been subscribed, and it is 
presumed the road will go into operation. The 
distance is about 55 ms., and the route has been 
surveyed. 

Warren County r-r. A company has been 
incorporated by the New York legislature to 
form a r-r. in Warren co. from Glenn's Falls to 



Caldwell, at the south end of lake George, with 
a capital of $250,000. 

Watertown and Rome r-r. The construc- 
tion of a r-r. between these two places was au- 
thorized in 1832, when the N. York legislature 
incorporated a co. for the purpose with a capi- 
tal of 1,000,000 dollars. 

West Branch r-r. This rail-road which is 
15 miles long, with 5 miles of branch roads 
extends from Schuylkill Haven to Broad moun- 
tain. The main road has a double track. 
Cost of road and branches about 160,000 dol- 
lars. 

West Chester r-r. (See Pennsiflvania r-r.) 

West Feliciana r-r, (See Woodville and 
St. Francisville r-r.) 

West Jersey r-r. A company was incorpo- 
rated by the New Jersey legislature in 1831, to 
construct a rail-road either from the Delaware 
river in Gloucester co. or from the Camden and 
Amboy rail-road to the Delaware river in 
Penn's Neck, Salem co. Capital 500,000 dol- 
lars, with liberty to increase to 2,000,000 dol- 
lars. 

Wilmington and Downington r-r. This road 
when completed will extend from Wilmington 
(Del.) to the boundary line of the state, in the 
direction of Downington, (Pa.) The company 
for its construction was incorporated by the 
Delaware legislature in 1831, with a capital of 
100,000 dollars, with powers to extend it to 
150,000 dollars. 

Winchester, Va. and Potomac r-r. This 
company was incorporated in 1832, with a cap- 
ital stock of $300,000, of which the state has 
taken one fourth, and $120,000, conditionally. 
It is expected that the work will be contracted 
for during the present season, (1833,) and the 
ultimate, and not distant completion of the 
road, is not doubted. Besides the funds availa- 
ble from the state, for stock, a considerable 
amount has already been realized from other 
stockholders of the company. 

Woodville and St. Francisville r-r. From 
Woodville, Wilkinson co. Misp. to St. Francis, 
ville, in West Feliciana parish. La. Like that 
of Vicksburg and Clinton, this road has been 
surveyed, and the stock chiefly subscribed. 
Length of the route, 28 miles. 

In concluding our account of the rail-roads of 
the U. S. we remark, that with the aid of the 
Rail Road Journal of New York, and some 
other resources, it has been our aim to give the 
reader a brief view of the existing state of this 
species of improvement throughout the coun- 
try. Much of the material, however, which 
we have been able to command, has been un- 
arranged and detached ; and much more has 
been wanting, in order to enable us to perfect 
the whole, as we had intended. Indeed, with 
regard to many of the rail-roads in the country, 
such documents as might be relied upon, and as 
are necessary, in order to present them with 
any detail, are not in existence. Consequently, 
our account of some roads will be found suffi- 
ciently full for the purposes of the general 
reader, whilst others, which we had not the 
means of extending, may appear deficient, and 
unsatisfactory. The details of the manner of 



RAI 



444 



RAL 



construction, or any explanation of the matlie. 
matical principles on which rail-roads are based 
are foreign to the objects of this work, and 
these are therefore omitted. Below we have 
arranged a list of rail-roads which have been 
proposed, among which, will also be found 
several that have been incorporated, but to- 
wards the completion of which, no progress, as 
yet, has been made. Among the statistics at 
the close of the volume, will be found a table 
of Rail Roads, which we shall perfect as far 
as practicable. 

Projected rail roads, including some which 
have been incorporated, not included in the 
foregoing alphabetical arrangement. — 

A. — From Athens, Geo. to Augusta — from 
Auburn, N. Y. to the Erie canal ; incor. — from 
Augusta, Geo. to Heshman's lake, about 50 
ms., to avoid the uncertainty of the navigation 
of Savannah river — from Augusta, Geo. to 
Columbus, on the Chattahooche — from Aurora, 
N. Y. to Buffalo, incor. 

B. — From Baltimore to Annapolis, Md.' — 
from Bardstown, Ky. to Louisville — from Ben- 
nington, Vt. to Troy, N. Y. about 30 ms., to be 
extended to Brattleboro', 42 miles incor. — from 
Boston, or Lowell, Mass. to Brattleboro,' Vt. 
from Boston, Mass. to Ogdensburgh, N. Y. the 
necessary privileges having been granted by the 
states of N. H., Vt. and N. Y. — from Boston to 
Salem, which if constructed will probably be ex- 
tended to the N. boundary of the state — from 
Brooklyn, L. L to Suffolk-from Buffalo, N. Y. to 
Cayuga lake— from Buffalo, N. Y. to the Pa. line. 

C. — From lake Champlain, near Burlington, 
through the valley of Onion river, and by 
Montpelierto the Conn. r. opposite Haverhill, 
N. li. about 80 miles, incor. — from Chilicothe, 
Ohio, to Lebanon, incor. — from Chittenango, N. 
Y. to Binghampton — from Clinton to Vicksburg, 

Misp. incor from Columbia, Ten. to some 

point on Tennessee river — from Cooperstown, 
N. Y. to Clairsville. 

G. — From Geneva, N.Y. to Ithaca. 

L. — From Lynchburg, Va. to New River — 
from Lynchburg, Va. to Richmond. 

M. — From Mayville, N. Y. to Portland, on 
lake Erie, incorporated. 

N.— From Nashville, Tenn. to Franklin — 
from New Haven, Conn, to Hartford, incor. — 
from New London, Conn, to Worcester, Mass. 
incor. and surveyed — from Norristown, Pa. to 
AUentown, on the Lehigh. 

P. — From Philadelphia, through Delaware 
CO. and along Delaware river, to the Maryland 
line. 

R. — From Reading, Pa. to Philadelphia — 
from Richmond, Va. to Lynchburg — from Rich- 
mond, Va. to the Potomac, forming a junction 
with the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road — from 
Rochester, N. Y. to Alleghany river — from 
Rochester, N. Y. to Carthage — from Rutland, 
Vt. to Whitehall, N. Y. 

S. — From Salina, N. Y. to Utica — from Sa- 
vannah, Geo. to Augusta — from Schenectady, 
N. Y. to Buffalo, through Utica and Salina — 
from Steubenville, Ohio, to the Ohio canal — 
from Stockbridge, Mass. to Albany, N. Y. — 



from Suffolk, Va. to the Roanoke, near Weidon, 
N. C. 

T. — From Tallahasse, Flor. to some point on 
St. Mark's or WaukuUa river — from Troy, N. 
Y. to Whitehall. 

U. — From Utica, N. Y. to some point on 
Cayuga lake — from Utica, N. Y. to Oswego. 

W. — From West Stockbridge, Mass. to form 
a junction with the New York and Albany rail- 
road — from Wheeling, on the Ohio, to lake 
Erie — from Wilkesbarre, Pa. to the Lehigh — 
from Wilmington, N. C. through Fayetteville 
and Salisbury, to the iron mine districts near 
Statesville. 

Y. — From the Yadkin, N. C. to the Catawba 
river. 

Raine's, p-o. Cumberland co. Va., by p-r. 69 
ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Raine's Store, and p-o. Twiggs co. Geo., 
by p-r. 31ms. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Rainsburg, p-v. Bedford co. Pa., by p-r. 113 
ms. wstrd. Harrisburg. 

Rainy Lake r. (See Assiniboin r.) 

Raisin r., of Mich., having its extreme 
sources in Hinsdale and Jackson cos., from 
whence, flowing 25 ms. n. e. by e., curves to 
the sthrd. in the s. w. angle of Washtenaw, 
continuing sthrd. 25 ms. over Lenawee, inflects 
in the latter to n, e. by e., enters and traverses 
Monroe co. to its final discharge into the wstrn. 
part of lake Erie, after an entire comparative 
course of 80 ms. Raisin has interlocking 
sources with Grand, Kalemazoo, and St. Jo- 
seph's rs. of lake Michigan ; with Huron of 
Erie, on the n., and Tiffin's and St. Joseph's 
branches of Great Maumee, s. The mouth af- 
fords good entrance and harbor for small ves- 
sels of 5 or 6 feet draught. 

Raisinville, p-v. Monroe co. Mich., by p-r. 
56 ms. s. W.Detroit. 

Raleigh, the seat of government of North 
Carolina, and st. jus. of Wake co. has a situa- 
tion somewhat elevated, and is surrounded by 
a healthy and agreeable vicinity. It is located 
6 ms. w. of the river Neuse, 27 from the near- 
est point of navigation, 60 ^■. Fayetteville, 140 
N. Newbern, and 186 s. w. W. C, in lat. 35° 
44' and long. 1° 38' w. W. C. From its dis- 
tance from navigable streams, the trade of 
Raleigh is quite limited; its intercourse is 
chiefly with Newburg, Fayetteville, and Peters- 
burg. The greatest ornament of this place, the 
state house, in which was a fine statue of 
Washington, executed by Canova, was burnt in 
1831. This was situated in a square of 10 
acres, located in the centre of the town. Be- 
sides this there are 4 other squares, of 4 acres 
each. The principal streets are 8 in number, 
crossing at right angles, 4 of which are 99 ft., 
and 4 others 66 ft. broad. Among the public 
buildings, which are generally in good style, 
there are, besides those of the government, a 
court house, 2 banks, a theatre, market, jail, 
and two academies; besides these are several 
highly respectable schools, 2 churches, and 3 
or 4 printing offices. There is an excellent 
quarry of granite near the town. Pop. 1,700. 

Raleigh, p-v. Shelby co. Ten., by p-r. 217 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 



RAN 



445 



RAM 



Raleigh, p-v. on the left bank of Ohio r., nrth- 
wstrn. part of Union co. Ky., by p-r. 215 nis. a 
little s. of w. Frankfort. 

Ralls co. Mo. bndd. by Montgomery s. e., 
Audrain s. w., iMonroe w., Marion n., and 
Misp. r. separating it from Pike co. II. n. e. 
Greatest length from s. to n. 40 ms., mean 
breadth 22, and area 880 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 30', 
and long. W. C. 14° 36' w. intersect near its 
centre. The general slope is estrd. and with 
small exceptions near the Misp. r. and on the 
sthestrn. angle it is entirely in the valley of 
Salt r., the main volume of which by a very cir- 
cuitous channel winds over it from w. to e. The 
sthestrn. angle is traversed also in an estrn. di- 
rection by Cuivre or Copper r. Cf. t. New 
London. Pop. 1830, 4,375, though at that epoch 
Ralls CO. included with its present limits, also 
what now constitutes Monroe co. 

Ramapo, r., rises in the s. e. part of Orange 
CO. N. York, crosses the w. corner of Rockland 
CO., enters New Jersey, and flows across Ber- 
gen CO. and joining Kingwood and Pequanock 
rs., forms Pompton r., which falls into the Pas- 
saic 6 ms. w. Patterson. It affords valuable 
water power, and moves much machinery. 

Ramapo, p-t. Rockiand co. N. Y., 132 ms. s. 
Albany. Pop. 2,837. 

Ramapo Works, p-v. Rockland co, N. Y., 30 
ms. N. w. New York city, has extensive iron 
works, a cotton factory, &c., and is a large and 
flourishing village. It is situated in a secluded 
valley on Ramapo r. 

Ramsay's Mill, and p-o. Chatham co. N. C, 
40 ms. W. Raleigh. 

Ramsboro', p-v. Guilford co. N. C, by p-r. 
96 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Randallstown, p-v. Baltimore co. Md., 10 
ms. from Baltimore. 

Randolph, t. Coos co. N. H. Pop. 143. 

Randolph, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 23 ms. s. 
P*iontpelier, 34 w. w. Windsor; 28,596 acres; 
is crossed by 2 branches of White r., which, 
with other streams, furnish mill sites. Maple, 
beech, birch, &c., grow iu the forests ; the 
land is high, the soil pretty good, and the town 
contains 3 villages. The Orange co. grammar 
school was incorporated here 1806, wiiich af- 
fords advantages for education. Pop. 2,743. 

Randolph, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 15 ms. s. 
Boston, gives rise to a good mill stream, which 
flows into Boston bay between Quincy and Wey- 
mouth. Pop. 2,200. 

Randolph, p-t. Cattaraugus co, N. Y., 312 
ms. w. by s. Albany, e. Chatauque co., n. Penn- 
sylvania ; has Alleghany r. s. E., and several 
small branches. Pop. 776, 

Randolph, t. Morris co. N. J., 6 ms. w. Mor- 
ristown; has Trowbridge mtn. s. e., and Rock- 
away r. and Morris canal n. Fop. 1,443. 

Randolph, p-v. Crawford co. Pa., 12 miles 
nrthrd. Meadville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 300 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Randolph, co. of Va,, bounded by Green- 
brier s., Nicholas s. w., Lewis w., Harrison 
N. w., Monongalia and Preston n., Alleghany 
in Md., and Hardy, Va,, n. e., Alleghany mtn. 
separating it from Pendleton e., and Green- 
briar mtn. separating it from Pocahontas s. e. 
The greatest length from s. \v. to n. e. 90 

57 



ma., mean breadth 29, and area 1,800 sq. ms. 
Lat. 39° N., long. W. C 3° w. The surface 
is a congeries of mtn. chains, ridges and deep 
vallies. It gives source to both Tygart's val- 
ley, and Cheat branches of Monongahela, both 
flowing nrthrd. Cf. t. Beverly. Population 
5,000. 

Randolph, co., N. C, bndd. s. e. by Moore, 
Montgomery s., Davidson w., Guildford n., and 
Chatham e. It is very near a square of 30 ms. 
each side ; 900 sq. ms. in area. Lat. 35° 40', 
long. 2° 48' w. W. C. Slope sthrd. but drain, 
ed nearly equally, by Deep r. into Cape Fear r. 
valley, and by crs. flowing into Yadkin ; it is 
therefore a table land between two r. basins. 
Soil excellent, and surface finely diversified. 
Cf. t. Ashboro'. Population 1820, 11,325 ; 1830, 
12,406. 

Randolph, co. Geo., bndd. N. by Muscogee, 
Marion n. e., Lee e.. Baker s. E., Early s., and 
Chattahooche r. separating it from the Creek 
country of Ala. w. Length 44 ms. from s. to 
N., mean breadth 35 ms., and area 1,540 sq. ma. 
Lat. 32°, and long. 8 w. W. C, intersect near 
its centre. The slope is sthrd., the estrn. part 
drained into Flint, and the wstrn. into Chatta- 
hooche r. Pop. 2,191. 

Randolph, c. h. and p-o. Randolph co., Ga., 
by P-r. 170 ms. s. w. Milledgeville. 

Randolph, p-v. on the Misp. r., at the mouth 
of Big Hatchee r., western part Tipton co. Ten., 
by p-r. 213 ms. s. w. Nashville. 

Randolph, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Portago 
CO. O., 10 ms. s. Ravenna, the co. st., and by 
p-r. 132 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Randolph, co. Ind., bndd. by Wayne s., Hen- 
ry s. w., Delaware w. and n. w., n., and 

Darke co. O. e. Length 24, breadth 24, area 
576 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 10', long. W. C. 8° w. 
This CO. is a real table land, from which flow 
to the N. w. the higher sources of Mississinni- 
%va, branch of Wabash; the extreme source of 
White r. rises on the w. border of Darke co. 
O., and flowing westward traverses Randolph ; 
and finally the whole southern side gives source 
to, and is drained by tlie extreme sources of 
White water, branch of Great Miami. Cf. t. 
Winchester. Pop. 3,912. 

Randolph, co. of 111., bndd. n. w. by Monroe, 
St, Clair N., Washington n. e., Perry e.. Jack, 
son s. E., and the Misp. r. separating it from 
Perry co. Pi'Io. s., St. Genevieve co. Mo. s. w., 
and Jefferson, Mo., av. Length from s. to n. 30 
ms., mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. miles. 
Lat. 38° and long. 13° w. W. C. intersect near 
the CO. St., Kaskaskias. Slope sthrd., and in 
that direction traversed by Kaskaskias r. The 
lower part of this co. near the mouth of Kas- 
kaskias, is one of the most ancient settlements 
of civilized inhabitants in the basin of the Mis- 
sissippi, dating as far backwards as 1674. Pop. 
4,429. 

Randolph, co. Missouri, bndd. by Ralls e., 
Boone s. e., Howard s. w., Chariton w., and un- 
appropriated territory n. Mean length 38 ms., 
breadth 20, and are 760 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 30' and 
long. W. C. 15° 30' intersect in this co. It is a 
table land between Chariton and Salt rivers, the 
confluents of the former flowing s. s. w. into 
Missouri r., and those of the latter estrd. over 



RAP 



446 



RAU 



Ralls into the Mississippi. Cf. t. Huntsville. 
Pop. 2,942. 

Random, t. Essex co, Vermont, 48 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier ; is watered by Clyde river and 
smaller streams, and a part of Knowlton's lake, 
the sand of which is remarkably white and 
beautiful, well fitted for glass making. It was 
chartered in 1781. In 1823 it contained but a 
single family. Pop. 105. 

Rankin, co. Misp. bndd. s. by Simpson, Pearl 
r. w. separating it from Hinds co., n. Madison 
and E. Choctaw territory in Misp. Length 28 
ms., mean breadth 22, and area G16 sq. ms., 
Lat. 32° 20', and long. 13 w. W. C. intersect 
in this CO. Slope wstrd. towards Pearl r. 
Surface generally covered with pine forest, Cf. 
I. Brandon. Pop. 2,083. 

Rankin, p.v. Yazoo co. Misp. by p-r. 85 ms. 
nthrd. Jackson. 

Ransom's Bridge, andp-o. cstrn. part of Nash 
CO. N. C, by p-r. 70 ms. e. Raleigh. 

Rapid Ann, r. of Va., deriving its remote 
sources from the Blue Ridge, and flowing 
thence s. e. 20 ms. across the valley, between 
Blue Ridge and South East intn., turns thence 
N. E. 15 ms. to the influx of Robertson's river 
from the n. w. Passing South East mtn. and 
inflecting to a general eastern course of 30 ms., 
joins the Rappahannoc lOnis. above Fredericks- 
burg, after a comparative course of 65 ms. In 
nearly the whole of its length Rapid Ann sepa- 
rates Orange co. first 35 ms. from Madison, and 
thence 25 from Culpepper. At their junction it 
is superior in volume to Rappahannoc ; and ex- 
ceeding also in length of course the Rapid Ann 
is the main stream. 

Rapid Ann, meeting house, and p-o. wstrn. 
part of Madison co. Va., by p-r. 104 ms. s. w. 
Vi^. C. 

Rapides, parish of La., bndd. by Opelousas, 
or St. Landry s., Natchitoches w. and n. w., 
Little or Catahoola r. separating it from Cata- 
hoola parish n., Black r. or Lower Ouachitta r. 
separating it from Concordia e., and Red r. and 
in part an artificial limit separating it from 
Avoyelles s. e. Lcnc;th from s. to n. 65 ms., 
mean breadth 40, and area 2,600 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. very nearly from 31° to 32° n., 
and in long, between 15° and 10^ w. W. C. 
Slope s. E., and in that direction drained by the 
bayous Boeuf and Crocodile, to the s. w. ; by the 
confluents of Catahoola n. e., and nearly cen- 
trally traversed by the main volume of Red r. 
The soil exhibits every variety, from the most 
fertile river alluvion to that of sterile pine for- 
est land. The latter, however, greatly prevails, 
and comprises most of the s. wstrn. and n. 
estrn. sections. The estrn. and lower part is 
subject to annual submersion. Along Rod r. 
and bayous Rapide and Boeuf, the soil is of the 
very first rate. 

This parish derives its name from the lower 
rapids of Red r., which are opposite the town 
of Alexandria, the st. jus. At high water they 
are invisible, but at low water verv much im- 
pede the navigation of the stream. Pop. 1820, 
6,065, 1830, 7,575. 

Rappahannoc, river of Va., formed by two 
branches, Hedgeman's and Thornton's rs. both 
deriving their remote sources from Blue Ridge. 



Hedgeman's r. after a comparative course of 
30 ms. between Fauquier and Culpepper cos., 
receives Thornton's r. from the latter, and the 
united waters continuing the course of the for- 
mer s. E. 20 ms., join the Rapid Ann as already 
noticed under the head of the latter. A naviga- 
ble r. at the junction of its two main branches, 
the Rappahannoc continues to the s. e. 10 ms. 
to its lowest falls, where it traverses the primi- 
tive ledge, and meets the ocean tides at Freder- 
icsburg. Similar to the Delaware, and all the 
large western confluents of Chesapeake bay, 
the Rappahannoc turns along after passing the 
primitive rock, but after a short curve to the 
southward, this stream resumes a s. e. course, 
which with a rather tortuous channel it main- 
tains to Leeds, in Westmoreland co., where it 
approaches to within 5 ms. of Potomac, at the 
mouth of Mattox cr. Gradually widening, and 
with the features of a long narrow bay of 55 
ms., the Rappahannoc by a s. s. e. course, is 
lost in Chesapeake bay between Windmill and 
Stingray points. The tide ascends this channel 
to the falls at Fredericsburg, something above 
100 ms. admitting vessels of considerable ton- 
nage. In all the distance below the union of its 
two main branches, it does not receive a con- 
fluent above the size of a small cr. The en- 
tire basin is 140 ms. by a mean width of 20 ; 
area 2,800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 37° 
34' to 38° 44', and in long. W. C. from U° 41' e. 
to 1° 22' w. 

Rappahannoc Academy, and p-o. in the north- 
eastern part of Caroline co. Va., by p-r. 72 
ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 64 miles n. n. e. Rich- 
mond. 

Raritan Batt, N. J., between Sandy Hook on 
the e., Monmouth co. on the s., and Staten isl. 
on the n. w., terminating at Amboy. The chan- 
nel carries 3^ fathoms to Amboy. 

Raritan, r., N. J., is formed by branches 
which flow through Morris, Hunterdon, Somer- 
set, Middlesex and Monmouth counties, water- 
ing a large extent of country. It enters Raritan 
bay at Amboy, .nnd is navigable for vessels 
drawing 8 feet water to N. Brunswick, except 
at low ebb tides, when the water is shallow and 
the channel narrow in some places. Along the 
lower part of the stream, the banks are low, 
flat, and partly marshy. Large steamboats ply 
daily between New York and New Brunswick, 
on the principal steamboat and stage route to 
Philadelphia. 

Raritan, south branch, river, N. J., rises in 
Budd's pond, Schooley's mtn., Morris co., n. 
Suckasunny plains, and runs by German valley, 
Clinton, Flcmington, &c., to its junction with the 
north branch, 4 ms. w. Somerville. 

Raritan, north branch, r. N. J., rises 6 ms. n. 
w. Morristown village, Morris co., and partly 
in Suckasunny plains, and runs through Somer- 
set CO. to its junction with s. branch. 

Raritan Landing, v. Middlesex co. N. J., at 
the head of tide water on Raritan r., 2 miles 
above Nev/ Brunswick. There is a free bridge 
over the r. 

Rattling Gap, p-o. Lycoming co. Pa., by p-r. 
109 ms. nrthrds. Harrisburg. 

Raubsville, p-o. Northampton co. Pa., by 
p-r. 196 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 



REA 



447 



RED 



Ravenna, p-v. and st. jus. Portage co. O., by 
p-r. 127 ms. n. e. Columbus, and 320 ms. north, 
westward W. C. lat. 41° 10', long. W. C. 4° 12' 
w. It is situated on a branch of Cuyahoga 
river, on a country, the mean height of which 
is about 1,000 feet above the Atlantic tides. 
Population of Ravenna tsp. including the vil- 
lage, 806. 

Rawli\gsburgh, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C, 
by p-r. 105 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Rawlinsville, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa., by p-r. 
95 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Rawsonsville, p-v. Droadalbin, Montgomery 
CO. N. Y., 10 miles from Johnstown, on Fondas 
creek. 

Ray, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Macomb co. 
Mich., by p-r. Sd ms. n. e. Detroit. 

Ray, CO. Mo., bndd. by Missouri r. s., sepa- 
rating it from Lafayette and Jackson ; Clay w., 
and on the other sides boundaries uncertain. 
Length 24 ms., mean breadth 20, and area4.S0 
sq.ms. Lat. 39° 15' n., and long. W. C, 17° 
w. intersect in this co. Slope s. e. towards 
Missouri r. Chief town Richmond. Pop. 2,657. 

Raymond, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 75 ms. s. 
w. Augusta, 24 n. Portland, lies on the n. side 
of Sebagopond, is crossed by the lower part of 
Crooked r. s. w., and has several other small 
ponds and streams. Pop. 1,756. 

Raymond, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 25 ms. 
s. s. E. Concord, 25 s. s. w. Portsmouth, 13 w. 
Exeter, with 16,317 acres ; is crossed by Lam. 
prey r., whose two branches here unite. There 
are also 2 ponds, and part of Patuckavvay r. 
There are fertile meadows on the r. Oak, &c. 
grow on the uplands. A small cavern in the 
w. part called the oven. Rattlesnakes formerly 
abounded. This town furnished 24 soldiers to 
the continental army in the revolution, besides 
militiamen. Pop. 999. 

Raymond, p. v., and as marked in p-o. list, 
cf t. or St. jus. Hinds co. Misp., 19 miles from 
Jackson, but relative position uncertain. Pop. 
700. 

Raynham, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., 32 ms. s. 
Boston ; has Taunton r. s., winch forms an 
arch round that part. First settled 1650, and 
the first forge erected in North America was 
built here in 1G52, by James and Henry Leon, 
ard. King Philip, or Metaconi, had a fishing 
station here. Iron is here manufactured in 
various forms, nails, bars, hollow ware, &c. 
Pop. 1,200. 

Raysville, p-v. Henry co. Ind., by p-r. 3G 
ms. N. E. by E. Indianopolis. 

Raytown, p-v. Wilkes co. Geo., by p-r. 51 
ms. N. E. Millcdgeville. 

Readfjeld, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 7 ms. w. 
Augusta, is a small town of irregular form, 
crossed by a long pond, whose outlet forms the 
principal upper stream of Cobbessceconte r. 
Pop. 1,884. 

Reading, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 53 ms. s. 
Montpelier, w. Windsor ; was chartered in 
1781, and contains 23,040 acres. First settled 
1772. It is uneven, with a ridge of mountain- 
ous land w., from which descend several 
streams, flowing partly n. e. to Queechy r., 
partly e. to Connecticut r. at Windsor, and 
partly s. into Black r., furnishing pretty good 



mill sites. There are 12 school dists., several 
mills, &c. The timber is hard wood and 
spruce. Pop. 1,409. 

Reading, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 12 ms. n. 
Boston. Settled 1644; has much good soil, 
but some uneven and hard. The village is laro-e 
Pop. 1,806. 

Reading, p-t. Fairfielrl co. Conn. 60 ms. s. w. 
Hartford ; about 5 ms. by 6^, with 32 sq.ms. ; 
has rocks of granite and primitive limestone, 
with an irregular surface, and a good soil. 
Saugatuck r. crosses it through the middle n. 
and s. and Norwalk r. is in the w. part. The 
forest trees are oak, nut trees, &c. Joel Bar. 
low was born here. Pop. 1,686. 

Reading, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 223 ms. w. 
Albany, 25 n. e. Bath, 15 s. e. Penn-Yan, w. 
Seneca lake, which separates it from Seneca 
and Tompkins cos. It is a gore of land from 
3 ms. to 4^ by 14, with very good, level land, 
without stones, and watered by Bigstream and 
Rockstream, which afford valuable mill sites. 
They flow into the lake, which they enter near 
each other. Rockstream has a very romantic 
fall of 140 ft. at the foot of a long rapid. The 
vv-ater is precipitated into a basin, between high 
banks of clay slate. Stone quarries are situated 
at different places along the shore of the lake. 
Pop. 1,568. 

Reading, borough, p-t. and st. jus. Berks co. 
Pa., by p-r. ,52 ms. a very little n. of e. Harrisburg ; 
50 ms. N. w. Philadelphia, and 143 ms. a little 
N. of N. E. W. C. N. lat. 40° 42', long. W. C. 1° 
03' E. Reading, similar to many of the other 
borough towns of Pa., was originally laid out 
after the model of Philadelphia ; streets extend- 
ing at right angles to each other, vidtli two main 
streets, at the intersection of vvhicli is the court 
house. It is more than commonly compact and 
well built, and contains 5 or 6 churches, a large 
edifice for public purposes, 2 banks, a jail, and 
many fine private buildings, numerous private 
schoi/Is, and one bookstore. Situated ou the 
canal formed along the Schuylkill, and in the 
midst of a fertile and well cultivated country, 
Reading is a flourishing commercial depot, as 
well as a place of domestic trade. The original 
inhabitants were mostly Germans, and eminent 
for their industrious and economical habits and 
quiet manners ; and such is still the character 
of the place. Pop. 1820, 4,332, 1830, 5,C;56. 

Reading, p-v. Sycamore tsp. Hamilton co. 0., 
by p-r. 11 ms. n. n. e. Cincinnati. Pop. 200. 

Readyville, p-v. in the estrn. part of Ruth- 
erford CO. Ten., 12 ms. e. Murfreesboro', the 
CO. seat, and by p-r. 45 miles s. e. by e. Nash- 
ville. 

Reamstown, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., 15 ms. 
N. E. Lancaster, and 15 ms. s. vv. Reading. 
Pop. 1830, 300. 

Rebecca Furnace, and p-o. Botetourt co. Va., 
220 ms. .N. w. W. C. 

Rebeksbukg, p.v. Centre co. Pa., 12 ms, e. 
Bellefonte, the co. seat, and 93 ms. n. w, Har- 
risburg. 

Rectoktown, p.v. Fauquier co. Va., by p.r. 
53 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Red River. There are several streams in 
the U, S. which bear this name, and following 
the geographical relative positions we have 



RED 



448 



RED 



pursued in this treatise they stand in the follow- 
ing order. — 

Rf.t) r. of Ky. and Tenn. has its sources in 
Cliristian, Todd, Logan and Simpson counties 
of the former state, and which flowing south'rd. 
enters a stream which originates in Summer co. 
"i'en., and which, flowing westward under the 
name of Red r. traverses Robertson and Mont- 
gomery COS. Ten. falls into Cumberland r. at 
ihe bend near Clarksville. Red r. has inter- 
locking sources with ]3ig Barren and Muddy r. 
branches of Green river. 

Red r. of Ky. rises in Morgan co. and flow, 
ing thence wstrd. over Montgomery, falls into 
the right bank of Kentucky r. between Clark 
and Estill cos. 

Red r. great southern constituent of Assin- 
iboin river. (See Red river, article Assinihoin, 
p. 32.) 

Red r. great sthwstrn. branch of Mississippi 
r., has its remote sources in the mountainous 
prairies of N. Mexico, between the sources of 
Canadian Fork of Arkansas and those of Rio 
Colorado of the Gulf of Mexico, and between 
95° and 33° long. w. W. C. From its source 
through 1 1 degrees of long, the general course I 
is very nearly E. From the 23d degree to 17°' 
30' w. W. C. the channel forms the boundary 
between the U. S. and Texas, and with long. 
17° 30' it inflects to s. e. and becomes entirely 
a stream of the U. S., traverses a small angle 
of Ark. and thence entering La. over which it 
winds 300 ins. by comparative course to its final 
discharge into Mississippi at n. lat. 31° 01', 
long. W. C. 14° 40' w. The higher volume of 
Red r. is formed iiy two main branches, Red r. 
proper, and False Ouachitta, both rising in New 
JYIexico, and flowing about 350 ms. before their 
junction. It is remarkable that in all its course 
of upwards of 1,100 miles Red r. receives no 
tributary of any consequence worth}' of notice, 
but from the north, beside False Ouachitta, and 
below that stream comes in in succession Blue 
r., Kimitchie, Vasseux and Little r. of the n. 
above La., and in the latter state, Dacheet, 
Black r., Saline, and Ouachitta. (See Ouarhit- 
ta.) Red r. partakes in some measure with 
Arkansas, the character of a stream of the 
desert. Along the immense inclined plain be- 
tween Missouri proper, and the Gulf of Mexi- 
co, in the summer and autumn seasons, the 
moisture and herbage are alike dried up. The 
beds of the streams, a few months before re- 
plenished to overflowing, become in great part 
dry sandy lines. At no season, however, does 
Red r. where passing the rapids at the town of 
Alexandria in La. and where the whole of its 
volume is confined to One bed, finswer to the 
great comparative length of its course, but this 
phenomenon is explained by a feature, as far as 
I know the natural history of rivers, peculiar to 
Red r. Some distance below where it bends to 
s. E. and enters La. it divides into numerous 
channels, spreading their mazes over an ellip- 
tical region of low land between the retiring 
hills. This tract is about 70 ma. in length with 
a width varying from one to 8 or 10 ms. It is 
one immense intricacy of interlocking water 
courses, but without any direct continuous 
channel. From personal observation the writer 



of this article is inclined to the theory that this 
very recent alluvial tract was once a lake, which 
the abrasion of the river against its banks has 
at length filled with earth. But Vv'hat is at the 
same time in an extraordinary degree remarka- 
ble, is the fact that the same cause which filled 
the river lako with deposit created numerous 
others. The various crs. or small rivers flow- 
ing in between the hills on each side have now 
become lakes. Their channels and bottoms 
from hill to hill, for a distance of from 10 to 30 
ma. backwards liave been supplied with water, 
which cannot now all escape as their outlets to- 
wards the Red river have become so many em- 
bankments. It is true, the water in these new 
lakes rises and falls with the floods of the main 
stream. In latter summer and autumn much 
of their valleys become green meadows, sup- 
plied with succulent herbage ; but as the im- 
mense volume of Red river pours down in win. 
ter and spring, a reflux takes place and the riv- 
er water pours rapidly into these great natural 
reservoirs, and contributes by this flux and reflux 
to most effectually equalize the discharge of 
Red river. The Ouachitta and its confluen.ts 
present similar features. (See lakes Bistinenu, 
Bndcati, Catahoola, cfc.) What is called " TAs 
Rafi," in Red river, has been thus formed, and 
to call it a raft in the true intent of the term is 
a very deceptive misnomer. 1 have personally 
surveyed both the lakes of Red r. and the At- 
chafalayaraft, and found that of the latter to be 
a raft in the literal sens-e of the word; but be- 
tween it, and the thicket islands and lake like 
channels of Red r. above Grand Ecor, there is 
nothing in common. (See Auhafalaya.) At 
Grand Ecor 4 ms. above the town of Natchito- 
ches, the whole volume of Red r. is united; but 
in less than half a mile below, again separates, 
the Rigolet de Bon Dieu issuing from the left, 
and does not again enter the main stream for up- 
wards of 30 ms., in which distance it receives 
Black and Saline rivers from the north. The 
main stream also which passes the town of 
Natchitoches is subdivided into numerous chan- 
nels. Eelov^ the rejunction of the Rigolet de 
Bon Dieu, the r. is once more for 3 or 4 miles 
united in one channel, but again dividing the 
bayou Rapide isssues to the right, and so call- 
ed from again meeting the main river at the 
rapids near Alexandria. With the outlet of 
bayou Rapide, properly speaking, the imity of 
Red river is destroyed to be restored no more, 
as in the natural state of the country at high 
water outlets fiov/ed from bayou Rapide itself, 
the waters of which flov/ed down the bayou 
Bosuf and were conveyed into Atchafalaya by 
several channels. These issues from bayou 
Rapide have been embanked, and by the aid of 
art the whole of Red river is made to pass 
Alexandria. The solid pine wood land indeed 
reaches the bank on the left directly opposite 
Alexandria, but on the right a few ms. below, 
outlets commence which have their recipient 
in Atchafalaya. A recent revolution at the 
mouth of Red r. ought not to be passed over in 
silence. Where it entered the Mississippi, the 
latter by a long curve, first to the west, thence 
sthrd. and abruptly back to the cast formed a 
peninsula which about 5 miles a little s. of e. 



RED 



449 



REG 



from the mouth of Red r. had not quite a mile 
in breadth in 1800, and was continually lessen- 
ing. The actual breach of this isthmus v/as 
long foreseen, and actually took place in 1831. 
With slight cutting the river was made to act 
upon the yielding soil, and now Red r. has its 
mouth 5 ms. above where it formerly existed. 
This may seem contrary to the laws of nature, 
as water would naturally fall like other bodies 
when left free, but exactly similar phenomena 
took place at the mouths of the Yazoo and Ho- 
mochilta rivers, which, when the bends were 
cut and the outlets of the rivers changed, the 
mouths were formed at the upi>er and not as 
might have been expected at the lower end of 
the cut. Red river it is generally supposed 
would flow down the Atchafalaya, if the com- 
munication between it and Mississippi was in- 
terrupted, but an irresistible barrier to a per- 
manent stream passing down the Atchafalaya, 
may be seen stated at the head of that article, 
and stated from personal observation on the 
spot. Here is also the place to notice another 
error which has been sanctioned by official 
document. It has been stated that changing 
the bed of Red river has drained 200,000 acres 
of pine land. Any person acquainted at all 
with the respective features of La. knows per- 
fectly well that pine land is never overllowed, 
and they know also, that before they could be 
overflowed the whole delta would be many feet 
imder water. The pines lands and delta touch, 
but no two species of soil however distant can 
dilTer more specifically, and besides, the pine 
tracts are every where elevated above any in- 
fluence from annual floods from the Mississippi 
or any of its confluents. 

Red r. of Ark., a branch of White r. rises at 
lat. 36°, and long. 1G° w. of W. C, between 
the vallies of Ark. and White rs. and in Izard 
CO. Flowing thence to the estrd. by compara- 
tive courses, 120 ms. to its entrance into White 
r. about 70 ms. s. e. by e. Little Rock. 

Red Bank, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Arm- 
strong CO. Pa., 20 ms. n. Kittanning, the co. st., 
and by p-r. 235 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Red Bird, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Clay co. 
Ky., 10 ms. sthrd. Manchester, the co. st., and 
125 ms. s. E. Frankfort. 

Red Bridge, p.o. Hawkins co. Ten., 10 ms. 
s. w. Rogersville, the co. st,, and by p-r. 254 
ms. a little e. of n. Nashville. 

Reddies, or Reddy's river, and p-o. Wilkes 
CO. N. C, by P-r. 188 ms. a little n. of w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Redfield, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y., 30 ms. n. 
Rome, 142 n. w. Albany, s, Jefferson co., w. 
Lewis CO. ; 6 ms. by 14 ; is crossed in the s. by 
Salmon r. which flows into lake Ontario, and a 
branch flows s. through the middle, which fur- 
nish mill seats. The soil is good, bearing a 
variety of timber, and the surface nearly level. 
Pop. 341. 

Red Fore, and Red Lake, tributaries of Red 
r. branch of Assiniboin. Red Lake lies imme- 
diately N. of Turtle lake or the extreme source 
of Misp. r. With the exeeption of some salient 
bay it is nearly circular, and about 20 miles in 
diameter. Lat. 48°, and long. W. C. 18° w. in- 
tersect in this lake. Near its wstrn. side is- 



sues Red Fork, which latter, with a sweeping 
curve to the sthrd. pursues a general western 
direction, by comparative distances 80 ms. into 
Red r. of Assiniboin. By the Grand and Rod 
Fork rs. and intermediate lakes, an almost un- 
interrupted water communication exists be- 
tween Rainy Lake r. and Red r. through the 
sources of the Mississippi. 

Red Hill, Moultonborough, Grafton co. N. 
H., at the n. end of Winnipiseogce lake, com. 
mands the finest view of that beautiful sheet of 
water, and the surrounding country, for a great 
distance. It has a small stream n.. Great 
Squam lake w.. Long Pond and Winnipiseogce 
lake s. Iron ore is found in the n. Bluff, and 
bog iron ore in a brook below it. 

Red Hill, p.v. sthrn. part of Kershaw dist. 
S. C. 16 ms. sthrd. Camden, and by p-r. 49 ms. 
N. E. by E. Columbia. 

Red House, p-o. Charlotte co. Va. by p-r. 112 
ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Red House, p-o. Caswell co, N. C. by p-r. 75 
ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

Red Hook, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 23 ms. 
N. Poughkeepsie, 20 s. Hudson, s. Columbia 
CO., E. Hudson r., has a rich loam, more mixed 
with clay near the river, well cultivated, and 
varying in surface. It is crossed by Sawkill, 
which afibrds good mill seats. There are sev- 
eral landings, at one of which the New York 
and Albany steamboats touch ; and several vil- 
lages in the interior. Near the river the banks 
are fine, and ornamented with the residences 
of several of the Livingston family, and other 
gentlemen. There are several factories, an 
academy in the Upper village, &c. Pop. 1830, 
2,983. 

Red Mountain, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 
38 ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

Red River, iron works and p-o. Estill co. 
Ky. by p.r..75 ms. s. e. by e. Frankfort. 

Red Shoals, p-o. Stokes co. N. C. by p-r. 
143 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Red Sulphur Spkings, and p-o. on Indian cr. 
in the wstrn. part of Monroe co. Va. by p-r. 
240 ms. w. Richmond. 

Reedsborough, t. Bennington co. Vt., 12 ms. 
s. E. Bennington, 18 s. w. Erattleboro', n. Rowe, 
Mass., is quite mountainous, with large tracts 
of useless land. Deerfield r. forms the e. 
boundary, and a branch crosses the t. Both 
afford mill seats. Pop. 662. 

Reed's Mills, sthrn. part of Jackson co. 0., 
.by p-r. 86 ms. s. s. e. Columbus. 

Reed'sville, p-o. Rutherford co. N. C. by 
p-r. 213 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Reedtown, p.v. Seneca co. O. by p-r. 90 ms. 
nrthrd. Columbus. 

Reedy Fork, p.o. on Reedy Fork r. northern 
part of Guilford co. N. C. by p.r. 92 ms. n. w. 
by w. Raleigh. 

Reedy Fork, river and p.o. southern part of 
Greenville dist. S. C, by p.r. Il9 miles n. w. 
Columbia. 

Reedy Spring, p-o. Campbell co. Va. by p-r. 
196 ms. s. w. W.C. 

Rees' Ckoss Roads, p.v. Woodford eo. Ky. 
12 ms. s. E. Frankfort. 

Regnier's Mills, and p.o. Washington co, 
0. Ill ms. s. E. Columbus. 



REN 



450 



RHO 



Rehnersburg, p-v. in the nrthwstrn. part of 
Berks co. Pa. 25 ms. n. w. Reading and by p-r. 
38 N. E, by E. Harrisbiirg. 

Rehoboth, Bristol co. Mass. 37 miles s. w. 
Boston, E. Sekonk r. or R. Islan.J, is nearly level, 
with a few gentle hills ; settled 1G43 by Rev. 
Samuel Newman and part of his church from 
Weymouth, Mass. In 1646 the Indians burnt 
411 dwellings and 30 barns. Anawan's rock 
was the wild and secluded retreat of king 
Philip's principal chief. After the death of the 
latter, and the death or capture of his other 
captains, Anawan was surprized here by Capt. 
Church. Pop. 2,459. 

Reidstown, p-v. Union dist. S. C. by p-r. 95 
ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Reidsville, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C. by 
p-r. 103 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Reiley, p-v. Butler co. O. by p-r. 120 ms. s. 
w. by w. Cidumbus. 

Reisterstown, p-v. Caltimora co. Md. 15 ms. 
N. w. Ijaltimore. 

Remsen, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 90 ms. w. n. 
w. Albany, 20 n. Utica, s. Lewis co., vv. Herki- 
mer CO., is crossed by Black r. running w., and 
has Cincinnati cr. s. The e. line is partly form. 
ed by W. Canada creek, and there are other 
streams which also supply mill seats. The 
surface is uneven and the soil generally good. 
First settled 1793. The v. is on Cincinnati cr. 
16 ms. N. Utica, 55 .Tohnstown. Waters rising 
but ^ m. apart, flow into Black r. and W. Can- 
ada cr. Pop. 1,400. 

Rensselaer co. N. Y. bndd. by Washington 
CO. N., Vt. and Mass. e., Columbia co. s., Hud- 
son river w. which separates it from Albany 

and Saratoga cos., and contains 572 1-2 square | 54' w. W. C. Tennessee r. enters on the nrth- 
miles and 14 townships. There are high hills] estrn. border, and winding over the co. in a 
E. and the surface is generally broken, withj sthwstrn. direction divides it into two unequal 
large valleys and some fins meadows. The j sections and opposing slopes. The larger sec- 
soil is various, as are the forest trees. Troy, tioais to the n. w. falling from Walden's Ridge, 
one of the most flourishing cities in the state, Cf. t. Washington. Pop.l820,4,2l5, ld3(), 8,186. 



which operates in different ways in other parts 
of the CO. There are cotton factories at Lan. 
singburgh, Scaghticoke, Hoosac, Troy, Nassau, 
Pittstown ; and a few woollen in different pla. 
ces. There are two rolling mills and nail fac- 
tories 2 ms. s. Troy, on Wynant's kill : at the 
Albany nail factory 450 tons are made in a year ; 
and at the Troy factory 1,000 tons, partly into 
spikes. Troy is the cf t. and st. jus. of the co. 
Pop. 1820, 40,153, 1S30, 49,424. 

Rensselaer, v. Berlin, Rensselaer co. N. Y. 
12 ms. E. Albany. 

Rensselaekville, p-t. Albany co. N. Y. 24 
ms. s. w. Albany, n. Greene Co., e. Schoharie 
CO., about S ms. by 8 1-2, with CB sq. ms., is 
rough with some high hills of the Catsberg 
range, and large, fertile vallies. It is crossed 
in the s. w. by Cattskill creek, vfhose branches 
supply many mill seats. The land is generally 
leased. The v. on Ten Mile cr. is in the n. e. 
23 ras. w. s. w. Albany, 10 ms. from Cattskill 
cr. Preston Hollow is a v. s. w. 30 ms. Albany, 
and 26 Cattskill. Pottersville is 2 ms. w. of 
this. Pop. 3,635. 

Republican .Grove, and p-o. Halifax co. Va. 
by ]}.r. 149 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Reynoldsburgh, p-v. and st. jus. Humphries 
CO. Ten. by p-r. 78 ms. w. Nashville. It is sit- 
uated on the right bank of Tennessee r. n. lat. 
36^ 05', long. W. C. 11° 04' w. 

Rhea, co. Ten. bndd. by Hiwasses r. separa- 
ting it from the Indian country s., Hamilton co. 
s. w., Walden's ridge separating it from Bled- 
soe w. and N. w.. Roan n. e., and MacMinn s, 
E. Length from s. vv. to n. e. 36 ms. ; breadth 
26, and area 920 sq. ms. Lat. 36° 25', long. 7° 



is in this co., and is at the head of sloop navi 
gation in Hudson river ; the great dam across 
that r. affords a communication between Troy 
and the Erie canal. Fine steamboats owned 
here, regularly ply to New York ; and ther 
a large amount of business carried on by 
sloops, as well as by canal boats. Hoosac r. 
enters the co. from Mass., and receiving Little 
Hoosac cr., Wallomsac and Tomhanoc crs., 
after a crooked course, falls into Hudson r. in 
the N. Poesten kill joins the Hudson at Troy, 
after supplying valuable mill seats. There are 
several other streams of less importance. The 
ancient estate of Rensselaerwyck included all 
this CO. except the 3 n. towns, together with 
the CO. of Albany, and was early settled. It 
was 24 ms. wide on the Hudson, 42 long, and 
purchased and granted between 1630 and 1649. 
The CO. is transition, except a little secondary. 
Roofing slate, some iron ores, &c. are found in 
different places. Under the patronage of Ste- 
phen Van Renssalaer, Esq. who bears the an, 
cient title of Patroon of Rensselaerwyck, a plan 
of public instruction has been in operation here, 
of a practical nature, by which useful know- 
ledge is furnished to young men in agriculture, 
as well as in other branches : a central institu. 



Riieatown, p-v. in the estrn. part of Greene 
CO. Ten. 10 ras. e. Greenville, the co. st. and by 
p-r. 2S3 ms. e. Nashville. 

Rhinebeck, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y. 67 ms. 
s. Albany, 17 n. Poughkeepsie, e. Hudson r. on 
the banks of which are landings, and by which 
considerable trade is carried on with New York, 
&c. Mill seats arc found on Landtman's and 
Crom Elbow crs. The name is formed by a 
combination of those of river Rhine in Europe, 
and Beekman, one of the earliest purchasers. 
The first settlements were made by Germans. 
The land is rather uneven e. and level w., with 
a fertile plain in the middle, where is the vil- 
lage of Rhinebeck Flats. Wertemburg s. e. 
has a light soil. Sepascat lake though small 
yields fisli. Pop. 2,938. 

Rhode Island, one of the U. S., and the 
smallest state in the union, is bndd. n. and e. by 
Mass., s. by the Atlantic ocean, and w. by Con- 
necticut. It lies between 41° and 42° n. lat., 
and between 3° 11' and 4° e. long. W. C. — be- 
ing about 42 ms. long from n. to s. and 29 ms. 
wide, and embracing an area of 1,225 sq. ms. 
of which 130 sq. ms. are included in Narragan. 
sett bay. The territory now comprehended in 
the state of Rhode Island, was found by the 



tion being established at Troy, with a farm, first English settlers, chiefly ia the possession 



RHO 



451 



RHO 



of the Narragansett Indians, from whose lan- 
guage the present names of many places, rivers, 
&c. have been derived. The w. boundary was 
the dividing line between this nation and the 
Pequods of Connecticut. The Wampanoags, 
a branch of the latter, inhabited the n. e. parts of 
the state, about Bristol ; and their chief, Meta- 
com, or Philip, involved the colonies in a most 
dangerous and destructive war, between 1675 — 
77. A rude map of Mass. bay, which embraces 
the coast of R. I., was published in London in 
1634, by a Mr. Wood. The first settlement by 
white men was made in 1636, by Rev. Roger 
Williams, who had been banished from Mass. 
colony for his peculiar religious opinions. He 
was followed by many others, who with him 
laid the foundation of the fine city of Provi- 
dence. In 163S, Mr. Coddington and 17 others 
being persecuted in Mass. on account of their 
religious tenets, followed Roger Williams, and 
settled at Newport. In 1644, a charter was ob. 
tained for both the settlements. In 1647 was 
held the first general assembly, when the ex- 
ecutive power was confided to a president and 4 
assistants. In 1663 anew charter was granted 
by Charles II. which with a few changes has 
formed the basis of the government until the 
present time. One of the earliest acts of hos- 
tility against the British, before the revolutiona- 
ry war, was committed in this state, whose in- 
habitants took an active part in that struggle. 
The island of Rhode Island was for some 
time in possession of the enemy. The con. 
stitution of the U. S. was adopted by this state 
in 1790, after it had received the assent of all 
the others. The state government still pro- 
ceeds under its colonial charter granted in 
1663, by Charles II. The legislative and ex- 
ecutive departments are mixed. The legisla- 
ture consists of a senate and house of repre- 
sentatives. The senate is composed of the 
governor, lieut. governor, and 10 counsellors. 
There are 72 representatives, elected by the 
people semi-annually. The legislature con- 
venes 4 times a year. The salary of the gov- 
ernor is ^400, of the lieut. gov. $;200, of the 
secretary of state ^750 and fees. The judicia- 
ry is vested in a supreme court of 3 judges, and 
a court of common pleas for each of the 5 cos. 
each court consisting of 5 judges. These 
judges are annually appointed by the legislature. 
The right of suffrage is universal. The sur- 
face of the state is varied, but there are no 
mtns. About one tenth is water, which is a 
■greater proportion than in any other state in the 
Union. The s. w. part of the state, and the 
valley of the Narra'^ansett r. have a large pro- 
portion of level land. There are many hills, as 
Mount Hope in Bristol, Hopkins's hill in W. 
Greenwich, and Woonsockct hill in Smithfield ; 
and much of the land is uneven and rocky. 
The soil on the continental part of Rhode Island 
is tolerably fertile, though its cultivation re- 
quires much labor. It is well adapted to many 
kinds of fruit trees. On the islands it is slaty 
and more productive. Some iron ore, marble, 
and free stone are found in different places, and 
there is a mine of anthracite coal on the isl. of 
Rhode Island, which is not worked. There is 
much good pasture land, and grain, and or- 



chards are successfully cultivated. Agricul- 
ture is, however, generally much less flourishing 
than in the adjacent states — commerce and 
manufactures absorbing more the attention of 
the inhabitants. The isl. of Rhode Island, has 
been celebrated for its beautiful, cultivated ap- 
pearance, abounding in smooth swells, aid be- 
ing divided with great uniformity into well till, 
ed fields. Oak, walnut, chestnut and other 
trees are abundant in some parts of the state. 
The climate much resembles that of Mass. and 
Conn, in its salubrity — the parts of the state ad- 
jacent to the sea are favored with refreshing 
breezes in summer, and in winter are the most 
mild. The rs. are small, but some of them 
afford excellent sites for manufactories ; partic- 
ularly the Pawtucket or Blackstone river (the 
largest in the state) the lower part of whose 
course lies along the e. boundary. Among the 
numerous factories on this river audits branch- 
es are the following : at Mannsville, U miles 
above Providence, two for cotton, with 7,000 
spindles ; on Peter's r. 5 miles above, 2 built 
of stone, with 25,000 spindles ; on Mill r. ^ 
mile further, 9 of wood, with 600 spindles ; at 
Woonsocket falls, about 20,000 spindles, &c. 
At the latter place are also 2 machine shops, 
a foundry, and about 2,000 inhabitants. Wa- 
ter is abundant in the state, and is extensively 
applied to use. The chief bays of R. I. are 
Narragansett bay, which penetrates north into 
the state more than 30 ms. and is navigable by 
large ships up to Providence : it connects seve- 
ral good harbors with the ocean. But the most 
important in a naval point of view is Newport 
harbor which is accessible in the most unfavor. 
able winds on the coast, is safe from storms, 
and strongly protected by forts of the U. S. A 
variety of fish is obtained from the coves, bays, 
&c. Several useful turnpike roads lead in dif. 
fcrent directions ; and the principal route of 
travelling between New.York and Boston, dur. 
ing the months when navigation is unimpeded, 
has been for several years by the Providence 
steamboat and stage coach line. Regular pack- 
ets ply between the principal ports of R. I. and 
of other states; and an important foreign trpde 
is carried on, principally from Providence, (see 
Providence,) the merchants of which city have 
been engaged in an extensive commerce with 
Canton. The Blackstone canal lies partly in 
this state. A rail road is to be constructed from 
Providence to Boston, for the transportation of 
passengers and merchandize. {See Boston and 
Providence rail-road, under the head of Rail- 
Roads.) Several islands of some importance 
belong to this state : the principal of which are 
Rhode Isl.,Connanieut, Prudence, and Block isls. 
Rhode Island is divided into 5 counties. Pro- 
vidence, Newport, Washington, Kent, Bristol, 
and 31 towns, of which Providence is the lar- 
gest. The population of the state at several pe- 
riods has been as follows : in 1790, 68,825 ; 
1800, 69,122; IBIO, 76,93] ; 1820, 83,059, and 
in 1830, 97,199 : the two latter as follows : 



Counties. 


1820. 


1830. 


Providence, 


30,769 


47,018 


Newport, 


16,294 


16,535 


Washington, 


14,962 


15,411 


Kent, 


9,834 


12,789 


Bristol, 


3,072 


5,446 



RHO 



452 



RIG 



Of the population of 1830, were free white 
persons : 

Males. Females. 

Under 5 years of ago 6,733 6,623 

Fioui 5 to 15 11,188 10,855 

J 5 to 30 13,779 14,787 

30 to 50 8,891 0,780 

50 to 70 3,601 4,765 

VOtoOO 1,115 1,434 

90 and upwards 28 44 



Total 


4 


5,333 


48,288 


Free colored 


persons, 






(Tilder 10 years of 


age 


334 


358 


From 10 to 24 




500 


593 


24 to 36 




317 


445 


36 to 55 




239 


350 


55 to 100 




151 


2(36 


100 and over 




3 


3 



Total 1,544 2,020 

Slaves, males 3 ; females 11. 

While persons, deaf and dumb 48 ; blind 57 ; 
aliens 1,103. 

Recapitulation. Whites. Free col'd. Slaves Total. 
93,621 3,564 14 97,109 

Rhode Island is the most manufacturing sec- 
tion of the U. S., in proportion to its population. 
The manufactures are mostly of cotton ; though 
there are many of woollen, cordage, drilling, 
&c. At Newport is a manufactory of lace. 
Upon Woonsocket falls alone are more than 20 
diflerent factories, producing between two and 
three millions of yards annually. Warwick is 
a flourishing manufacturing town, and Paw- 
tucket has by far the largest manufactories in 
the state. The commercial prosperity of the 
state has kept pace with its manufactures. The 
amount of shipping is between 40 and 50,000 
tons. Tlie amount of imports for the year end- 
ing Sept. 1830, according to the report of the 
secretary of the treasury, was ^488,756; ex- 
ports, foreign, ,<j^71,985 ; domestic, ^206,965 ; 
total exports ,1^278,950. Tonnage entered 16,- 
676; departed 14,094. In no part of the U. S. 
has banking been carried on to such an extent 
as in R. I. There are in this small state, 51 
banks, with an aggregate capital of $6,723,296. 
Common schools were not early established 
and aided by legislative support in R. I. as in 
most of the N. E. states ; tho' the interests of 
education have not been neglected. There are 
now but 323 pubUc schools, with 17,034 pupils ; 
toward the support of which the state pays 
about $10,000 annually. There are flourish, 
ing academies in several places in R. Island. 
Brown University was originally founded at 
Warren, in 1764, whence it was removed in 
1770 to Providence. (See Providence.) The 
religious denominations of this state are vari- 
ous. There are 16 Baptist churches, 12 min- 
isters and 2,000 communicants ; 10 Methodist 
preachers, and 1,100 members ; 10 Congrega. 
tional churches, 10 ministers, and 1,000 com- 
municants ; 2 Unitarian societies and 2 minis, 
ters ; about 1,000 Sabbatarian communicants ; 
8 churches of Six-principle Baptists, and about 
800 communicants ; the Friends are numerous, 
and there is 1 Roman Cathohc church, and 
some Universalists, &c. &c. 

Rhode Island, isL Newport co. R. I. about 
3 1.2 me. by 15, has a good soil, excellent in 
some parts, air agreeably varied surface, well 
cultivated and presenting a fine agricultural as. 1 
poet. The fields are generally divided by ex. I 



cellent stone walls. The isl. contains the tsps . 
of Newport, Middletown and Portsmouth ; and 
with several adjoining islands, forms the co. of 
Newport. IthasNarragansett bay w., the e. Pas. 
sage E. and Mount Hope bay n. which abound 
.with fish. A mine of anthracite coal has been 
wrought to some extent in the n. part of the isl., 
but is not now used. The s. w. extremity of 
the isl. projects in such a manner as to protect 
the harbor of Newport on the e. and s. with its 
high ground. Towards the ocean it presents a 
lofty and precipitous bluff, where the waves 
often dash tumultuously ; yet a considerable 
tract of land there possesses a deep and fertile 
soil of great value. Easton's bay, with a fine 
beach, indents the s. shore and nearly isolates 
the s. w. corner of the island. While New- 
port was occupied by British troops, the Amer- 
ican lines were for a time drawn across the 
neck of the peninsula, from Tamony hill to the 
beach. 

RicEBORo', p-v. and st. jus. Liberty co. Geo. 
34 ms. s. w. Savannah, and by p-r. 202 ms. s. 
E. Milledgeville. Lat. 31° 45', long. W. C. 4° 
30' w. 

Rice Creek Spring, and p-o. nrthestrn. part 
of Richland dist. S. C. by p-r. 13 ms. n. e. Co- 
lumbia. 

RiCHARDSoNviLLE, p-0. Edgefield dist. S. C, 
by p-r. 77 ms. wstrd. Columbia. 

RiciiARDSViLLE, formerly Smith's tavern, p.o. 
Culpepper co, Va., by p.r. 71 ms. southwestrd. 
W. C. 

RicHBORo', p-v. Bucks CO. Pa. by p-r. 158 ms. 

N. E. W. C. 

Richfield, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y. 72 ms. w. 
by N. Albany, 13 n. w. Cooperstown, 18 s. w. 
Utica, 4 ms. by 8, has Herkimer co. n. and w. 
and Schuyler's, or Caniaderaga lake s. This 
affords one of the highest sources of Susque- 
hannah r. The t. is rather uneven, with many 
small streams, of which some in the n. w. flow 
into Unadilla r. ; has pretty good soil. It was 
first settled in 1791. Pop. 1,752. 

Richfield, p-v. Juniata co. Pa. by p-r. 61 ms. 
northwstrd. Harrisburg. 

Richfield, p-v. northeastern part of Medina 
CO. O. by P-r. 130 ms. n. e. Columbus. Pop. of 
Richland tsp. 1830, 444. 

RicHFORD, p-t. Franklin co. Vt. 50 ms. n, 
Montpelier, 24 n. e. St. Albans, with 23,040 
acres ; lies s. of the Canada line, and was char- 
tered 1780. It is hilly e-, and is crossed by 
Missisque r. which enters from Lower Canada, 
and flows from it into Berkshire, with rich' 
meadows on its banks. It was first settled 
about 1790. Pop. 704. 

Richland, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. 60 ms. n. 
w. Utica, 27 n. vi'. Oswego v., s. Jefl^erson co., 
E. lake Ontario ; has very good soil, more fa- 
vorable to grass, bearing oak and chestnut, 
beech, &c. near the lake, and a large tract of 
white pine e., with other trees. The surface is 
uneven. It is crossed by Salmon r., and has 
also Little Sandy, Deer and Grindstone crs. all 
of which empty into the lake, and furnish mill 
seats. The village, sometimes called Pulaski, 
is 27 ms. N. E. Oswego, 30 s. Sacket's Plarbor, 
36 N. SaUna, and 153 from Albany, is on Sal- 
mon cr. 3^ ms. from the harbor at its mouth. 



RIG 



453 



RIG 



The falls are just below. Great quantities of 
salmon and pickerel are caught here. There is 
a salt spring near the borders of Salina. Pop. 
2,733. 

Richland, dist. S. C. bndd. s. by Gongaree 
r. separating it from Orangeburg ; Gongaree 
below, and Broad r. above Golumbia separating 
it from Lexington dist., n. Fairfield, and n. e. 
Kershaw, and e. Wateree, on tlie lower Cataw- 
ba. Length diagonally from the junction of the 
Wateree and Gongaree to the extreme north- 
western angle on Broad r. 50 ms., mean breadth 
12, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 34<^, and long. 4° 
w. W. G. intersect at Golumbia, the co. st. and 
St. of government of the state. The general 
slope to the s. s. e. in the direction of its bound- 
ing rivers. Much of the soil of this district is 
amongst the best in S. C. Pop. 1820, 12,321, 
1830, 14,772. 

Richland, co. of 0., bndd. s. by Knox, Ma- 
rion s. w., Grawford w., Huron n., Lorain n. e., 
Wayne e., and Holmes s. e. It is a sq. of 30 
ms. ; area 900 sq. ms. Lat. 40"^ 46', long. 5° 
33' w. W. C. The nthrn. border extending 
along N. lat. 40°, and also along the summit 
ridge between the valley of Ohio and that of 
Erie, merely gives source to creeks flowing to- 
wards the latter. The n. wstrn. angle gives 
source to the higher fountains of Sandusky, and 
along the wstrn. border rise the extreme sources 
of Scioto r. Though two sides are thus drained, 
thebodyofthe CO. including at least seven-eighths 
of its surface, is drained by, and gives source to, 
Mohicon branch of White woman's r., and slopes 
to the s. E. It is a comparatively elevated and 
level table land, which when compared with 
the known height, 768 feet of the water level at 
Gonhocton, at the mouth of White woman's r., 
the table land of Richland co. must be 1,000 ft. 
above the Atlantic tides. The soil is generally 
good. Gf. t. Mansfield. Pop. 1820, 9,169, 
1830, 24,006. 

Richland Hill, p-v. East Feliciana, parish 
of La., by p-r. 141 ms. n. w. New Orleans. 

Richland's p-o. Onslow co. N. C. by p-r. 202 
ms. s. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Richmond, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 15 ms. s. by 
w. Augusta, 3. Kennebec co., w. Kennebec r. 
Pop. 1,308. 

Richmond, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H. 70 ms. s. 
w. Concord, 72 n. n. w. Boston, 12 s. Keene, 
with 23,725 acres ; is watered by streams of 
aMiller's and Ashuelotrs. and has a pretty level 
surface, with a good soil. Settled from Mass. 
and R. I. about 1758. Pop. 1,302. 

Richmond, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt. 13 ms. s. e. 
Burlington, 24 n. w. Montpelier ; first settled 
1775 ; deserted during the revolution ; is cross- 
ed by Onion r. which has meadows on its banks ; 
is joined by Huntington r. flowing in from the s. 
Several other streams afford mill seats. Pop. 
1,109. 

Richmond, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 ms. 
w. Boston, 6 w. Lenox, e. New York state ; is 
in a pleasant and well cultivated valley, enclos- 
ed by the Taughkannuc mtns. The principal 
street runs through the town n. and s., and a 
w. branch of Housatonic r. crosses the valley. 
Iron is taken from mines in this town, and 
wrought in Salisbury, Pop. 844. 

58 



Richmond, p-t. Washington co. R. I., 30 ms. s. 

s. w. Providence, n. Charles r., E.Wood r., about 
6 ms. by 7, with 40 sq. ms. ; is generally une- 
ven, with some level ground, and is watered by 
the above mentioned streams, with several 
of their branches. They join below, and 
form Pawcatuck r. The town is well supplied 
with mill seats, some of which are occupied by 
manufactories. Pop. 1,363. 

Richmond, co. N. Y., which embraces Staten 
Isl., is bndd. by Newark bay and the Kills n., 
Hudson r. or the Narrows, between the outer 
and inner bays of New York e., Raritan bay s., 
and Staten lal. sound w. The centre of it is 
about 11 ms. s. w. N. Y. city. It is 14 ms. long, 
N. e. and s. w., and the greatest breadth 8 ms. 
It contains 77 sq. ms. The s. end is in n. lat. 
40° 29', and the w. 16' w. from N. Y. It con- 
tains 4 towns, with an agreeably varied surface, 
and some good land, which enjoys the advan- 
tage of being near a market. The N. Y. quar- 
antine station, with 3 hospitals, and the Sailors' 
Snug Harbor and the Sailors' Retreat, are near 
the N. E. corner of the isl. in a pleasant situa- 
tion. A little below, at the Narrows, there are 
fortifications on both sides for the defence of 
the entrance of N. York harbor. Forts Tom. 
kins, Richmond and Hudson on this side. It is 
here 1,760 ft. from land to land. A steamboat 
runs from N. York to the quarantine ; and the 
steamboats which ply between the city and New 
Jersey, touch at other points on the n. shore. 
There is a large dyeing establishment. The 
St. jus. is the village of Richmond. There are 
several country houses of citizens on the isl.; 
but fevers and agues have prevailed here within 
a few years. Pop. 1820, 6,135; 1830, 7,082, 

Richmond, p-v. and st. jus. Southfield, Rich- 
mond CO. N. Y., 156 ms. s. Albany, 12 s. N. Y., 
on Staten isl., is three quarters of a mile from 
sloop navigation in the Fresh Kills. 

Richmond, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 232 ms. w. 
Albany, 16 s. w. Ganandaigua, e. Hemlock lake 
and Livingston co. First settled 1789, from 
Mass. It has Honeoye and Canadea lakes, 
with hilly and broken land. Allen's Hill vil- 
lage is in the n. e. corner. Pop. 1,876. 

Richmond, p-v. in the eastern part of North- 
ampton CO. Pa., by p-r. 13 ms. n. n. e. Easton, 
the CO. St., and 203 ms. n. e. W. G, 

Richmond, city, seaport, and seat of govern- 
ment of Va., is situated in Henrico co. on the n. 
side of .Tames r., at the foot of its lowest falls, 
and at the head of tide water, 150 ms. from the 
river's mouth. It stands on lat. 37° 32', long. 
0° 27' w. W. G., 25 ms. n. Petersburg, and 12'2 
s. by w. Washington. The site of the city is 
highly picturesque and salubrious, and the sur- 
rounding scenery is romantic and beautiful. It 
is chiefly built upon a considerable hill, called 
Shockoe, and upon its sthrn. and eastern slope, 
and the valley below. As early as 1794, a canal 
was constructed along that part of the r. impe- 
ded by falls ; thus opening a navigation of 220 
ms. on the r. above the city. Below, vessels of 
15 ft. draught can approach within 3 ms. of the 
city, and those of 7 or 8 ft. draught, touch at 
Rockets, about a mile distant. The city is 
well built ; there are many neat private resi- 
dences, some of them are elegant, and the 



RIC 



454 



RID 



public edifices are generally commodious, and 
in good style. Amongst these, the capitol 
has excited the admiration of travellers, for its 
chaste proportions, and commanding position. 
Its location is within a public square, contain- 
ing 8 acres, which is surrounded by a substan- 
tial iron railing. Upon this spot are also other 
public buildings. Beside the capitol, in which 
is a statue of Washington, other buildings, and 
some institutions of note are, a new court house, 
a fine structure, the Governor's house, peniten. 
tiary, theatre, orphan asylum, academy of fine 
arts, alms house, several banks and insurance 
offices, and churches for Presbyterians, Epis- 
copalians, Baptists, Methodists, Friends, Ro- 
man Catholics and Jews. Of these, one called 
the Monumental church, an elegant building, 
will attract the spectator, and command a mel- 
ancholy interest. It stands on the site of a the- 
atre which was burnt Dec. 26, 1811, and within 
which, the governor of the state and 71 other 
persons perished. Within its porch is a monu- 
ment, bearing the names of the sufferers. The 
Virginia armory is in the immediate vicinity of 
the city, and is an extensive establishment. 
The schools of the city are good, and numerous. 
Its manufactures are various ; there is a cotton 
factory, several flour mills, a nail manufacto- 
ry, rolling and slitting mills, and some others. 
The business of Richmond with the interior is 
very extensive, and its commerce, which is very 
considerable, is increasing. Its exports are 
chiefly flour, wheat and corn, tobacco, some 
cotton, and coal, which is brought hither by tlie 
Manchester rail-road, from the mines 13 ms. 
distant. The exports are about ^8,000,000 an- 
nually. There are regular lines of packets be- 
tween this place and New York, and other 
ports, and steamboats ply regularly between 
here and Norfolk. Richmond was incorporated 
in 1742 by act of assembly, and in 1780 be- 
came the seat of the state government. The 
health of the city has been almost uninterrupt- 
ed, and it is one of the healthiest towns in the 
U. S. Its population at different periods has 
been as follows : 1800, 5,739, 1810, 9,735, 1820, 
12,067, and in 1830, 16,060, of whom 1,900 
were tree blacks, and 6,345 slaves. 

Richmond, co. Va. bounded n. vv. and n. by 
Westmoreland, Northumberland e., Lancaster 
s. E., and Rappahannoc r. separating it from Es- 
sex s. w. and w. Length 25 miles, mean width 
8, and area 200 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 5 ', long. 0° 
18' E. Cf. t. Richmond c. h. Pop. 1820,5,706, 
1830, 6,055. 

Richmond, c. h., p-o. and st. jus. Richmond 
CO. Va. by p-r. a little e. of s. W. C. and 56 ms. 
N. E. by E. Richmond city ; n. lat. 37° 55', long. 
0° 18' E. V>^. <". 

Richmond, co. of N. C. bndd. by Marlboro' 
dist. S. C. s. Yadkin r. separating it from An- 
son CO. N. C. w., Montgonrery co. N. C. n., 
and Lumber r., separating it from Moore n. e., 
Cumberland e., and Robeson s. e. Length 30 
ras., mean breadth 18, and area 540 sq. ms. 
Lat. 35°, .and long. 2° 42' w. W. C. intersect in 
this CO. Slope southward in the direction of 
its rs. Little Pedee rises in its southern sec- 
tton, as do several crs. which flow into S. C. 
Cf. t. Rockingham. Pop. 1820, 7,537, 1830,9,396. 



Richmond, co. of Geo. bndd. s. by Mount 
Beans cr., separating it from Burke co., Brier 
cr. w. separating it from Jefferson, Columbia 
N. w„ and Savannah r., separating it from Edge- 
field dist. S. C. E. Length from w. to e. 32 ms., 
mean breadth 12, and area 384 sq. ms. Lat. 
33° 25', and long. 5° w. W. C. intersect in this 
CO. Though Brier creek, which forms its 
wstrn. boundary, flows s. e., the body of the co. 
has a slope almost exactly e. towards Savan- 
nah r. Cf. t. Augusta. Pop. 1820, 8,608, 1830, 
11,644. 

Richmond, p-v. Fayette co. Ten. by p-r. 194 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Richmond, p-v. and st. jus. Madison co. Ky. 
by p-r. 50 ms. s. e. Frankfort, and 27 s. s. e. 
Lexington. Lat. 37° 43', long. 7° 13' w. W. C. 
Pop. 947. 

Richmond, p-v. Jefferson co. O. by p-r. 143 
ms. N. E. by E. Columbus. 

Richmond, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. by p-r. 69 
ms. E. Indianopolis. Pop. about 1,500. 

Richmond, p-v. and st. jus. Ray co. Mo. by 
p-r. 149 ms. above and n. w. by w. Jefferson, 
and 284 ms. in a similar course from St. Louis. 

RiCHMoisD Dale, p-v. in the s. estrn. angle of 
Ross CO. O. by p-r. 58 ms. s. s. e. Columbus. 

Ridge, or Alluvial Way, a singular elevation 
about 30 ft. high, in the cos., of Genesee, Mon- 
roe, and Niagara, N. Y. It extends about 78 
ms. from Niagara r. almost to Genesee r. neai-- 
ly parallel to the s. shore of lake Ontario, about 
139 ft. above the level of its waters, which are 
from 8 to 10 ms. distant, and is supposed to 
have been formed at some long past period, by 
its waves or currents, when large tracts of coun- 
try, now dry, were overflown. The ridge va- 
ries in breadth, and serves for the route of a 
good, level road, called the Ridge road, on 
which are several small villages. 

Ridge (The), p-v. near the extreme sthrn. 
point of St. Mary's co. Md. by p-r. 32 ms. s. e. 
Leonardstown, the co. st., and 95 ms. s. e. W. C. 

Ridge (The), p-v. in the eastern part of Edge- 
field dist., S. C, by p-r. 40 ms. w. Columbia. 

Ridgebury, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 150 
ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Ridgefield, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 70 ms. 
s. w. Hartford, 10 s. w. Danbury, 55 n. e. N. 
York city, touches N. York state w., is vari- 
ed by several ridges, with rocks of granite 
and limestone, and a good soil for grain and 
grass. Mill seats are supplied by branches 
of Saugatuck and Norwalk rs. There are sev- 
eral manufactories in the town, and some lime 
kilns. The land was purchased from the In- 
dians in 1708. It is elevated, and Long Island 
sound is visible from different points, 14 miles 
distant* The village is pleasantly situated in 
the 1st society. Pop. 2,323. 

Ridgeville, p-v. nrthrn. part of Warren co. 
0., by p-r. 78 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Ridgeway, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y., 26 ms. n. 
w. Bavaria, e. Niagara co. ; is crossed nearly 
through the centre by the ridge, and well wa- 
tered by Oak Orchard and Johnson's creeks 
with branches, and by Erie canal, which lies s. 
It has a varied surface, and a variety of good 
soils. Oak Orchard cr. falls 30 ft. just below 
the intersection with the canal. Pop. 1,972. 



RIP 



455 



ROA 



RiDGEWAT, p-v., nrthestrn. part of Jefferson 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 165 ms. n. w. by w. Harrisburg. 

Riga, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y., 239 ms. w. by 
N. Albany, 1] w. s. w. Rochester, e. Genesee 
CO., with very good land; is crossed by Black 
cr. from w. to e., and 2 small branches. Black 
cr. is navigable in boats to West Pulteney vil- 
lage. Pop. 1,908. 

Riley, t. Oxford co. Me., e. Coos co. N. H., 
71 ms. w. by n. Augusta, is very rough and 
mountainous, s. Speckled mtn. Pop. 57. 

Rindge, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 56 ms;s. w. 
Concord, 20 s. e. Keene, 50 n. n. w. Boston, 5 
ms. by 7, with 23,838 acres ; has a swelling 
surface, very good soil, formerly covered with 
beech, maple, birch, hemlock, &c., and con- 
tains 13 ponds. Of these Manomonack, Em. 
arson's and Perley's ponds flow into Miller's r. 
of Mass., and Long, Grassy and Bullet, into 
Contocook r. a branch of the Merrimack ; the 
waters of those two great rs. being separated in 
one place only by a narrow ridge. Fish are 
abundant, and rendered these streams favorite 
resorts of Indians. Iron ore is found in Rindge. 
First settled 1752. Pop. 1,269. 

RiNGOES, p-v. Amwell, Hunterdon co. New 
Jersey, 17 ms. n. Trenton. 

Ring's Mills, and p-o. Belmont co. 0., by 
p-r. 129 ms. e. Columbus. 

Ripley, p-t. Somerset co. iV^e., 60 ms. n. e. 
Augusta, w. Penobscot co. ; is crossed by the 
upper part of Sebasticook r. Pop. 644. 

Ripley, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y., 336 ms. w. 
Albany, 12 w. Maysville, s. lake Erie, e. Penn- 
sylvania ; has a varied surface and soil, bear- 
ing oak, nut trees, maple, &c. It is crossed 
by Chatauque ridge, from 6 to 10 ms. distant 
from the lake, with a gentle declivity of arable 
land towards the n., with a foundation of mica 
slate. The lands near the lake are very good, 
being alluvial, from 1 to 3 ms. wide. It is cros- 
sed by Chatauque cr. of lake Erie, about 10 
ms. long. Pop. 1,647. 

Ripley, p-v. on the right bank of O. r., sthrn. 
part of Brown co. O., by p-r. 113 ms. s. s. w. 
Columbus. Pop. 572. 

Ripley, co. Ind., bndd. by Jefferson s., Jen- 
nings w., Decatur n. w., Franklin n.. Dearborn 
E., and Switzerland s. e. Length 27 ms., mean 
breadth 16, and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 39°, and 
long. 8° 15' w. W. C, intersect in this co. 
The western part of this co. gives source to 
the extreme eastern branches of the South fork 
of White r., and which flow westward ; the 
residue is drained by crs. flowing sthestrd. into 
Ohio r. Cf. t. Versailles. Pop. 1820, 1,822, 
1830, 3,989. 

Ripley, one of the southern cos. of Mo., as 
laid down by Tanner, stretches from Wayne 
CO. which bounds it on the e. along the nrthrn. 
boundary of Ark. 120 ms. with a breadth of 78 
ms. towards Crawford co. Mo. ; area 9,360 sq. 
ms. In the central part of this large space, 
spreads an elevated table land, from which 
flow northwards the sources of Gasconade r., 
and E., s. E., s. and s. w., the numerous tributa. 
ries of White r. N . lat. 37°, and long W. C. 15° 
w. intersect near the centre of this plateau. 

RiPLEYviLLE, P-V. Huron CO. 0., by p-r. 101 
ms. N. N. E. Columbus. 



Rip Point, Nantucket isl., Mass. The n. 
E. Point of the island at the end of Sandy 
Point. 

RiPToN, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 26 miles s. w. 
Montpelier ; has Middlebury r. s., and is moun- 
tainous, rough, and with few inhabitants. Pop. 
605. 

RiPTON, village, Huntington, Fairfield co. 
Conn. 

Rising Sun, p-o. Philadelphia co. Pa., by p-r. 
139 ms.N. E. W. C. 

Rising Sun, p-o. Cecil co. Md., by p-r. 89 ms. 
N. E. W. C. 

Rising Son, p-v. on the right bank of O. r., 
and in the sthrn. part of Dearborn co., Ind., by 
p-r. 112 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

RiTCHiEviLLE, p-v. Dinwiddie co. Va., by p-r. 
42 ms. s. Richmond. 

RiTTERSViLLE, p-v. Lehigh CO. Pa., by p-r. 181 
ms. nrthestrd. W. C. 

River Bank, p-v. Orange co. Va., by p-r. 104 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Riveehead, t., St. jus. Suffolk co. N. Y., 90 
ms. E. New York, 234 s. by e. Albany, on the 
n. side of Long Isl., s. Long Isl. sound. It has 
Pequanic r. and bay s., and Wading cr. on a 
part of the n. w. boundary, where is a small 
harbor. One mile from the sound is a broken 
ridge ; in other parts the surface is a little va- 
ried, bearing pine, with some oak, &c. Coast- 
ing vessels take wood and other articles to New 
York market ; and those of 70 tons can go to 
the mouth of Pequanic cr. 2| miles from the 
c. h. There are six small villages. Pop. 
2,016. 

River Styx, p-v. nrthrn. part of Medina co. 
O., by p-r. 117 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Rives', p-o. in the northern part of Hall co. 
Geo., by p-r. 135 miles northwards Milledge. 
ville. 

RixEYViLLE, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., 67 ms. s. 
w. by w. W. C. 

Roane, co. Ten., bndd. s. by Monroe and Mac- 
Minn, s. w. Rhea, w. Bledsoe, n. w. Morgan, 
N. Anderson, e. Knox, and s. e. Holston river, 
separating it from Blount. Length 50 miles, 
mean breadth 15, and area 750 sq. ms. Lat. 
36° and long. 7° 30', intersect in this county. 
Holston and Clinch rs. unite to form Tennessee 
r., very near the centre of this co., and both the 
branches and the main stream below their junc- 
tion flow s. w. by w. The nrthrn. section slopes 
sthrd. and is drained by Emery's r. a branch of 
Clinch r. Cf. t. Kingston. Pop. 1820, 7,895, 
1830,11.341. 

Roanoke, r. of. Va. and N. C. Taken in the 
utmost extent, Roanoke basin is the same as 
Albemarle, and includes the sub-basins or val- 
lies of Roanoke proper and Chowan r. The 
latter has been noticed under its appropriate 
head, and to %vhich the reader is referred. Ad- 
vancing from s. to N. all the rivers beyond Roan- 
oke, have their most remote fountains on the 
Atlantic side of Blue Ridge ; but with the Roan- 
oke a new feature appears. The Blue Ridge is 
pierced by that stream, which derives its higher 
fountains from the main Alleghany chain in 
Montgomery co. Va., and within 8 ms. of the 
main channel of New r., and at an elevation 
without estimating the mtn. ridges, of at least 



ROA 



456 



ROC 



2,0U0 ft. Issuing by numerous crs. trom this 
elevated tract, and uniting into one stream near 
tiie border between Mont<Tomery and Botetourt 
COS. it is here literally " The Rapid Roanoke," 
having at Salem in the latter co. fallen 1,00I> ft. 
in little more than 20 ms. At Salem the water 
level is 1,002 ft. by actual admeasurement, 
above mean Atlantic tide. Below Salem the 
river inflects 20 ms. in an eastern course, to its 
passage through Blue Ridge, and thence s. e. 
25 ms. to its passage through South East mtn. 
Passing South East mtn. between Bedford and 
Pittsylvania cos., the now navigable volume 
sweeps by an elliptical curve to nthrd. and round 
to s. E. 50 ms. comparative course to the influx 
of Dan r., entering its right side from the w. 
part. {See Dan r.) Below the junction of 
these two rivers, the united wate-rs in a course 
of a little s. of e. 60 ms. by comparative dis- 
tance, reach tide water at Weldon, having fallen 
by a lengthened cataract over the primitive 
ledge. About midway between the influx of 
Dan r. and Weldon, Roanoke leaves Va. and 
enters N. C. Mingling with the tide, the Roan, 
oke by a very tortuous channel, but by com- 
parative course flows s. e. 50 ms., and thence 
estrd. 25 ms. to its junction with Chowan r. at 
the head of Albemarle soimd. {See Albemarle 
sound.) The entire valley of Roanoke, if mea- 
sured along the main stream or Dan r. is 250 
ms., but the rivers wind over this space by 
channels of much greater length. By compara- 
tive courses it is 155 ms. from Salem to Wel- 
don, whilst from a report made by the Pt.oanoke 
company, the intermediate channel is 244 ms. 
Taking these proportions, the length of this 
river by its meanders is about 400 ms. Includ- 
ing the whole Albemarle basin it is 290 ms. from 
its outlet into the Atlantic ocean, to the fountains 
of Roanoke in Alleghany mtn., but with the 
Chowan and Dan vallies united to that of the 
principal river, the basin is comparatively nar- 
row, being only 80 ms. where broadest, and not 
having a mean breadth above 50 ms., or an area 
exceeding 14,500 sq. ms. It is not, however, 
its extent which gives most interest to the 
Roanoke or Albemarle basin ; it is at once a 
fine physical section and physical limit. The 
difference of arable level, amounts to at least 
2,000 ft., and no two regions of the earth can 
diff"er in every feature more than do the truly 
beautiful hills and vales, on each side of the 
Appalachian chains, from the stagnant marshes 
and level plains towards the Atlantic ocean. 
Along the lower Roanoke commences, advanc- 
ing from the n. the profitable cultivation of cot- 
ton, the fig tree begins to appear, rice can be 
produced, and in summer the advance towards 
the tropics is felt, and very distinctly seen on 
vegetation. Ascending the basin, the aspect of 
the northern states gradually appears, both on 
the features of nature and on cultivated vegeta. 
bles. Wheat, rye, and other small grain, with 
meadow grasses, and the apple, flourish. The 
summers are cooler, and the winters have the 
severity suitable to relative elevation. Though 
the higher part of Roanoke is annually frozen, 
and for a shorter or longer period rendered un- 
navigable in winter, with lower Roanoke com. 
mences the region on the Atlantic coast where 



navigation remains open at all seasons. It is 
true that even Albemarle sonnd has been occa- 
sionally impeded with ice, but this phenomenon 
is rare. As a navigable channel following 
either branch, the importance of this basin is 
lessened by the shallowness of Albemarle sound 
— an irremovable impediment. In the progress 
of improvement, however, there is no doubt, 
but that by rail road or canal, a water commu- 
nicadon will be opened direct from tide water, 
below Weldon to Chesapeake bay. The rivers 
are now navigable for boats to Salem on the 
Roanoke, and to Danbury in N. C. by Dan r. 
This has been effected by side canals, sluices 
and other artificial improvements. {See rail 
roads and canals.) 

Roanoke Bridge, and p-o. Charlotte co., Va. 
by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Roaring Creek, p-o. Columbia co. Pa., by p-r. 
77 ms. N. Harrisburg. 

RoBBiNSTON, p-t. Washington co. Me., 192 
ms. N. N. E. Augusta, is bndd. e. by St. Croix r., 
and lies opposite St. Andrew's in New Bruns- 
wick. It has a few small ponds and streams. 
Pop. 616. 

RoBBSTowN, p-v. Westmoreland co. Pa., on 
the right bank of Youghioghany r. 206 ms. 
N. w. W. C. It is a small village of a single 
street along the river bank. 

Robertson, co. Ten. bndd. e. by Sumner, Da- 
vidson s., Dickson s. w., Montgomery w., and 
N. by Logan and Simpson cos. Ky. Length 32 
ms., mean breadth 20, and area 640 sq. ms. 
Lat. 36° 25' n., long. W. C. 9° 32' w. Slope 
s. w. and drained by Red r. and other smaller 
branches of Cumberland r. Cf. t. Springfield. 
Pop. 1820, 9,938, 1830, ! 3,272. 

Robertson, p-v. Giles co. Ten., by p-r. 67 
ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 

Robertson's Store, and p-o., Pittsylvania co. 
Va., by p-r. 252 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Robert's Store, and p-o, Shelby co. Ky., by 
p-r. 20 ms. w. Frankfort. 

RoBERTSviLLE, p.v. Bcaufort dist., S. C, by 
p-r. 90 ms. wstrd. Charleston, and 160 ms. s. 
Columbia. 

RoBESON, CO. N. C, bndd. by Richmond N.W., 
Cumberland n. and n. e.. East Fork of Lumber 
r. separating it from Bladen e.. Lumber r. sepa- 
rating it from Columbia s. e., Marion dist. S. C. 
s. w., and Marlboro' dist., S. C, w. Length 
from s. to N. 50 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 
1,100 sq. ms. Lat. 34° 40', and long. W. C. 2° 
w. intersect in this co. Slope sthrd. and drained 
in that direction by Lumber r., or the higher 
part of Little Pedee. Cf. t. Lumberton. Pop. 
1820, 8,204, 1830, 9,433. 

Robins, isl. Southold, Suffolk co. N. Y. 

Rochester, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 30 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 20 s. e. Middlebury ; first settled 
soon after the revolutionary war ; is crossed by 
White r. from n. to s. which receives a branch 
near the centre, and both supply mill seats. 
The surface is mountainous, with much good 
soil. The village is on the E. branch of White 
r. ; 13 school dists. 

Rochester, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 40 ms. e. 
Concord, 22 n. w. Portsmouth, 10 n. n. w. Do. 
ver, w. Salmon Falls r. ; is divided by Cocheco 
r., and has a part of Isinglass r. s. near its junc- 



ROC 



457 



ROC 



tion with Cocheco r. Norway Plains, near tiie 
centre, is a considerable village, and a great 
thoroughfare on Cocheco r. Both the princi- 
pal streams afford valuable water power. At 
the falls of Cocheco r. is Squamanagonnic vil. 
The surface of the town is irregular, the soil 
generally good, with pine plains, some of which 
are favorable to corn, &c., and a tract of oak 
landw. A tract called Whitehall was burnt in 
1761 and '62, when the seasons were very dry, 
and the soil was ruined. Squamanagonnic hill 
is the principal elevation. Incorporated 1722 ; 
now contains 60,000 acres ; first settled 1728 ; 
was a frontier town till 1760, and suffered some 
from Indian hostilities. Twenty-nine soldiers 
from this town died in the revolution. Pop. 
2,115. 

Rochester, p-t. Windsor co. Vt. 30 ms. s. w. 
iVIontpelier, 20 s. e. Middlebury. The principal 
stream in the town is White r., which, with a 
tributary, afford some good mill sites. The tsp. 
is broken and mountainous, but it contains much 
good land, particularly along the r. There are 
saw, grist, fulling and carding mills in the town, 
and 2 tanneries. Pop. 1,392. 

Rochester, ]>-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 48 ms. s. 
Boston, N. Buzzard's bay, is crossed by Matta- 
poiset r. whose branches rise in ponds here and 
in Middleboro'. This stream empties into 
Mattapoiset harbor, which puts up from Buz. 
zard's bay. Sipican r. also flows into a small 
bay, after passing through several ponds. The 
soil is poor, and the inhabitants scattered. Pop. 
3,556. 

Rochester, p-t. and st. jus. Ulster co. N. Y. 
16 ms. s. w. Kingston ; has Shawangunk mtns. 
s. E. and Rondout creek w., with several of its 
branches, which afford mill seats. It has pretty 
good land. Pop. 2,420. 

Rochester, an incorporated village in Gates 
and Brighton tsps. Monroe co. N. Y. 236 ms. 
w. N. w. Albany, 63 e. Lockport, 77 e. Lewis- 
ton, 7 s. Charlotte, is the most populous and im- 
portant village in the state. It stands on the west 
side of Genesee river at the falls of that stream, 
and at the end of the great aqueduct of the 
Erie canal. The rail-road which was construct- 
ed in 1832 to the foot of the falls, and head of 
navigation of Genesee r., to which vessels come 
up from lake Ontario, terminates here. The 
growth of this place has been remarkably rap. 
id, and was caused by the opening of the canal, 
which afforded a channel of transportation, and 
encouraged the manufacture of flour. The riv- 
er is now lined on both sides with flour mills, 
many of them of immense size, and construct, 
ed in the most substantial manner, being abun- 
dantly supplied with water power from the r. 
The village is ornamented with many fine build- 
ings, public and private. In 1812 there were 
but 2 or 3 dwelling houses, of an inferior de- 
scription, on its site, now the seat of a large 
population, and of an active and lucrative busi- 
ness. The aqueduct of the Erie canal is built 
of hewn stone, and has 9 arches, each of 50 ft. 
chord, with an arch of 40 feet chord over the 
mill canal on each side, A navigable feeder 
here joins the canal from above the falls. The 
fall in Genesee r. at Rochester, is 92 ft. The 
flour mills, and the amount of flour made, in- 



crease from 15 to 20 per cent annually. About 
1,000 or 1,200 bis. of flour are now made dai- 
ly ; and the mills could make 1,500 or 1,800. 
The millers employ large capitals, and frequent 
advances are made by them on the crops before 
they are gathered. In 12 months, ending in 
1832, there were 240,000 barrels of flour man- 
ufactured in the village, and during the same 
period the amount paid for wheat by the millers 
amounted to $1,160,000. The annual manu- 
factures of the village are nearly as follows : 









Amount 






Capital 


manufactured 






invested. 


annually. 


Flouring mills, 




$281,000 


$1,331,000 


Cotton goods. 




50,000 


30,000 


Woollen do. 




70,000 


112,000 


Leather, &c. 




25,000 


160,000 


Iron work, 




24,000 


46,000 


Rifles, &c. 




3,000 


5,000 


Soap and candles, 


6,000 


45,000 


Groceries, &;c. 




21,000 


32,800 


Tobacco, 




4,500 


18,000 


Pail, sasli, &c. 




2,500 


12,000 


Boat building, 




11,000 


40,200 


Linseed oil, 




.3,000 


4,000 


Globe building 


factories, 


10,000 


15,000 



$511,000 $1,857,000 

The trade of the village in lumber, beef and 
pork, pot and pearl ashes, butter, cheese, lard, 
wool, &c. &c. is very considerable. There are 
in the place 3 Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 2 
Methodist, 2 Friends, 1 Baptist, and 1 Roman 
Catholic churches ; 1 daily and 5 weekly news- 
papers, and about 100 wholesale and retail 
stores. Pop. ]8i0, 1,502; 1825, 5,271 ; 1830, 
9,207. 

Rochester, p-v. Warren co. 0. by p-r. 81 
ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Rochester, p-v. northern part of Oakland co. 
Mich, by p-r. 43 ms. n. w. Detroit. 

Rock, r. important stream of Huron and II. 
having its remote sources in the former at lat. 
44°, long. 10° 40' w. W. C, and between lakes 
Huron and Winnebago. Flowing thence s. s. 
w. by comparative courses 100 ms. between, 
and very nearly parallel to the two Fox rs. to 
the influx of Goosekehawn from the n. w. 
Goosekehawn (The river on which we live), has 
its source a few miles sthrd. of the Portage be- 
tween Ouisconsin and Fox r. of lake Michigan. 
Rising on a flat, and in winter and spring, a 
generally very wet region, the Goosekehawn in 
most of its course is in reality a congeries of 
lakes, and is marked on the maps as the Four 
Lakes ; general course s. e., length 50 ms. 
Below the mouth of Goosekehawn, Rock r. 
maintains its original course 50 ms. to the in- 
flux of Sugar cr., or rather Peektano r., also 
from the n. w. The Peektano is the most con- 
siderable branch of Rock r. and rises by numer- 
ous branches in Iowa co., Huron, between the 
Misp. and Ouisconsin. Comparative length, 
about 100 ms., and general course to the s. e. 
Sugar cr. and Peektano are separate streams in 
Huron, and do not unite until the latter has flown 
50, and the former 25 ms. in the northern part 
of II. The main stream also enters Illinois 
about 25 ms. above the mouth of Peektano. It 
may be remarked, that Rock r. in all its length 
receives no tributary from the left above the 
size of a large cr., and that below the Peektano 



ROC 



458 



itoc 



in a comparative course of s. w. by w. lOo ms. 
it is augmented by no confluent of consequence. 
It falls into the Misp. r. in Rock Island co. at lat. 
47° 27' after a comparative course of 250 ms., 
The utmost breadth of its valley, llO ms. 
from the extreme sources of Peektano to those 
of Kishwaukee cr. ; but being very narrow at 
both extremes, the mean width is about 30 ms. 
and area 7,500 sq. ms. This valley has that of 
Fox r. of lake Michigan n.. Fox r. of Illinois 
E., Illinois proper s. e., Misp. r. s. w. and w., 
and Oui&consin n. w. It is yet but thinly peo- 
pled by whiles in any place, and far the great- 
est partis wilderness. 

Rock cr., a small Stream of Maryland, and 
of D. C. gains importance only as it separates 
the city of Washington from Georgetown. This 
cr. has its extreme source about 4 ms, wstrd. 
Mechanic&ville, Montgomery co. Md. heading 
with the East branch of Potomac r. at an eleva- 
tion above tide water at Georgetown of 590 ft. 
The entire length of the cr., following its valley, 
is about 28 ms. The fall being upwards of 17 
feet to the mile, and that fall being in many 
places far above the mean, renders it an excel- 
lent mill stream. 

Rock and Cave, p-v. on Ohio r. extreme 
southeastern part of Gallatin co. II. by p-r. 147 
ms. s. s. E. Vandalia, and 20 ms. s. Shawnee- 
town. This place takes its name from enor- 
mous precipices of limestone rock, which rise 
from the western bank of Ohio r., and into 
which extend caves of unknown extent ; one of 
which yawns an immense and really awful 
opening, and when seen, as it was by the author 
of this article, exhibited a most imposing spec- 
tacle at the close of day. The walls were then, 
1799, sculptured with innumerable names. 
The adjacent country was then an uncultivated 
wild on both sides of the river. 

Rockaway, Hempstead, N. Y., on Long Isl- 
and, 20 ms. from New York, a place resorted 
to for sea bathing. The beach which bears 
this name is extensive, partly in this town, and 
partly in Jamaica, and abounds in sea fowl, as 
the water does in fish. The sea beats up from 
the s. upon this beach, there being no protection 
against the waves ; and bathing is sometimes 
attended with considerable risk. 

Rockbridge, co. Va. bndd. s. w. by Bote- 
tourt, Alleghany co. w.. Mill, or more correctly, 
Kittatinny mtn. separating it from Bath n. w., 
Augusta N. E., and Blue Ridge, separating it 
from Nelson n. e., Amherst e., and Bedford s. 
E. Lat. 37° 45', and long. 2° 30' w. W, C. in- 
tersect in this CO. Slope sthwrd. and drained 
entirely by North r. branch of James r. and its 
confluent creeks. The co. occupies a part of 
the fine valley which flanks Blue Ridge on the 
N. w., and derives its name from the celebrated 
natural bridge, which extends over a cr. near 
the sthrn. border. Cf. t. Lexington. Pop. 1820, 
11,945, 1830, 14,244. 

Rockbridge, p-v. western part of Gwinnett 
CO. Geo. 14 ms. wstrd. Lawrenceville, the co. 
St., and 107 n. w. Milledgeville. 

Rockcastle, co. Ky. bndd. by Pulaski s. w., 
Lincoln w., Garrard n. w., Madison n. and n. 
E., and Rockcastle cr., separating it from Lau- 
rel s. E. It is a sq. of about 18 ms. each way, 



area 324 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 20', and long 7° 14' 
w. W. C. mtersect in this co. It is a table land 
between the vallies of Ky. and Cumberland rs., 
and gives source on the n. w. side to Dick's r. 
of the former, and on the opposite section to 
Bucks and Rockcastle branches of the latter 
stream. Rockcastle creek, from which the co. 
takes its name, is the extreme northern foun- 
tain of Cumberland r. rising in Laurel and Mad- 
ison COS., and flowing s. s. w. lalls into Cum- 
berland r. between Pulaski and Whitley cos. Cf. 
t. Mount Vernon. Pop. 1820, 2,249, 1830 ,2,865. 

Rock Creek, p-o. Orange co. N. C. by p.r. 
64 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Rock Creek, p-o. Muscogee co. Geo. by p.r. 
130 ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Rock Creek Ford and p-o. Jennings co. Ind. 
by p-r. 51 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Rockdale, p-v. northwestern part of Craw- 
ford CO. Pa. 8 ms. n. w. Meadville, the co. st., 
and by p-r. 305 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Rock Fish, p-v. Duplin co. N. C. by p-r. 135 
ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

RocKFORD, p-v. and st. jus. Surry co. N. C. 
on the Yadkin r. 151 ms. by p-r. n. w. by w. 
Raleigh. Lat. 36° 18', long. 3° 40' w. W. C. 

Rock Hall, p-v. Kent co. Md. by p.r. 68 ms. 
estrd. W. C. 

Rock Hill, p-o. Bucks co. Pa. by p-r. 56 ms. 
nrthrd. Phil. 

Rockhold's Store and p-o. Sullivan co. Ten. 
327 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Rockingham, co. N. H. bndd. by Strafford.co. 
N. and N. E., the Atlantic ocean e., Massachu- 
setts s., Hillsboro' co. w., is the only maritime 
CO. in the state. It is of an irregular triangular 
shape, about 30 ms. by 50, and contains about 
1,034 sq. miles. The surface is irregular, but 
without any more considerable eminences than 
Saddleback mtn.. Fort hill, Bean's hill and Cat- 
amount hill. Merrimack river runs near the 
bounds of this co- on the w. and s., and several 
streams flow hence into it, as well as in other 
directions. In the e. and s. e. are Lamprey, 
Exeter, Beaver and Spiggot rs. Great Bay, in 
the N. E. is connected with Piscataquay river. 
There are other sheets of v/ater, as Massabe. 
sick pond. Island, Great, Countrj% Pleasant, 
Turkey, Long, and Turtle ponds. Agriculture 
is of an older date, and in a mo'-e flourishing 
condition than in any other part of state. There 
is but one sea-port, which is also the only one 
in N. H. ; this is Portsmouth. The tonnage 
owned here in 1831, was 18,243 30. Concord 
is the capital of the state. The manufactures 
are numerous and various. Pop. 1820, 55,246, 
,'53.4 to a sq. m.), 1830, 44,325. 

Rockingham, p-t. Windham co. Vt. 85 ms. 
Montpelier, 22 Windsor, 25 Brattleboro', w. of 
Conn, river and opposite Charlestown, N. H. ; 
contains 24,955 acres; first settled, 1753. The 
inhabitants for some years neglected agricul- 
ture, and attended chiefly to fishing for Salmon 
at Bellow's falls. The town is crossed by Wil- 
liams r., a branch of the Conn., and aflx>rds mill 
seats as well as Saxton's r. The surface is ir- 
regular, but the soil good. Bellow's falls are 
near the b. e. corner of the town. The r. flows 
for some distance with a smooth current thro* 
fine meadows, and is about 120 yards wide, till 



ROC 



459 



ROC 



at the falls it is suddenly narrowed into 2 chan- 
nels, each about 90 ft. across. When the water 
is low, all the stream rushes through a chasm 
between the granite rocks only 16 feet wide. 
There are several sudden descents in the river 
within a short distance, altogether being about 
50 ft. ; but a canal has been constructed round 
them on the w. bank, through which pass flat 
bottomed boats, rafts, and small steamboats. 
Salmon formerly swam up the r. beyond these 
falls, but shad have never been caught north 
of this spot. The first bridge ever built over 
Conn. r. was constructed here in 1785, by Col. 
Enoch Hale ; and the second was not erected 
till about 1792. Some interesting minerals are 
found near this spot. There are 3 villages, Sax- 
ton, r. village, Rockingham, and Bellow's falls. 
The last is in a picturesque situation, and con- 
tains several handsome dwellings. Pop. 2,272. 

Rockingham co. Va., bndd. s. w. by Augusta, 
w. and N. w. by the Great North mtn., Pendle. 
ton w., and Hardy n. w., Shenandoah co. n.. 
Page N. E., and Blue Ridge separating it frona 
Orange e. and Albemarle s. E. Breadth 25 ms., 
mean length 35, and area 875 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 
30', long.^W. C. 1° 45' w. Slope to the n. e., 
and entirely drained by the main stream and 
branches of Shenandoah r. The surface is 
generally hilly and in part mountainous, but 
much of the bottom soil excellent. It is a grain 
district. Cf. t. Harrisonburg. Pop. 1820, 
14,784, 1830, 20,683. 

RociviNGHAM, CO. N. C. budd. by Caswell e., 
Guilford s., Stokes w., Patrick, Va.,N. w.. Hen- 
ry, Va., n., and Pittsylvania n. e. Length from 
E. to w. 30, width 22, and area 660 sq. ms. Lat. 
36° 24', long. W. C. 2° 48' w. This co. is a 
table land, from which issue to the s. e. the ex- 
treme sources of Haw r. and of course Cape 
Fear r. The nrthrn. partis traversed in a n. e. 
by E. direction by Dan r, Cf. t. Wentworth. 
Pop. 1820, 11,474, 1830, 12,935. 

Rockingham, p-v. and st. jus. Richmond co. 
N. C. by p.r. 113 ms. s. w. by vf. Raleigh. Lat. 
35° 03', long. W. C. 2° 49' w. 

Rock Island, p-v. Warren co. Ten. by p-r. 87 
ms. s. e. by E.Nashville. 

Rock Island, co. II. as laid down by Tanner 
in his improved map of the U. S. extends along 
the left bank of Misp. r. above and below the 
motith of Rock r.,bndd. n. and n. e. by S. Ann 
cr., separating it from Joe Daviess co., s. e. by 
Rock r. separating it from Henry, s. w. by Mer- 
cer, and w. by the Misp. r. Length from s. w. 
to N. E. 64 ms., mean breadth 10 ms., and area 
640 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 41° 20' to 
41° 53' and in long, from W. C. from 13° to 14° 
w. Slope s. w. in the general direction of both 
the Misp. and Rock r. Cf t.. Fort Armstrong. 
This CO. is not named in either the p-o. list or 
census table. 

Rock Island, p-v. Adams co. 11. by p-r. about 
150 ms. N. w. Vandalia. 

Rockland, p-t. Sullivan co. N. Y. s. w. Ulster 

CO., s. e. Delaware co., has not a very good soil, 

and is generally leased. It is watered by Wil- 

, limemock, Big and Little Beaver creeks. Pop. 

547. 

Rockland co. N. Y., bndd. by Hudson r. or 
Westchester co. e., New Jersey s. w-, Orange 



CO. n. w., is in the form of a triangle, and con- 
tains 161 sq. ms. There are 4 ts. The cf. t. 
and St. jus. is Clarkstown. The surface is 
mountainous and broken by the Highlands, with 
large and fertile vallies, and much arable land 
and pasture on the Uplands. It is crossed by 
Ramapo river and has several streams which 
flow into Hackensack and Passaic rivers ; 
all these furnish valuable mill seats. There 
are also several fish ponds on the high lands. 
The Nyak hills furnish good sand stone, 
of which the state capi*ol at Albany was 
chiefly built. This county comprises a tract 
which was of considerable importance in the 
revolutionary war. Ramapo mills form a 
considerable manufacturing v. on Ramapo riv. 
er, at the w. corner of the co. 30 ms. from N. 
York, and 14 w. Hudson r. This establishment 
comprehends 4,000 acres, and about 100 build- 
ings, including dwelling houses, mills, &c. 
This com. was incorporated in 1824, with a 
capital of ^400,000. There are a large rolling 
and slitting mill, a manufactory of cut nails, em- 
ploying 100 men, a brick cotton mill of 5,000 
spindles and 80 power looms, a grist mill, and a 
saw mill. The v. contains 700 inhabitants. 
There is a woollen manufactory, and at Haver- 
straw Messrs. Phelps & Peck's rolling and slit- 
ting mill and iron wire mill. Pop. 1825, 8,016 ; 
1830, 9,388. 

Rock Mills, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., by p-r, 
75 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Rock Mills, p-o. Anderson dist. S. C, by p-r. 
144 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Rock Mills, p-o. Hancock co. Geo., by p-r. 
41 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. 

Rock Port, on the sthrn. shore of lake Erie, 
P-V. in the nrthwstrn. angle of Cuyahoga co. O., 
by p-r. 146 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 
3ol. 

RocKroRT, P-V. and st. jus. Spencer co. Ind., 
on the right bank of Ohio r., by p-r. 167 ms. s. 
s. w. Indianopolis. Lat. 37° 57', long. W. C. 
10° 06' w. 

Rock Rest, p-v. Chatham co. N. C, by p-r. 
40 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Rock Run, p-o. n. e. part Harford co. Md., 
by p-r. 12 ms. n. e. by e. Belair, the co. St., and 
38 N. E. Baltimore. 

Rock Shoal, p-o. Estill co, Ky., by p-r. 95 
ms. s. E. Frankfort. 

Rock Spring, p-v. Pickens dist. S. C, by p-r. 
149 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. 

Rock Spring, p-v. St. Clair co. II., by p-r. 63 
ms. s. w. Vandalia. 

Rock Springs, p-v. Cecil co. Md., by p-r. 79 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

Rockstkeam, p-v. Reading, Steuben co. N. 
Y., 17 ms. from Penn-Yan, is at the falls of 
Rockstream, where a descent of 140 ft, affords 
water power. Above the falls is a rapid, a mile 
long, and below it the stream falls into Seneca 
lake. 

RocKTOWN, p-v. Harrison co. O., by p-r. 143 
ms. a little n. of e. Columbus, Pop. tsp. 708, 

RocKViLLE, p-v. and st. jug, Montgomery co, 
Md. 15 ms. N. w. W. C, 37 ms, s, w. by w. Bal- 
timore, and by p-r. 52 ms. a little n. of w. An. 
napolis. Lat. 39° 05', long. W. C, 0° 7' w. It 
is a neat and rather close built village, but con- 



ROM 



460 



ROS 



sists chiefly of one street along the main turn- 
pike, or what ought to be a turnpike from W. 
C. to Frederick. Contains the co, buildings, an 
academy for young men, two printing offices, 
several stores and taverns, and a pop. of 555. 

RocKviLLE, p-v. Putnam co. Geo., by p-r. 33 
ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

RocKViLLE, p-v. Monroe co. Ten., by p-r. 151 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

RocKviLLE, p.v. and st. jus. Parke co. Ind., by 
p-r. 68 ms. w. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 40', long. 
"W. C. 10° 16' w. Pop. about 500. 

Rocky Comfort, p-v. Gadsden co. Flor., 22 
ms. s. w, Tallahassee. 

Rocky Hill, p-v. Barren co. Ky. by p-r. 138 
nis. s. w. Frankfort. 

Rocky Mount, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co. 
Va. on a branch of Pig r., a confluent of Roan, 
•oke, by p-r. 263 ms. s. w. W. C. Lat. 36° 57', 
long. W. C. 2° 50' w. 

Rocky Mount, p-v. sthrn. part Nash co. N. 
C, by p-r. 54 ms. e. Raleigh. 

Rocky Mount, p-v. Fairfield dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 55 ms. a little e. of n. Columbia. 

Rocky Spring, p-v. Claiborne co. Misp., about 
60 ms N. E. Natchez. 

Rocky Spring, p-v. Granger co. Ten., by p-r. 
245 ms. E. Nashville. 

Rodman, p-t. Jeff"erson co. N. Y., 12 ms. e. 
lake Ontario, 7 s. Black r., is watered by the n. 
branch of Sandy cr. and small streams flowing 
into the other branch ; adjoins Pinckney, Lewis 
CO. on the e. It was first settled 1801, has a 
good soil, yielding various crops, and favorable 
'to fruit. There are remains of small ancient 
mounds, and fragments of utensils, &c. are 
found, which mark it as once a favorite resort 
-of the Indians. Pop. 1,901. 

Rodnky p-o. Jefferson co. Misp., about 15 ms. 
nrthrd. Natchez. 

Roger's p-o. Sangamon co. II., by p-r. 94 ms. 
3. N. w. Vandalia. 

Roger's Store, and p-o. Wake co. N. C. 14 
•ms. from Raleigh. 

RoGERsviLLE, p-v. AndersoH dist. S. C, by 
,p-r. 147 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

RoGERSviLLE, p-v. Lauderdale co. Ala. by p-r. 
150 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 

RoGERSviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Hawkins co. 
Ten., by p-r. 264 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 
Lat. 36° 24', long. 5° 48' w. W. C. 

RoHRSBURGH, p-0. Columbia co. Pa. 

Role's Store, and p-o. Wake co. N. C, by 
p-r. 15 ms. nrthrd. Raleigh. 

Rome, t. Kennebec co. Me., 22 ms. n. Augus- 
ta, s. Mercer, Somerset co., has several large 
ponds on its s. and e. borders, which empty by 
different channels into Kennebec r. Its form is 
irregular. Pop. 883. 

Rome, p-t. and half shire, Oneida co. N. Y., 
110 ms. w. Albany, 16 n. w. Utica ; the head 
of boat navigation of Mohawk r. and that of 
Wood cr. is here, connected by a canal 1^ ms. 
long, which forms a link between the waters of 
the Hudson and of lake Ontario, Several brooks 
flowing into the two streams, water different 
parts of the town, which is of irregular form. 
The soil is generally uneven and of very good 
quality ; but the borders of Wood cr. are low, 
level and moist. The land is generally held on 



lease. Fort Stanwix, built here by Great Brit- 
ain in 1758, and which cost .$266,400, was re- 
built by the Americans in the revolutionary 
war, and called fort Schuyler. This frontier 
post was reduced to great straits by an expedi- 
tion of Canadians and Indians, under Col. John- 
son, but defended with great bravery. The ru- 
ins of it are now hardly distinguishable. The 
battle of Oriskany was fought here, in which 
General Herkimer fell. Here was formerly 
a carrying place, before the canal was con- 
structed, and on the route passed a considera- 
ble amount of Indian merchandize in early 
times. The village is on the n. side of the 
canal, and 1-2 m. n. Erie canal. An arsenal 
of the U. S. stands three hundred yards n. Erie 
canal, on the height of land between the 
streams, and was built in 18 1 6, for a subordinate 
depot, under the ordnance department. There 
is a building 40 by 96 ft., 3^ stories high, and a 
magazine 19 by 65 ft., with a stone wall, 15 ft. 
high around it, officers' quarters, &c. &c. Pop. 
4,360. 

Rome, p-o. Smith co. Ten. about 50 miles 
nrthestrd. Nashville. 

Rome, p-v. Trumbull co. O. bj' p-r. 183 ms. n. 
E. Columbus. 

Rome, p-v. and st. jus. Perry co. Ind. on the 
right bank of the Ohio r. opposite Stephensport, 
Breckenridge co. Ky. by p-r. 143 ms. a little w. 
of s. Indianopolis. Lat. 37° 58', long. W. C. 
9°36'w. 

Romeo, formerly called Indian village, p-v. 
Macomb co. Mich., by p-r. 56 ms. n. n. e. De- 
troit. 

RoMNEY, p-v. and st. jus. Hampshire co. Va. 
on the right bank of the south branch of Poto- 
mac, by p-r. 116 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 39 
ms. in a similar direction from Winchester, and 
28 s. Cumberland, in Md. Lat. 39° 20', long. 
W. C. 1° 42' w. Pop. 346, 100 colored per- 
sons. 

Romulus, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. 6 ms. n. Ovid, 
12 s. Waterloo, has Cayuga lake and co. e., 
Seneca lake and Ontario co. w., has very good 
land, which is all cultivated, with few mill 
streams. The surface has a gentle ascent from 
the lakes, and the rocks beneath are slate and 
secondary limestone. Appletown, a small vil- 
lage in the n. w. corner, on the lake shore, has 
its name from the remains of some ancient In. 
dian orchards which still exist. This town in- 
cludes part of the Cayuga Indian reservation. 
Pop. 2,089. 

Root, p-t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 12 ms. s. 
w. Johnstown, s. Mohawk r., n. Schoharie co., 
was formed from the e. part of Canajoharie, 
and w. part of Charlestown, in 1823. The 
rocky eminence, called the nose, and Mitchell's 
cave, are in this town. In the n. passes the 
Erie canal, where it strikes a narrow tract of 
primitive rocks. There is but one other disclo. 
sure of a primitive formation along the whole 
canal route. Pop. 2,750. 

Rootstown, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 131 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

RoscoE, p-v. Jackson tsp. Coshocton co. O., 
by p-r. 83 miles n. e. by e. Columbus. Pop. 81. 
This place was formerly Caldersburgh. 

Rose, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 1,641. 



ROT 



4G1 



ROX 



RosEDALE, p.v. Madison co. 0. by p-r. 26 ms. 
w. Columbus. 

RosEHiLL, p-v. Lee co. Va. by p-r. 20 miles 
westward Jonesville, the co. St., and 412 miles 
s. w. by w. W. C. It is the extreme stliwstrn. 
p-o. in Va. 

RosEHiLL, p-v. Wilkinson co. Misp. by p-r. 
about 20 ms. sthrd. Natchez. 

RosELAND, p-v. Cambria co. Pa., by p-r. 182 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Rose Mills, and p-o. Amherst co. Va., by 
P-r. 170 ms. s. w. W. C. 

RosEviLLE, p-v. Loudon co. Va., by p-r. 38 
ms. wstrd. W. C. 

RosEviLLE, P-v. Muskingum co. Va., by p-r. 
69 ms. estrd. Columbus. 

RosEviLLE, p-v. Parke co. Ind., by p-r. 78 
ms. w. Indianopolis. 

Ross CO. O., bndd. on the s. by Pike, s. w. 
Highland, n. w. Fayette, n. Pickaway, n. e. 
Hocking, and s. e. Jackson. Length from e. to 
w. 34 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 748 sq. 
ms. Lat. 39° 20', and long. W. C. 6° w,, in- 
tersect near Chillicothe and near the centre of 
this CO., and near the same point the Scioto r. 
receives from the w. Paint cr. The former 
traversing the co. in a s. s. b. direction. It is 
also traversed in all its breadth by the Ohio 
and Erie canal, which follows the right or 
wstrn. bank of Scioto. The face of the co. is 
peculiarly and finely diversified. Soil produc- 
tive. Cf. t. Chillicothe. Pop. 1820, 20,619, 
1830, 24,068. 

Ross' p-o. Anderson co. Ten., by p-r. 201 ms. 
E. Nashville. 

Rossie, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 29 ms. 
s. s. w. Ogdensburgh, has Jefferson co. s. w. 
It is a large triangle, and is crossed through 
themiddle by Indian r. and the w. branch of the 
Oswegatchie, which affords water power to the 
iron works at the head of Black lake. Oswe- 
gatchie r. also runs for some distance in this 
town. In the w. is Chippeway bay in St. Law- 
rence r., which contains numerous little islands 
belonging to the group called the Thousand isl- 
ands. Limestone and iron ore abound, with 
granite, quartz, &c. The surface is various, 
partly almost mountainous and partly level. 
The Oswegatchie is a public highway from 
Streetor's mills in this town to its mouth at Og- 
densburgh. At the village the ironworks are 
quite large, and owned by Mr. David Parish. 
Pop. 641. 

RossTRAVER, tsp. and p-o. wstrn. part of 
Westmoreland co. Pa., by p-r. 212 ms. n. w. 
W. C. Pop. of the tsp. 1830, 1,721. It is the 
wstrn. tsp. of the co. and lies between the 
Youghioghany and Monongahela rs. 

RossviLLE, p-v. wstrn. part York co. Pa., 15 
ms. N. w. by w. of the borough of York, 17 ms. 
s. Harrisburg, and lUO n. W. C. 

RossviLLE, p-v. Cherokee Nation, Geo., by 
p-r. 250 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. In the p-o. 
list it is marked as 56 ms. farther from Mil. 
ledge ville than is New Echota. 

RossviLLE, p-v. Butler co. O., on Miami r., 
25 ms. N. Cincinnati. Pop. 639. 

RoTHERwooD, p.v. cstrn. part of Carrol co. 
Geo. 143 ms. n. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Rotterdam, p-t. Schenectady co. N. Y., 4 ms. 

59 



s. w. Schenectady, on the s. side of Mohawk r., 
N. Albany co., e. Montgomery co. The land is 
almost all of excellent quality particularly the 
large meadows on the r's. bank. Nine small 
isls. in the Mohawk are also well cultivated. 
The inhabitants are of Dutch extraction. The 
Erie canal passes through the meadows not far 
from the r., descending from higher ground by 
3 locks. There are several manufactories of 
different kinds. Fop. 1,481. 

Rough Creek Church, and p-o. Charlotte co. 
Va., by p-r. 105 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Roulette, p-v. Potter co. Pa., by p-r. 292 ms. 
N. W. C. 

Round Prairie, p-o. Callaway co. Mo., 39 
ms. N. N. E. Jefferson. 

Round Top, the highest eminence of Catts- 
kill mtns., Greene co. N. Y. 

Rouse's Point, formerly supposed to belong 
to Champlain, Clinton co. N. Y., was found to 
lie N. of lat. 45°, and of course it was decided 
that it lay in Canada. 

Rowan, co. N. C, bndd. by Montgomery s. 
E., Cabarras s., Iredell w., Surry n., and Yad- 
kin r. separating it from Davidson e. Length 
from s. to N. 40 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 
800 sq. ms. Lat. 35° 45', long. W. C. 3° 36' 
w. The slope almost due east towards the deep 
valley of the Yadkin. Cf. t. Salisbury. Pop. 
1830, 20,786. In 1820, Rowan contained the 
space E. of Yadkin, now Davidson co., and con- 
tained then 26,009 inhabitants ; the two coun. 
ties now contain a pop. of 34,175. 

Rowanty, p-v. Sussex co. Va., on Rowanty 
creek, 43 ms. s. Richmond. 

Rowe, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 130 ms. n. w. 
Boston, s. Vt. ; is elevated, and near the head 
waters of Deerfield r., at the base of Hoosac 
mtn. Fort Pelham was built here about the 
year 1744, being one of the line of forts for the 
protection of the frontier against savage incur- 
sions. Pop. 7 J 6. 

Rowlandsville, p-o. Cecil co. Md., by p-r. 
80 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Rowley, p-t. Essex co. Mass., 28 ms. n. e. 
Boston, 16 N. E. Salem, 6 s. Newburyport, and 
w. Massachusetts bay ; has much sand and salt 
marsh e., with very good land in other parts, 
on hills and in vallies ; well watered by Row- 
ley and Parker rs., and other streams. The 
town was settled in 1639, from Yorkshire, Eng. 
under Rev. E. Rogers. It includes Plumb isl., 
and extends about 4 ms. by 13, including Plumb 
isl. sound. The hills yv. are the highest land 
in the co. Pop. 2,044. 

RoxBOEo', or Levering's p-o. in Roxboro' 
township, Philadelphia co. Pa., 8 ms. nrthrd. 
Phil. Pop. tsp. 3,334. 

RoxBORo', P-V. and st. jus. Person co. N. C, 
by p-r. 60 ms. n. w. Raleigh, and 271 s. s. w. 
W. C. Lat. 36° 24', long.^W. C. 2° w. 

RoxBURY, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 5 miles e. 
Keene, 60 w. s. w. Concord, 76 n. w. Boston ; 
is very small, containing but 6,000 acres, and 
is separated from Keene by the n. branch of 
Ashuelot r. The surface is uneven, with good 
grazing. Pop. 322. 

RoxBURY, t. Washington co. Vt., 15 ms. n. 
w. Montpelier, 45 n. w. Windsor ; first settled 
1789 ; is on the height of land between Onion 



ROY 



462 



RUS 



and White rs., into both which streams several 
brooks flow. The soil is uneven, but good for 
grass and grain, bearing hard wood, with some 
evergreens. Slate, with crystals of pyrites are 
found E. Pop. 737. 

RoxBURY, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 2i ms. s. 
w. Boston, lies s. Charles r. or bay, on which 
are 1,000 acres of marsh, and communicates 
with Boston by a well built street extending 
along the Neck. In the middle part of the town 
the soil is fertile and well cultivated ; and s. w. 
is Jamaica Plain, 1 mile by 2, covered with 
gardens and country seats. About I part s. e. 
is rough and rocky land. Settled 1630, by John 
Pyncheon and others. Rev. John Elliot, called 
the apostle to the Indians, became pastor ot 
the church here in 1632. He had great success 
in christianizing and civilizing the savages, and 
translated and published the scriptures in their 
language. Gen. Warren, who fell at Bunker's 
hill, was born here. Jamaica pond, a beautiful 
sheet of water, supplies the Boston aqueduct. 
Pop. 5,247. 

RoxBURY, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 46 ms. s. 
s. w. Hartford, 32 n. w. New Haven, n. New 
Haven co. ; about 4 ms. by 6^ ; with about 26 
square ms.; has a varied surface, bearing nut 
trees, &c. The rocks are granite, with some 
variation ; and iron ore exists here. Shepaug 
river, a small branch of the Housatonic, runs 
nearly s. through the t. Pop. 1,122. 

RoxBUiiY, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 56 ms. 
s. w. Albany, 22 e. Delhi, 49 w. Cattskill ; lies 
s. Schoharie co., and w. of Greene co. A pond 
gives rise to Papachton r., the e. branch of the 
Delaware, and on it are mill seats. The sur- 
face mountainous, and some of the vallies have 
good land. It was settled from the eastern 
states about 1790. Pop. 3,234. 

RoxBURY, t. Morris co. N. J., 45 ms. n. Tren- 
ton ; is divided on the n. w. and w. from Sus- 
sex and Warren cos. by Musconetcong river, 
which rises n. in Hopatung pond. The surface 
is elevated and mountainous ; Schooley's mtn. 
extending into the w. part. On it is Budd's 
pond, which, with a smaller one near Hopatung 
pond, gives rise to the south branch of Raritan 
r. A very narrow ridge, in this land, therefore, 
divides the waters of the Hudson and Delaware. 
Flanders, Draketown, Drakesville and Stanhope, 
are villages partly in this town. Pop. 2,262. 

RoxBURY, p-v. northern part of Franklin co. 
Pa., by p-r. 13 ms. n. Chambersburg, the co. st., 
and 103 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Royal Oak, p-v. Oakland co. Mich., 14 ms. 
northward Detroit. 

RoYALTON, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 31 ms. s. 
Montpelier, 25 n. w. Windser ; first settled 
1771, and the buildings were burnt by Indians 
from Canada in Oct. 1780. Several persons 
were killed, and 28 of the inhabitants were 
carried captive to Canada, all of whom except 
one were ransomed and returned. The soil is 
good though the surface is mountainous. The 
town is crossed by White r. which is here joined 
by two branches ; and along the banks are rich 
meadows. The v. is in a pleasant situation, on 
White r. near the centre of the town, and con- 
tains an academy, &-c., incorporated in 1807. 
Pop. 1,893. 



RoTALTON, p-t. Niagara co. N? Y., 26 ms. e. 
Lewiston, 6 e. Lockport, w. Genesee co. ; has 
Tonawanta cr. s., which divides it from Erie 
CO. It is crossed by the mountain ridge and 
Erie canal. Lockport village is situated at 
the spot where they cross each other. The 
canal descends by 5 double combined locks, 
after passing through a deep rock cutting for a 
great distance, and affords most valuable mill 
sites, which are supplied by the waste water, 
and some of them occupied. The land in this 
town, though until recently but little occupied, 
is generally good. Pop. 3,138. 

RoYALTON, p-v. Fairfield co. Ohio, by p-r. 36 
ms. s. E. Columbus. 

RoYALSTON, p-t. Worcester, co. Mass., 70 
ms. w. Boston ; has a good soil, but an uneven 
surface, and is watered by several streams, the 
principal of which is Miller's r. in the s. e., 
which, as well as Tully's r., affords good mill 
sites. There are several mills and factories. 
The Royalston cotton and woollen factory on 
Miller's r. was incorporated 1813, with a capi- 
tal of ,^50,000. Settled 1762. Pop. 1,493. 

RoYSE mtn. Coos co. N. H., in the ungranted 
lands N. Chatham, near Me., and the Andros- 
coggin. 

Ruckersville, p-v. Elbert co. Geo., by p-r. 
108 ms. N. N. E. Milledgeville. 

RucKMANViLLE, p-v. Bath CO. Va., by p-r. 180 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Ruddle's Mills, and p-o. Bourbon co. Ky., 
by p-r. 45 ms. e. Frankfort. 

RuGGLES, p-v. s. estrn. part Huron co. 0., by 
p-r. 100 ms. N. N. e. Columbus. 

Rum r. {See Missisagaigon r.) 

RuMFORD, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 20 ms. n. Pa- 
ris ; has Androscoggin r. on its s. boundary, 2 
branches E. andw., and several mtns. Pop. 1,126. 

RuMFORD Academy, and p-o. King William 
CO. Va., by p-r. 115 ms. a very little s. of w. 
W. C, and 32 n. e. Richmond. 

Rumney, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 8 ms. n. w. 
Plymouth, 47 n. by w. Concord, 110 n. n. w. 
Boston ; with 22,475 acres ; crossed by Baker's 
r. and a branch from Stinson's pond n., Stinson's 
and Webber's mtns. lie e., and part of Rattle- 
snake or Carr's mtn. n. w. The soil is pretty 
good, bearing white pine, beech, sugar maple, 
oak and birch. Settled 1765. Pop. 993. 

Rupert, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 26 ms. n. Ben. 
nington, 78 ms. s. w. Montpelier, lies e. N. Y., 
has Pawlet r. n. e., and gives rise to White cr. 
The E. part is mountainous, but there are many 
good farms. Pop. 1,318. 

Rupp's p-o. Marion co. O. by p-r. 38 ms. 
nrthrd. Columbus. 

Rural Valley, p-o. Armstrong co; Pa. by 
p-r. 224 ms. n. w, W. C. 

Rush, p-t. Monroe co. N. Y. Pop. 2,101. 

Rush, co. Ind. bndd. by Decaturs., Shelby s. 
w., Hancock n. w., Henry n., Fayette n. e., and 
Franklin s. e. Length from s. to n. 24 ms., 
breadth 20, and area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 35', 
long. W. C. 8° 30' w. Slope s. w. and drained 
by numerous branches of the Driftwood fork of 
White r. Cf. t. Rushville. Pop. 9,707. 

RusHFORD, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y. 12 ms. 
w. Angelica, e. Cattaraugus co. There are 
few mill streams. Pop. 1,115. 



RUS 



463 



RUT 



RusHVXLLE, p-v. sthrn. part Susquehannah co. 
Pa. by p-r. 265 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

RusHviLLE, p-v. near the eastern border of 
Fairfield co. O. by p-r. 38 ms. s. e. by e. Colum. 
bus. Pop. 234. 

RusHviLLE, P-V. and st. jus. Rush co. Ind. by 
p-r. 46 ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 
36', long. 8°27'w. W. C. 

RusHViLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Schuyler co. II. 
by p-r. 172 ms. n. w. Vandalia. Lat. 40° 06', 
long. W. C. 13° 33' w. 

Russell, p-t. Hampden co. Mass. 108 ms. s. 
w. Boston, is crossed by Westfield r. n. w. and 
s. E., and Little Westfield r. from w. to e. In- 
corporated 1792. Pop. 507. 

Russell, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y. 28 ms. 
s. E. Ogdensburg, n. Herkimer co. The soil is 
favorable to pasturage ; the streams are nu- 
merous and small, except Oswegatchie r. s. 
Mill sites are abundant. First settled 1805. 
There are quarries of free stone ; iron ore, 
pyrites, «fcc. are found. Pop. 541. 

Russell co. Va. bndd. s. by Scott, Lee s. w., 
Cumberland mtn. separating it from Pike co. 
Ky. N. w., Tazewell co. Va. n. e., and Clinch 
mtn. separating it from Smyth e. and Washing- 
ton CO. Va. s. E. Mean length between Clinch 
and Cumberland mtns. 40 ms., mean breadth 35, 
and area 1,400 sq. ms. Lat. 37°, and long. W. 
C. 5° 30' w., intersect in this co. Though 
bounded by 2 mtn. chains, Russell co. of Va. is 
a very remarkable table land, giving source to 
the west fork of Sandy r. which flows to the n. 
w. and pierces Cumberland mountain. A minor 
chain of mtns. traverses the co. from n. e. to s. 
w. parallel to the Clinch and Cumberland 
chains, dividing it into two not very unequal 
sections. Clinch r. rising in Tazewell assumes 
a southwestern course down the sthestrn. val- 
ley of Russell, giving to that section a slope at 
right angles to that of the section bordered by 
the Cumberland chain. The whole co. occupies 
a region which must be elevated, independent 
of the mtn. ridges, at least from 1,200 to 1,500 
ft. above the ocean tides. Surface rocky and 
in great part mountainous. Cf. t. Lebanon. 
Pop, 6,714: 

Russell, co. Ky. bndd. s. by Wayne, s. w. 
Cumberland co., w. and n. w. Adair, n. e. Casey, 
and E. Wolf or. separating it from Pulaski. 
Length from s. w. to n. e. 26 miles; mean 
breadth 10, and area 260 sq. ms. Lat. 37° and 
8° w. W. C. intersect in this co. Cumberland 
r. by a very circuitous channel traverses the 
sthrn. section in a nearly westerly direction, the 
general slope is, however, to the s. towards 
that stream, though the nrthrn. extreme reaches 
into the valley of Green r. Cf. t. Jamestown. 
Pop. 3,879. 

Russell, p-v. Geauga co. O. by p-r. 141 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Russell Place, p-o. Kershaw dist. S. C. by 
p.r. 61 ms. N. E. by E. Columbia. 

Russellville, p-v. Chester co. Pa. by p-r. 99 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

RussKLLviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co. 
Ala. by p-r. 127 miles n. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 34° 
28', long. W. C. 10° 46' w. It is situated on 
a branch of Bear cr. a confluent of Tennessee 
river. 



Russellville, p-v. Claiborne parish. La. by 
p-r. 441 ms. n. w. by w. New Orleans. 

Russellville, p-v. and st. jus. Logan co. Ky. 
situated on the summit ground between the 
sources of Muddy r. branch of Green r. and 
those of Red r. a confluent of Cumberland r., 
by p-r. 171 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and 58 
ms. a little w. of n. Nashville in Ten. Lat. 36° 
50', long. W. C. 9° 50' w. It is a flourishing 
v., containing besides the co. buildings an acad. 
emy, some places of public worship, schools, 
stores, &c. Pop. 1,358. It is the largest town 
in sthrn. Ky. 

Russellville, p-v. Brown co. 0. by p-r. 106 
ms. s. s. w. Columbus. 

Russia, p.t. Herkimer co. N. Y. 20 miles n. 
Herkimer, has streams running in diflerent di- 
rections, the principal of which is West Cana. 
da cr. Pop. 2,458. 

Russia, iron works, Peru, Clinton co. N. Y. 
6 ms. from Keeseville, 23 from Plattsburgh. 

Rutherford, co. N. C. bndd. by Blue Ridge, 
separating it from Buncombe w. ; a spur of the 
same chain separates it from Burke n. ; it has 
Lincoln e., and Spartanburg dist. S. C. s. 
Length from e. to w. 42 ms. ; mean breadth 28, 
and area, 1,176 sq. ms. Lst, 35° 20' n., and 
long. W. C. 5° w. intersect near the centre of 
this CO. The main stream of Broad r. flows 
along the sthrn. side in a nearly estrn, direc- 
tion, receiving numerous crs. which enter from 
the N. the general slope being sthrd. Much of 
the soil is excellent, but much is also thin and 
sterile. Cf. town, Rutherfordton. Pop. 1820, 
15,351 ; 1830, 17,557. 

RuTHEiiFORD, CO. Ten. bndd. by Bedford s., 
Williamson s. w., Davidson n. w., Wilson n., 
and Warren e. Length from e. to w. 32 ms, ; 
mean breadth 24, and area 768 sq. ms. Lat. 
36° and long. 9° 20' w. W. C. intersect in this 
CO. The outlines are very nearly commensu- 
rate with, and the co. contains nearly the whole 
valley of, Stone's r. a tributary of Cumberland 
r. The slope n. w. The n. w. angle is about 
6 ms. N. E. by e. Nashville. The soil excellent. 
Cf. t. Murfreesboro'. Pop. 1820, 19,552 ; 1830, 
26,134. 

Rutherfordton, p-v. and st. jus. Rutherford 
CO. N. C, by p-r. 223 ms. a little s. of w. Ra- 
leigh. It is situated on a branch of Broad r., 
and near the centre of the co. 

Rutland, co. Vt. bndd. by Addison co. n., 
Windsor co. e., Bennington co. s., Washington 
CO. w., 34 ms. by 42, with 958 sq. ms. Rut. 
land, near the centre, is the cf. t, Castleton is 
another considerable v. Otter cr. crosses the 
CO. from s. to n. Black, White, and Queechy 
rs. rise e. and run into Connecticut r. Pawlet 
r. is s. and Castleton and Hubbardton rs. w. 
The principal part of the co. is hilly and moun- 
tainous, but excellent level land is found on 
Otter cr., and in the s. w. marble is quarried 
abundantly in a range of granular limestone 
along Otter cr., and iron ore is found at the base 
of the Green mountains, whose heights are in. 
eluded in the e. part of the co. Cf. t. and 
St. jus. Rutland. Pop. 1820, 29,983; 1830, 
31,294. 

Rutland, p-t. and st. jus. Rutland co. Vt. 50 
ras. s. w. Montpelier 60 s. Burlington, 52 w. e., 



SAB 



464 



SAB 



Bennington, is of irregular I'orin, containing 
above 26,000 acres. It was first settled about 
1770. In the revolution 2 picket forts were 
built here, one of which was near the site of 
the present court house in the e. village. It is 
crossed by Otter cr. from s. to n. West r- and 
East cr. fall into it in this t. and these streams 
afford mill sites, vvliere several factories are 
erected. The soil is very various, the rocks 
being primitive and secondary. Iron, lime- 
stone, and clay are found. Marble quarries are 
wrought, both white and blue, in a range ex- 
tending from Berkshire co. Mass. through a 
considerable part of Vt. The principal vil. is 
in the e. parish, and contains a court house, and 
other public buildings. In the w. parish are 2 
small villages. Pop. 2,753. 

Rutland, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 56 mil.es 
w. Boston, is a pleasant agricultural town, with 
good soil and varied surface, crossed by an e. 
branch of Ware r. It was purchased of the 
Indians in 1686. A tract 12 miles sq. which 
included this and several adjacent towns, was 
purchased for £30. Several of the inhabit- 
ants were killed by Indians in 1723 and '24. 
Pop. 1,276. 

Rutland, p-t. Jefferson co. N. Y. 170 ms. n. 
w. Albany, 6 e. Watertown, s. Black r., n. 
Lewis CO., has light soil and favorable to grain 
and grass. Limestone rooks lie beneath at a 
considerable depth. The trees are maple, 
beech, elm, with some white pine, &c. near 
Black r. The remains of an ancient work like 
an encampment are seen on a hill, surrounded 
by a ditch. The place was overgrown with old 
trees, and human bones are found in the soil. 
Pop. 2,339. 

Rutland, p-v. Tioga co. Pa. by p-r. 148 ms. 
N. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Rutland, p-v. Meigs co. O. by p-r. 95 ms. s. 
E. Columbus. 

Rutledge, p-v. and St, jus. Grainger co. Ten. 
33 ms. N. E. by e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 232 ms. 
E. Nashville. Lat. 36° 15', long. W. C. 6° 
16' w. 

Ryal's, p-o. Montgomery co. Geo. by p-r. 
10) ms. s. s. E. Milledgeville. 

Rye, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 6 ms. e. Ports- 
mouth, which it separates from the ocean, 51 
E. s. E. Concord, has Little Harbor n. e., the At- 
lantic E., and contains 7,780 acres. It was first 
settled in 1635, when it belonged to Ports, 
mouth ; incorporated 1719. Its name was 
probably derived froni a town in England. The 



soil is poor and hard, but sea weed is used with 
great benefit as manure. The sea coast extends 
6 ms., nearly one third of that possessed by the 
whole state, and embraces Sandy, Jenniss' and 
Wallis beaches, which afford bathing places, 
much resorted to. There is a small harbor for 
vessels of 70 or 80 tons ; and many fish arc 
caught in boats along the coast. A tract of 300 
acres has been drained of a fresh pond, which 
yields salt hay. At Breakfast hill, a party of 
Indians were surprised, 1696. That t. suffer- 
ed considerably in the Indian wars. Pop. 1,172. 

Rye, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y. 29 ms. n. f. 
N. Y., 5 s. e. Whiteplains, 142 s. Albany, w. 
Conn., N. Long Isl. sound, is small and of irreg- 
ular form. It has Byram r. for a short distance 
on the E. boundary. Parsonage Point extends 
into the sound. There are 2 small villages, Rye 
and Saw Pitts, the latter on the sound, 28 ms. 
from N. Y. and a place of some trade. Seve- 
ral small isls. in the sound belong to this town. 
Pop. 1,602. 

Ryegate, P-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 33 ms. e. 
Montpelier, 58 n. w. Windsor, 150 n. w. Boston, 
lies w. Conn, r., n. Orange co. opposite Bath, 
Grafton co. N. H. and has 32 sq. ms. The 
original settlers, (except one family,) were from 
Scotland, a company with iJljOOO sterling, be- 
ing raised in 1772, by farmers of Renfrew and 
Lanark, and after a selection make by agents, 
the settlement was commenced in 1774. New 
colonists were interrupted by the war, but after- 
wards arrived ; and about two thirds of the 
population are of Scotch descent. The habits 
of their ancestors are still in some degree re- 
tained : oat meal and barley form important ar. 
tides of diet; and frugality and industry pre- 
vail. The land is uneven, and in the north 
rough ; but there is much pasturage, and very 
little waste. The western part has rich soil, 
and on the Conn, are three small meadows. 
Ticklanaked pond s., contains 64 acres, and its 
outlet enters Wells r. North pond discharges 
into Conn, r. over which is a dam, at Canoe 
falls, and a ferry. A part of Wells r. s. w. af. 
fords mill seats. Mill stones are obtained from 
Bli-ie mtn. the only considerable eminence. 
Pop. 1,119. 

Ryekson's station, P-v. nrthrn. patt of Greene 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 16 ms. s. s. w. of the borough of 
Washington in Washington co. Pa. and 249 ms. 
N. w. by w. W. C. 

Rynd's, p-o. Venango co., Pa. by p-r. 288 ms, 
N. w. W, C. 



Sabillisville, p-v. Frederick co. Md., by p-r. 
59 ms. N. N. w. W. C. 

Sabina, p-v. Clinton co. O., by p-r. 55 ms. s. 
w. Columbus. 

Sabine, r, of La. and the Mexican province of 
Texas, rising in the latter about lat. 33°, and to 
the sthrd. of the great bend of Red r., and to 
the N. w. of La. The country round its sources 
is generally prairies ; but before reaching lat. 
32°, where it becomes a boundary between La. 
and Texas, this stream has entered a dense for- 
est. From this point to the mouth, it was navi- 



gated and surveyed by the author of this article 
in 1812 and 1813. At lat. 32° it is already a 
navigable stream for boats of considerable size 
at high water ; the breadth of the stream 60 or 
70 yards. Below 32° the Sabine receives no 
tributary stream above the size of a large cr. ; 
of these, however, there are several from both 
sides. The main stream, with a curve to the 
estrd., pursues a general sthrn. course over 2 
degrees of lat. to lat. 30°, where it is joined 
from the n. w. by the Netchez, a branch from 
the vicinity of Nacogdoches. Before their junc- 



SAC 



465 



SAG 



tion both rivers have merged into prairie, which 
continues to the Gulf of Mexico. Immediately 
below the union of the Sabine and Netchez, the 
united waters expand into a shallow elliptical 
lake of about 30 ms. long, and from 1 to 7 or 8 
ms. wide. At the lower end of the lake the 
water again contracts into the size of a river of 
but little more widtli than above the lake. The 
whole length oj this river, from the source to fi- 
nal outlet into the Gulf of Mexico, is 70 miles 
above and 250 ms. below the point where it is 
crossed by lat. 32°. Though when swelled by 
rains the Sabine is navigable above lat. 32°, it 
is not of sufficient depth at the mouth, or over its 
lake, for vessels of 3 ft. draught. Along the west- 
ern side a range of high hills stretclies with the 
Sabine, some parts of which are rocky and even 
precipitous ; but along the opposite shore not 
one high bank exists, and with the prairies all 
eminences cease, and one immense plain ex- 
tends on all sides. Tufts of trees gradually 
cease, and from the mouth not a shrub is to be 
seen. The soil, as far as we can judge from 
the appearance along the banks, is generally 
sterile. At any considerable distance from the 
stream, pine is the prevailing timber. Taken 
as a whole, it is a river worthy of particular 
notice only, as having become a political boun- 
dary between two great nations. 

Sable r. or River au-Sable, N. Y., empties 
into lake Champlain, after a course of 35 miles 
from Essex co., where it has its source. It runs 
for some distance on the line of Essex and 
Clinton cos., with mill seats. Little Sable r. 
empties into the lake 2 ms. n. of it. 

Sacandaga, r. N. Y., a branch of the Hud- 
son, 8 ms. long ; has its sources in numerous 
ponds and small streams in Warren and Hamil- 
ton COS., and after a crooked course, and re- 
ceiving a number of good mill streams, joins 
the Hudson 8 ms. s. w. of lake George. 

Sacarappa, p-v. Cumberland co. Me. 59 ms. 
from Augusta. 

Sachem, Grand, mtn. N. Y., the highest of 
the Highlands on Hudson r. called also the 
Beacon. 

Sacket's Harbor, incorporated p-v. Houns- 
field, .leflerson co. N. Y. 161 ms. n. w. Albany, 
12 below Watertown, 8 from lake Ontario, is 
on a large and important bay and harbor, which 
was m.ade a naval station during the late war, 
and is very convenient for ship building as well 
as for anchorage. Forts Tompkins and Pike 
were built here in the war. 

Saco, r. rises in N. H. and enters the Atlan- 
tic in Me. Its highest source is near the sum- 
mit of one of the loftiest peaks of the White 
mtns. ; and during its course to the Notch, it 
flows in one place within about 200 yards of 
the Lower Amonoosuc. After winding slowly 
through a little narrow alluvial level at the foot 
of the principal peaks, it passes through the 
Notch, which it appears to have had much 
agency in reducing to its present form, and in- 
stantly changes its character to a furious and 
foaming little torrent, rushing impetuously down 
a descent in a continued cascade, with few in- 
terruptions for several miles. On the upper 
part of the Notch it is about 4 feet wide, and 
yet leaves barely room enough for the road to 



pass beside it. It pursues a s. course for about 
12 ms. through many romantic scenes, and then 
turning e. in Bartlett receives Ellis's r., and in 
its s. course of 10 ms. further is swelled by 
several other small tributaries. At Conway it 
flows across a level tract, receives Swift r., and 
then running e. passes into Fryeburgh, Maine, 
through which it pursues a remarkably tortuous 
course, running 36 ms. in a town 6 ms. sq., the 
ancient favorite habitation of the Pequawket 
Indians. It then pursues its way to the sea in 
Me., on the borders of which it makes a sudden 
descent, at a spot where its channel is divided 
by an island, on which, and the adjacent banks, 
large manufactories were erected a few years 
since, with the prospect of operating with great 
advantage on account of its convenient commu- 
nication with navigable tide water, as well as 
the abundance of water power. The principal 
buildings were unfortunately destroyed by fire. 
The r. is subject to sudden floods, especially in 
its upper parts. 

Saco, p-t. and port of entry, York co. Me. 
71 ms. s. s. w. Augusta, 15 s. w. Portland, 29 
N. E. York, 103 N. N. E. Boston ; has Saco r. on 
the s. w,, Cumberland co. n. e., and a bay on 
the s. E. where the mouth of the river forms a 
harbor. The falls here afford water power for 
manufacturing. The village stands on Saco r. 
at the head of tide water, about 3 ms. from its 
mouth, and at the falls, the descent of which is 
nearly 50 ft. and to which vessels of 100 tons 
come up from sea. The water power is al- 
ways very abundant, and numerous factories 
might be erected on the shore. About 20 saw 
mills are now moved by the water. The York 
manufacturing com. own a site 34 ft. in length, 
where they have anew factory with 8,000 spin- 
dles, and other sites at Calt's island. They 
have also a rolling mill and nail factory, produ- 
cing 400 tons of nails annually. There is one 
Episcopal, one Calvinist, and one Unitarian 
church, besides congregations of Baptists and 
Methodists. The number of inhabitants in the 
village by the last census was 3,219 ; the num- 
ber the preceding year was over 3,800. Only 
a few months before the census was taken, the 
large cotton mill which had employed 600 per- 
sons was burnt. Pop. 3,219. 

Saddle, r. N. J. rises near the boundary in 
N. Y., and flows s. through Bergen co. into 
Pompton r. and forms the Passaic. 

Saddleback, mtn. Oxford co. Me. n. of An- 
droscoggin river, about 4,000 feet above the 
sea. 

SADDLE River, t. Bergen co. N. J. 4 ms. n. 
w. Paterson ; has Pompton r. on the s. bound. 
ary, and much hilly or mountainous land. 
Paterson v. is at the falls, opposite this town. 
An aqueduct of the Morris canal crosses the r. 
Pop. 3,397. 

Sadsburyville, p-v. western part of Chester 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 43 ms. w.Phil. 

Saegersville, p-o. Lehigh co. Pa. by p-r. 85 
ms. E. Harrisburg. 

Sagadahoc, r. Oxford co. Me. falls into the 
Androscoggin in Rumford, from the n. 

Sag Harbor, p-v. and port of entry, South- 
ampton, Suffolk CO. N. Y. in the n. e. corner of 
that town, 100 ms. e. N. Y., 244 from Albany, 



SAG 



466 



SAI 



has a good harbor, and the seat of some trade, 
as well as of whale fishing, and the manufac- 
ture of salt from sea water. 

Saginaw, bay of lake Huron, in Mich. As 
laid down by Tanner in his recently improved 
map of the U. S. Saginaw bay opens from the 
lake between Transit point on the s., and 
Rock point on the n., by a mouth 32 ms. wide, 
and extending thence s. w. 50 ms., maintaining 
a general width of about 20 miles, and ter. 
minating in a wide base or shore exceeding 
in fact in width the mean breadth of the bay. 
This bay receives from the n. w. the rivers 
Thunder, Sable, Grindstone, and some of 
lesser note ; the inlets are small, and the 
main confluent of the bay, the Saginaw river, 
enters the extreme southwestern shore. The 
bay of Saginaw is chequered with some 
islands, the principal groups are the Thunder 
islands off Rock point, and the Shaungum 
islands between the mouths of Grindstone and 
Saginaw rivers. Vessels drawing 5 or 6 feet 
water are navigated into, and some distance up 
Saginaw r. The distance is about 75 ms. n. n. 
w. from the outlet of lake Huron into St. Glair 
r. to Transit point, or southern entrance of the 
bay of Saginaw. 

Saginaw, r. of Mich., is formed by the rivers 
Cass, Flint, Saginaw Proper, and Tittibawas- 
see. Cass r. rises in Sanilac co., and flowing 
wstrd. by comparative courses 50 ms., falls in- 
to Saginaw nearly opposite to the mouth of Tit. 
tibawassee. Flint r. rises in Lapeer and Oak- 
land COS., and flowing thence to the n. w. enters 
Saginaw co., and joins Saginaw r. 3 or 4 miles 
above the mouths of Cass and Tittibawassee rs. 
Saginaw Proper rises in Oakland, Washtenaw, 
and Shiawassee cos., and flowing nrthrd. into 
Saginaw, joins Flint r. ; as already noticed, the 
comparative length of the two streams above 
their junction is nearly equal, and each about 
55 ms. The Saginaw Proper has interlocking 
sources with those of Huron of Erie, and Grand 
r. of Michigan. The course of the Tittibawas. 
see is almost directly opposite to that of Flint 
-f. Rising between the sources of Thunder r. 
of lake Huron, and Manistic of lake Michigan, 
it flows s. s. E. by comparative courses about 70 
ms., and is the longest of the constituent branch- 
es of Saginaw. This stream rises on the un- 
appropriated territory between Saginaw bay 
and lake Michigan, and in its course to its re- 
cipient traverses Gladwin and Midland cos., 
and is lost in Saginaw r. in Saginaw co. Be. 
low the union of its constituent streams, the 
Saginaw flows n. n. e. by comparative courses 
to its final discharge into Saginaw bay. The 
valley of Saginaw occupies much of the central 
parts of the Michigan peninsula ; the greatest 
length, 120 ms. from the source of Flint r. to 
that of Tittibawassee ; mean breadth 35 ms., 
and area 42 sq. ms. Lying between lat. 42° 35', 
and 43° 2)'. Contrary to ordinary cases, the 
greatest length of this river valley is almost at 
right angles to the general course from the mid- 
dle source to point of ultimate discharge. 

Saginaw, co. Mich., bndd. n. e. and e. by 
Sanilac co., s. e. Lapeer, s. Shiawassee, w. 
Gratiot, n. w. Midland, and n. Saginaw bay. 
Length from s. to n. 38 ms., mean breadth 32, 



and area 1,216 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
43° 07' to 43° 39', and in long, from 6° 36' to 7° 
21' w. W. C. Slope a little e. of n. The far 
greater part of the whole co. is in the valley of 
Saginaw r., and near its centre the constituent 
streams of that r. converge and unite within 3 
or 4 ms. of the same point. Cf. t. Saginaw. 

Saginaw, st. jus. Saginaw co. Mich., as laid 
down by Tanner, is on the left bank of Sagi. 
naw r. 20 ms. above its mouth, and 100 ms. n. w. 
Detroit. Lat. 43° 25', long. 6° 55' w. W. C. 

Saint Alban's, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 3J ms. 
E. Norridgewock, 46 n. n. e. Augusta, touches 
Penobscot co. at the n. e. and s. e. angles, ly. 
ing w. Corinna, which breaks the line of that 
CO. It is crossed n. e. and s. w. by a stream 
flowing into Sebasticook r., the main stream 
forming the w. boundary of this t. Pop. 920. 

Saint Alban's, p-t. and st. jus. Franklin co. 
Vt. 27 ins. N. Burlington, 46 n. w. Montpelier, 
70 s. Montreal ; is situated on St. Alban's bay 
of lake Champlain on a handsome slope, com- 
mencing about 3 ms. from the shore. The 
streets of the village are regularly laid out, and 
the public edifices are built about a central 
square, the co. buildings, academy, churches, 
&c. The settlement of the town began in the 
revolutionary war. The streams are insignifi- 
cant ; the soil is good, bearing maple, beech 
and birch, and near the lake, oak. The trade 
of the town has been much increased by the 
opening of Champlain canal. Saint Alban's 
academy was incorporated in 1799. Pop. 2,395. 

Saint Andrew's Bay, Washington co. Flor. 
This extensive and irregular sheet of water 
communicates with the Gulf of Mexico, by 
Saint Andrews Inlet, lat. 30° 13'. long. 8° 40' 
w. W. C. and receives Econfina r. from the n. 
The following notes are taken from a report of 
the U. S. Engineer Department. " St. Andrew's 
Bay has its entrance about 10 ms. n. n. w. of 
the bar of St. Joseph's bay. It is covered by- 
Crooked and St. Andrew's islands, which com- 
prehends between them and the main, St. An- 
drew's Sound, leading into the bay itself. There 
are three passes into St. Andrew's Sound. The 
estrn. is through the opening between Crooked 
and St. Andrews Islands. The depth is 20 
feet on the bar, and the channel close by the 
latter island, is contracted to the width of 300 
yards. The distance between the islands is 
1,200 yds. The middle or main pass enters near 
the western end of St. Andrews island; the 
depth 21 feet. The least width of the channel 
is 200 yards. The western pass 2 ms. w. of 
the latter, depth on the bar 10 feet. From this 
pass to the head of the bay is 30 ms. The bay 
has been represented as shallow ; but, inside of 
the Sound 18 feet can be carried from the main 
to the eastern pass." 

Saint Augustine, p-v. Cecil co. Md. by p-r.. 
99 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Saint Augustine, East Flor. {See Augus- 
tine, Saint.) 

Saint Bernard, parish of La., as laid down 
by Tanner, extends s. e. from the lower sub- 
urb's of New Orleans, and is bndd. w. by the 
parish of Jefferson, n. by the parish of Orleans, 
N. E. by lake Borgne, and e. and s. e. by the 
parish of Plaquemines. Length 30 ms. from 



SAI 



467 



SAI 



the vicinity of New Orleans to the junction of 
the bayous Levy and Terrs aux BcEufs ; mean 
breadth 5 ms., area 150 sq. ms. Central lat. 
29° 54', long. 12° 46' W. C. This parish con- 
tains both banks of the Misp. from the vicinity 
of New Orleans to the Great Bend above Wood- 
ville, and the whole course of Terre aux Bceufs. 
The margin of these streams comprise the only 
arable part, the residue being impassable mo- 
rass. The whole surface is a plain, being a 
part of the delta. Staples, sugar, rice, and cot- 
ton. There is neither co. st. nor p-o. named in 
this parish on the p-o. list. Pop. 3,356. 

Saint Charles, parish of La. bndd. by Jeffer- 
son parish e., Lafourche parish s.. Saint John 
Baptist w., and lake Pontchartrain n. Length 
34 ms., mean breadth 15, and area 512 sq. ms. 
Lat. 30°, and long. 13-' l8' w. W. C. intersect 
in this parish. What slight descent exists in 
the surface is to the s. e. by e. in the direction 
of the Misp. r., by which it is traversed. The 
alluvial banks of the Misp. afford most of the 
arable soil of the parish, which, like other parts 
of the delta, is a plaia liable to annual, and in 
the present case, even diurnal submersion, ex- 
cept the margin of streams. Pop. 1820,3,862, 
1830, 5,147. Staples of this parish, sugar, rice, 
and cotton. 

Saint Charles, co. Mo. bndd. by Mo. r. 
which separates it from Saint Louis co. s. e. 
and s., and from Franklin s. w. ; it has Mont- 
gomery CO Mo. w., and Lincoln n. ; above the 
mouth of Illinois river it is separated from 
Calhoun co. II. by the Misp., and below the 
mouth of II. to that of Mo. r. it is separated 
by the Misp. r. from Greene co. II. n., and 
Madison co. 11. e. It occupies the point be- 
tween the Mo. and Misp. rs., and approaches 
the form of a triangle ; the hypothenuse or 
greatest length 52 ms. along the general course 
of the latter stream ; perpendicular along Mont- 
gomery 2 ' ms. ; area about 500 sq. ms. Lat. 
38° 47', long. 13° 35' w. W. C. General slope 
to the E. It is proposed to locate a college in 
this CO. soon. Cf. t. Saint Charles. Pop. 1820, 
3,970, 1830, 4,320. 

Saint Charles, p-v. and st. jus. St. Charles 
CO. Mo. situated on the left bank of Mo. r. 20 
ms. N. w. St. Louis. It is principally composed 
of one long street, on a superstratum underlaid 
by solid limestone. After rising the slope on 
which the town stands, an immense plain ex- 
tends, partly covered with woods, but more an 
open prairie. According to Flint, about one- 
third of the population is French, and the 
whole about 1,200. Lat. 38° 45', long. 13° 30' 
W. C. 

Saint Clair, r. of Mich, and Upper Canada, 
is the discharge of the immense reservoir of 
lake Huron, or rather it is the drain of the basin 
of which lake Huron is itself the reservoir. 
Towards its southern extremity this large sheet 
of water gradually contracts, and finally termi. 
nates in a river almost exactly at lat. 43°. This 
r. or strait, with a general width of about a half 
mile, flows by comparative courses 40 ms. a 
little w. of s. to its entrance into lake Saint 
Clair. The lower part of St. Clair r. is a real 
delta, the water separating into numerous chan- 
nels, with low marshy or sandy intervening 



islands. The main channel of St. Clair r. ad- 
mits in all its length the navigation of vessels 
drawing 7 or 8 ft, water. The water of St. 
Clair r. forms part of the boundary between 
Mich, and Upper Canada, as does also lake St. 
Clair. 

Saint Clair, lake, is a nearly circular sheet 
of water ; greatest length or breadth 30 ms., 
and receiving from the n. the r. or strait of the 
same name. This lake is shallow, and the 
shores generally low, level, and in part marshy. 
It receives from Upper Canada the rs. Bear 
and Thames, and from Mich., Clinton r. It is 
discharged at the southwestern angle into De- 
troit r., and is navigable for vessels of 7 or 8 ft. 
draught. 

Saint Clair, co. Ala. bndd. by Shelby s. w., 
Jefferson w., Blount n. w.. Wills creek or river 
N. E., and the main Coosa e. and s. e. Length 
from s. w. to n. e. 42 ms., mean breath 20, and 
area 840 sq. ms. Lat. 33° 45', long. 9° 24' w. 
W. C Slope eastward towards Coosa r. Cf. 
t. Ashville. Pop. 5.975. 

Saint Clair, co. Mich. bndd. by 'VTacomb co. 
s. w., Lapeer w., Sanilac n., lake Huron n. e., 
Saint Clair r. e. and s. e., and lake Saint Clair 
s. Length from s. to n. 55 ms., mean breadth 
20, and area 1,100 sq. ms. Lat. 43°, long. 5° 
30' w. W. C. Slope s. e., and in that direction 
drained by the river Dulude and Belle r. Pop. 
1,114. 

Saint Claik, p-v. and st. jus. St. Clair co. 
Mich, by p-r. 59 ms. n. e. Detroit. It is situated 
on Saint Clair r. at the mouth of Pine r. Lat. 
42° 47', long. 5° 25' w. W. C. 

Saint Clair, co. II. bndd. n. by Madison, 
N. e. Clinton, Washington s. e., Randolph s., 
Monroe s. w., and the Misp. r. separating it 
from St. Louis co. Mo. n. w. Length from s. 
to N. 30. ms., mean breadth 22, and area 660 
sq. ms. Lat. 38° 30', and long. 13° w. W,C. 
intersect near the centre of this co. The south- 
eastern angle is traversed in a southwestern di- 
rection by Kaskaskias r. Silver cr. rising in 
Macaupin, traverses by a sthrn.- course Madi- 
son and St. Clair, falling into Kaskaskias r. in 
the latter. The general slope of the co. is to 
the s., though a small section of the n. wstrn. 
part declines to the wstrd. towards the Misp. 
Cf t. Belleville. Pop. 1820, 5,253, 1830, 
7,078. 

Saint Clairsville, p.v. and st. jus. Belmont 
CO. 0., by p-r. 11 ms. a little n. of w. Wheeling 
in Va., 275 ms. n. w. by w. W. C, and 124 ms. 
E. Columbus. It is situated on a small branch 
of Indian or West Wheeling cr., in a very hilly 
but fertile country. This village stands on the 
U. S. road, contains the common co. buildings, 
with a printing ofHce, market house, 3 places 
of public worship, and several private schools. 
Pop. 789. Lat. 40° 05', long. W. C. 3° 51' w. 

Saint Clement's Bay, and p-o. s. w. part of 
St Mary's co. Md., by p-r. 57 ms. s. s. e. W. C. 

Saint Croix, r. Me. rises in a considerable 
lake on the borders of Washington co. and 
New Brunswick, and after a devious course of 
about 80 or 90 ms. in a s. e. direction on the e. 
oundary of the U. S., falls into Passamaquoddy 
ay. It also bears the names of Passamaquod- 
by, Cheputnetecoock, &c. It receives nume- 



SAI 



4(J8 



SAI 



rous small streams from Washington co. par- 
ticularly the outlet of the Shordic lakes. It is 
navigable 12 ms. to the falls at Calais. 

Saint Croix, r. of Huron, rises about lat. 46, 
long. W. C. from 14° to 16° w., interlocking 
sources on the w. with the confluents of Rum 
r., on the e. with those of Chippeway r., and n. 
with numerous small streams flowing into lake 
Superior. This is a large r. compared with 
its length of course, which is about 110 ms. to 
the s. s. w., and the breadth across its sources 
is very little less than the length of its valley. 
St. Croix enters the Misp. about half way be- 
tween the mouths of St. Peter's and Chippeway 
rs. at lat. 44° 45', its valley occupying the space 
between those of Rum r. and Chippeway rs. 
This stream has numerous branches, and much 
of the land is spoken of by travellers, as excel- 
lent. The mouth following the land route e. 
of Misp. r. is about 200 ms. above Prairie du 
Chien. 

Saint Francis, r. of Mo. and Ark., is com- 
posed of two branches, the estrn. or White Wa- 
ter, and wstrn. or Saint Francis Proper. White 
Water has its remote sources in Cape Girar 
deau CO. Mo., and derives some of its fountains 
within 10 ms. from the channel of the Misp. 
Flowing thence by a course a little w. of s. over 
Cape Girardeau, Stoddard, Scott, and New 
Madrid cos., Mo., enters Crittenden co. Ark., 
within which it joins the Saint Francis after a 
comparative course of 140; ms. Saint Francis 
rises in the Iron mtns.. Saint Francis co. Mo., 
interlocking sources with those of Black r. 
branch of White r. on the w. ; with those of 
Big r. branch of Mararaec, and with those of 
Cold Water, Vase, and other small crs. flowing 
to E. into Misp. From this comparatively ele- 
vated and broken region. Saint Francis, in a 
general sthrn. course of 160 ms. unites with 
White Water, having traversed the sthrn. part 
of Saint Francis, the entire breadth of Madison 
and Wayne, Mo., and part of Lawrence, Mon- 
roe and Crittenden cos. Ark. Below the union 
of its main branches. Saint Francis maintains its 
southern direction, by comparative courses 80 
miles, but with a very sinuous channel, to its 
entrance into Mississippi at lat. 34° 35'. In its 
entire course of 240 ms. the Saint Francis flows 
so nearly parallel to the general course of Black 
r., and its continuation. White river, that the 
two streams vary in relative distance from 10 
to 40 ms. The mean breadth of Saint Francis 
valley is about 35 miles ; area 8,400 sq. ms., 
filling the space between the valley of White r., 
and the opposing part of that of the Misp. The 
much greater part of Saint Francis valley is a 
plain, liable to annual submersion. In the low- 
er part of its course it is in appearance, the Mis- 
sissippi on a smaller scale. 

Saint Francis r. as named by Henepin and 
Carver, and Leaf r. by Pike, is a br. of Misp. 
proper rising in and draining the large triangle 
between Rum, and Misp. rs. It rises to the 
wstrd. of Spirit Lake, and by a general compar- 
ative course of 100 ms. to the s. e. falls into the 
Misp. on the right side 10 ms. above the mouth 
of Rum r., and 30 ms. above the Falls of St. 
Anthony. 

Saint Fkancis, co. Missouri, bndd. s. by Mad- 



ison, Washington w., Jefferson n., and St. Ge- 
nevieve E. The outline is very irregular, but 
the greatest length is from s. to n. 30 ms. ; mean 
breadth 20 ms., and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 
50', long. W. C. 13° 30' w. The irregular east- 
ern and northeastern borders of this co. follow 
the dividing ridge or table land between the 
sources of Saint Francis and Maramec rs. and 
those of small crs. faUing into the Mississippi, 
after a brief course of 10 or 15 ms. The range 
of hills or mountains which reach the Missis- 
sippi near the village of Saint Genevieve, 
crosses Saint Francis co. in a western direction, 
and discharges the sources of Big river, branch 
of Maramec, n., and those of Saint Francis r. 
s. The surface of the whole co. is hilly, bro- 
ken, and in part even mountainous. Cf. t. Far- 
mington. Pop. 2,366. 

Saint Francis, co. Ark. bndd. by Crittenden 
E., Phillips s. E., Monroe s. w., .Jackson n. w., 
and Lawrence n. Length from s. to n. 54 ms., 
mean breadth 40 ms., and area 2,160 sq. ms. 
Lat. 35°, and long. 14° w. W. C. intersect in 
this CO. between Saint Francis and White rs. 
The much greater part of the area embraced 
by this extensive co. is level and liable to an- 
nual submersion. Slope sthrd. in the general 
direction of the courses of White and Saint 
Francis rs. Cf. t. Saint Francis. Pop. 1,505. 

Saint Francis, p-v. Saint Francis co. Ark., 
byp-r. Ill ms. n. e. by e. Little Rock. 

Saint Francisville, p-v. and st. jus. West 
Feliciana parish, Louisiana. It is on a hill ri- 
sing from the Misp. river about \ m. from the 
mouth of bayou Sara, 64 ms. s. Natchez, and by 
p-r. 149 ms. n. w. by w. New Orleans. Lat. 
30° 42', long. W. C. 14° 19' w. It is a neat 
village, in one street along the road from the 
mouth of bayou Sara to Fort Adams, Natchez, 
&c. 

Saint Genevieve, co. of Mo. bndd. by Perry 
s. e.. Saint Francis co. s. w. and w., Jefferson 
N. vv., and Mississippi r. separating it from Ran- 
dolph CO. Illinois n. e. It approaches to the 
form of a square of 20 miles each side ; area 
400 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 50', long. W. C. 13° 14' 
w. The slope is to the n. e. towards the Mis- 
sissippi r. ; the western border following the 
dividing ridge of the sources of Saint Francis 
and Maramec, and those of crs. flowing over 
Saint Genevieve into the Misp. Cf. t. Saint 
Genevieve. Pop. 2,186. 

Saint Genevieve, p-v. and st. jus. Saint Gene- 
vieve CO. Mo., situated, says Mr. Flint, about 
one mile from the Mississippi r. on Gabourie 
cr., and at the head of a fine alluvial prairie. 
According to this author, the population is 
about 1,500, and yet not more than it was 30 
years ago. The French inhabitants are most 
numerous. The village contains an academy 
and Catholic church. It is distant 61 ms. be- 
low Saint Louis, and 8 westward of Kaskaskias 
in II. Lat. 38°, long. W. C. 13° 05' w. 

Saint George, p-t. Lincoln co. Me. 38 ms. 
from Wiscasset, and 57 s. e. Augusta ; forms 
an irregular cape, running s. w. into the sea, 
witli St. George's r. on the n. w. and w. Pop. 
1,643. 

Saint George t. Chittenden co. Vt., 28 ms. e. 
Montpelier, 8 s. e. Burlington ; is.of small size ; 



SAI 



469 



SAI 



first settled 1784 ; has an uneven surface, with 
some high hills ; maple, beech, and birch tim- 
ber, but no considerable streams. Pop. 135. 

Saint Helena, parish of La., bndd. by lake 
Pontchartrain s. e., the Pass of Manchac, lake 
Maurepas, and the lower part of Amite r. sepa. 
rating it from the parishes of Saint John Bap- 
tist, Saint James, and Ascension ; the Amite r. 
separating it from East Baton Rouge s. w. and 
w., and New Feliciana n. w. ; on the n. it. has 
the CO. of Amite in Misp., and on the e. the 
Tangipao r. separating it from Washington 
N. E. and St. Tammany e. Length from s. to 
N. 50 ms., mean breadth 34, and area 1,700 sq. 
ms. {For hit. and long, see St. Hde?ia the st. 
Jus.) The slope is a little e. of s. There is 
some good soil along the streams, but the much 
greater part is sterile, and covered with pine 
timber. Pop. 1820, 3,026, 1830, 4,028. 

Saint TIelena, p. v. and st. jus. parish of Saint 
Helena, La., on Tickfa r., by p.r. 98 ms, n. w. 
New Orleans ; and about 45 ms. a little n. ofE. 
Baton Rouge. Lat. 30° 35', long. W. C. 13° 
40' w. 

Saint Inigoes, p-v. on a small r. of the same 
name, sthrn. part of St. Mary's co. Md., 27 ms. 
s. E. by E. Leonardstown, the co. seat, and by 
p-r. 90 ms. s. s. e. W. C. 

Saint James, parish of La. bndd. e. by Saint 
John Baptist, s. by the Misp. r. separating it 
from the parish of Assomption, w. by Ascen- 
sion, and N. by Amite r. separating it from Saint 
Helena. Length 28 ms., mean width 20, and 
area 560 sq. ms. Lat. 30° 10', long. W. C. 
13° 45' w. The southern border of this parish 
rises only from 1 to 4 minutes above lat. 30, 
and is about the nthrn. extreme in La. where 
the orange tree will grow to any advantage, and 
even here, its existence is precarious. Sugar 
and cotton are the staples. In surface and soil 
it resembles other Louisiana parishes along the 
IVIississippi in the delta. Pop. 1820, 5,660, 
1830, 7,646, 

Saint James, p-o. St. James parish. La. 
Saint James' Church, and p-o. Bedford co. 
Va , by p-r. 217 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Saint John Baptist, parish of La., bndd. 
by St. Charles e., bayou Cabanose separating it 
from the parish of Lafourche s.. Saint James 
and Assomption w., lake Maurepas n. w.. 
Pass of Manchac n., and lake Pontchartrain n. 
E. Length from s. to n. 50 ms., mean breadth 
12 ms., and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 40° and 
long. 13° w. W. C. intersect near the centre of 
this parish. A remark may be made here 
• which applies to the present article, and all the 
other parishes of La., in the delta of the Misp., 
that is, that the area is in great part nominal as 
regards arable land. The only part sufficient- 
ly elevated for the plough is the margin of the 
streams, but where arable, the soil is highly fer- 
tile. The Misp. winds over Saint John Baptist 
from w. to E. Staples, cotton and sugar. Pop. 
1820, 3,8.54; 1830, 5,677. 

Saint John's, r.. Me., rises in Somerset co. in 
that state, near the middle of the w. boundary, 
where its head waters almost interlock with 
those of the Chaudiere, which flows into the 
Saint Lawrence, and with those of the Penob- 
scot, and approach near to some of the sources 

60 



of the Kennebec. The canoe navigation of the 
Penobscot is connected with that of the Saint 
John's, by a portage of only 2 ms. The first 
course of this great r. is n., then n. e. and e. to 
near the upper part of the boundary of Penob- 
scot and Washington counties, where it bends 
southerly, and crossing the latter county, it 
passes into New Brunswick. The Saint John's 
presents a bold and noble curve on the map ; 
and is navigable in sloops of 50 tons in New 
Brunswick 80 ms. from the Bay of P'^undy. Its 
principal branch, the Aroostic, rises in the w. 
part of Penobscot co., runs n. e., and enters N. 
Brunswick. 

Saint John's, r. Florida. This very remark- 
able river has evidently been formed from one 
of those sounds which exist along the Atlantic 
coast of the United States. In strictness it 
cannot be said to have any definite source, as 
both branches, the Ocklawaha, and Saint John's 
proper, originate in one immense marsh, rising 
but very slightly above the level of the Atlan- 
tic ocean. As laid down by Tanner, both 
branches flow northwardly about 60 miles, 
unite, and the combined water, continuing the 
original course 70 ms. inflects abruptly e. 20 
ms. to its outlet into the Atlantic ocean at lat. 
30° 20'. For such vessels as can enter the 
mouth, 6 or 7 ft. draught, it is navigable more 
than two thirds of its entire course. The re- 
gion it drains is generally sterile. " The bar 
at the mouth of this river is shifting ; the greatest 
depth on it is 15 ft. at high tide ; but, on account 
of winds, it varies from 12 to 15 ft. At low 
tide the least depth is 6 ft. the greatest 7^- feet. 
As there is constantly more or less swell, a 
vessel drawing more than 11 ft, could not cross 
the bar with safety, but might ascend easily the 
r., as far up as the mouth of Black or. On 
this distance of 47 ms. the channel is wide, and 
affords a depth never less than 15 ft." By the 
same authority, (report of U. S, engineer) be- 
fore quoted, it appears tliat the Saint John's ' 
river of Florida can be safely navigated by ves- 
sels drawing 8 feet waterto lake George, 107 
ms., following the stream, above the bar at its 
mouth. The engineers state that freshets 
(floods) do not exceed a rise of 2 feet, and that 
" the banks are principally marsh, hammock 
land, pine barren, and cypress swamp." Soil 
generally sterile. 

Saint John's, co, Florida. As laid down by 
Tanner, this co, is very nearly commensurate 
with the valley of Saint John's r,, having ex- 
tensive marshes s., Seminole Indians s. w., 
Alachua co. w., Duval co, n. w. and N., and the 
Atlantic e. Within these limits it is in length 
from s. to N. 130 ms., with a mean breadth of at 
least 40 ms., area 5,200 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 28-^ 40' to 30° 20', and in long, from 40 
to 5° 30' w. W. C. The outHnes, it must, how- 
ever, be premised, are arbitrary except to the 
N., and along the ocean. This wide region is 
generally open prairie or marsh, with a very 
sterile soil. It may be remarked, that the al- 
luvion of Florida is as sterile as that of La, is 
productive. Where sufficiently elevated and 
fertile, the soil of Saint John's produces sugar 
cane, cotton, rice, indigo, and an immense num- 
ber of other valuable vegetables. The climate 



SAI 

is sufficiently mild for the orange, olive, and 
perhaps the date palm. Chief town, St. Au- 
gustine. The pop. 2,538, in 1830, marks the 
nature of the country ; not 1 person to 2 square 
miles. 

Saint John's Fluff, and p-o. Duval co., 
Florida, by p-r. 274 miles, though by direct 
distance only about 200 miles east Talla- 
hassee. 

Saint Johnsbury, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 31 
miles N. E. Montpelier, 26 n. Newbury, first 
settled 1788 ; it is hilly, and is crossed by Pas- 
sumpsic r. n, and s. on which are fine meadows. 
The plain is a pleasant village, near the centre. 
Pop. 1,592. 

Saint .Joseph's, r., of Mich., Ohio and Ind., 
rises in Branch and Hillsdale counties of the 
former, and flowmg s. s. w. traverses Williams 
CO. Ohio, and entering Ind., unites in Allen 
county with the Saint Mary's river, to form 
Maumee, after a comparative course of 70 ms. 
The Saint Joseph's branch of Maumee has in- 
terlocking sources with those of the Saint Jo- 
seph's of lake Michigan, and Tiffin's r., branch 
of Maumee. 

Saint Joseph's, r. of lake Michigan, has in- 
terlocking sources with those of Eel river, 
branch of Wabash ; those of Saint Joseph's of 
Maumee, Tiffin's of Maumee, the r. Raisin of 
lake Erie, and with those of Kalamazoo river 
of lake Michigan. The most remote source is 
in Hillsdale co. Mich., but the numerous conflu- 
ents drain nearly all Branch, Saint Joseph, Cass, 
and Berrien, with part of Calhoun, Kalamazoo, 
and Van Buren cos. Mich, ; and all La Grange 
and Elkhart, with part of Saint Joseph's and 
La Porte cos. Ind. The various streams which 
contribute to form Saint Joseph's river, unite 
in Mich., and the main stream inclining s. w., 
enters Indiana in the n. e. part of Elkhart co., 
and thence sweeping an elliptic curve over 
the northern sections of Elkhart and Saint Jo- 
seph's counties, re-enters Mich, by a northwest- 
ern course, which it maintains over Berrien 
CO. to its final entrance into lake Mich. The 
Saint Joseph's r. of lake Michigan is a large 
stream in proportion to length. The utmost 
length of the valley it drains is 110 ms., whilst 
the mean breadth is fully 40 ms. ; area 4,400 
sq. ms. This valley is also amongst the finest 
regions of the Saint Lawrence basin. In lat. it 
extends from 41° 15' to 42° 20' ; and from about 
80 to 180 ms. a little s. of w. from Detroit. The 
valliesof Saint Joseph's, Kalamazoo, and Grand 
rs. follow each other from s. to n. 

Saint Joseph's, an isl. in the straits of- St. 
Mary, lies between Drummond's and George's 
isl. It is 20 ms. long, with a mean breadth of 
8 ms., and in all its length separates the two 
channels of the straits of St. Mary. 

Saint Joseph, co. Mich. bndd. w. by Cass, 
N. by Kalmazoo, e. by Branch, s. by La Grange 
CO. Ind., and s. w. by Elkhart co. Ind. Length 
from E. to w. 24 ms., breadth 21, and area 504 
sq. ms. Lat. 42°, and long. W. C. 8° 35' w. in- 
tersect in this CO. The main volume of St. Jo- 
seph's r. enters the estrn. border and winds s. 
westwardly over the co. leaving it at the s. 
wstrn. angle. The whole surface is in the val- 
ley of St. Joseph's r. 



470 SAI 

Saint Joseph, co. of Indiana, bndd. by Elk- 
hart CO. Ind. E., by the Putawatomie country s. 
E., s. and s. w.. La Porte co. Ind. w., Berrien 
CO. Mich. n. w., and Cass co. Mich. n. e. 
Length from s. to n. 32 ms., width 21, and area 
672 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 35', long. W. C. 9° 20' 
w. Though a level country this co. com- 
prises a table land. The n. estrn. angle is tra- 
versed by and drained into St. Joseph's r. From 
the N. wstrn. part issue some crs. which flow 
into lake Michigan by a wstrn. course. The 
central and wstrn. sections give source to the 
Kankakee branch of II. r. which leaves the co. 
by a s. w. by w. course, whilst the sthrn. bor- 
der gives source to the Tippecanoe branch of 
the Wabash. 

Saint Landue', parish of La. bndd. by Sabine 
r. on the w. separating it from the Mexican 
province of Texas, Natchitoches, La. n. w., 
Rapides parish La. n., Avoyelles parish n. e., 
Atchafalaya r. separating it from the parishes of 
Point Coupee, and West Baton Rouge e., St. 
Martin's parish s. e., the Queue Tortus bayou 
s., separating it from the parish of Lafayette, 
and by the gulf of Mexico s. w. Length along 
the wstrn. border 100 ms., mean breadth 60 ms. 
and area 6,000 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
29° 25' to 31°, and in long, from W. C. 14° 
48' to 17° w. This very extensive parish em- 
braces most part of the region known from the 
name of an Indian tribe called Cpelousas. It 
is the extreme s. wstrn. angle of the U. S. 
Few, if any other continuous surfaces of equal 
extent, differ more in soil, features, and indi- 
genous vegetation. The nthrn. part towards 
Natchitoches rises into an undulating coun. 
try covered generally with pine timber. The 
central and wstrn. sections assume the as- 
pect of an immense plain, with lines of woods 
winding with the streams, but the far greater 
part between the water courses, prairie. The 
southwestern part between the Mermentau and 
Sabine is a level sea marsh, with scattered 
clumps of trees, but mostly flooded prairie. 
All these three sections have sterile soil. But 
advancing eastward to the banks of the Teche, 
Courtableau, and Vermillion, the timber be- 
comes more plentiful, and the soil exuberantly 
productive. This fine section is again follow- 
ed by the inundated margin of Atchafalaya, 
and lower Courtableau. The ecclesiastical 
name which heads this article was imposed by 
the first civilized settlers, the French, which 
nation in numbers still predominate. Staples, 
cotton, live stock, hides, &c. Cf. t., St. Lan- 
dre'. Pop. of the parish, in 1820, 10,085, 1830, 
12,.591. 

Saint Landre', p-v. and st. jus. parish of St. 
Landre', Opelousas, is situated on bayou Bour- 
bee,the extreme head branch of Vermillion r. ; 
a branch of the Teche, however, rises imme- 
diately in the rear of the v. Though the adja- 
cent country is level, it is in an uncommon de- 
gree pleasant. The Hnes of woods, the farm 
houses along their margins, with the innumera- 
ble flocks of cattle and horses, and the rich 
products of the soil, yield a very animated pic- 
ture. This place gains interest from being the 
most sthwstrn. post village in the U. S. In the 
p-o. list it is called Opelousas, and in the direc- 



SAI 



471 



SAI 



tion of letters that name ought to be used. (See 
Opelousas.) 

Saint Lawrence, co. N. York, bndd. by St. 
Lawrence r. n. w. which separates it from Up- 
per Canada, Frankhn co. e., Hamilton and Her- 
kimer COS. s., and Herkimer, Lewis and Jeffer- 
son COS. s. w. The line on the St. Lawrence 
is 65 1-2 ms. without the sinuosities. It con- 
tains about 2,000 sq. ms. and 24 towns ; the 
capital is Oswegatchie. Black lake is long and 
narrow, and a convenient channel of navigation 
from Rossie iron works, running nearly n. to 
the St. Lawrence. Oswegatchie, Grass, St. 
Regis, and Racket rs. are the principal streams, 
whose courses are long. 'I he surface is bro- 
ken and hilly, except s. and s. e. where it is 
nearly level. The soil below Ogdensburgh is 
light and productive. Iron ore abounds, and 
the streams furnish mill sites. Oak, maple, 
birch, bass, beech, and white and Norway pine 
form the forests. There are extensive swamps 
in the s. e. A canal from the St. Lawrence to 
lake Champlain has been proposed, to cross this 
CO. and Franklin and Clinton cos. There is a 
state arsenal at Russell, and Potsdam is the st. 
jus. of the county. Pop. 1820, 16,037; 1830, 
36,354. 

Saint Lawrence, p-v. sthwstrn. part Chatham 
CO. N. C. 

Saint Leonard's, p-v. on Chesapeake bay, 
estrn. side of the peninsula between that sheet 
of water and Patuxent r. and in Calvert co. Md. 
12 ms. s. E. Prince Fredericktown, the co. st., 
and by p-r. 75 ms. s. e. W. C. 

Saint Louis, r. of the U. S. in Huron, as 
laid down by Tanner rises at latitude 48°, and 
between long, W. C. 15° and 16° w. interlock- 
ing sources with water courses flowing into 
Rainy Lake r. and between the confluents of 
Misp. r., and those of the n. wstrn. pan of lake 
Superior. Flowing thence by comparative 
courses s. w. 100 ms. inflects to a s. e. by e. 
course about an equal distance to its efflux into 
the extreme wstrn. angle of lake Superior. 
Along the lower course of St. Louis r. and the 
Savannah r. branch of Misp. is one of the chan- 
nels of intercommunication between the basin 
of St. Lawrence and Misp. According to Mr. 
Schoolcraft, it is, following the stream, 148 ms. 
from its mouth up St. Louis r. to the Portage 
into Savannah r., and the Portage plain has an 
elevation of 652i feet above the level of lake 
Superior, or about 1,270 ft. above the level of 
the Atlantic. Such an elevation is fully equi- 
valent to 3J degrees of lat., therefore the re- 
gion from which St. Louis r. flows, has a win- 
ter climate suitable to lat. 51 to 52° on the At- 
lantic coast. 

Saint Louis, co. Mo. bndd. by Jefferson s., 
Franklin s. w., Mo. r. separating it from St. 
Charles co. w., n. w, and n., Misp. r. separa- 
ting it from Madison co. II. n. e., St. Clair co. II. 
E., and Monroe co. II. s. e. Greatest length 
from s. w. to n. e. 40 ms., greatest width 24 
ms., but mean width about 12 ms., area 480 sq. 
ms. Lai. 38° 36', long. 13° 30' w. W. C. The 
Bthrn. side is in part bndd. and in part traversed 
by Maramec r. in an estrn. direction. The 
Mo. r. where it bounds St. Louis, flows to the 
N. E. by E. to its junction with Misp. at the n. 



estrn. angle of the co. Below the mouth of 
Mo. the Misp. flows s. s. w. to the influx of the 
Maramec. Thus the three rs. render St. Louis 
CO. literally a peninsula, the neck from the Ma- 
ramec to Mo. being only about 8 ms. wide. 
Short crs. flow from the centre into the respec 
tive rs. The whole resting on a substratum of 
limestone. Soil productive. Cf. t. St. Louis. 
Pop. 1820, 10,049, 1830, 14,125. 

Saint Louis, p-t. and st. jus. St. Louis co. Mo. 
the principal and most important town in the 
state, is situated on the w. side of the Misp. r., 
20 ms. below its junction with the Mo., 30 be- 
low the mouth of the II., 180 above the junction 
of the Misp. and O., and 1,180 from New Or- 
leans. It is also 68 ms. s. by w. Vandalia, 116 
E. Jefferson city, and 856 s. of w. Washington ; 
in lat. 38° 6', long. 13° 14' w. W. C. St. Louis 
was founded in 1764, but during the existence 
of the French and Spanish colonial govern- 
ments, it remained a mere village. The site 
is very commanding, especially the most ele- 
vated part, which is about 125 ft. above the r. ; 
from tins elevation the view is very extensive, 
and the town itself is a very conspicuous and 
imposing object, on approaching it from some 
distance below. The ground which it occupies, 
and which rises gradually from the r. is divided 
by an abrupt ledge, or bank of limestone ; the 
higher part being elevated, from 40 to 60 ft. 
above that nearer the r. The town is chiefly 
built on the lower plain, or bottom. There are 
5 principal streets running parallel with the 
Misp., which are crossed by numerous others, 
and the town extends nearly 1^ ms. along the 
r. Among the public buildings are a very ca- 
pacious town house of brick, two Protestant 
churches, a magnificent cathedral of stone, a 
Catholic chapel, a branch of the bank of the 
U. S., a theatre, a spacious and elegant court- 
house of brick, &c. &c. There is also a ma- 
rine and fire insurance office, a Catholic college, 
an academy, and several very respectable 
schools. Beneath that part of the town house 
occupied for the ordinary purposes, is an exten- 
sive market, and a range of stores. The col. 
lege was founded in 1829 ; it is contiguous to 
the city, and is pleasantly located. The build- 
ing is of brick, 60 ft. by 40, and is soon to be 
enlarged, the present accommodations not being 
sufficientl}' commodious. There are now 6 in- 
structors in the institution ; 2 more are to be 
added, and the number of students is about 125, 
The buildings are generally of stone or brick, 
chiefly of the latter ; among them are many 
very neat private residences, some very hand- 
some, and numerous gardens ornament the 
town. It is watered from the Misp., the water 
being raised by steam power to a reservoir (on 
a spot where once was an Indian mound), and 
from whence it is conducted in iron pipes 
throughout the town. St. Louis is the most 
commercial place on the Misp. above New Or- 
leans, and is rapidly increasing both in popula- 
tion and commerce. Its location in reference 
to the principal rivers of the west, the Mo., II., 
0. and others, is highly advantageous ; and 
these unrivalled facilities for an extensive inter- 
course, combined with the immense territory, 
and fertile soil through which they flow, must, 



SAI 



47^ 



SAI 



ere long, render it the centre of great business, 
wealth, and population. There are 6 or 7 steam 
boats regularly employed between this place 
and New Orleans ; as many run to Louisville, a 
distance of 6.30 ms. ; 1 or 2 to Cincinnati, 150 
ms. farther; and 2 or 3 to the lead mines at 
Galena, on Fever r., about 480 ms. There are 
also many others which ply, though not regular- 
ly, between this and other places : to Pekin, on 
II. r., 180 ms. ; to St. Peter's r. about 400 ms. 
above Fever r. ; to Fort Leavenworth, about 
400 ms., and Franklin, about 200 ms. on the 
Mo., and to Pittsburgh. The trip to New Or- 
leans and back is ordinarily made in 18 to 24 
days. Beside an extensive business in articles 
of foreign produce, that derived from, the lead 
mines forms an important branch ; provisions, 
beef, pork, &c. are considerable articles of 
export. St. Louis is also the general depot of the 
American fur company. Four or five newspa- 
pers are published here ; there are grist and 
saw mills, wliich are operated by steam, brewe- 
ries and distilleries, and an iron foundry ; a 
marine rail.way has been recently constructed. 
A steam ferry-boat plies to II. t., directly oppo- 
site, on the Misp., which rises here not unfre- 
quently from 18 to 2.5 ft. St. Louis was origi- 
nally settled from Canada ; beside native Amer. 
leans, the population now consists of English, 
French, Irish, and Germans ; and it is a place 
of much resort for adventurers from various 
countries. Pop. 1810, 1,600; 1820, 4,598; 
1830, 6,694, of whom 1,668 were slaves, and 
287 free colored persons. 

Saint Marks, small r. of Flor., which has 
gained importance from its position, rising be- 
tween the Ocklockonne and Oscilla rs. and to 
the s. of Tallahassee. From this limestone re- 
gion it flows 10 or 1 2 ms. to the s. e., receives 
tlie WalkuUy from the n. e., and takes the name 
of Appalache at the village of Saint Marks. 
(See Appalache.) If we compare the navigable 
iacilities of Saint Mark's r. by either branch, 
with the length of the streams, we are struck 
with the disparity. Neither branch has 35 ms. 
comparative course from head to entrance into 
the gulf of Mexico, and yet large boats ascend 
both branches to near their sources. *' In the 
winter of 1826," says Williams in his Florida, 
" The Franklin schooner came up to the fort 
(Saint Marks) drawing 9 ft. water; but 7 is as 
much as can be depended on." 

Saint Marks, p-v. at the head of Appalache 
r., and junction of Saint Mark and Walkully rs., 
by p-r. 22 ms. s. s. e. Tallahassee. This is the 
port of Tallahassee for sail vessels, though boats 
are navigated 10 ms. still higher. (>S'ee art. St. 
Mark's r.) 

Saint Martin's, r. a small stream of the n. 
estrn. angle of Worcester co. Md. The ex- 
treme source is in Sussex co. Del., but flowing 
s. E. it enters Worcester co. Md., and falls into 
the nthrn. arm of Sinepuxent bay, and opposite 
Fenwick's isl. 

Saint Martins, p-v. n. estrn. part Worcester 
CO. Md., on Saint Martin's r., 20 ms. n. n. e. 
Snowhill, the co. seat, and by p-r. 144 ms. s. e. 
by E. W. C. 

Saint Martins, upper parish of Attacapas, 
La. bndd, by Lafayette parish s, w., Saint Lan- 



dr6 or Opelousas w, n. w. and n., Atchafalaya 
r., separatfng it from West Baton Rouge n. e., 
parish of Iberville e.. Ascension s. e., and Saint 
Mary's or lower Attacapas s. Length from e. 
to w. 60 ms.,' mean breadth 30, and area 1,800 
sq. ms. Lat. 30°, and long. W. C. 15° w. in. 
tersect near New Iberia, the port of the parish. 
The estrn. part of this parish between Atchafa- 
laya r. and the prairies e. of Teche r., is liable 
to annual su'jmersion, and covered with a dense 
forest of such trees as are natural to inun- 
dated land, such as water white oak, willow, 
bitter nut hickory, sweet gum, tupeeloo gum, 
cypress, &c. This section is uninhabitable, but 
with the prairie land a different soil and aspect 
is presented. The central section is traversed 
by the Teche, and the western by Vermillion 
r., both streams flowing southwardly, and upon 
both, extend along their banks narrow lines of 
wood land ; the intermediate surface prairie. 
Near the r. banks the soil is exuberantly fer- 
tile, and sufficiently elevated for cultivation. 
Sugar cane has been cultivated on the Teche 
in this parish, but is evidently too far n., and too 
much exposed to the sweeping n. w. winds to be 
made a profitable staple. Cotton succeeds well, 
as also Indian corn, rice, indigo, &c. The 
peach and fig are the principal fruits. Live 
stock is, however, the most valuable staple. Cf. 
t. Saint Martinsville. Pop. 1830, 6,442, of 
whom 4,301 were slaves. 

Saint Martinsville, p-v. and st. jus. Saint 
Martin's parish. La., is on the right bank of 
Teche r. 35 ms. a little e. of s. Saint Landre', 
1 1 ms. s. New Iberia, and by p-r. 176 ms. a very 
little N. of w. New Orleans. This village rose, 
after the establishment of the U. S. government, 
around Saint Martin's church. It extends 
chiefly in one street along the high bank of 
Teche. Pop. about 300. Lat. 30° 09', long. 
14° 56' w. W. C. 

Saint Mary's, an important r. of the Atlantic 
slope of the U. S. in Geo. and Flor. As delin- 
eated on our maps, this river has its extreme 
northwestern source in Ware county, Geo., at 
lat. 31°, between the Santilla r., and the Alapa- 
paha, a branch of Suwannee. Flowing thence 
by a course a little e. of s., and receiving large 
accessions of water from the westward, the 
Saint Mary's reaches its great bend at lat. 30° 
21', having become a boundary at lat. 30° 36' 
(nearly) between Geo. and Flor. Inflecting ab- 
ruptly to the E. about 5 ms., turns again equally 
abruptly to the northward, and flows about 35 
ms. comparative course almost reverse to its 
original direction, to the influx of Spanish river 
from the nrthrd. and from Geo. Once more 
this singular r. bends at very nearly right an. 
gles, and by a comparative course of a little s. 
of E., reaches the Atlantic between Amelia and 
Cumberland isl. The basin of Saint Mary's r., 
extending from lat. 30" to 31°, is about 80 ms. 
in length from e. to w., with a mean breadth of 
30 ms.; area 2,40o ms. ; having the basin of 
Saint John's s. e., Suwannee w., and Santilla n. 
The following description is given by the U. S. 
engineers. " Saint Mary's r. takes its rise out 
of the extensive swamps which are on the Geo. 
line, and stretch between the head branches of 
Saint Mary's and Suwannee rivers. These 



SAI 



473 



SAI 



swamps, called emphatically dismal swamps, 
are generally covered with a thick growth of 
bay trees, vines and undergrowth. At some 
places, short bay bushes, at others sedge grass, 
are the only growth. No lake or natural re- 
servoir of importance is to be found ; but on 
account of the great extent of the swamps, 
draining both ways, into the Suwannee and 
Saint Mary's rs., these streams are subject to 
high freshets during the rainy season, or after a 
sudden heavy rain. At the upper fork of Saint 
Mary's r., the rise of freshets is about six feet. 
In following the windings of the river, the dis- 
tance from the Atlantic to the very head of 
the stream, 13 miles above the upper fork, is 
about 105 ms. The summit point of the ridge 
between the Atlantic ocean and the gulf of 
Pvlexico, has been found 1.52 feet. Saint Ma- 
ry's r. itself flovk's generally through narrow 
strips of wet hammocks. The banks immedi- 
ately adjoining are high, their soil sandy, their 
growth pine. The greatest depth of water on 
the bar, at the entrance of St. Mary's harbor, is 
as much as 22 feet during spring tides, when 
easterly winds have blown for a considerable 
time, and 13^ ft. only at low tide. The tide is 
felt as far up as Barbour's plantations, 50 ms. 
from the mouth of the r. The commodious har- 
bor at the mouth of Saint Mary's r., presenting 
on the bar a depth of 13^ ft. at low vv^ater, and 
19^ ft. at common high tide, is susceptible of 
defence, and derives a great importance from 
the circumstance of being the only good harbor 
from the boundaries of Geo. to Flor. Point." 

Saint Mart's, r. of Ohio and Ind., has its re- 
mote source in Shelby co. Ohio, and assuming 
a northwestern course traverses Mercer and 
Vanwert cos. of Ohio, enters Indiana, and min- 
gles at Fort Wayne, in Allen co., with the St. 
Joseph's r. to form*the Maumee, after a com- 
parative course of 60 ms. The valley of Saint 
Mary's lies between those of upper Wabash, 
and au Glaize, branch of Maumee. 

Saint Mary's strait, between Chippeway co. 
Mich., and Upper Canada, unites lakes Hpron 
and Superior. Taken in its utmost extent, the 
straits of Saint Mary extend n. w. and s. e. 75 
ms. from the passage between Drumraond's and 
Saint Joseph's isls., to Maple isls. in lake Su- 
perior. From Maple isls. to the cataract of St. 
Mary, is about 30 ms. In this higher section 
the strait gradually narrows, and is but little in- 
terspersed with isls. At the Sault or Chute, 
between fort Brady, and the British Hudson's 
Bay company's factory, the water is contracted 
to about I mile, and rushes over a ledge of 
rocks. This part of the strait is navigable, 
with some more difficulty than real danger, by 
vessels of 6 ft. water. Below the cataract the 
strait becomes and continues to be divided into 
two channels by George and Saint Joseph's isls. 
These channels are similar to the Belts in Den- 
mark which unite the Baltic and Scaggerac 
seas. The southwestern channel on the side 
of Michigan, is again subdivided by Sugar isl. 
20 ms. long, and some other smaller isls., but 
after winding 50 ms. opens into lake Huron, 
between Drummond's isl. and the promontory 
of The True Detour. The eastern channel or 
strait along the Canada shore, stretches from 



the cataract ot Saint Mary 40 miles and ter- 
minates in Manitou bay of lake Huron. The 
entire fall from the level of lake Superior to 
that of Huron is about 23 ft. From recent and 
accurate observation, it has been clearly estab- 
lished that the rocks in Samt Mary's strait are 
slowly yielding to the impression of floods and 
ice, and that the surface of lake Superior is 
lowering. {See art. Sault de Saint Mary.) 

Saint Mary's, p-o. Chester co. Pa., by p-r. 
139 ms. N. E. W. C, 

Saint Mary's, co. Md., bndd. by the Poto- 
mac s. which separates it from Northumber- 
land and Westmoreland cos. Va., Charles co. 
Md. w. and n. w., Patuxent river separating it 
from Calvert co. Md. s. e., and Chesapeake bay 
E. Length from Point Lookout at the mouth of 
Potomac to the nrthwstrn. angle 38 ms., mean 
breadth 10, and area 380 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 03' 
to 38° 30', long. W. C. 0° 12' to 0° 41' e. 
Though bndd. by the Patuxent on the n. e., the 
slope is southward towards the Potomac, and 
in that direction flow the Saint Mary's, Brit- 
ton's and Wicomico rs. These brief but im- 
portant water courses are navigable bays for 
some distance from the Potomac, and the Wi- 
comico by its relative course with the Patuxent, 
nearly insolates the co. This point or peninsu- 
la, now Saint Mary's co., was the cradle of Md.; 
it was there, that in 1632, Calvert's colony was 
founded, and where the seat of the government 
of Md. continued 67 years, until in 1699 it was 
permanently fixed at Annapolis. Cf. t. Leon- 
ardtown. Pop. 1820, 12,974; 1830, 13,459. 

Saint Mary's, sea port and p-v. at the mouth 
of Saint Mary's r., and in the sthestrn. angle of 
Camden co. Geo. It is situated directly w. of 
the entrance between Cumberland and Amelia 
isls., 80 ms. by land, a little w. of s. Darien, and 
235 ms. s. s. e. Milledgeville. Lat. 30° 42', 
long. W. C. 4°^ 48' w. "This place from its po- 
sition must become one of great importance, but 
hitherto the want of pop. on the basin of Saint 
Mary's r. has retarded its increase. 

Saint Mary's, or Lower Attacapas, parish of 
La., bndd. n. w. and n. by Saint Martin's parish, 
Atchafalaya r. n. e., separating it from Ascen- 
sion N. E., and Assomption e. ; parish of Terre 
Bonne s. e., the Gulf of Mexico s., and Vermil. 
lion bay separating it from the parish of Lafay- 
ette w. Length parallel to the Teche river 50 
ms., and independent of the deep indentings of 
Vermillion, Cote Blanch, and Atchafalaya bays, 
and the surface of lake Chetimaches, the mean 
breadth of the land surface is about 20 ms. ; 
and area 1,000 sq. ms. Central lat. 29° 45', 
long. W. C. 30° 40' w. Lying entirely below 
lat. 30°, Saint Mary's parish is in all its extent 
within the climate suitable to the growth of su- 
gar cane, and the soil being without exception 
highly fertile, where of sufficient elevation to 
admit culture, sugar is a standing staple of the 
parish. The Atchafalaya r. and Teche r. afford 
a navigable channel of 8 ft. to the centre of Saint 
Mary's parish, and of 3 or 6 ft. to New Iberia 
in Saint Martin's. The general course of the 
Teche from New Iberia to its mouth into Atcha. 
falaya is s. e. by e., with a channel sweeping- 
very large bends. The lines of woodland along 
this stream narrow until near the mouth ; soil 



SAI 



474 



SAL 



on both banks first rate. As in Saint Martin's, 
the annually inundated part of Saint Mary's to- 
wards Atchafalaya, is covered with a dense for- 
est. On the contrary side of Teche towards the 
Gulf of Mexico, the general surface is prairie ; 
near the Teche, and some other streams, com- 
paratively high and arable, but sinking into im- 
mense grassy morasses near the Gulf bays ; 
timber, where found, mostly stands in detached 
clumps. Along the Gulf shore of this parish, 
occur those remarkable hills, called Petite An- 
se, Grand Cote, Cote Blanche, and Belle Isle. 
These hills rise on the shores of the bays, and 
though surrounded by marsh, rise far above any 
other land s. of Upper Opelousas. They are 
composed of very productive soil, and in their 
natural state were covered with dense forests. 
Neither of these hills exceed 1^ ms. in length; 
their timber distinct (except live oak which 
abounds on both), from that along the Teche, 
and other streams of Saint iViary's. Sugar, 
cotton, rice, indigo, tobacco and live stock, are 
the staples ; fruits, fig, peach, and some apples. 
Cf. t. Franklin. Pop. 6,442. 

Saint Mary's, p-v. on Saint Mary's r., and in 
the estrn. part of Mercer co. O., by p-r. 1 1 1 ms. 
N. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 92. 

Saint Michael's, small r. or cr. of Talbot co. 
Md., extends first southward l(i ms. past the t. 
of Saint Michael's, until within little more than 
1 mile from Tread Haven bay, when it bends 5 
or 6 ms. towards the n. e. To the w. of Saint 
Michael's r. extends a peninsula, to which that 
name is often applied. 

Saint Michael's, sea-port and p-v. on the 
western side of Saint Michael's bay, and in Tal- 
bot CO. Md., by p-r. 12 ms. n. w. by w. Easton, 
the CO. St. and 72 a very little s. of e. W. C 

Saint Peter's, a large and important conflu- 
ent of the Misp. r., rises at lat. 45° 40', long. W. 
C. 20° w. interlocking sources with the highest 
fountains of Red r. branch of the Assiniboin ; it 
flows thence 160 ms. to the s. e. by e., and at a 
mean distance of about 55 ms. in a very remark- 
able manner parallel to the course of the Misp. 
r. Having reached its most sthrn. bend at the 
influx of Blue Earth r., St. Peter's inflects very 
nearly at right angles, and assuming anrthestrn. 
direction 70 miles, falls into the right side of 
Misp. r. immediately below the falls of St. An- 
thony, after an entire course of 230 ms. There 
is a very short portage between Bigstone lake 
of St. Peter's and lake Traverse of Red r., and 
the two, in the advance of civilized settlement, 
may afford a highly important channel of com. 
mercial intercommunication between the two 
great slopes of central N. A. On examination 
it is evident, that the Red r. branch of Assini- 
boin, St. Peter's, and Des Moines rs., flow along 
sections of one great valley. The importance 
of these streams is just becoming visible. 

Saint Regis, vil. Saint Lawrence co. N. Y., 
45 ms. E. N. E. Ogdensburgh, on Saint Regis r. 
at the mouth in the Saint Lawrence. Lat. 45°. 

Saint Stephens, p-v. and st. jus. Washington 
CO. Ala., on the right bank of Tombigbee r., 70 
ms. N. Mobile, and by p-r. 162 a little w. of s. 
Tuscaloosa. Lat. .31° 33', long. W. C. 11° 10' 
w. It stands at the head of schooner navigation 
in Tombigbee, is the seat of an academy, con- 



tains a printing office, and a pop. of 1,000, or 
1,200. 

Saint Tammany, parish of La., bndd. n. w. by 
Tangipao r. separating it from Saint Helena, n. 
by the parish of Washington, e. Pearl r. sepa- 
rating it from Hancock co. Misp., and s. by lake 
Pontchartrain. Length 70 ms. from the mouth 
of Pearl r. to the extreme nrthwstrn. angle on 
Tangipao r. ; mean breadth 15 ms., and area 
1,050 sq. ms. Lat. 30° and long. 13° w. W. C. 
intersect very near the centre of this parish. 
Slope s. E., and traversed by Chifuncte r. The 
surface rises from lake Pontchartrain into hills 
covered with pine and other timber. Soil gen. 
erally sterile, (f. t. Covington. Pop. 1820, 
1,723 ; 1830, 2,864. 

Saint Thomas, tsp. and p-v. Franklin co. Pa., 
9 ms. w. of Chambersburg, and by p-r. 97 ms. 
N. w.W. C. Pop. tsp. 1,771. 

Salem, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 30 ms. s. 
w, Portsmouth, 30 s. e. Concord ; with 15,600 
acres ; has an uneven surface, a soil generally 
good, and is crossed by Spiggot river, which, 
with its numerous tributaries, affords many 
mill seats. Policy, World's End, and Captain's 
ponds are the principal sheets of water. Pop. 
1,302. 

Salem, t., Orleans co. Vt., 49 ms. n. Mont- 
pelier ; first settled 1798 ; contains 17,330 
acres, and is crossed by Clyde r., which falls 
into Salem or Derby pond, on the boundary line. 
South bay of lake Memphremagog enters the 
town on the w. There are no mill sites. The 
soil is generally good, and the surface level. 
The trees are various. Pop. 230. 

Salem, p-t. seaport, and capital of Essex co. 
■Mass. 14 ms. n. n. e. Boston, 24 s. Newbury, 
port, 4 ms. n. w. Marblehead, and 450 n. e. W. 
C. is the second town in the state for popula. 
tion, wealth, and commercial importance, being 
inferior only to Boston. Its lat. is 42° 30' n., 
and its long. 6° e. W. C. Salem is the oldest 
settlement in New England except Plymouth, 
having been settled in 1628. Its Indian name 
was Naumkeag, or Naumkeek, by which title 
it was long designated. Its settlement was 
commenced by John Endicott, for a company in 
England, which had purchased the place ofthe 
Plymouth company. He erected dwellings, 
&c. and in 1629, ships to the number of 11 
came out, bringing 1,500 persons, by whom 
were commenced the settlements at Boston, 
Charlestown, Dorchester, &c. John Winthrop 
was appointed governor, and Thomas Dudley, 
deputy governor, by charter, and as they resi- 
ded at Boston, that place became the seat of 
government for the colony. Two hundred of 
the settlers died at Salem in the first winter. 
The territory then included the present tsps. of 
Danvers, Beverly and Marblehead. The first 
cases of witchcraft, which excited pubHc atten. 
tion so much in the early periods of New Eng- 
land, occurred here. The persons first tried on 
this singular accusation lived in what now is 
Danvers. Many trials tOok place in Salem, and 
many executions on the neighborboring emi- 
nence called Witch.hill. Roger Williams, who 
colonized Rhode Island, was once a pastor 
here, and Bowditch, the mathematician, and 
Timothy Pickering, secretary of state of the U. 



SAL 



475 



SAL 



S. were both natives of Salem. The British 
authority was resisted in Salem before the bat- 
tle of Lexington, for Colonel Leslie, who had 
come from Boston to remove some cannon 
thither, was prevented from entering the town 
by the removal of a draw bridge, &c. so 
that he was unable to accomplish his object. 
The town, though low, is pleasantly situated 
at the head of the bay formed by two inlets 
from the sea, and including a peninsula run- 
ning E. The soil is generally poor. About 
the neck of the peninsula are collected the 
principal part of the inhabitants, on a surface of 
about 1-2 a mile by 1 1-2 ms. The streets are 
generally beautiful and well built, mostly with 
wood, though with many brick, and some ele- 
gant buildings. They cross each other at right 
angles, with large open squares, bordering on 
which are the public buildings, some of which 
make a fine appearance. The common is 
beautiful, and planted with fine shade trees. 
The commercial prosperity of the place during 
the successful prosecution of an active trade 
with the East Indies and China, some years 
ago, adorned Salem with many splendid edifi- 
ces. This trade is still extensive though not so 
much so as formerly. North and South rs. are 
two arms of the bay between which the penin- 
sula extends. They are crossed by bridges 
which unite Salem to two considerable villages, 
or suburbs. The bridge over North r. con- 
necting Salem with Beverly is 1,500 ft. long. 
The harbor has too little water at ebb tide to 
allow all desirable facilities for commerce ; 
vessels of large burden not being able to lie at 
the wharves, and those drawing more than 12 
ft. water being commonly lightened before 
coming up to the town. An important work 
has been commenced, by which the town will 
be suppUed with considerable water power. By 
a dam across the North r., and a canal across 
the neck, the tide may be made to put in mo- 
tion a large amount of machinery. By this en- 
terprising improvement, the manufactures of 
Salem will doubtless be much increased. 
Among the public buildings, are a court house, 
the market house, the atheneum, the orphan 
asylum, churches, &c. The Atheneum is on 
Essex street, and the alms house, hospital and 
2 forts are on the neck. The atheneum has a 
library of 5,000 volumes. The marine museum 
is a valuable collection of rare curiosities from 
all parts of the world, contributed by the mem- 
bers of the East India marine society who are 
all nautical or commercial men, and who es- 
tablished the society with a view to promote a 
knowledge of East Indian navigation and trade, 
and to aid indigent members and their families. 
There are in Salem 9 banks, which in 1831, 
made half yearly dividends of from 2 1-2 to 3 
1-2 per cent. There are also 6 insurance offi- 
ces, 15 churches, school houses, &c. The 
schools, of which there are between 20 and 30, 
are flourishing and well supported, and com- 
mon education is placed on a footing highly 
creditable to the people, and proportioned to its 
real importance. The town also contains 16 
tanneries, 11 twine and cordage factories, and 
2 white lead manufactories, moved by steam 
power : one of them makes 600 tons annually, 



beside a large quantity of the sugar of lead, 
and the other 1,000,000 lbs., half of which is 
called German white lead, manufactured on 
a secret plan, for the knowledge of which 
,^10,000 were paid. Ten thousand gallons 
of oil are consumed in the preparation of the 
German white lead alone. The iron com- 
pany makes 500 tons into hoops annually. 
There are 15 or 20 vessels employed in the 
coasting trade, many others in lumber, wood, 
&c., and in Jan. 1833, there were 26 ships, 8 
barks, 67 brigs and 10 schooners, employed in 
foreign trade. In 1781, 52 vessels, mounting 
746 guns, which were engaged in privateering, 
were owned in this place. The churches of 
Salem are 4 Unitarian, 3 Congregational, 2 
Baptists, 1 Episcopal, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 
Methodist, 1 Quaker, 1 Christ-ians, and 1 Uni- 
versalist. Pop. 1810, 12,613, 1820, 12,731, and 
in 1830, 13,895. 

Salem, p-t. New London co. Conn. 29 miles 
s. E. Hartford, lies e. of East Haddam, Mid- 
dlesex CO., has Gardner's lake on the n. e. 
border, and a few small streams flowing s. w. 
into Conn, river. The surface is uneven. Fop. 
958. 

Salem, p-t. and half capital, Washington co. 
N. y. 46 ms. N. e. Albany, 21 s. e. Sandy-Hill, 
w. Vermont, and has Battenkill cr. s. Several 
streams flow into this, and the town is well 
supplied with mill sites. The land near the 
streams in some places presents fine meadows. 
Pop. 2,972. 

Salem, p.v. and incorporated village, Salem, 
Washington co. N. Y. 46 miles from Albany. 

Salem, co. N. J. bndd. by Gloucester co. n. 
and N. E., Cumberland co. s. e. and s., Delaware 
bay w., which separates it from Pa. contains 9 
tsps. ; the cf. t. is Salem. Oldman's cr. forms 
the north boundary, Maurice r. part of the e. 
and Stow cr. the s. e. Salem r. rises in the e. 
part, flows w. by n. then s. and empties into Sa- 
lem cove, on the Delaware, a little below fort 
Delaware. South of this, and opposite Reedy 
isL, is the mouth of AUoway's creek which, as 
well as Salem r. has a tract of marshy land 
along the lower part of its course. This co. 
enjoys the advantage of navigation on the w. 
where it is washed by the Delaware. The 
streams supply mill sites, which are used. A 
small canal extends from the bend of Salem 
river to the Delaware. Pop. 1820, 14,022, 
1830, 14,155. 

Salem, p-t. and st. jus. Salem co. N. J. 65 
ms. s. w. Trenton, 20 ms. n. w. Bridgetown, 
and 37 s. w. Phil., is a small town at the head of 
navigation for vessels of 50 tons, on Salem r., 
3i ms. from its mouth in Delaware bay. It has 
Fenwiek's cr. n. and Salem r. on a part of its w. 
boundary. Pop. 1,570. 

Salem, p.v. sthrn. part of Botetourt co. Va., 
60 ms. a little s. of w. Lynchburg, and by p-r. 
256 ms. s. w. W. C. It is situated in the great 
valley between the Blue Ridge and Kittatinny 
or North mtn., at an elevation of about 1,020 ft. 
above the level of the Atlantic. The Roanoke 
is thus far navigable for boats. (See article 
roads and canals, head of Roanoke.) 

Salem, p-v. sthrn. part Stokes co. N. C. by 
p-r. 113 ms. a little n. of w. Raleigh. 



SAL 



476 



SAL 



Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Sumpter dist., S. 
C. by p-r. 72 ms. a. e. Columbia. 

Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Clarke co. Geo. by 
p-r. 58 ms. n. Milledgeville. 

Salem, p-v. sthrn. part of Franklin co. Ten. 
by p-r. 10 ms. s. w. Winchester, the co. st. and 
92 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Salem, p-v. and st. jus. Livingston co. Ky. by 
p-r. 245 ras. s. w. by w. J w. Frankfort, and 35 
ms. s. Shawneetown in II. lat. 37° l5', long. W. 
C. Ilo20'w. Pop. 28L 

Salem, p-v. Columbiana co. O., by p-r. 10 
ms. N. w. New Lisbon, the co. st. and 157 ms. 
N. E. by e. Columbus. Pop. 56. 

Salem, p-v. and st. jus. Washington co. Ind., 
by p-r. 91 ms. s. Indianopolis, and 33 ms. n. w. 
Louisv.ille, in Ky. Lat. 38° 37', long. W. C. 9° 
06' w. Pop. about 1,000. 

Salem, p-v. and st.jus. Marion co. II. by p-r. 
26 miles s. e. Vandalia, and 74 miles e. St. 
Louis, in Mo. Lat. 38° 40', long. W. C. 12° 
west. 

Salem Cross Roads, and p.o. wstrn. part of 
Westmoreland co. Pa. 8 ms. westward Greens, 
burg, the co. st. and by p.r. 200 miles n. w. 
W. C. 

Salem Fauquier, p-v. nrthrn. part Fauquier 
CO. Va. by p-r. 63 ms. w. W. C. 

Salina, p-t. and st. jus. Onondaga co. N. Y., 
130 ms. w. Albany, and 5 ms. n. Onondaga, is 
of irregular form, though bndd. by right lines, 
and includes the lower part of Onondaga r., 
and all Onondaga or Salina lake, with many of 
the salt springs on its shore, and extends to 
Oswego r. The manufacture of salt by artifi. 
cial heat is carried on to a great extent in this 
town, and creates an active business on the 
branch canal which extends from Syracuse to 
the village. The navigation has been opened 
in the opposite direction, by the Oswego canal, 
to the mouth of Oswego river and lake Ontario. 
The pumps by which water is supplied to the 
salt works here, are at Syracuse and Geddes, 
which, as well as Liverpool, are salt making 
villages, in this town. Syracuse is large and 
very flourishing ; indeed the general increase 
of inhabitants and wealth in this town since this 
branch began to be extensively carried on, has 
been remarkably great. The number of manu- 
factories of salt by artificial heat in Salina, is 
135, containing 3,076 kettles. The manufac- 
tories making salt by solar heat or evaporation, 
are, the Onondaga salt company, the Syracuse 
salt company and Henry Gifford's works ; in 
all, consisting of 1,303,024 superficial feet of 
lots. In the 4 villages above mentioned there 
are (1832,) 125 manufactories of salt, besides 
two companies whose vats for solar evapora- 
tion would extend in a continuous line about 15 
miles each. In 1831, there were nearly a 
million and a half of bushels salt manufactur- 
ed. The great salt spring is situated on the 
edge of the Oswego canal, at a short distance 
from the shore of the lake, in the village 
of Salini. It is in a soft alluvial soil, and 
was formerly a marsh, till the surface of the 
lake was lowered a few years ago. On the 
bank of the canal there is a large building, 
containing the immense reservoir which sup- 
plies the manufacturers for several miles around. 



Two immense iron pipes, on an inclined plane, 
throw up the water by two forcing pumps, 
which are worked by a large water wheel, 
driven by water taken from the canal. The 
spring supplies three pumps with water. The 
reservoir, the house, and the buildings attached, 
have a singular bronzed appearance, inter- 
spersed with salt incrustations. Close to this 
building there is another reservoir and set of 
forcing pumps making, which will be ready for 
use whenever they are required by the manu- 
factures. The old spring ^in use a few years 
ago, is now superseded by a new one recently 
discovered, which is much stronger and better 
than the old one. There is at Syracuse, a court 
house, several churches, large hotels, and hand- 
some private edifices, with an active country 
trade. Pop. tsp. 1830, 6,929. 

Saline r. of La. rises in Claiborne parish, be. 
tween Dugdomen and Black rs., and flowing 
sthrd. 50 ms. falls into the Rigolet de Bordien, 
8 or 9 ms. e. of the village of Natchitoches. 

Saline, r. of Ark., draws its most remote 
sources from the Masserne mtns. about 20 ms. 
w. Little Rock, and about lat. 34° 45'. Flowing 
thence by a course of a little e. ofs. 120 ms. 
falls into the left bankof Ouachitta, lat. 33° 10'. 
The valley of the Saline lies between those of 
the main Ouachitta, main Arkansas, and Bar- 
thelemy. 

Saline, r. of Illinois, rising by numerous 
branches in Johnson, Franklin and Hamilton 
cos. which unite in Gallatin and fall into Ohio 
r. about 5 ms. below Shawneetown, after a 
general estrn. course of 55 ms. The country 
drained by it is very broken. The U. S. pos- 
sess extensive salt works on it, and from which 
the name is derived. 

Saline co. Mo., bndd. s. e. by Cooper, s. un- 
certain, Lafayette w., and the Missouri r. on all 
other sides ; independent of an uncertain sthrn. 
extension that part on Mo. is about equal to a 
square of 30 ms. each side, 900 sq. ms. Lat. 
33°, and long. W. C. 16° w. intersect in this 
CO. The Missouri r. semicircling the co. gives 
it a border of near 70 ms. on that stream, the 
lower part of which flows to the w. of s. It is 
towards this bend of Missouri that the slope of 
the CO. falls ; it is consequently to the estrd. 
and in that direction drained by Mine r. and its 
branches. Cf. t. as given in the p-o. list. Walnut 
Farm. Pop. 2,873. 

Saline, p-v. sthrn, part of Washtenau co. 
Mich., on the head of a cr. of the same name, 
by p-r. 52 ms. a little s. of w. Detroit. 

Salisbury, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H. 15 ms. n. 
Concord, 78 n. n. w. Boston, w. Pemigewasset 
and Merrimack rs. The latter is formed here 
by the junction of the Pemigewasset and Win- 
nipiseogee rs., near which point is the head of 
boat navigation. Black r. is in the west. Black 
and yellow oak, white, pitch, and Norway pine 
abound, and formerly the hills, which are now 
chiefly devoted to pasturage, were covered 
with maple, beech, birch, &c. There are val- 
uable meadows on Blackwater r., and 300 acres 
in a bend of the Merrimack. Kearsarge mtn. 
in the n. w. corner, has its summit a little be- 
yond the line. It is a mass of granite, which 
rock prevails through the town. First settled 



SAL 



424 



SAL 



1750. Several of the inhabitants were carried 
t:aptive to Canada in the last French war. Pop. 
1,379. 

Salisbury, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 34 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 40 s. Burlington, is small and in the 
centre of the co. First settled, 1775, by a sin- 
gle family. Otter cr. bounds it w., Middlebury 
river is n., and Leicester r. s. Lake Dunmore, 
about 2 ms. by 4, lies partly in this town. Its 
outlet, Leicester r., supplies water power to a 
manufacturing village. The soil is good, the 
surface uneven except w. where are meadows. 
The Green mtns. are e. There are several 
Swamps, and a large cavern. Pop. 907. 

Salisbury, p.t. Essex co, Mass. 35 ms. n. e. 
Boston, s. New Hampshire, w. Atlantic, n. of 
Merrimack r., and e. of Powow r., enjoys great 
advantages for trade, agriculture and manufac- 
tures. It has 2 long and' expensive bridges, one 
leading to Newbury and the other to Newbury- 
port. One of the villages at the Point, has 
been a place of much ship building. The vil. 
lage of Amesbury mills stands on both sides of 
the river and part of it is in this town. Tiiese 
manufactories here make excellent flannels, 
and a large amount of cotton goods, &c. The 
descent of the r. at the falls is nearly 40 ft. in 
about 220 yards, and the sites for machinery 
are very valuable. The soil of the town is gen. 
erally good ; in the e. is an extensive salt marsh, 
and a beach on the shore, which is frequented 
for bathing &c. First settled, 1638, the first 
spot on Merrimack r. inhabited by whites. The 
general court sat here in 1737, in relation to 
the boundary. Pop. 2,519. 

Salisburv, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 ms. n. 
w. Hartford, GO n. n. w. New Haven, is rough 
and mountainous, and contains valuable iron 
mines and many forges, furnaces, and iron man- 
ufactories, liousatonic r., which bounds it 
east, affords abuadant water power, descending 
in Olio place 30, and another GO ft. perpendicu- 
larly, and flows over rapids below aJDOut 550 
yards. Scythes, anchors, screws, gun barrels, 
&c. are made here, while a large amount of ore 
is smelted annually, and considerable quantities 
transported. It is about 6 ms. by 9, with 58 sq. 
ms. The vallies are generally limestone, and 
the hills granite. Much of the soil is good, and 
bears a great deal of wheat, while it is also fa- 
vorable to other crops. There are 4 fish ponds, 
and Salmon river which crosses the town s. e., 
aflbrds valuable mill seats. First settled 1720, 
by three Dutch families, from the state of New 
York. Pop. 2,580. 

Salisbury, p-t. Herkimer co., N. Y., 21 ms. 
northeast Utica, northeast Hamilton co. The 
West brancli of East Canada cr. and the East 
branch of West Canada cr. rise here, and East 
Canada cr. forms a part of the southeast boun- 
dary. Spruce creek is a valuable mill stream. 
Pop. 1,999. 

Salisbury, p-v. Lancaster co., in a tsp. of the 
same name, 12 ms. east Lancaster, and by p-r. 
12.J ms. northeast W. C. 

Salisbury, p-v. on the extreme northeastern 
margin of Somerset co. Md. 17 ms. n. n. e. 
Princess Ann, the co. st. and by p-r. 128 ms. s. 
JE. by E. W. C. 

Salisbury, p-v. and st, jus. Rowan co., N. 

61 



C, by p-r. 118 ms. west Raleigh, and 51 ms. a 
little N. of E. Lincolnton ; lat. 36= 40', Ion"-. W. 
C. 3°24'w. Pop. 1,613 

Salisbury, p-v. Meigs co. O., by p-r. 106 ms. 
southeast Columbus. 

Salisbury Mills, p-v. Blooming Grove, Or- 
ange CO. N. Y. on Murderer's cr. 6 ms. west 
New Windsor. 

Salmon', r. Conn, rises in Tolland co. and 
with many small tributaries from that co., New 
London, Hartford and Middlesex cos., flows 
southerly through a rough, and romantic coun- 
try to Connecticut river which it enters in East 
liaddam. Il has a fall of 70 feet in that town, 
where it moves the machinery of several fac- 
tories. The banjos of one of its branches were 
in ancient times the residence of a tribe called 
the Moodus Indians, who were famed as magi- 
cians. 

Salmon, r. Oswego co. N. Y. crosses this 
CO. and falls into lake Ontario, where it forms a 
good harbor. Its course is about 45 ms. It is 
navigable 1 mile from the mouth, and in boats, 
at high water, 14 ms. to the falls in Orwell, at 
which place it is about 180 yards wide. 

Salmon, cr., N. Y. There are several streams 
bearing this name in the state, one in Cayuga 
CO. 19 ms. long ; one in Oswego co. 28 miles ; 
one in Franklin co. entering the St. Lawrence ; 
another in Monroe county entering Braddock's 
bay, &c. &c. 

Salmon, p-v. Franklin co. Ind. by p-r. 82 ms. 
s. E. by E. Indianopolis. 

Salmon Falls r. N. H. a part of the Piscata- 
quay, from its source to Berwick falls. 

S.\LT, r. of Ky. This stream is composed of 
two main and numerous minor branches. The 
main branches are Salt r. proper, and the Roll- 
ing Fork. Both branches have their extreme 
sources in Casey co., but thence diverge. Salt 
r. flows a little n. of w. parallel to and within 
5 or 6 ms. of Kentucky r. about 36 miles over 
Mercer into Nelson co., and thence assuming 
a wstrn. direction by comparative courses 60 
ms. receiving from the nrthrd. Broshear's and 
Floyd's forks, finally receives or rather unites 
with the Rolling fork between Meade and Bul- 
litt cos. Rolling fork is composed of two near- 
ly equal branches. Rolling fork proper and 
Chapiia's fork ; both having a s. w. by w. course 
of about GO ms. above their junction, and 20 ms. 
below to the union of their waters with that of 
Salt r. Below the union of its two constituent 
branches Salt r. flows about 15 ms. compara- 
tive course to the n. w., and to its influx into 
Ohio river at ShepherdsviUe, and almost on lat. 
38° and long. W. C. 9° w. Salt r. is a large 
stream in proportion to its length, and drains a 
triangle of 80 ms. base, with a perpendicular of 
50 ms., area 2,000 sq. ms. : comprising all the 
cos. of Washington, Nelson, Bullitt, Spencer, 
and Shelby ; with part of Meade, Plardiii, Ca- 
sey, Mercer, Oldham, and .Ieff"erson ; of course 
one of the finest regions of Ky. 

Salt, r. of Mo., has indeed its most remote 
source in the n. w. territory to the n. of Mo. 
between the valleys of tiie Des Moines and 
Chariton rs. as high as lat. 40° 50'. Flowing 
sthrd. about 20 or 30 ms. it enters Mo., and in- 
clining to a direction a little e. of s. by compar- 



SAN 



424 



SAN 



ative courses 100 ms. into Ralls co., where it 
receives numerous large crs. from the w. and 
s. and bonds to an estrn. course, which it main- 
tains about 50 ms. to its entrance into the Misp. 
in the northern part of Pike co. after an entire 
comparative course of 180 ms. The valley of 
the Mo. Salt r. has that of Des Moines n. e. ; 
Misp. E. ; Mo. s. ; and Chariton w. 

Salt cr., or Sugar cr. very improperly so 
called, is tlie main northern confluent of San- 
gamon r. II. It rises interlocking sources with 
those of Mackinaw and Sangamon rivers and 
draining part of Sangamon, Macon, Mc'Lean 
and Tazewell cos. flows by a general western 
course to its junction with Sangamon river in 
Sangamon co. after a comparative length of 75 
ms. ; and having drained an area of about 2,100 
sq. ms. (See Art. Sangavion r., head of Su- 
gar creek.) 

Salt Creek, p-v. Muskingum co. O. by p-r. 
10 ms. s. E. Zanesville, the co. St., and 69 miles 
E. Columbus. 

Salt Sulphur, springs and p-o. Munroe co. 
Va. by p-r. 270 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Saltzburg, p-v. wstrn. part Indiana co. Pa. 
situated on Kiskiminitas r. and on the Penn- 
sylvania canal, by p-r. 197 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Salubrity, p-v. Gadsden co. Flor. by p-r. 14 
ms. s. w. Tallahassee. 

Salvages, a reef of rocks off Sandy Bay, on 
the north shore of Cape Ann, Mass. 

Salvisa, p-v. Mercer co. Ky. by p-r. 21 ms. 
s. Frankfort. Pop. 39. 

Sampson, co. of N. C. bndd. by Nevvf Hano- 
ver 3., the estrn. branch of Cape Fear r. sepa- 
rating it from Bladen s. w., and Cumberland w. 
and N. w., by .Johnson and Wayne n., and Du- 
pline E. Length 40 ms., mean breadth 22, and 
area 880 sq. ms. Lat. 35° and long. W. C. 1° 
20' w. intersect in this co. Slope nearly due s. 
and drained by Black r. branch of Little Cape 
Fear r. Cf. t., Clinton. Pop. 1820, 8,903; 
1830, 11,634. 

Samptown, v. Piscataway, Middlesex co. N. 
J. on a small branch of the Raritan, near the 
N. w. corner of the co. 

Sam's Creek, p-v. estrn. part Frederick co. 
Md. about 20 ms. n. e. Frederick, and by p-r. 
63 ms. a little w. of n. W. C. 

Sanbornton, p-t. Strafford co. N. H. 20 ms. 
from Concord, 9 from Guilford, and 60 from 
Portsmouth, occupies a peninsula, formed by 
Great and Little bays, and Winnipiseogee r. e. 
and s., and Pemigewasset r. w. The union of 
these 2 streams in the s. w. angle of the t. forms 
the Merrimack. Salmon brook n. w. is the 
principal stream in the t. and affords a few mill 
seats, as does Winnipiseogee r. The land is 
rough, but good, and almost all fit for cultiva- 
tion. Sanbornton mtns. lie in the n. There is 
a remarkable chasm 38 ft. deep, and a mile long, 
in a rocky ridge ; and on the banks of the Win- 
nipiseogee are remains of an Indian fort. This 
work was formed of six stone walls, enclosing 
a piece of ground, within which implements of 
war, &c. have been found. The tsp. was first 
settled 1 765. There is an academy, one or two 
social libraries, and a fund for the support of the 
preaching of the gospel. Pop. 2,866. 

Sancoty Head, the east point of Nan- 



tucket island, Mass. in lat. 41° 16', long. 7° 
5' E. W. C. 

Sanders, p-v. Limestone co. Ala. by p-r. 149 
ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 

Sanders, p-v. Grant co. Ky. by p-r. 54 ms. 
s. s. w. Frankfort. 

Sanderson's, p-o. Goochland co. Va. by p-r. 
161 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Sandersville, p-v. Chester dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 67 ms. n. Columbia. 

Sandersville, p-v. and st. jus. Washington 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 27 ms. s. e. by e. Milledgeville. 
Lat. 32° 52', long. W. C. 5° .55' w. 

Sandersville, p-v. Vanderburgh co. Ind. by 
p-r. 158 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Sandgate, p-t. Bennington co. Vt. 20 ms. n. 
Bennington, 31 s. w. Rutland, e. N. Y. state, 
has a broken surface, with Sheltarack and Bald 
mtns. N. w.. Swearing hill s. w.. Red mtn. s. e., 
and part of Equinox mtn. n. e. It is watered 
by tributaries of White cr. and Battenkill, but 
ill supplied with mill seats. Pop. 933. 

Sandige's, p-o. Amherst co. Va. by p-r- 142 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Sandisfield, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 112 
ms. s. w. Boston, 22 s. e. Lenox, n. Conn., is 
crossed by Farmington r. s. e., on both sides 
of which rise steep and romantic banks. The 
soil is favorable to agriculture, and scattered 
with farm houses. Maple sugar is manufac- 
tured here in considerable quantities. Pop. 
1,655. 

Sandiston, p-t. Sussex co. N. J. 63 ms. n. 
Trenton, has Del. r. on the n. w. line, and Blue 
mtn. ridge along the e. boundary. Big and Lit- 
tle Flat crs. cross the t. Pop. 1,097. 

Sand Lake, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 11 
ms. E. Troy, has a rough surface, with many 
hills and much waste land. Crooked and Glass 
lakes are the principal of 6 ponds. There are 
few mill seats. Marie is found in considerable 
quantities. There are 3 vs. Sand Lake, Rens- 
selaer and Poestenkill. Pop. 3,650. 

Sandover, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by p-r. 
90 ms. wstrd, Columbus. 

Sandown, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 31 ms. 
s. E. Concord, is small, with only 8,532 acres. 
It is uneven, favorable to grain and grass, with 
several ponds, one of which, Philip's, gives 
rise to Squamscot r. This stream sometimes 
flows backwards towards its source. First 
settled 1736, then a part of Kingston. Pop. 
557. 

Sand's Point, North Hempstead, Queen's co. 
N. Y., the extremity of Cow Neck, a cape run- 
ning into Long Isl. sound, has a light houss, a 
little E. from Cow Bay. 

Sandton, p-v. Kershaw dist. S. C. by p-r. 55 
ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Sandusky, r. O. having its remote sources 
in Marion, Crawford, and Richland cos. inter- 
locking sources on the w. with those of Blan- 
chard's fork of auGlaize r., on the s. with those 
of Scioto ; and on the e. with those of White 
Woman's r. or the nrthwstrn. sources of Musk- 
ingum. Issuing from this table land the San- 
dusky assumes a nrthm. course, and after 
traversing Crawford and Seneca cos., enters 
Sandusky CO. where inflecting to the e. it opens 
into an oblong sheet of water from 1 to 3 ms. 



SAN 



479 



PAN 



wide, and about 20 in length. This small gulf 
is called Sandusky bay, but closed by two pro- 
jecting points ; on the estrn. extreme the water 
is confined to a narrow channel, admitting ves- 
sels of 6 or 7 ft. draught. (See Sandusky vil.) 

Sandusky, go. 0. bndd. by Huron co. e., Sen- 
eca s.. Wood w., Monroe co. of Mich. n. w. 
and lake Erie n. It is very nearly a square of 
28 ms. each side, area 784 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 
25', and long. 6° 06' w. intersect in this co. 
The sthrn. section slopes to the n., but towards 
the centre all the streams which traverse its 
surface curve in common to n. e. This is the 
case with Sandusky, Muddy, Portage and 
Toussaint rs. Between Sandusky bay and lake 
Erie extends a peninsula which is nearly equal- 
ly divided between Sandusky and Huron cos. 
There are tracts of good land in Sandusky, but 
the general features of its surface are low, and 
it is consequently wet. The asperity of soil is 
shown by the progressive population, which 
was in 1820, 852 ; 1830, 2,851. Cf. t. Lower 
Sandusky. 

Sandusky City, p-t. and port, of Portland tsp. 
Huron co. Mich, is situated on the s. side of 
Sandusky bay, 106 ms. n. Columbus, 200 n. e. 
Cincinnati, aljout 70 s. Detroit, and 415 n. w. by 
w. W. C. Lat. 41° 28', long. 5° 40' w. W. C. 
This is a flourishing town, has a fine harbor, 
and is well situated in reference4o trade. Ac- 
cording to Mr. Flint, early in 1832 it contained 
9 wharves, 10 stores, a ship yard, rope walk, 
printing office, several private schools, and 
numerous mechanics' shops. The amount 
of merchandize landed there was, ,^1,319,823. 
In 1830, upwards of 500 arrivals in the port, 
and the arrival and departure of 2,000 wagons, 
evinced the importance of its mercantile trans- 
actions. The Detroit and Buffalo steam boats 
touch here ; a rail road to Port Clinton is in 
contemplation, and a turnpike is now construct- 
ing to Columbus. The site of the town is ele- 
vated, dry, and pleasant. Sandusky is fre- 
quently erroneously called Portland. Pop. 593. 

Sandusky Cross Roads and p-o. Knox co. O. 
by p-r. 48 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Sandwich, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 70 ms. 
from Portsmouth, and 50 from Concord ; has 
part of the Sandwich mtn., a high ridge which 
terminates at Chocorua Peak in Burton. There 
are several other mtns. particularly Squam 
mtn. Bearcamp pond, part of Squam lake and 
r., and Red Hill r. are the chief waters in the 
town, and there are several mills. Pop. 2,744. 

Sandwich, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass. 54 ms. 
s. E. Boston, occupies the isthmus of the long 
and crooked peninsula of Cape Cod, and lies 
between Barnstable and Buzzard's bays. The 
soil is generally light and sandy, with exten- 
sive meadows, and the town is the most devo- 
ted to agriculture of any in the co. It has been 
heretofore proposed to open a canal navigable 
for ships, through this town, to save the long 
and dangerous circuit of the Cape to the coast- 
ing trade. Between Manumet and Scusset rs. 
the distance is short and the land low, so that 
the work might be accomplished at a moderate 
expense. There is a large pond near the cen- 
tre, and mills are supplied by a fall. Here is 
a large manufactory of glass, owned by the 



Boston and Sandwich glass co., by which more 
than one quarter of the population are sup- 
ported ; 96 of the workmen are heads of fami- 
lies, and nearly 200 men and boys are constant- 
ly employed. The first settlement was made 
from Lynn in 1637, under a grant from Ply- 
mouth colony. Much salt is made here from 
sea water. The town is much resorted to for 
trout fishing. There are 4 churches, Metho- 
dist, Calvinist, Unitarian, and Roman Catholic. 
Pop. 3,361. 

Sandy, r. Me. rises near the bounds of So- 
merset and Penobscot cos., flows s. into Ken- 
nebec CO., turns n. e. and enters Kennebec r. 
at Starks, Somerset co. 6 ms. n. Norridge- 
wock. 

Sandy, r. stream of Virginia and Kentucky, 
composed of two branches, called relatively 
East fork and West fork. East fork, the main 
constituent of Sandy, rises in the Appalachian 
valleys, interlocking sources with those of Great 
Kenhawa to the e., and with those of Holston 
and Clinch branches of Ten. r. to the s. e. Is- 
siiing from this elevated region, and draining 
part of Tazewell and Logan cos. Va., the Sandy 
r. pursues a n. w. direction by comparative 
courses 50 ms. to its passage through Cumber- 
land mtn. Becoming a boundary between Va 
and Ky., below the Cumberland chain, Sandy 
assumes a direction of n. n. w. 70 ms. separa- 
ting Logan and Cabell cos. of Va. from Floyd, 
Lawrence, and Greenup cos. of Ky. to its final 
influx into Ohio r. opposite Burlington, O. 
West Sandy rises in Russell and Tazewell cos. 
Va., and assuming a n. w. direction, pierces 
the Cumberland chain, enters Ky., and after 
traversing Pike and Floyd cos. bends to the 
nthrd. and joins East Sandy in Lawrence co. 
The valley of Sandy r. has that of Ten. r. s., Ky. 
s. w.. Licking w., that of Ohio n., Guyandot 
e., and Great Kenhawa s. e. It is about 100 
ms. long, mean width 35, and area 3,500 sq. 
ms. 

Sandy cr. Genesee co. N. Y., enters lake On- 
tario at Murray. 

Sandy, p-o. Columbiana co. O., about 140 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Sandy Bay, v. Gloucester, Essex co. Mass., 
is near the e. extremity of Cape Ann, and has a 
convenient harbor, exposed on the n. e., but 
improved by a breakwater constructed by the 
U. S. The inhabitants are devoted to fishing, 
in which about 100 vessels are employed. 

Sandy Bluff and p-o. on Illinois r. wstm. 
part of Morgan co. II., by p-r. 131 ms. n. w, 
Vandalia. 

Sandy Bridge and p-o. estrn. part of Carroll 
CO. Ten., by p-r. 94 ms. w. Nashville. 

Sandy Creek, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,839. 

Sandy Furnace and p-o. Venango co. Pa., by 
p-r. 283 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Sandy Grove, p-o. Chatham co. N. C, by p-r. 
64 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Sandy Hill, p-v. Kingsbury, Washington co. 
N. Y., near Baker's falls, just e. of Hudson r., 
on a pleasant level, 52 ms. n. Albany, near the 
junction of Champlain canal and Hudson r. It 
is a half capital of the eo. 

Sandy Hill, p-v. s. estrn. part of Worcester 



SAN 



480 



SAN 



CO. Md., 10 nis. sthrd. Snow Hill, the co. st., 
and by p-r. 174 ms. s. e. by e. W. C. 

Sandy Hook, Shrewsbury, Monmouth co. N. 
J., the s. cape of Raritaii bay, through wJiich is 
the em.rance to N. Y. bay. It is about 3 ms. long, 
with Shrewsbury r. and Sandy Hook bay w. ; and 
has a light house erected by the U.S. The sand 
fast extends the cape n., so that two light houses 
have been rendered useless by being left by 
the water. There are only 2 dwellings on the 
hook, with a few trees ; but the bay is often 
useful in e. storms. Shrewsbury r. sometimes 
flows across and isolates the hook. 

Sandy Hook, p-v. Culpepper co. Va^ by p-r. 
85 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Sandy MotJNT, p-v. sthrn. part of Greenville 
co.Va., by p-r. 75 ms. s. Richmond. 

Sandy Point, the n. extremity of Nantucket 
isl. Mass., 70° w. long. 41° 23' n. lat. 

Sandy Potnt, n. e. extremity of Barnstable 
CO. Mass., 69° 35' w. long., 41° 24' n. lat. 

Sandy River Church and p-o. sthrn. part of 
Prince Edward co. Va., by p-r. 79 ms. s. w. by 
w. Piichmond. This place takes its name from 
a small confluent of Appomattox r. 

Sandy Spring, or Stabler's p-o. and Friends 
meetinghouse, n. wstrn. part of Montgomery 
CO. Md., 28 ms. s. w. Baltimore, 9 ms. n. e. 
Rockville, and 19 ms. nearly due n. W. C. 
The adjacent country is peculiarly healthful 
and pleasant, and is elevated above tide water 
from 450 to 500 ft. It derives its name from 
a spring. 

Sandy Spring, p-v. s. e. part of Adams co. 0. 
by p-r. Ill ms. sthrd. Columbus. 

Sandyville, p-v. northeastern part of Tusca- 
rawas CO. O. by p-r. Il9 ms. n. e. by e. Colum- 
bus. 

Sanford, p.t. York co. Me. 94 ms. from Bos- 
ton, 20 ms. north from York, is of irregular 
form, with Kenncbunk r. n., and a pond s., 
which flows into a tributary of the Piscataquay. 
Pop. 2,327. 

Sanford, p-t. Broome co. N. Y. 24 ms. e. 
Chenango point, or Binghampton, and s. Che- 
nango CO., has a hilly and stony surface, fa- 
vorable to pasturage, with some good vales. 
A small stream in this t. flows into Cookquago 
cr., a branch of Del. r. on the s. e. line. Pop. 
931. 

Sanford's Store and p-o. Hancock co. Geo. 
14 ms. N. E. Milledgeville. 

Sangamon, r. of II. and branch of II. r. This 
stream, the name of which is pronounced as ii' 
written Sangamo, has its remote fountains on 
the plains, from which flow to the n. w. the Ver- 
million branch of Illinois, to the n. the Pick- 
mink brancli of Illinois, to the s. e. the Ver- 
million branch of Wabash, and sthrd. the ex- 
treme sources of Kaskaskias r. Flowing from 
this plain the Sangamon flows sthrd. about 30 
ms., and thence sweeping an elliptic curve to the 
s. w., s. and w. about 100 ms,, attains its great- 
est southern bend a few miles above the influx 
from the s. of the Mowawequa r. deflecting to 
the N. w. 30 ms. to the influx from the n. e. of 
Sugar cr. Below the mouth of Sugar creek 
the Sangamon, turning to wstrd. 30 ms., falls 
into Illinois in Morgan co. The entire com. 
parative length of Sangamon may be stated at 



200 ms. The valley is in form of a triangle, 
base 110 ms., by a line from head to mouth of 
the main stream ; shortest side 50 ms. from the. 
mouth of Sangamon to source of Mowawequa 
r. ; perpendicular 65 ms., area about 3,570 sq. 
ms. 1'he Mowawequa or southern branch of 
Sangamon rises in Shelby and Montgomery 
COS., and flowing n. w. joins the main stream 
in Sangamon co. ; its valley is the southern 
salient angle of the Sangamon valley. Em- 
bosomed in the long curve of the main stream 
of Sangamon, and to the nrthrd. of that chan- 
nel, the country is drained by Sugar cr. or the 
northern confluent of Sangamon. Sugar cr. 
has a general western course of 70 ms., and 
joins the main stream in the northwestern part 
of Sangamon co. Much of the soil of San- 
gamon valley has been represented as first rate ; 
but taken as a whole, too much of the surface 
is composed of low and wet prairie. 

Sangamon or Sangamo co. II. bndd. s. e. by 
Shelby, Montgomery s., Macaupin s. w., Mor- 
gan w., Tazewell n., MacLean n. e., and Ma- 
con E. Length from s. to n. 50 ms., mean 
breadth 40, and area 2,000 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 39° 30' to 40° 13', and in 
long, from 2° 10' to 13° w. W. C. This co. 
embraces the central part of the valley of the 
river from which the name is derived. The 
main Sangamon traverses it by a curve, first 
westward and thence round to northwestward ; 
and as Sugar creek traverses the northern part 
to the westward, that course may be regarded 
as that of the general slope, though that of the 
western side is to the n. of n. w. Much of the 
surface is flat, and of course wet, except after 
long drought ; but the soil is generally very 
highly productive. Chief t. Springfield. Pop. 
12,960. 

Sangeesfield, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y. 15 ms. 
s. by w. Utica, 94 w. n. w. Albany, n. and e. 
Madison co. ; contains head streams of Che- 
nango and Oriskany crs., is on high land, with 
hills s. and e., and good soil. Limestone rocks 
abound, with impressions of organized substan- 
ces. The land is generally owned in fee. 
There is a largo pine and cedar swamp. 
There are 2 villages, Sangerfield and Water- 
ville. Pop. 2,272. 

Sangerville, t. Penobscot co. Mc. 70 ms. n. 
N. E. Augusta, and 35 n. w. Bangor; has Som- 
erset CO. w. and Piscataquis r. n. There are 
several ponds, one of which sends a head 
stream to Sebasticook r. Pop. 776. 

Sanilac, co. Mich, as laid down on Tanner's 
improved map of the U. S. is bndd. s. e. by 
Saint Clair co., s. w. Lapeer, n. w. Saginaw 
bay, and n. e. and e. lake Huron. Length along 
the southern boundary 62 ms., mean breadth 
32. The area may be assumed in round num- 
bers at 2,000 sq. ms. It is a table land, from 
the centre of which the waters flow like radii 
from a common centre. Fronr the southwest, 
ern angle flow the higher branches of Cass r.. 
a tributary of Saginaw r. From the southern 
side issue the nrthrn. sources of Flint r. another 
branch of Saginaw. The river Delude has its 
higher fountains in the sthestrn. angles, whilst 
Elm and Black rs. flow n. e. into lake Huron, 
and Sugar r. and other streams n. w. into Sagi. 



SAR 



481 



SAU 



naw bay. The northern extremity of the co. is 
Transit point, or the sthrn. entrance into Sagi- 
naw bay. 

Santa Fe r. {See Suwannee.) 

Sappony, cr., Cross Roads and p-o. in the 
sthestrn. part of Dinwiddie co. Va. The cr. is 
a branch of Stony cr., and the hitter a tributary 
of Nottaway r. Sappony Cross Roads p-o. is 
by p-r. 22 ms. s. s. w. Petersburg. 

Saracta, p-v. DupHn co. N. C. by p-r. 115 
ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

Saranac, r. N. "Y., rises in several ponds in 
the s. part of Franklin co., flows n. e. through 
Franklin and Clinton cos. and falls into lake 
Champlain at Plattsburgh village, s. Cumber- 
land head. Its heT,d streams are near those of 
Racket, Saint Regis and Grass rs. and the n. 
branch of the Hudson. 

Saranac, p.t. Clinton co. N. Y. Pop. 316. 

Saranac, p-v. Lenawa co. Mich, by p-r. 70 
ms. s. w. Detroit. 

Saranac, vil. Berrien co. Mich, situated at 
the mouth of St. Joseph's r. on the s. side, 
and opposite Nevvburyport, about 200 miles a 
little s. of w. Detroit. 

Saratoga, lake, Saratoga co. N. Y., 6 ms. s. 
E. village of Saratoga Springs, 6 n. e. Ballston 
Spa ; about 3 ms. by 9 ; has handsome, swell- 
ing and cultivated banks ; receives Kayderosse- 
ras cr. w., and discharges into Hudson r. by 
Fish creek, which affords valuable mill seats. 
This lake lies partly in 4 townships. Fish and 
fowl are abundant. The scenery is very agree- 
able, and it is a favorite resort during the sum- 
mer months. 

Saratoga, co. N. Y. bndd. by Warren co. n., 
Hudson river e. dividing it from Washington 
and Rensselaer cos., Mohawk river s. sepa- 
rating it from Albany and Schenectady coun- 
ties, and Montgomery co. w., with about 772 
sq. ms. The Hudson borders this co. n. e. and 
E. for nearly 70 ms., and Sacandaga river flows 
through the n. part. In the middle part is Kay- 
derosseras r. or cr. and Fish creek. Anthony's 
and Snook's kills also flow into the Hudson. 
Mill sites on its numerous streams are abun- 
dant. Two primitive mountainous ranges are 
in the n. w., Kayderosseras and Palmerstown, 
while there are valuable meadows on the Hud- 
son, &c. and sandy plains in the s. e. The sec- 
ondary country is most extensive, though there 
are also transition tracts. The river hills and 
meadows bear oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. ; the 
loamy plains, beech, maple, ash, &c., and white 
and yellow pine grow on the sandy plains. 
Good sandstone for building is found at Green- 
field, &c. Large beds of marie lie under the 
transition and secondary formations. Saratoga 
lake, Ballston lake. Round and Owl ponds are 
the principal sheets of water. This w. side of 
Hudson r. was an important military route in 
the early as well as the late French war ; and 
in the revolution it was the scene of important 
operations. Gen, Burgoyne, in 1777, after two 
battles on the heights of Saratoga, retreated to 
Fish cr., and there surrendered. At Milton, 
Moreau, Mechanicsville and Schuylersville are 
manufactories of woollen and cotton ; and there 
are 5 oil mills in difl'erent parts of the co. The 
Champlain canal enters this co. at Miller's falls. 



and passes along the bank of the Hudson to 
Mohawk river. The Schenectady and Sarato- 
go rail-road runs chiefly in this co. Ballston is 
the St. jus. Pop. 1820, 33,147, 1830, 38,679. 

Saratoga, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 32 ms. n. 
Albany, 15 e. Ballston Spa ; has the t. of Sara- 
toga Springs and Fish creek n., Hudson river 
E., and Saratoga lake w. Fish cr. affords val- 
uable mill seats. White and yellow pine grow 
on the light soil near Saratoga lake ; and oak, 
walnut, &c., in the neighborhood of Hudson r. 
The surface is pleasantly diversified with fine 
ranges of hills. The Quaker Springs are in 
this town, but the other sources of mineral wa- 
ters are in the adjoining t. of Saratoga Springs. 
Champlain canal passes along the bank of the 
Hudson. The remains of fort Hardy are to be 
seen near the mouth of Fish cr., where Gen. 
Burgoyne surrendered in 1777. The p-v. of 
Schuylersville, situated at that spot, is a place 
of some importance. Pop. 2,461. 

Saratoga Springs, p-t. Saratoga co., N. Y., 
32 ms. N. Albany, 5 n. e. Ballston Spa ; con- 
tains the famous sources of mineral waters, and 
is the annual resort of many visiters from all 
parts of the country. The village built at that 
spot, in the n. part of the town, contains many 
lodging houses, several of which are very ex- 
tensive. The surface of the town is nearly lev- 
el, with a poor sandy soil, bearing pines, but 
capable of being much improved by gypsum or 
marie, which latter is found in difl'erent parts. 
Limestone prevails near the springs. Part of 
Palmerstown mtn. is also in this t. Kayderos- 
seras, Fish, and Ellis' creeks, with some small- 
er streams, water difl'erent parts. In this tsp. 
are the famous Saratoga springs, situated 7 ms, 
N. E. Ballston Spa. The village is built on a 
low, sandy plain, beneath which is a limestone 
rock. The street runs on the west side of a 
harrow marshy tract, in which the springs are 
found ; there are numerous houses for the ac- 
commodation of visiters, who resort here an- 
nually in great numbers, particularly in .Tuly 
and August. Congress hall, U. S. hall. Union 
hall, and the Pavilion, are the principal. The 
most important springs are the Congress, Ham- 
ilton, Round Rock, and Flat Rock. Pop. tsp. 
2,204. 

Sardinia, p-t. Erie co. N. Y., 30 miles s. e. 
Buffalo, 273 from Albany, w. of Genesee co., 
and N. of Cattaraugus co., from which it is di- 
vided by Cattaraugus creek. Small streams of" 
Cazenove and Seneca creeks flow in different 
parts of the t. Pop. 1,453. 

Saugatuck, r. Fairfield co. Conn., flows be- 
tween Fairfield and Norwalk, and forms a good 
sloop harbor. 

Saugatuck, p-v. Fairfield, Fairfield co.. Conn. 
It is a place of considerable coasting trade, 
near L. I. Sound, on a harbor formed by the r. 
of its name. 

Saugerties, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y. 52 ms. s. 
Albany, 13 n. Kingston 113 n. New York, s. 
Greene co., w. Hudson r., and e. Greene co., 
and is crossed by Esopus cr. One mile w. of 
it is the v., and at its mouth is a manufacturing 
vUlage, supplied with water power by a canal' 
cut deep through a rock round the head of the 
falls, and which leads into an artificial basin. 



SAV 



482 



SAY 



T!ie water is drawn thence to supply a large 
foundry, a paper mill, saw mill, &c. The mouth 
of the cr. is navigable in sloops to these mills. 
Tliere is a horse boat ferry across the Hudson 
from this spot, to Upper Red Hook landing. 
The land is high and level, and the soil light 
and good, along much of the Hudson's bank in 
this town. The inhabitants were generally of 
Dutch origin. Pop. 3,747. 

Saugos, p-t. Essex co. Mass., 7 miles n. e. 
Boston ; has much rocky and irregular land, 
with a large salt marsh s., and fine fresh water 
meadows along the banks of Saugus r., which 
flows through them, as well as the salt mead- 
ows, with a very crooked and picturesque 
course. This town formerly belonged to Lynn, 
which was one of the earliest settlements, and 
bore the name of Saugus. Pop. 960. 

Sault de Saint Marie, p-v. and st. justice, 
Chippeway co. Mich., on the right bank of St. 
Mary's strait, at the lower extremity of the 
cataract or falls of Saint Mary, and as stated in 
the p-o. list, 326 ms. n. w. Detroit. This place 
was founded on the 17th July, 1822, by a de- 
tachment of U. S. troops from Detroit, under 
command of Col. Brady. Lat. 46^ 31', long. W. 
C. 7° 20' w. {See article Saint Man/s river, 
Mich, and Upper Canada.) Vessels of 6 feet 
draught can be navigated to this village, and it 
has been stated on good authority, that at an 
inconsiderable expense, (when compared with 
the advantages) vessels of 10 ft. might be ena- 
bled to ascend to the foot of the fails. 

Savannah, a r. which divides and forms the 
boundary of the two states of South Carolina 
and Georgia, by a course nearly from n. w. to 
s. E. It is formed by the junction of the Tuga- 
lo and Kioevee rivers, which, rising in the mtns. 
w., unite about 100 ms. above Augusta, by the 
course of the stream, and fall into the Atlantic 
at Tybee bar. The length of the Savannah, 
from the junction of the two rivers above named 
to its mouth, is about 350 ms., and its course is 
very tortuous. It is navigable for the largest 
ships to Five Fathom Hole, 3 ms. from Savan- 
nah, and to Augusta, 250 ms. above, (120 by 
land,) for steainboats of 150 tons burthen. From 
Augusta to the mouth of the Tugalo, 100 ms., 
and about 50 ms. up that stream, pole boats of 6 
to 10 tons burthen ascend with merchandize, re- 
turning with a freight of 40 to 60 bags of cotton. 

Savannah, two small, but from their position, 
important rivers of the territory of Huron. One 
is a branch of Saint Louis r. of lake Superior, 
and the other a branch of Misp. river ; both are 
links in the chain of navigable streams by which 
lake Superior is united to the upper Misp., by 
the Saint Louis, river route. The two Savan- 
nah rs. are links in the direct route from Saint 
Louis river to the Misp. Taken together their 
joint general course is from St. Louis r. a little 
N. of w., and nearly along lat. 47°. In direct 
distance the western Savannah joins the Misp. 
about 60 ms. below the extreme source of the 
latter. 

Savannah, t., Wayne co. N. Y. Pop. 886. 

Savannah, city, seaport, and st. jus. Chatham 
CO. Geo., is situated on the s. bank of Savannah 
river, 13 ms. above its mouth. It is 100 ms. s. 
w. Charleston, S. C. and by p-r. 120 ms. s. s. w. 



Augusta, 167 s. e. by e. Milledgeville, and 662 
s. by w. Washington ; in lat. .32^ 5', long. 4° 
10' w. W. C. It is elevated about 40 ft. above 
the river, a sandy bluff rising abruptly about that 
distance from it. The site of the city is near- 
ly level ; it is very regularly laid out, the streets 
crossing each other at right angles. Many of 
these are wide, and with the public squares, 10 
in number, are planted with handsome trees. 
The place was formerly very unhealthy ; of late 
years this is much improved, a change which is 
attributed in some degree to a new mode, re- 
cently adopted, in the cultivation of rice in the 
vicinity. Since the great conflagration of 1820, 
when a large portion of the city was destroyed, 
it has been principally rebuilt, and many hand- 
some, and some elegant buildings, have been 
erected. Among lhe public, and conspicuous 
buildings of the city, are the exchange ; two 
banks, with a branch of the bank of the U. S. ; 
10 churches, one of which, built of granite, is 
very splendid ; a court house, hospital, jail, 
poor house, theatre, and an academy. Many 
of the private dwellings are very elegant. 
There are several benevolent institutions in the 
place. The business of Savannah is very 
considerable, and it has some commerce. 
Vessels of 14 ft. draught come to the wharves, 
and a great portion of the imports and exports 
of the state, are laden and unladen here. Cot- 
ton, rice, sugar and tobacco, are the most valu- 
able staples, and the annual amount exported, 
particularly of the two former, is very heavy. 
That of cotton, from Oct. 1st. 18.32, to Feb. 1, 
1833, amounted to 79,785 bales; during the 
same period, the previous season, 84,107 bales 
were exported. A canal, from the Ogeechee to 
Savannah river, 16 ms., terminates at Savannah. 
Pop. 1810, 5,315; 1820, 7,523 ; 1830, 7,303. 

Savannah, p-v. and st. jus. Hardin co. Ten. by 
p-r. 112 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Savannahville, p-v. Macon co. N. C, by p-r. 
319 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Savoy, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 120 ms. n. 
\v. Boston, and 20 n. e. Lenox. It is on the s. 
base of Hoosic mtn., and gives rise to Hoosie 
andDeerfieldrs. Pop. 927. 

Saw Pits, p-v. Rye, West Chester co. N. Y., 
28 ms. N. e. New York, 5 s. e. White plains, 
142 s. Albany, and near Connecticut, on Long 
Island sound. 

Saybrook, p-t. Middlesex co. Conn., 40 ms. s. 
E. Hartford, 18 w. New London, 34 e. New 
Haven, and n. Long Island sound, on the west 
side of Conn, river, at its mouth. It extends 
6 miles e. and w., and 11 n. and s., with 70 sq. 
miles ; is uneven and stony, but has some ex- 
tensive levels, and tracts of rich soil, particu- 
larly about Saybrook v. The soil is generally 
good for grass. Some of the hills near the 
Conn, have good granite quarries, convenient 
to navigable water. Pettipaug and Chester 
are the principal streams, tributaries of Cpnn. 
r. which cross this town. There are several 
small harbors on the sound, and on Connecticut 
r., at Saybrook Point and Pettipaug, at the last 
of which much ship building has been carried 
on. The bar at the mouth of this great stream 
offers an unfortunate impediment to navigation, 
for even vessels of a moderate draught of wa- 



SCH 



483 



SCH 



ter are often obliged to pass it with but a part 
of their cargoes. An important and lucrative 
trade was formerly carried on from this r. to 
the West Indies, and New London often served 
in some degree as the port. Saybrook harbor 
is at the mouth of a handsome cove, making up 
from Conn. r. w., almost to Saybrook village, 
and is often resorted to by coasting vessels in 
bad weather. Great quantities of fish are 
caught in this town. Sea fish are taken to oth- 
er markets, and the shad fisheries are numer- 
ous and lucrative. The first settlement in the 
boimds of this state by Europeans, was made at 
Saybrook fort in 1635. A small fort was erect- 
ed on the Point, on a spot supposed to have 
been a little s. e. of the present fort, now en- 
croached upon by the water, and in advance of 
the monument of Lady Arabella Fenwick. It 
was supposed that the Point would have become 
an important commercial place ; and the ground 
on that sandy peninsula was early laid out for 
a city, in right lines, as is still to be seen. The 
garrison of the fort were several times closely 
beset by the Indians mitil after the Pequod war ; 
and a palisade fence was kept up across the 
isthmus many years after. Yale college was 
seated in this town for several years after its 
removal from Killingworth, and a house on the 
Point was appropriated to its use. The present 
lort, which is a mere redoubt of earth, is no 
longer used. During the last war, the borough 
of Pettipaug was occupied a few hours by a 
detachment of British, who proceeded up in 
boats from the squadron in Long Island sound. 
Pop. 5,018. 

Saybrook, p-v. Ashtabula co. O., by p-r. 183 
nis. N. E. Columbus. 

Saysville, p-v. estrn. part Morgan co. O., 
by p-r. 106 ms. s. e. by e. Columbus. 

ScAGHTicoKE, p-t. Rensselacr co. N. Y., 16 
ms. N. Albany, 10 n. Troy, e. liudson river, s. 
Washington co. ; has a gently varied surface, 
with soil good for grain and grass, particularly 
on the Flats. The form is irregular. Hoosac 
river n. affords many mill sites, as well as its 
branch, Tomhanoc cr. An early settlement 
was made on the Flats, by several Dutch and 
German families. Pop. 3,002. 

Scarborough, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 65 
ms. s. s. w. Augusta, 10 s. w. Portland ; lies n. 
w. Atlantic ocean, n. e. Saco, York co., with 
one or two small streams, and Prout's neck 
running into the sea. Pop. 2,106. 

ScARSDALE, t., West Chester co. N. Y. 25 
miles N. e. New York, 3 s. White Plains, has 
Bronx river on the w. line, and is small, con. 
taining only 8 sq. miles, with pretty good soil. 
Pop. 317. 

ScARooN, p-t. Essex co. N. Y., 25 ms. s. s. w. 
Elizabethtown, and n. of Warren co. ; contains 
about half of Scaroon lake, with Paradox lake, 
&c. The rocks are limestone, often with ve- 
getable impressions. Beech, maple, pine, hem- 
lock, &c., formed the forests. The surface is 
rough and mountainous. Pop. 1,614. 

Scaroon, lake, Essex and Warren cos. N. Y., 
12 ms. w. from the n. end of lake George, is 
about 1 mile by 8, forms part of the n. e. branch 
of Hudson r., abounds with fish, and dischar- 
ges by Scaroon r. 



Scaroon, r. Warren co. N. Y. ; is the outlet 
of Scaroon lake, and forms the n. e. branch of 
Hudson r., falling into the main branch, after a 
short course, in the same co. 

Schall's Store, and p-o. Berks co. Pa., by 
P-r. 157 ms. nrthestrd. W. C. 

ScHELLssuRG, p.v. Bedford co. Pa., on the 
main road from Bedford to Pittsburg, y ms. 
wstrd. of the former, and by p-r. 135 ms. n. w. 
W. C. It is a small v. in a single street alon^ 
the road. Pop. 200. "^ 

Schenectady, co. N. Y., bndd. by Montgorn- 
ery and Saratoga cos. n. and e., Albany co. s., 
and Schoharie co. w., is of a very irregular 
form, and is crossed by the Mohawk r. and the 
Erie canal ; while Albany and Schenectady r.r. 
meet here at the city of Schenectady. Sand 
kill and Eel Place kill are the principal mill 
streams. Along the Mohawk the soil is a rich 
alluvion, and on the uplands a light sandy loain, 
on clay slate, with an undulating surface, well 
watered by springs. In Duanesburgh, &c. the 
soil is argillaceous, and the surface more hilly ; 
streams flow n. to Mohawk r., e. to Hudson r., 
and w. to Schoharie creek, on the w. line, which 
affords good mill seats. The Schenectady man- 
ufacturing company at Rotterdam, is the only 
incorporated company for manufacturing pur- 
poses in the co. They make about 400,000 yds. 
of cotton goods annually, and 20 or 30,000 lbs. 
of yarn. It has 2,000 spindles and 50 looms. 
There are also satinet, paper, and carpet man- 
ufactories, an oil mill and iron foundries, all 
large ; and in other places 11 tanneries, 1 
foundry. Schenectady city is the cf. t. and 
St. jus. of the CO. Pop. 1820, 13,081 ; 1830, 
12,347. 

Schenectady, city and st. jus. Schenectady 
CO. N. Y., 15^ ms. n. w. Albany ; has the Mo- 
hawk r. and Albany co. n., and contains exten- 
sive alluvial meadows, with handsome uplands, 
and a sandy loam upon clay slate. Sand kill, 
flowing into the Mohawk, affords mill sites, 
some of which are occupied by mills and manu- 
factories. The Erie canal crosses the n. part, 
near the Pludson, but on account of the circuit- 
ous route, and the numerous locks between this 
place and A'bany, much of the navigation stops 
here. Packet boats run hence in numerous 
lines to Utica, and on as far as Buffalo, and ma- 
ny still extend to Albany. Thus a vast amount 
of merchandize annually passes through this 
city. The Albany and Schenectady r-r. greatly 
facilitates the communication with the Hudson ; 
and this, with the Saratoga and Schenectady 
r-r., have rendered Schenectady the great tho- 
roughfare for travellers to the springs. Numer- 
ous lines of stage coaches also pass through this 
city. Union college, which stands a short dis- 
tance from the centre of it, is a very respecta- 
ble and flourishing institution. It was founded 
by the Regents of the University in 1795. The 
principal college buildings are each 200 ft. long, 
4 stories high, built of brick, and covered with 
white stucco. The institution possesses a li. 
brary, cabinet, philosophical and chemical ap. 
paratus, &c. Beside a president, there are 4 
professors, and 4 assistant professors in this 
college ; the whole number of alumni in 1833, 
1,373, of whom 1,353 are living ; students 1832, 



SCH 



484 



SCH 



3,205. In the libraries are about 13,500 vols., 
of which that of the college contains about 5,000. 
The spot on which the college buildings stand, 
was once the site of a Mohawk village. The 
streets of the city are regular, and paved, but 
rather narrow ; 8 of them are crossed diagon- 
ally by the Erie canal. Schenectady was early 
settled by a few Dutch, but on the night of Feb. 
8th, 1690, the village then containing 63 houses 
and a church, was suddenly attacked and burnt, 
by French and Indians from Canada. 60 of the 
people were killed, 27 carried captive, and 27 
of the remainder lost limbs by exposure to the 
cold, in attempting to reach Albany. In 1748, 
70 of the inhabitants were massacred by savage 
invaders from the same quarter; and in 1819, 
170 buildings were burned to the ground. Pop. 
4,268. 

ScHLossER, fort Niagara, Niagara co. N. Y., 
ancient work, long disused. 

ScHODAC, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 9 ms. s. 
Albany, 15 s. Troy, n. Columbia co., w. Hudson 
r. separating it from Albany co., has a variety 
of soils, generally good, with some pine plains. 
The inhabitants are of Dutch extraction. Moor- 
denar's kill, &c. supply mill seats on their 
course to the Hudson. There are 2 landings, 
with post villages. Hogeberg or High Hill is 
on the bank of the Hudson, 9 ms. below Alba- 
ny. Pop. 3,794. 

Schoharie, co. N. Y., bndd. by Montgomery 
CO. N., Schenectady and Albany cos. e., Greene 
and Delaware cos. s., and Otsego co. w., is part- 
ly broken by a range of the Catskill and Hel- 
derberg hills, and crossed centrally by Schoha- 
rie cr. It has also Cobuskill cr., and in the e. 
rises Catskill cr. The rocks are of limestone, 
and on Schoharie cr. are extensive and very fer- 
tile meadows, 26 ms. long, where settlements 
were begun by Germans and Dutch about 100 
years since, while the 3 tsps. are inhabited by 
people from the e. states. Schoharie village 
was destroyed by the English and Indians in the 
revolutionary war. There are 10 tsps. Scho- 
harie, the St. jus. of tiie co., stands on the mead- 
ows. In the CO. are 1 furnace, 1 paper mill, 1 
woollen, and 2 leather manufactories. Pop. 
1820,23,154; 1830, 27,902. 

Schoharie, p-t. and st. jus. Schoharie co. N. 
Y., 32 ms. w. Albany, 22 ms. s. w. Schenecta- 
dy, 24 s. Johnston, s. Montgomery co., and w. 
of Schenectady and Albany cos., is crossed by 
Helderberg hills, and Schoharie cr. which here 
receives Cobuskill and Fox crs. On the Scho- 
harie are very rich meadows, which have been 
under constant culture for 100 years. The in- 
habitants are of Dutch and German extraction. 
Here are 3 villages, Schoharie, Esperance, and 
Sloansville. Pop. 5,157. 

Schoharie, cr., or kill, N. Y. rises on the w. 
side of the Catskill mtns. Greene co. and after 
winding 23 ms. enters Schoharie co. flows n. 
40 ms. and empties into the Mohawk in Mont- 
gomery county, opposite Tribe's hill. It is 
rapid, has several branches, and waters some 
fine alluvial meadows, as well as some hilly 
regions. 

ScHooDic, or St. Croix r. Maine. 

Schooley's, nitn. N. J. a high range in 
Washington and Roibury, Morris co., forming 



a part of the mountainous region in that part of 
the state. 

Schooley's, mtn., p-v. and mineral springs, 
Washington, Morris county, N. J., 56 miles n. 
Trenton, 50 n. n. w. New York, 20 s. Newton, 
and 70 n. Philadelphia, is on an elevation on 
Schooley's mtn., where the air is pure and the 
scenery bold and varied. The place is a favor, 
ite resort for health and pleasure during the 
summer months, and there are two large hotels 
for visitors, besides more private accommoda- 
tions. The roads are rough, but a line of 
stage coaches runs daily to the place from 
Elizabethtown Point, connected with the New 
York steamboat, and passing through Morris- 
town. The water of the spring holds in solu- 
tion muriate of soda, magnesia and lime, sul- 
phate of lime, and oxide of iron. 

ScHRooN, r. New York. (See Scaroon r.) 

SciiROON, lake, N. Y. {See Scaroon lake.) 

SciiRooN, p-t. Essex co. New York. [See 
Scaroon.) 

ScHULTz's, range, and p-o. Wood co., Va., by 
p-r. 324 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

Schuyler, p-t. Herkimer co., N. Y. 86 ms. w. 
Albany, 8 n. w. Herkimer, 6 ms. e. Utica, n. of 
Mohawk r., and e. of Oneida co., has several 
small mill streams, a good soil, and is somewhat 
hilly. Pop. 2,074. 

Schuyler, co. of Illinois, bndd. by Pike s., 
Adams w., Hancock n. w., Macdonough n., 
Fulton N. E., and Illinois r. separating it from 
Morgan e. and s. e. Length from s. to n. 30 
ms,, mean breadth 22, and area 660 sq, miles. 
Lat. 40° and long. W. C. 13° 40' w. intersect 
in this county. It is traversed and drained by 
Crooked cr., a confluent of Illir^ois r. Slope to 
the s. e. It is represented by recent travellers, 
as amongst the finest counties of Illinois. Cf. 
t., Rushville. In the census returns for 1830, 
Schuyler and Macdonough cos. are comprised 
under one head, and contained together a pop. 
of 2,959. 

ScHUY'LERSviLLE, p-v. Saratoga co., N. Y. 
6 miles w. Union village, n. Fish creek, on 
the w. bank of Pludson river, and upon the 
Chaniplain canal. On the meadows adjoining 
the village, the army of Gen. Burgoyne surren- 
dered to the Americans in 1777, after their de- 
feat on the heights of Saratoga, seven miles 
below. 

Schuylkill, r. Pa. great s. wstrn. branch of 
Delaware r. The valley of Schuylkill has that 
of Susquehannah s., s. w., w., and n. w., that of 
Lehigh n., and that of Delaware above tide 
N. E. The range of the valley is from n. w. to 
s. E. 90 ms. in length. The breadth above 
Blue Ridge about 35 ms., but below that chain 
the utmost breadth is 25 ms., and mean width 
about 12 ms. The mean breadth of the entire 
valley about 22, and area 1,980 sq. ms. The 
tide ascends this r. about 5 ms. to the primi- 
tive ledge in the city of Phila., from whence a 
chain of canals, locks and rail-roads have been 
constructed along this stream to near the ut- 
most sources, opening the fine country along 
and near its banks to the Atlantic tide water, 
and providing a means to bring to market the 
immense masses of mineral coal drawn from 
the bowels of the earth along itsnigher tributa- 



SCI 



485 



SCO 



ries. (See articles Pa., Delaware river, and 
roads and canals.) 

Schuylkill, co. Pa., bndd. s. w. by Dauphin, 
w. by Northumberland, Columbia n. w., Lu- 
zerne N., Northampton n. e., and the Kittatin- 
ny nitn. separating it from Lehigh co. e. and 
Berks s. e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 37 ms., 
mean breadth 18, and area 660 sq. ms. Lat, 
40° 40', and long. W. C. Q° 47' e. Though 
along the border of this county contiguous to 
Dauphin, Northumberland, Columbia, and Lu- 
zerne COS., crs. rise which have the Susquehan- 
nah as their recipient, the body of the co. is 
drained into Schuylkill r., and slopes s. estrd. 
The face of the co. is perhaps more diversified 
by valley, hill, and mtn. than* any other in Pa. 
The mean elevation of the arable soil is about 
800 ft. above tide water, and with all its moun- 
tainous appearance much of the soil is excel- 
lent. But what renders this co. an object of 
peculiar interest, is the vast deposits of mineral 
coal it contains. Since 1806, upwards of a 
million of dollars have been expended to facili- 
tate the transportation of this fuel to the Atlan- 
tic markets. (See article roads and canals.) 
Cf. t. Orwigsburg. Pop. 1820, 11,339, 1830, 
20,744. 

Schuylkill, p-o. nthrn. part of Chester co.. 
Pa., by p.r. 134 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Schuylkill Haven, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa. 55 
ms, N. E. Harrisburgh, and 171 n. n. e. W. C. 

Scio, p-t. Alleghany co. N. Y., 14 ms. s. An- 
gelica, N. Pa. Pop. 602. 

Scioto, r., O., having its remote sources in 
Richland, Marion, Crawford, and Hardin cos. 
ft is composed of two branches, Whetstone on 
the E., and Scioto proper west. Both branch- 
es issuing from Marion county, assume a 
nearly parallel course to s. s. e., traversing 
Delaware and uniting in Franklin county, be- 
tween the towns of Columbus and Franklin, 
after each branch having flowed by comparative 
courses 70 ms. Below Columbus the general 
course is almost exactly s., and comparative 
length 100 ms. to its influx into 0. r. between 
the villages of Alexandria and Portsmouth. 
The Scioto valley, lying between lat. 38° 42', 
and 40° 50', and cut into two very nearly equal 
sections by long. W. C. 6° w., is about 150 ms. 
long, and 60 ms. wide, area 9,000 sq. ms. Be- 
lov/ Columbus the main stream traverses the 
COS. of Franklin, Pickaway, Ross, Pike and 
Scioto. Though without direct falls, the Scioto 
is a very rapid stream. {See art. rail-roads and 
canals.) The Scioto valley lies between those 
of Great Miami and Muskingum, and has that 
of Sandusky n., and Mauraee n. w. 

ScioTo, CO. 0., bndd. by Adams w., Pike n., 
Jackson n. e., Lawrence e., and O. r. separa. 
ting it from Greenup co. Ky. s., and Lewis co. 
Ky., s. w. Length from e. to w. 34 ms., mean 
breadth 15, and area 512 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 50', 
and long. W. C. 6° w. intersect near its centre. 
It is divided into two not very imequal sections 
by Scioto r. which traverses it from n. to s. 
The general -slope is sthrd. ; surface hilly, and 
soil tolerably fertile. Cf. t. Portsmouth. Pop. 
1820, 5,749 ; 1830, 8,740. 

Scioto, p-v. Scioto co. 0., by p-r. 92 ms. s. 
Columbus. 

62 



Scmo, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 180 ms. w. 
Albany, and 11 s. of Auburn, is bomided w. by 
Cayuga lake, which separates it from Seneca 
CO., has Owaco lake e., and includes a part of 
the Cayuga Indian reserved lands. The inhab. 
itants are generally farmers. Salmon cr. and 
other brooks supply many mill seats, but the 
springs are afl'ected by drought. Slate rock 
lies under the soil. It has Aurora and other 
small villages. Pop. 2,691. 

Scino, p-v. Seneca co. 0., by p-r. 88 ms. n. 
Columbus. 

SciTUATE, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass. 17 ms. s. 
Boston on the Atlantic coast. Its harbor is 
protected against the storms by small isls., and 
it has some coasting trade. It is crossed by 
Satuit brook, whence it derives its name. It 
was an early settlement, and in 1676, during 
Phihp's war, had 19 houses and barns burnt by 
the savages. Thomas Clapp, President of Yale 
College, Conn., was born here, 1703. Pop. 
3,468. 

Scituate, p-t. Providence co. R. 1. 12 ma. w. 
Providence, about 6 ms. by 8, has a rocky and 
varied surface, with good building stone in the 
w. ; soil generally favorable to grass. It has 2 
small streams of Pavvtuxet r. The mackerel 
fishery here is important ; 21 vessels were en- 
gaged in 1832. It also contains several cotton 
factories, a bank, a foundry of bells and cannon, 
and an academy. Pop. 3,994. 

ScoNONDOA, p-v. Oneida co. N. Y. 23 ms. w. 
Utica, 11 s. Rome, and 1 s. Erie canal, stands 
on Sconondoa cr. 

Scotch Plains, p-v. Westfield, Essex co. N. 
J., on Green Brook, 14 ms. s. v/. Newark, and 
near the borders of Somerset co. 

Scotchtown, p-v. Wullkill, Orange co. N, Y., 
6 ms. N. w. Goshen. 

Scotia, p-v., and as named in the p-o. list of 
1831, St. jus. Pope CO., Arkansas, by p-r. 81 ms. 
N. wstrd. Little Rock. Exact position uncer- 
tain. 

Scott, p-t. Cortlandt co. N. Y., 18 ms. s. 
Skeneateles, 9 from Cortlandt, s. Onondaga co., 
and E. Cayuga CO., has small streams of Tiough- 
niogacr., and an inlet of Skeneateles lake, with 
ridges of land extending n. and s. and a produc- 
tive soil, bearing grass best on the hills. The 
soil is held in fee simple. Pop. 1,452. 

Scott, p-v. Waj-Tie co. Pa., by p-r. 283 ms. 

N. N. E. W. C. 

Scott, co. Va., bndd. by Russell co. Va., n. 
and N. N. E., Washington co. Va. e., Sullivan 
and Hawkins cos. Tenn. s., and Lee co. Va. w. 
and N. vv. Length along Ten. 40 ms., mean 
width 15, and area 600 sq. ms. Lat. 36° 47', 
long. W. C. 5° 40' w. Slope s. w., and tra- 
versed in that direction by the main volume of 
Clynch, andN. fork of Holston rs., and between 
those ^streams by Clinch mtn. The surface is 
broken and soil of middling quality. Chief 
town, Estillville. Pop. 1820, 4,263; 1830, 
5,724. 

Scott, co. Ky., bounded by Lafayette s. e., 
Woodford s. w., Franklin w., Owen n. w., and 
Harrison n. and i-r. e. Length 18 ms., mean 
breadth 14, and area 252 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 15', 
long. W. C. 7° 40' w. Slope n. w., and drained 
by Elkhorn and Eagle rs. confluents of Ky, 



SCR 



486 



SEB 



r. ; soil excellent. Cf. t. Georgetown. Pop. 
1820, 12,219 ; 1830, 14,677. 

Scott, co. of Indiana, bndd. by Clark s., 
Washington w., Jackson n. w., Jennings n., and 
Jefferson n. e. and e. Length 20 ms., mean 
width 10, and area 200 sq. ms. Lat 40° 40', 
long. W. ('. 8° 45' w. Slope n. w. by w., and 
in that direction drained by crs., falling into 
Graham's Fork of White r. Cf. t. New Lex- 
ington. Pop. 1820, 2,334 ; 1830, 3,092. 

Scott, co. Mo. bndd. by New Madrid s. w., 
Stoddard w., Cape Girardeau n. w., Misp, r. 
above the mouth of Ohio, separating it from 
Alexander county, Illinois n., and the Misp. 
river below the mouth of Ohio, separating 
it from MacCracken and Hickman counties, 
Ky. E. Length from the Misp. r. on the s. e. to 
the border of Cape Girardeau co. 50 ms. ; 
mean breadth 18, and area 900 sq. ms. Lat. 
37°, and long. 12° 30' w. intersect in this co. 
Slope sthrd. The n. wstrn. angle traversed by 
White Water branch of St. Francis, and the 
residue by crs. flowing into Misp. r. Cf. t. 
Benton. Pop. 2,136. 

Scott, p-v. Adams co. O., by p-r. 94 ms. a 
little w. of s. Columbus. 

ScoTTSBURGH, p-v. Halifax co. Va. by p-r. 
235 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Scott's Ferry, p-o. Albermarle co. Va. by 
p-r. 150 ms. s. w. W. C. 

ScoTTSviLLE, p-v. Wheatland, Monroe co. 
N. Y. 12 ms. s. Rochestei", and 1 from Genesee 
r., stands on Allan's cr. 

ScoTTSviLLE, p-v. N. wstm. part of Luzerne 
CO. Pa., 40 ms. n. n. w. Wilkes-Barre. 

ScoTTSviLLE, p-v. and st. jus. Powhatan co. 
Va. 32 ms. w. Richmond, and hy p-r. 138 ms. s.s. 
w. W. C. Lat. 37° 32', long. W. C. 0° 56' w. 

Scottsville, p-o. Orange co. N.C., by p-r. 
56 ms. N. N. w. Raleigh. 

Scottsville, p-v. and st. jus. Allen co, Ky., 
situated on a branch of Green r., by p-r. 151 
ms. s. s. w. Frankfort, and 67 ms. n. e. Nash- 
ville. Ten. Lat. 36° 45', long. W. C. 9° 06' w. 
Pop. 180. 

ScRTBA, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y. 173 ms. n. w. 
Albany, 60 w. n. w. Rome, s. of lake Ontario, 
and N. E. Oswego r., has a nearly level surface 
and good soil, with few mill sites. Oswego 
fort is in this town. It has a triangular form, 
enclosing 3 or 4 acres, 50 ft. above the lake, 
and was the first military work erected at the 
mouth of Oswego r. in the old French wars, in 
1727. Fort Oswego was afterward erected 
near it ; and both were captured by the French 
in 1756. It was surrendered to the Americans 
by the British under Jay's treaty, in 1796. The 
British, during the late war, once landed here, 
and occupied the village at the mouth of the r. 
for a few hours. Pop. 2,073. 

ScRivEN, CO. of Geo. bndd. by Effingham s. e.. 
Great Ogeechee r. separating it from Bullock s. 
w,, and Emanuel w., Burke n. w., and Savan- 
nah r. separating it from Barnwell dist. S. C. 
N. E., and Beaufort dist. S. C. e. Lat. 32° 40', 
long. W. C. 4° 30' w. The nthrn. section of 
this CO. is traversed in a s. estrn. direction by 
Brier cr. branch of Savannah r. ; but the sthrn. 
and central sections slope sthrd., and are drain, 
ed into Great Ogeechee r. Length in the di- 



rection of its bounding rs., that is, from s. e. to 
N. w. 34 ms., mean breadth 22, and area 748 sq. 
ms. Pop. 1820, 3,941 ; 1830,4,776. 

ScROGGSFiELD, p-v. Columbiaua co. 0., by 
p-r. 146 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Scuffletov/n, P-v. nthrn. part of Laurens dist. 
S. C, about 10 ms. n. n. e. Laurensville, and 
by p-r. 85 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Scull Camp, p-v. n. wstrn. part Surry co. N. 
C. by p-r. 182 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Scull Shoals, and p-o. Greene co. Geo., by 
p-r. 58 ms.N. Milledgeville. 

Seabrook, t. Rockingham co. N. H. 17 ms. 
s. s. w. Portsmouth, 7 n. Newburyport, forms 
the s. E. corner of the state, having the Atlantic 
ocean e., and Mass. s. First settled 1638. It 
is watered by Black, Brown's, and Walton's rs., 
and on many of the brooks is found bog iron 
ore. The building of whale boats has been ex- 
tensively carried on here, and the inhabitants 
are chiefly sailors and mechanics. Pop. 1,093. 

Seaconnet, point and rocks, Newport, New- 
port CO. R. I., the s. end of the k. shore of Nar- 
ragansett bay, 6 ms. e. s. e. Newport. 

Seaford, p-v. on Nanticoke r. northwestern 
part Sussex co. Del. by p-r. 107 ms. a little s. 
E. W.C. 

Searcy's p-o. Montgomery co. Ten. by p-r. 
58 ms. N. w. by w. Nashville. 

Searigiit, p-o. Fayette co. Pa. by p-r. 199 ms. 
N. w. W. C. 

Searsburgh, t. Bennington co. Vt. 12 miles 
E. Bennington, has a rough surface and much 
poor soil, so that it sustains but few families. 
Pop. 40. 

Searsmont, p-t. Waldo co. Me. 25 ms. west 
Castine, 30 e. Augusta, has a large pond in the 
centre, which discharges s. by an outlet into St. 
George r. The form of the town is irregular. 
Pop. 1,151. 

Seay's, p-o. Merriwether co. Geo. by p-r. 
119 ms. w. Milledgeville. 

Sebago, lake, Cumberland co. Me. is 13 ms. 
long, and about 20 wide in the broadest parts, 
but nearly divided by a long and narrow cape, 
extending s. w. from the e. shore in Raymond. 
It forms a part of the boundary of 5 tsps. clus- 
tered around it, Standish, Baldwin, Sebago, 
Raymond and Windham. Crooked r. falls into 
the lake on the n., into the lower part of whose 
course, (which bears the name of Sungo,) 
empties Long lake, in the n. part of the co. 
Presumpscut r. flows from the s. e., part of the 
lake s. E. into Casco bay. Boat navigation ex- 
tends by this route to Portland. 

Sebago ,p-t. Cumberland co. Me. 65 ms: s. w. 
Augusta, lies on the n. w. side of Sebago lake, 
with Oxford co. w., has an irregular form, and 
is watered by small streams flowing into the 
lake. Pop. 586. 

Sebasticook, r. Me. rises in Penobscot and 
Somerset cos. flows across the s. e. comer of 
the latter, and passing into the n. e. corner of 
Kennebec co. falls into Kennebec r. in Winslow 
opposite Waterville. 

Sebec, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. 87 ms. n. e. 
Augusta, embraces the end of Sebec pond and 
the head of Sebec r. which rises in it, and is 
well watered bv these and Piscataquis r. on the 
5. line. Pop. 906. 



SEN 



487 



SEN 



Second Fork, p-o. Clearfield co. Pa. by p-r. 
154 ms. N. w. Harrisburg. 

Sectiom cr., and p-o. Clay co. Ky. by p-r. 
106 ms. s. E. Frankfort. On Tanner's map of 
the United States this creek is named Sexton's, 
which is probably the real name, but in direct- 
ing letters the p-o. list perhaps ought to be fol- 
lowed. 

Sedgwick, p-t. Hancock co. Me. 6 miles e. 
Castine, 87 e. by s. Augusta, has Blue Hill bay 
E. and a strait s. which separates it from Deer 
isl., being situated principally on a peninsula, 
with a coast made irregular by points, coves, 
&c. Pop. 1,604. 

Seecatcuee, v. Mass. onthe e. shore of Nan- 
tucket, and on the verge of the ocean. 

Seekonk, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 38 ms. s. e. 
Boston, N. Barrington, R. I., and e. Providence 
river, there the line of the same state. It 
is an important manufacturing town. Pop. 
2,133. 

Selby's, store and p-o. Wake co. N. C. by p-r. 
20 ms. s. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Selin's Gkove, and p-o. Union co. Pa., situa- 
ted on the right bank ef the Susquehannah r., 
between Penn's and Middle cr., by p-r. 50 ms. 
above and nthrd. Harrisburg and 4 ms. below 
Sunbury. 

Seller's, tavern and p-o. Bucks co. Pa., 
about 30 ms. n. Phil. 

Selma, p-v. on the right bank of Alabama r., 
nrthrn. part Dallas co. Ala., by p-r. 86 ms. s. s. 
E. Tuscaloosa. 

Selma, p-v. Jefferson co. Mo., by p-r. 30 ms. 
sthrd. St. Louis. 

Seminole, Agency and p.o. on Ocklawaha r. 
Alachua co. Flor., about 80 ms. s. w. by w. St. 
Augustine, and by p-r. 238 ms. s, e. by e. Tal- 
lahassee. 

Sempronius, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y. 15 ms. 
s. E. Auburn, 160 w. Albany, has Onondaga co. 
N., Skeneateles lake e., Onondaga and Cort- 
landt COS. e., with many hills, some extensive 
valleys, and a soil generally rich and arable. 
Owasco lake in the w. has an inlet in the s. 
part, whose streams afford mill seats, as do 
other brooks running in different directions. 
There are several marshes, the largest of which 
is along the lower part of Owasco inlet. Owasco 
flats s. w. are fertile, and contain Moravia v. 
One mile distant is Montville where are mills. 
Pop. 5,705. 

Seneca lake, n. y. lies between 4 cos. w. of 
Cayuga lake, and in one part only 6 ms. distant. 
It is about 35 ms. long n. and s., from 2 to 4 
wide and of great depth. Its outlet, Seneca r. 
runs from the n. end e. to Cayuga lake. There 
is a great marsh s. chiefly in Tioga co. through 
which run several small streams. On the w. 
side, the outlet of Crooked lake falls into Seneca 
lake. The surface of this sheet of water is 431 
ft. above the level of tide water at Albany. 
Geneva, one of the prettiest villages in the 
state, is situated at the n. w. corner of the lake, 
partly on the low ground, and partly on the ele- 
vated bank. The water has a gradual periodi- 
cal rise and fall, once in several years, the cause 
of which has never been ascertained. The 
water never freezes, which is probably owing 
to its depth. The land gradually rises for 



several ms. by those broad, natural terraces 
or successive parallel ridges, running n. and s. 
over a considerable tract of country. The view 
from the height of land between Seneca and the 
adjacent lakes is extensive and agreeable. 
The region has the appearance of having been 
swept by a powerfid current of water from the n. 

Seneca r. N. Y. rises at the n. end of Seneca 
lake, and crosses Seneca, Cayuga and Onon- 
daga cos, 60 ms. to Oswego r. in Cicero. Its 
branches are Cayuga, Canandaigua, Owasco, 
Skeneateles, and Onondaga outlets. It is ren- 
dered navigable by a canal and locks by Water, 
loo to the Erie canal. At Montezuma it is 371 
ft. higher than the Hudson is at Albany. 

Seneca r. of N. C. and Geo., has its remote 
sources in Blue Ridge, Macon co. N. C, but it 
is a mere cr. where it leaves that state and 
enters Pickens dist. S. C. Thence augmented 
by numerous crs. from both sides, the Seneca 
flows by comparative courses 45 ms. in a di- 
rection a little E. of s. to its junction with Tu- 
galoo to form Savannah r. This r. and its 
confluents drain the greater part of Pickens 
dist. It is a mtn. stream, and compared with 
length of course contains a large volume of 
water. 

Seneca, co. N. Y., bndd. by Wayne co. N., 
Cayuga co. e., Tompkins co. s., Ontario and 
part of Steuben cos. w. It lies chiefly between 
Cayuga and Seneca lakes, and is crossed in the 
N. by a part of Seneca r., which here runs from 
the foot of Seneca lake to the foot of Cayuga 
lake, and then n. The other streams are small. 
It contains 10 towns, of which Ovid and Water- 
loo are the chief and shire towns. It is about 
187 ms. w. Albany, has an agreeably varied 
surface, with a calcareous loam and vegetable 
mould. There are some salt springs, iron ore 
and limestone. The village of Seneca falls 
has rapidly increased in business and popula- 
tion. In 1825 there were 265 inhabitants, and 
in 1830,1,610. The fall is 46 ft. and affords 
abundant power, part of which is employed in 4 
flour mills, 1 grist mill, 1 cotton factory with 
4000 spindles, 1 paper mill, 1 tannery, 1 sash 
factory, 2 furnaces and 1 oil mill. At Water- 
loo are 5 flour mills, 2 saw mills, 1 clover seed 
mill, 1 hemp factory, 1 patent pail factory, 1 tub 
factory, 1 paper mill, 1 oil mill, 3 carding mills, 
a lath factory and 1 forge. At Ovid, 1 steam 
flour mill and 1 carding mill. Pop. 1820, 
23,619; 1830,21,041. 

Seneca, p-t. Ontario co. N. Y., 176 ms. w. 
Albany, 12 e. Canandaigua, w. Seneca lake 
and CO., and is crossed by the road from Albany 
to Buffalo. The land is arable and favorable 
to grass, and the surface s. hilly. The village 
of Geneva, one of the pleasantest in the state, 
is at the n. w. corner of the lake. Pop. 6,161. 

Seneca, co. O., bndd. by Crawford s., Han. 
cock s. w., Wood N. w., Sandusky n., and Hu. 
ron E. Length from e. to w. 32 ms., breadth 
20, and area 640 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 10', long. 
W. C. 6° 06' w. Sandusky r. traverses this co. 
flowing to the nthrd. The general slope is of 
course in that direction, but from the s. w. angle 
issues the extreme fountains of Blanchard's 
branch of Au Glaize r. Cf. t. TiflSn. Pop. 
5,159. 



yEW 



488 



SUA 



Seneca Falls, p-t. Seneca oo. N. Y., 1G7 
ms. w. Albany; contains a flourishing manu- 
facturing village, wliich has increased in popu- 
lationfrom 2(55 to 1,610 between 1835 and 1830. 
The water falls here 42 ft. and affords abun- 
dance of power for several mills and factories. 
(See Seneca co.) A canal here passes round 
the falls. Here are 18 dry goods stores in the 
village, besides 2 hardware do., 2 druggist's 
do., 5 flouring mills, 1 large cotton factory, 1 
woollen do., 1 paper mill, 1 distillery, 1 large 
tannery, 1 sash factory, 1 carriage factory, be- 
sidesnumerous smaller manufacturing establish, 
ments. The prosperity of the village is owing to 
its valuable hydraulic privileges. Pop. 2,603. 

Senegas, Indians, N. Y. hold several reser- 
vations in the state, but their principal settlement 
is near Bufllalo, on a tract 7 ms. by 18, on Bufla- 
lo creek. 

Seneca Mills and p-o. Montgomery co. Md. 
by p-r. 23 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Senecaville, p-v. Guernsey co. O. by p-r. 99 
ms. E. Columbus. 

Sennet, p-t. Cayuga co. New York. Pop. 
9,297. ' 

Setauket, p-v. Brookhaven, Suflblk co. N. 
Y. 58 ms. E. N. Y. 

Setzler's Store and p-o. Chester co. Pa. by 
p-r. 138 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Seven Mile Foud and p-o. eastern part of 
Washington co. Va. 362 miles s. w. by w. 
W.C. 

Seventy Six, p-v. Beaver co. Pa. by p-r. 256 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Severn, cr. and p-o. Owen co. Ky. by p-r. 21 
ms. nrlhrd. Frankfort. 

Sevier, co. Tenn. bounded s. w. and w. by 
Blount, Knox n. w., .lefi^erson n. e., Cocke e., 
and the Iron mtn. separating it from Haywood 
CO. N. C. s. E. Length from s. e. to n. w. 28 
ms., mean breadth 18, and area 500 sq. miles. 
Lat. 35° 45', long. 6° 25' w. W. C. The 
northern part of this co. is travei-sed in a west, 
erly direction by the Nolechucky r. ; but the 
southern and much the most extensive section 
of the CO. is drained to the n. w. by Little 
Pigeon r. and its confluents, flowing from the 
Iron mtns. into Nolcchncky r. Chief t. Sevier- 
villc, or Sevier c. h. Pop. 1820, 4,772, 1830, 
5,717. 

Sevierville or Sevier c. h,, p-v. and st. jus. 
Sevier co. Ten. situated on Little Pigeon r. 25 
ms. s. e. by e. Knoxville, and by p-r. 225 ms. a 
little s. of E. Nashville. Lat. 35° 50', long. 6° 
21' w. W. C. 

Sewell cr. and mtn. wstrn. part of Green- 
brier CO. Va. Sewell cr. is one of the extreme 
sthrn. sources of Gauly r. 

Sewell mtns., p-o. western part of Green- 
brier CO. Va. by p.r. 294 miles s. w. by w. 
W.C. 

Sewell Valley, p-o. western part of Green, 
brier co. Va. by p-r. 288 miles s. w. by w. W. C. 
Sewicklev, the name of three crs. of wstrn. 
Pa, The most considerable is a stream of 
Westmoreland co. rising opposite to the Loyal- 
hanna r., and flowing westward into Youghio- 
ghany r. The second a small creek, though 
relatively called Big Sewickley, and for a few 
ms. constituting part of the boundary between 



Alleghany and Beaver cos. The third or Little 
Sewickley, is a mere brook of Alleghany co. 
The two latter Sewickleys fall into the right 
side of Ohio r. 

Sewickley Bottom, p-o. wstrn. part of Alle. 
ghany co. Pa. 14 ms, n. w. Pittsburg, 

Sexton's, p.v. wstrn. part of Boone co. Mo., 
by P-r. 64 ms. n. w. Jefferson. 

Shade, cr. one of the higher branches of Co- 
nemaugh r. flowing from the Alleghany mtn, in 
the nrthwstrn. part of Somerset co. Pa. 

Shade mtn., a ridge extending from the great 
bend of Juniata r., below Lewiston, and separa- 
ting Juniata from Mifl^lin co. Pa. 

Shade, p.o. on Shade cr. n. e. partof Somer. 
set CO. Pa., about 20 miles n. e. the borough of 
Somerset, and by p-r. 160 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Shade Gap, and p.o. estrn. part of Hunting- 
don CO. Pa., 117 ms. n, w. W, C. 

Shady Dale, p.o. Jasper co. Geo,, by p-r. 43 
ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

Shady Grove, p-o. Franklin co. Va., by p-r. 
305 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Shady Grove, p-o. Buncombe co. N. C, by 
p-r. 277 ms. w, Raleigh. , 

Shady Grove, p-o. Union dist. S. C, by p-r. 
86 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

Shafer's, p-o. Northampton co. Pa., by p-r. 
210 ms. N, E. W, C. 

Shaferstown, P-v. estrn. part of Lebanon co. 
Pa., 9 ms. E, Lebanon, and by p-r. 129 ms. n, n. 
E.W. C. 

Shaftsbury, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 97 ms. 
s. w, Montpelier, 46 from Rutland, 31 from Brat- 
tleboro' ; first settled abou-t 1763 ; lies e. N. Y. 
between Walloomsac and Battenkill crs., and 
has no large streams. W. mtn. extends into 
this town about 3 ms. The soil is generally 
good, and excellent in the s. vv. Iron ore and 
marble are found in the town. There is a fund 
of ,$10,000 for the support of schools. Pop, 
2,142. 

Shakleford's, p.o. King and Queen co. Va., 
by p-r. 160 ms. s. W. C. 

SiiALERSviLLE, p-v. nrthm. part of Portage co. 
O., 5 ms. N. Ravenna, the co. st. and by p-r, 132 
nis. N. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 757, 

Shallow Ford and p.o. Anderson dist. S. C, 
by p.r. 145 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

SiiAMOKiN, cr. and p-o. central part of North, 
umberland co. Pa., by p.r. 64 ms. n. Harris, 
burg. The Shamokin cr. falls into the left side 
of Susquehannah r., immediately below the bo. 
rough of Sunbury. 

Shandakan, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 20 ms. w. 
Kingston, 83 s. by w. Albany, lies s, Greene 
CO., N. Sullivan co,, and e. Delaware co. It is 
mountainous, and several streams flow hence to 
Del. r. and Esopus cr. Pine hill mtn, lies on 
the borders of Del. CO. Pop. 966. 

Shane's Crossings, over St. Mary's r., or as 
marked on Tanner's map, SkanesmUe, p-v. on 
St. Mary's r. nrthrn. part of Mercer co. 0„ 18 
ms. N. w, St. Mary's, the co. st. and by p-r, 129 
ms. N. w. Columbus. Pop. 46. 

Shanesville, p-v. Tuscarawas county, Ohio, 
by p-r. 96 miles n.e. by e. Columbus. Pop. 
160. 

Shannon, p-v. Mason co. Ky., by p-r. 55 ms. 
N. E. by E. Frankfort. 



SHA 



489 



SHE 



Shannon Hill, p-o. Goochland co. Va. by p-r. 
147 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Shannon's Store and p-o. Randolph co. II. by 
p-r. 74 ms. s. w. Vandalia. 

SiiANNONViLLE, p.v., and named in p-o. list as 
St. jus. Perry co. Ten., by p-r. 114 ms. s. w. by 
w. Nashville. 

SiiAPLETGH, p-t. York CO. Me. 1G3 ms. s. w. 
Augusta, 35 n. w. York, e. N. H. ; contains 
several ponds, one of which, partly in the ad- 
joining state, gives rise to Salmon Falls river. 
Pop. 1,479. 

Shaeon, t. Hillsborough co. N. H. 18 miles 
from Amherst, 48 from Concord, and e. of 
Cheshire co., gives rise in the s. e. to branches 
of Contoocook r., but is almost destitute of mill 
seats. Boundary mtn. 200 ft. high, is on the e. 
boundary. Pop. 371. 

Sharon, p-t. Windsor co. Vt.22 ms. n. Wind- 
sor, lies n. White r. Pop. 1,459. 

Shakon, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 18 miles s. 
Boston, is at the head of Neponset r. which 
furnishes good mill seats, occupied by several 
manufactories. The Sharon cotton manufac- 
turing company was incorporated 1811, with a 
capital of $100,000. Mashapoag pond gives 
rise to one of the chief branches of Neponset 
r. and gave the Indian name to the town. Pop. 
1,023. 

Sharon, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 47 miles 
vv. Hartford, lies w. Housatonic river, and e. 
N. Y. It is hilly e. with granite rocks. The 
soil is various, generally stony, with fine cal- 
careous levels w. Grain succeeds better than 
in most other parts of the state. Population, 
2,615. 

Sharon, p-t. Schoharie co. N. Y. 45 ms. from 
Albany, 16 n. w. Schoharie, s. Montgomery co., 
and E. Otsego co. ; has some low ridges of the 
Helderbergs. The soil is favorable to wheat. 
Cobuskill cr. rises here and supplies mill seats. 
The inhabitants are of German descent. Pop. 
4,247. 

Sharon, tsp. and p-v. wstrn. part of Mercer 
CO. Pa. The p-v. is very near the border be- 
tween Mercer co. Pa. and Trumbull of O., and 
stands onShenango cr. about 16 ms. w. of the 
borough of Mercer. 

Sharon, tsp. Franklin co. 0. 56 ms. w. Zanes- 
ville, 9 N. Columbus. It contains 1 6,000 acres, 
and 5 sq. ms. First settled 1803. Worthing- 
ton, a fine vil. is in this tsp. situated on the e. 
side of Whetstone river, and contains a hand- 
some Episcopal church, one for Presbyterians 
and one for Methodists. Pop. tsp. 913. 

Sharon, p-v. Morgan co. O. by p-r. 99 ms. s. 
E. by E. Columbus. 

Sharonville, p-v. Hamilton co. O. by p-r. 14 
ms. N. e. Cincinnati. 

Sharpe's Store and p-o. Lowndes co. Geo. by 
p-r. 203 ms. s. Milledgeville. 

Sharpsburg, p-v. southern part Washington 
CO. Md. on the left bade of Potomac r., 18 ms. 
s. Hagerstown, the co. st., and by p-r. 66 ms. n. 
w. W. C. 

Sharpsburg, p-v. wstrn. part Bath co, Ky. 11 
ms. wstrd. Owingsville, the co. st., and 62 ms. 
E. Frankfort. Pop. 158. 

Sharp's Mills, and p-o, Indiana co. Pa, by 
p-r. 197 ms. n. w. W. C. 



Shartlestille, p-v. Berks co. Pa. by p-r. 
156 ms. K. N. e. W. C. 

Shauck's, p-o. Richland co. O. by p-r. 57 ms. 
N. N. e. Columbus. 

Shaver's cr. and p-o. northern part Hunting- 
don CO. Pa. 10 miles n. the borough of Hunting, 
don, and by p-r. 152 m.s. a little n. of n. w. W. C. 
Shawangunk, P-t. Ulster co. N. Y. 91 ms. from 
Albany, 26 s. w. Kingston, 17 w. n. w. New- 
burgh, has Montgomery co. s., and reaches the 
base of Shawangunk mtn. w. Shaw cr. w. and 
Wallkill cr. e. meet near the n. boundary. The 
soil is strong loam, with some clay, and the 
surface nearly level. Oak prevails in the 
woods. Mill stones are obtained here. The 
skeleton of the mammoth in Peal's museum, 
Philadelphia, was taken from a swamp here, 
and 9 others have been found in this and an ad- 
joining t. The inhabitants are of Dutch origin, 
■pop. 3,681. 

Shawangunk ratns. N, Y. cross Ulster and 
Orange cos. being a spur of the small range of 
the Catsbergs. 

Shawneetown, p-v. on Ohio r. eastern part 
Gallatin co. II. 9 ms. below the mouth of Wa- 
bash r. and by p-r. 127 ms. s. e. Vandalia. Lat. 
37° 42', long. W. C. 11° 14' w. It is a flourish- 
ing v. containing a bank, printing office, land 
office, and a number of taverns, stores, &c. It 
is the depot for the U. S. Saline near the v. of 
Equality, 12 ms. wstrd. 

Shaw's Meadows, and p-o. ntlirn. part North- 
ampton CO. Pa. about 36 ms. n. of Easton, the 
CO. St., and 226 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Sheboigon, r. of Mich. (See Chehoigon.) 
Sheboigon r. of Huron Ter. rises to the 
eastward and near the southern end of Winne- 
bago lake, interlocking sources with Rock r. 
and flowing thence estrdly. into lake Mich. 

Sheepscot, r. Lincoln co. Me. runs a short 
distance in Kennebec co. and empties into the 
Atlantic, at Wiscasset, meeting some of those 
arms of the sea which form so many isls. on 
that part of the coast. 

Sheet's Mill and p-o. Hampshire co. Va. by 
p-r. 126 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

Sheffield, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt. 35 ms. n. 
Montpelier, 40 n. Newbury, with 22,607 acres. 
First settled 1792. It is on the height of lands 
dividing the waters of Conn r. and lake Cham- 
plain, containing head streams of Barton and 
Passumpsic rs. on which are mill seats. Pop. 
720. 

Sheffield, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 125 ms. 
w. Boston, N. Conn., was incorporated 1733, G 
years before any other t. in this co. The sur- 
face is agreeably varied, and there is much 
good land, watered by Housatonic r. and several 
of its branches. The v. is situated in a valley 
surrounded by several eminences, of which 
Taughkannic mtn. w. is the loftiest, being about 
3,000 ft. high. Along the course of the Housa. 
tonic, here slow and crooked, are extensive and 
valuable meadows, on the w. side of which 
runs the principal street 4^ ms. A grant was 
made by the general court of Mass. in 1720, 
which included part of two neighbouring towns, 
and left a reserved tract for the Indians. The 
settlement was soon commenced from West. 
field. Pop. 2,382. 



S(IK 



490 



SHE 



Sheffiej.d, p-v. on lake Erie, nrthrn. part Lo- ' 
rain co. 0., byp-r. 14 ras. n. Elyfia, llie co. St., 
and 144 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 21.5. 

SiiEGAG^s, store and p.o. about 60 nis. wstrd. 
Nashville. 

SiiEGOiMEGON, r. (See Chegoimegon.) 

SiiELBURN, p-t. Chittenden co. Vt., 33 ms. w. 
Montpelier, and 26 n. w. Middlebury, was first 
settled before the revolution by Logan and Pot- 
tier, on points in the lake which still bear their 
names. They and ten other families soon af- 
ter abandoned the place, but after the war it 
was occupied by settlers from Connecticut. 
There is a bay of the lake, named after the t. 
into the head of which falls Laplatte r. Shel- 
burn pond in the n. e. covers about 600 acres. 
The soil is very good, timber hard wood. Pop. 
1,122. 

Shelburne, P-t. Coos CO. N. H. Ill ms. from 
Concord, w. of Maine, is crossed by Andros- 
coggin r. which receives Rattle r. &c., and has 
good soil on its banks ; but the land is general- 
ly rough, and often useless for cultivation. Mt. 
Moriah, of the White mtn. range, is in the s. 
Moses' rock is a singular block of stone, 90 ft. 
long and 60 high. First settled 1775. Pop. 
312. 

Shelbuune, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 100 ms. 
N. w. Boston, >'. E. Deerfield r., comprising a 
valuable fall of 20 ft., has a pleasant situation, 
and was formerlv a part of Deerfield. The 
schools, library, &c. have proved particularly 
useful. At Shelburne falls is an academy on 
the manual labor plan, having 3 buildings ; one 
of brick, containing 2 recitation rooms, and 21 
others for students ; another 2 stories high, 60 
ft. by 28, and another for commons. Mr. Fisk, 
missionary to Palestine, was born here, 1792. 
Pop. 995. 

Shelby, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y., 263 ms. from 
Albany, 14 n. n. w. Batavia, E. Niagara co., and 
N. Tonawanta reservation, is watered by Oak 
Orchard cr. and its branches, crossed by the 
Mtn. Ridge n. and touched n. w. by Erie canal. 
There are several mills, &c. Pop. 2,043. 

Shelby, co. Ky., bndd. s. e. by Anderson, 
Spencer s., Jefferson w., Oldham n. w., Henry 
N. and Franklin e. Length from e. to w. 26 ms., 
breadth 17, area 442 sq. ms. Lat. 3&° 15', 
long. W. C. 8° 10' w. Though the estrn. bor- 
der approaches very near Kentucky r., the slope 
of this CO. is s. w., and in that direction is drain- 
ed by different confluents of Salt river. Pop. 
19,030. Cf. t. Shelbyville. 

Shelby, the extreme sthwstrn. co. of Ten., 
bndd. by Tipton co. Ten. n., and Lafayette co. 
Ten. E., on the s. it has the Chickasaw territo- 
ry in the state of Misp., and on the w. the Misp. 
r. separating it from Crittenden co. Ark. Lat. 
35° 15', and long. W. C. 13° w. intersect in the 
wstrn. part of this co. The slope is wstrd. and 
in that direction is traversed and drained by the 
various confluents of Wolf r. and Nanconnah 
cr. The high land of the interior reaches the 
Misp. r. at the n. w. angle, and at the mouth of 
Wolf r. in this co. These hills are called 
Chickasaw Bluffs from the Indian nation who 
formerly owned and inhabited the country. The 
soil is good. Staple, cotton. Cf. t. Memphis. 
Pop. 1820, 354; 1830,5,648. 



Shelby, co. Oliio, bndd. by Miami co. s., 
Dark co. s. w., Mercer n. w., Allen n., Logan 
N. e., and Champaign s. e. It is about 20 ms. 
each side ; area 400 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 20', 
long. W. C. 7° 12' w. The extreme sources 
of Saint Mary's and au Glaize rs. rise on the 
northwestern and northern borders, but the 
much greater part slopes southward, and gives 
source to Great Miami r. The extreme higher 
sources of Wabash rise also in Mercer co., 
very near the northwestern angle of Shelby. 
The latter comprises, therefore, a part of the 
high and flat table land of Ohio. Cf. t. Sidney. 
Pop. 1820, 2,106, 1830, 3,671. 

Shelby, co. Ind., bndd. s. e. by Decatur, Bar- 
tholomew s., .lohnson w., Marion n. w., Han. 
cock N., and Rush e. Length from s. to n. 24 
ms., breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 
30', long. W. C. 8° 45' w. Slope s. s. w., and 
in that direction drained by diflerent branches 
of Driftwood fork of White r. Cf. t. Shelby- 
ville. Pop. 6,295. 

Shelby, co. II., bndd. s. e. by Effingham, 
Fayette s., Montgomery w., Sangamo n. w., 
Macon n., and Coles e. Length from e. to w. 
40 ms., width 32, and area 1,280 sq. ms. Lat. 
39° 22', long. W. C, 11° 45' w. The north- 
western angle gives source to the Mowawequa 
branch of Sangamon r., and slopes to the n. w. ; 
and the opposite or southeastern angle gives 
source to Little Wabash, and slopes to the 
sthrd. Full 9-lOth of the co. is, however, drain, 
ed by the Kaskaskias, and branches ; the main 
stream traversing it diagonally from n. n. e. to 
s. s. w. Cf. t. Shelbyville. Pop. 2,972. 

Shelby, co. Ala. bndd. by Autauga co. s., 
Bibb s. w., Jefl^erson n. w. and n., St. Clair n. 
E., and Coosa r. separating it from the Creek 
country e. Length from s. to n. 50 ms., mean 
breadth 22, and area 1,100 sq. ms. Lat. 33P 
and long. W. C. 10° w. intersect in the south, 
western angle of this co. The East fork of 
Cahaba r., rising in Jefferson and Saint Clair 
COS., enters and traverses the northwestern 
side of Shelby, flowing in a s. s. w. direction 
into Bibb co. Between the Cahaba and Coosa 
vallies extends a ridge, from which crs. flow 
eastward towards the Coosa. The Coosa slope 
comprises full two thirds of the whole surface 
of the CO. Cf. town, Shelbyville. Pop. 5,704. 

Shelby, p-v. northeastern part Macomb co. 
Mich., 1 1 ms. northward Mount Clemens, the 
CO. seat, and 37 ms. n. n. e. Detroit. 

Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. Ala. 
by p-r. 73 ms. a little n. of e. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 
33° 16', long. W. C. 9° 52' w. 

Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Bedford, co. 
Ten., situated on Duck r., by p-r. 52 ms. s. s. 
e. Nashville. Lat. 35° 28', long. W. C. 9» 
24' w. 

Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. Ky. 
on a branch of Salt r. 30 ms. e. Louisville, 22 
w. Frankfort, lat. 38° 11' long. 8° 12' w. W. 
C. This is a very flourishing village, and one 
of considerable business. It contains a court 
house, jail, and 4 churches, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
Episcopal. 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist. There 
is also a female academy and 3 other schools, 
a market, printing office where a weekly paper 
is published, 2 cotton spinning and 1 rope and 



SHE 



491 



SIII 



baggiiig factory, and other valuable manufac- 
turing establishments. Pop. 1,201. 

Shelbyville, p-v. and st. jus. Shelby co. 
Ind., by p-r. 30 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 
32', long. W. C. 8° 46' w. 

SnELBYViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Shelby co. II., 
on Kaskaskias river, 40 miles above and n. n. 
E. Vandalia. Lat. 39° 22', long. W. C. 11° 
52' w. 

Sheldon, p t. Franklin co. Vt., 46 ms. n. w. 
Montpelier, 32 n. e. Burlington ; was settled 
1790, and is watered by Missisque r., and Black 
r. its branch, on the latter of which are mill 
seats. The surface is varied, and the soil 
generally good. Pop. 1,427. 

Sheldon, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 270 ms. w. 
Albany, 24 s. w. Batavia, and e. of Erie co. ; is 
watered by Tonawanta cr. and two branches 
of Buflalo cr. The land is high, but moist, and 
more favorable to grass than grain. Pop. 
1,731. 

Shelter Island, t. Suffolk co. N. Y., lies off 
the E. end of Long Island, 100 miles e. New 
York, and 250 from Albany, by the common 
route. This town is formed of two islands, 
which lie in the bay between Southold and 
Southampton. Shelter island contains 8,000 
acres, of varied surface, with a soil generally 
light and sandy, but in some parts rich, level 
and well cultivated. Hog Neck isl. ^ a mile 
distant, and connected by a ferry, has a ship 
channel all round it. In the revolutionary war, 
the British deprived this island of its timber. 
Pop. 330. 

Shenandoah, r. of Va., and one of the great 
southern branches of Potomac r., is composed 
of two branches, called with no great relative 
correctness. North Branch and South Branch. 
The southern and main branch rises in Augus- 
ta CO., as far s. as lat. 38°, and long. 2° w. W. 
C. Flowing thence nrthestrd. along the north, 
western slope of Blue Ridge, over Augusta, 
Rockingham, and Page counties, receives the 
North Branch in the southern angle of Fre- 
derick CO., after a comparative course of 90 
miles. 

The North Branch of Shenandoah r. has its 
source in Rockingham co., from which it flows 
by comparative courses n. n. e. 50 miles over 
Rockingham and Shenandoah counties, enters 
Frederick, bends to the eastward, and joins 
the South Branch as already noticed. Below 
the junction of its two branches, the Shenan- 
doah flows N. E. along the northwest slope 
of Blue Ridge 40 miles to its junction with the 
Potomac at Harper's Ferry. {See art. Po- 
tomac.) 

Shenandoah, co., Va., bndd. s. w. by Rock- 
ingham, Hardy w. and n. w., Frederick n. and 
N. E., and Page e. and s. e. Length from s. w. 
toN. E. 32 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 384 
sq. ms. Lat. 38° 50', long. W. C. 1° 30' w. 
The whole co. is a part of the valley of the 
North fork of Shenandoah r. Since the census 
of 1830, Page co. was detached from Shenan- 
doah, which latter formerly comprised upwards 
of 1,000 sq. ms. In the census tables of J 830, 
what is now Shenandoah co., is called West 
Shenandoah, and contained a population of 
11,423. Both counties, or the original Shenan- 



doah, contained in 1820, an aggregate pop. of 
18,926. 

Shepherdstown, p-v. estrn. part Cumberland 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 8 ms. from Harrisburg, and 102 
ms. N. W. C. 

Shepherdstoavn, p-v. on the Potomac river, 
northeastern part Jefferson co. Va., ]0 miles 
above Harper's Ferry, and by p-r. G2 ms. n. w. 
W. C. 

Shepherdsville, p-v. and st. jus. Bullitt co. 
Ky., on the North fork of Salt river, 23 miles 
s. Louisville, and by p-r. a little s. of w. Frank- 
fort. Lat. 37° 58', long. W. G. 8° 42' w. Pop. 
278. 

Sherburne, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 22 miles 
N. w. Windsor, and 9 n. e. Rutland. First 
settled 1785. It gives rise to Queechy river 
N. w., and has several small mill streams, 
particularly Thundering brook, which rises in 
one of the ponds. There is some meadow 
land on Queechy river, but the surface is gene- 
rally mountainous. Killington peak, of the 
Green mtns., is south and 3,924 ft. high. Pop. 
432. 

Sherburne, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 21 ms. 
s. w. Boston, w. Charles r., e. andN. e. Nashua 
r. The t. is agricultural, and possesses a good 
soil. Pop. 899. 

Sherburne, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 98 
miles w. Albany, 11 n. Norwicli, lies s. Madi- 
son comity, and is crossed by Chenango river, 
on which are rich meadows. The soil gene- 
rally is good for both grain and grass. The 
village is on the e. bank of the river. Pop. 
2,601. 

Sherburne, p-v. Beaufort dist. S. C., by p-r. 
165 ms. s. Columbia. 

Sherburne Mills, and p-o. Fleming co, Ky., 
by p-r. 84 ms.estrd. Frankfort. 

Sheridan, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y., 3i9 ms. 
from Albany. Pop. 1,666. 

Sherman, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 60 ms. s. 
w. Hartford, is in the s. w. corner of the co., 
with Litchfield co. n. and N. Y. w. The sur. 
face is hilly, the soil various, and some iron 
ore is found. Several streams flow into Housa- 
tonic r. Pop. 947. 

Sherman, p-v. southern part Huron co. O., 
by p-r. 96 miles a little e. of n. Columbus. 
Pop. 153. 

Sherman, p-v. Saint Joseph's co. Mich., by 
p-r. 145 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit. 

Shekrard's Store, and p-o. Hampshire co. 
Va., by p-r. 95 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Sherrill's Ford, and p-o. Lincoln co. N. C, 
by p-r. 148 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Sheshequin, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 
136 ms. nrthrd. Harrisburg. 

Shetucket, r. Conn., is formed by the junc- 
tion of Willimantic and Mount Hope rivers, 
and after flowing s. k. joins the Quinnebaug, 
and at Norwich takes the name of the Thames. 

Shickshinny, mtn., rises above and stretches 
along the right bank of Susquehannah r., sthrn. 
part Luzerne co. Pa. 

Shickshinny, p-o. near the right bank of Sus- 
quehamiah r., sthrn. part Luzerne co. Pa., by 
p-r. 10 1 ms. N. E. Harrisburg. 

Shiloah, p-v. Camden co. N. C, by p-r. 200 
ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh, 



SHR 



492 



SIM 



Shiloii, p-v. sthrn. part Marengo co. Ala., by 
p-r. 97 ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

SiiiNEKsviLLE, p-v. Lycoming co. Pa., by p-r. 
924 ms. nrthrd. W. C. 

Shinnston, p-v. Harrison co. Va., by p-r. 236 
ms. wstrd, W. C. 

SiiiprEjj, p-v. MacKean co. Pa., by p-r. 293 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Shippknsburg, borough and p-v. Cumberland 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 39 ms. s. w. by vf. Harrisburg, 
and 100 ms, n. n. w. W. C. Pop. 1S30, 1,621. 
It is a close built v., principally of one street 
along the main road. 

SiiippENsviLLE, p-v. Venango co. Pa., by p-r. 
256 ms. N. w. W. C. 

SiiippiNGPORT, p-v. Ky. on the Ohio r., 2 ms. 
below the centre of Louisville, and at the lower 
end of the Rapids, Jefferson co. Though a 
separate p-v. and under a different corporate 
establishment, it is commercially a suburb of 
Louisville. Pop. 606. 

Shippingpout, p-v. Tazewell co. II., about 150 
ms. N. N. w. Vandalia. 

Shiremantown, p-v. Cumberland co. Pa. by 
p-r. 4 ms. from Harrisburg. 

Shirly, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 38 ms. n. 
w. Boston, s. w. Nashua r., with Squanicook, a 
branch of it, on the n. on both of which streams 
are rich meadows. Chairs have been made 
here to a great amount. Pop. 991. 

Shirlevsbdrg, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa. 20 
ms. s. s. E. the borough of Huntingdon. 

Shiver's Mills, and p-o. Warren co. Geo., 
by p-r. 45 ms. n. e. by e. Milledgeville. 

Shoals of Ogeechee, p-v. Hancock co. Geo., 
by p-r. 47 ms. n. e. Milledgeville. 

Shober's Mills, and p-o. Jefferson co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 142 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

Shoreham, p-t. Addison co. Vt. 12 ms. s. w. 
Middlebury, 49 ms. s. Burlington, and on the 
E. side of lake Champlain, has a surface nearly 
level, with good soil, and is one of the best far- 
ming towns in the state. It lies opposite fort 
Ticonderoga, and commands a view of the ruins 
of that fortress, and the interesting scenery in 
its vicinity. The lake is generally about a ^ 
mile wide here, and there is a ferry across it. 
The shore is generally a little elevated, and the 
rocks of dark calcareous stone, containing im- 
pressions of shells, &c. A variety of fish are 
taken from the lake. Pop. 2,137. 

Short Mountain, p-o. Ill ms. westward Lit- 
tle Rock, Arkansas, given in the p-o. list as in 
Crawford co. 

Short Pump, p-v. Henrico co., Va. by p-r. 12 
ms. Richmond. 

Shrewsbury, r., Monmouth co. N. J. divided 
into the North or Navesink and South rivers, is 
navigable for vessels of 50 tons, and navigated 
by a steamboat from N. Y. twice a day. This r. 
formerly discharged into the sea 9 ms. s. Sandy 
Hook, but the outlet was closed by a storm in 
1810, and the r. discharged into Raritan or 
Sandy Hook bay. The outlet is again open and 
the waters discharged by both channels, (1832.) 

Shrewsbury, p-t. Rutland co. Vt. 22 ms. w. 
Windsor, 9 ms. s. e. Rutland, lies chiefly on the 
Green mtns. and is very high e. Shrewsbury 
peak N. 4,100 ft. high, is one of the most lofty 
summits of the range. Mill r. s. w. and Cold 



r. N., are mill streams. Pearl's and Ashley's 
ponds lie s. The soil is good for grass. Pop, 
1,289. 

Shrewsbury, p-t, Worcester co. Mass. 30 
ms. w, Boston, 5 e. Worcester, is varied by 
hills and vallies, and divided near the middle, 
N. and s. by a high ridge. The soil is fertile, 
and the inhabitants farmers. Quinsigamond or 
Long pond, nearly 4 ms. long, and from 50 to 
70 ft, deep, lies between this town and Worces- 
ter, and is crossed by a floating bridge, princi- 
pally of hewn timber, 525 ft. long. Artemas 
Ward, the first major general of the U. States, 
died here, in 1800. Pop. 1,386. 

Shrewsbury, p-t. Monmouth co. N. J. 25 ms. 
from N. Y. city and 14 s. e. Middletown Point. 
Here are several large peach orchards, two of 
which are said to be the largest in the United 
States, covering together 150 acres, and con- 
taining 22,000 trees, the first of which were 
planted about 1822. The fruit is principally car- 
ried to New York market. The soil is even 
inferior to that of the adjacent pine plains, yet 
the fruit is remarkably fine. Beds of marie are 
found in some parts of this town, containing 
bones, shark's teeth, &c. Pop. 4,700. 

Shrewsbury, tsp. and p-v. southern side of 
York CO., Pa, The p-o, is about 14 ms, south- 
wardly from the borough of York, and by p-r, 
72 ms. N. W. C. Pop. tsp. 1820, 1,983, 1830, 
2,571. 

Shutesbury, p-t. Franklin co., Mass., 82 ihs. r 
w. Boston, is very rocky, stony, and hilly, and 
unfavorable to agriculture. It is crossed by the 
w. branch of Swift r. n. and s. which furnishes 
valuable mill seats. Settled 1754, from Sud- 
bury. Pop, 986. 

SiASCONSET, V,, Mass,, on the e. side of Nan- 
tucket, a little s. of Sicacache. 

Sidney, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 8 ms. n. Au- 
gusta, has Kennebec river e. and a small lake 
on the w. line, which is connected with several 
others, and flows by an outlet into the Kennc- 
bee. Pop. 2,191. 

Sidney, p-t. Delaware co., N. Y. 95 ms, s. 
w, Albany, 24 ms, w, Delhi ; has Oswego river 
N., which separates it from Otsego co, ; Che- 
nango CO, is w. The Susquehannah is n, w. and 
Ouleout cr. n. e. and both have fine meadows 
on their banks, though the surface of the town 
is generally hilly. Pop. 1,410. 

Sidney, p.v. and st. just. Shelby co., O., by 
p-r. 86 ms. n, w. by w. Columbia, on Great Mi- 
ami r. at lat. 40° i 7', long. 7° 8' w. Population 
240. 

Silvan Grove, p-v. Morgan co. Illinois, by 
p-r. 138 ms. northwest Vandalia. 

Silver Creek, p-v, on Silver cr., wstrn. side 
Madison co. Ky., by p-r, 8 ms, wstrd. Rich, 
mond, the co, st., and 58 ms. s. e. Frankfort. 

Silver Glade, p-v. Anderson dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 148 ms. n, vv, Columbia. 

Silver Lake, p-o. Susquehannah co, Pa., by 
p-r. 280 ms. n. n. e, W. C, 6 ms. n. w. Mori, 
trose, the co. st. Pop. of the tsp. 1820, 456; 
1830, 516. 

Silver Spring, p-v. wstrn. part of Wilson co. 
Ten., 22 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Simpson, co. Misp., bndd. by Covington s. e., 
Lawrence s.w., Copiah w., Hinds n. w,, and 



SIN 



493 



SLA 



Rankin n. ; length from e. to w. 36 ms., breadth 
28, and area 1,008 sq. ms. Lat. 32°, and long. 
W. C. 13° w. intersect in this co. near West- 
villc, the CO. st. The slope is to the sthrd., 
and in that direction it is traversed by Pearl r., 
and drained by several of its branches. Pop. 
2,680. 

Simpson, co. Ky., bndd. w. and n. w. by Lo. 
gan, Warren n., Allen e., Sumner co. Ten. s. e., 
and Robertson co. Ten. s. w. The length along 
Ten. 35 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 420 
sq. ms. Lat. 36° 45', long. W. C. 9° 35' vv. 
The estrn. part of this co. slopes nthrd., and in 
that direction is drained by some of the ethrn. 
branches of Big Barren r. ; whilst from the 
wstrn. section issue the extreme n. estrn. 
source of Red r. branch of the Cumberland. 
The CO. is therefore a table land between the 
vallies of Green and Cumberland rs. Cf. t. 
Franklin. Pop. 1820, 4,852 ; 1830, 5,81 5. 

SiMPsowiLLE, p-v. Montgomery co. Md., by 
p.r. 7 ms. from W. C. 

SiMPSowiLLE, p-v. Shelby co. Ky., by p-r. 8 
ms. wstrd. Shelbyville, the co. st., and 29 ms. 
wstrd. Frankfort. Pop. 77. 

SiMSBURY, p-t. Hartford co. Conn.. 12 ms. n. 
w. HartTord, first settled 1670, from Windsor, 
deserted in 1676, and then burnt by Indians, but 
was soon after re-occupied. It is crossed by 
Farmington r., and has a rocky range e., on 
which is much useless land, and which is bro- 
ken through by the r. on a part of whose course 
lie some rich meadows. Salmon and shad for. 
merly abounded in this stream, but have now 
deserted it. Pop. 2,221. 

SiNEPUXENT Inlkt, On the Atlantic coast of 
Worcester co. Md. It is the entrance between 
Assateague and Fenwick's isls. into a long 
narrow sound which bears the same name 
with the entrance, and admits small coasting 
vessels. 

SiNGSiNG, p-v. Mount Pleasant, Westchester 
CO. N. Y., is situated at the foot and on the ac. 
clivity of the steep bank of Hudson r. just be. 
low the mouth of Croton r. It has 4 churches, 
a male and female academy, and 2 landings, 
with one of which a fine steamboat communi- 
cates twice daily on the way between Peekskill 
and New-York. There are several handsome 
country seats, and many fine points of view. 
One of the state prisons is situated a little s. 
from the village, on the bank of the r., is built 
of white marble, forming 3 sides of a square, 
with 1,000 cells for convicts, ranged in 5 sto. 
ries, a chapel, 2 hospitals, superintendants and 
keepers, dwellings, work sheds, and a wharf. 
The system of discipline is essentially that of 
the Auburn prison. The convicts are employed 
in quarrying and working white marble from a 
quarry in the rear, on the grounds belonging to 
the prison. They are guarded by 24 centinels, 
and work without chains or bonds of any kind 
There is not even a wall or fence about tiie 
quarry. From the high grounds in the upper 
parts of the village, the eye embraces a view of 
Hudson r., for about 30 ms., includmg Haver- 
straw and Tappan bays, with a large part of 
the Highland range, &c. 

Sinking Cane, p-o., Overton co. Ten,, by p.r. 
113 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

63 



Sinking Si'king, p-v. Highland co. O., by p-r. 

78 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. 

Sinking Valley Mills, and p-o. Huntingdon 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 170 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

SiNNAJiAHON'NG, T. Pa., the extreme n. wstrn. 
branch of the West Branch of Susquehannah. 
This r. formed by numerous branches llowhig 
from Potter, MacKean, .feiTerson, and Clearfield 
cos. is a true mountain stream joining the main 
w. brancli in the wstrn. part of Lycoming co. 
It interlocks sources to the n. with those of 
Genesee r. ; to the n. w. with those of Allegha- 
ny r. and W. Clarion r. 

Sinnamahonl^g, p-o. wstrn. part of Lyco. 
ming CO. Pa., about 120 ms. n. w. Harria- 
burg. 

SiPiCAN, p-v. Rochester, Plymouth co., Mass. 
on Sipicau r., which empties into Buzzard's 
bay. 

SisTERSViLLE, p-v. Tyier co. Va., by p-r. 274 
ms. a little n. of w. W. C. on 0. r., about 50 
ms. N. w. by w. Clarksburg. 

Six Nations, of Indians, N. Y. This general 
name includes the principal tribes or rather na- 
tions of Indians, who formerly occupied the 
principal part of the present state of New York, 
and exercised authority far into New England. 
They have gradually become scattered and re. 
duced, having sold most of their land. But 
numbers of them all, except the Mohawks, still 
dwell upon small tracks of reserved land in dif- 
ferent cos. of the state. The names of these 
were Onondagas, Senecas, Cayugas, Oneidas, 
Mohawks, and Tuscaroras, The Onondagaa 
were highest in authority. The Tuscaroras 
came from tiie south, and were in modern times 
admitted into the confederacy. The language 
of this tribe is said to bear no resemblance to 
the others beyond the general principles of con- 
struction, in which all the tongues and dialects 
of the American savages agree (with two ex- 
ceptions.) The other 5 nations, though difiier. 
ing in this respect, speak languages which have 
a greater affinity. 

Skaneateles Lake, N. Y., lies chiefly ia 
Onondago co., and is 15 ma. long, by ^ to 1^ 
wide. It yields trout and other small fish, and 
its outlet flows from the n. end into Seneca r. 
10 ms., supplying many mill sites. 

Skaneateliss, p-t. Onondaga co., N. Y., 149 
ms. from Albany. Pop. 3,812. 

Skaneateles, p-v. Marsellus, Onondaga co., 
N. Y., at the outlet of Skaneateles lake, 145 
ms. w. Albany, contains several mills, &c. 

Skinner's Eddy, and p-o. Luzerne co., Pa., 
on Susquehannah r. 44 ms. above Wilkes-Bar 
re, and 267 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Skippack, cr. and p-o. The cr. is the eastern 
branch of Perkiomen r., Montgomery co. Pa., 
by p.r. the p-o. is about 25 ms. n. w. Phila. 

Slab Point, and p-o. western part of Mont, 
gomery co., Illinois, by p-r. 46 ms. n. w. Van- 
dalia. 

Slabtovvn, p-v. Anderson dist., S. C, by p.r. 
139 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Slate, p-o. Bath co. Ky., by p-r. 80 ms. e. 
Frankfort. 

Slate Mills, and p-o. Culpepper co. Va., by 
p.r. 91 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Slaterville, v., s. Oxford and Dudley, 6 ms. 



SMI 



494 



SMI 



from Uxbridge, and 6 ms. from Douglass, con- 
tains seven mills, two of stone, three of brick, 
and two of wood. Five of these derive their 
power from French river, the other two are in 
the centre of the village, and obtain their pow- 
er from Slater's lake ; the Indian of which is 
Chargoggagoggmanchoggo. It is four miles 
long and never failing. They use 6,000 spin- 
dles, 90 looms, and employ 190 hands, and work 
lip 1,000 bales of cotton, which produces 15,000 
yards a week, beside large quantities of sati- 
net warps, and sewing thread. They manufac- 
ture, also, broadcloths, cassimeres, and satinets. 
In this branch of their business, they use 600 
lbs. of wool a day, or 180,000 pounds a year. 
These factories are owned by Messrs. Slater 
& Sons. Mr. Samuel Slater, who resides here, 
has been said to have a larger amount of prop- 
erty vested in manufactures than any other man 
in the United States. He invented cotton thread 
in 1794. 

Slinkard's Mills, and p-o. Greene co., Ind., 
by p-r. 88 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Slippery Rock, cr., the northern branch of 
Conequenessing river. It rises in Mercer and 
Butler counties, and flowing s. s. w. about 35 
miles joins the Conequenessing about 3 or 4 
ms. above the influx of the latter into Big Bea- 
ver. {See Conequenessing.) 

Slippery Rock, tsp. and p-o. northwestern 
part of Butler county. Pa. The p-o, is 18 ms. 
N. w. the borough of Butler, and by p-r. 254 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

SloanesVille, p-v. Schoharie, Schoharie co. 
New York, 4 ms. w. Esperance. 

Sloanesville, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 
146 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Smelsor's Mills, and p-o. Rush co. Ind., by 
p r. 46 ms. s. e. by e. Indianopolis. 
Smethpokt, Pa. {See Smithport.) 
SMicKSBURfi, p-v. Indiana CO., Pa., by p-r. 212 
ma. N. w. W. C. 

Smith, co. Ten., bndd. by Jackson e., White 
s. E., Warren south, Wilson southwest, Sumner 
west, Allen co. Kentucky, northwest, and Mon- 
roe CO., Ky., n. e. Length from s. to n. 40 ms., 
mean breadth 16, and area 640 sq. ms. Lat. 
36° 25', and long. W. C. 9° w. intersect in this 
CO. The extreme border on Ky. slopes north- 
ward, and is drained by small confluents of Big 
Beaver river. The much greater part is in the 
valley of Cumberland r., and the main volume 
of that stream traverses it from e. to w. Of. t. 
Carthage. Pop. 1820, 17,580, 1830, 19,906. 

Smithborough, p-v. Tioga co., N. Y., 10 ms. 
w. Owego. 

Smithdale, p-o. Amite co. Misp., about 30 
ms. s. e. by e. Natchez. 

Smithfield, p-t. Providence co. R. I., 9 ms. 
N. w. Providence, has Blackstone r. n. e. and 
Mass. N. ; has a varied surface, and limestone 
rocks below, which are quarried for the exten- 
sive manufacture of lime. Whet stones are 
found in large quantities. The soil is general- 
ly good. Blackstone r., one of its branches, 
and several smaller streams, supply mill sites. 
The manufactures of this t. are very important. 
Woonsocket falls, on the Blackstone, is also a 
large manufacturing place. Pop. 6,857. 

Smithfield, p-t. Madison co. N. Y., 108 ms. 



w. N. w. Albany, 6 n. Morrisville, and has Onei- 
da CO. E. Has excellent soil, and is well wa- 
tered by the head streams of Oneida creek, 
with other streams of Oneida lake, and Che- 
nango r., and was settled from New England. 
New Stockbridge, a tract of land given to the 
remains of eastern tribes by the Oneidas, is in 
this t. Pop. 2,636. 

Smithfield, p-v, s. w. part, Fayette co. Pa., 
by p-r. 202 ms, n. w. by w, W, C. 

Smithfield, p-v. nrthrn, part Isle of Wight 
CO. Va., by p-r. 80 ms, s. e, by e. Richmond. 
It is situated on a small cr. or bay of James r., 
15 ms. above Hampton Roads. 

Smithfield, p-v. and st. jus. Johnson co, N, 
C, by P-r. 29 ms. s. e. Raleigh, on the left 
bank of Neuse r. Lat. 35° 31', long. W. C, 1° 
20' w. 

Smithfield, p-v. Hamilton co. Ten., by p-r, 
135 ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

Smithfield, p-v, and incorported borough, 
Jefferson co. O., by p-r, 136 ms. n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbus, 

Smithfield, p-v. Delaware co, Ind., by p-r, 
66 ms. N. E. Indianopolis. 

Smithfield, p-v. on the Ohio r. immediately 
below the mouth of Cumberland r., Lndngston 
CO. Ky., by p-r. 260 ms. s, w. by w. Frankfort, 
Pop. 388. 

Smithland, P-v. Livingston co. Ky., near the 
junction of Cumberland and Ohio rivers. Pop. 
388. 

Smithport, as in p-o. list, though usually 
Smethpon, p-v. and st. jus. MacKean co. Pa., 
hy P-r. 200 ms. n. w. Harrisburg. It is situ- 
ated on one of the highest branches of Allegha- 
ny r., 25 ms. s. Hamilton, Cattaraugus co. N, 
Y. Lat. 41° 50', long. W. C. 1° 32' w. 

Smith's, r. Grafton co. N. H., rises in seve- 
ral ponds, flows about 15 miles, and enters the 
Pemigewasset between New Chester and 
Bristol. 

Smith's cr. and p-o. northern part Rocking- 
ham CO. Va. The p-o. is by p-r. 130 miles a 
little s. of w. W. C. The cr. is the extreme 
southern branch of the West fork of Shenan- 
doah. 

Smithsburgh, P-v. wstrn. part Washington co. 
Md., by p-r. 76 ms. n. w. W. C, and 12 miles 
wstrd. Plagerstown. 

Smith's Cross Roads, and p-o. Rhea coun- 
ty, Tenn,, by p-r. 126 miles s, e. by e. Nash- 
ville, 

Smith's Farm, and p-o. Alleghany co. Md., 
by p-r. 160 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Smith's Ford, and p-o. York dist. S, C, by 
p-r. 92 ms. n. Columbia. 

Smith's Grove, and p-v. Warren co. Ky., by 
P-r. 133 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

Smitji's Island, mouth of Cape Fear river, 
Brunswick co. N. C, is a long narrow sandy 
slip which divides the river into two channels. 
The light house stands s. e. from Smithville, on 
the western side of the isl., and on the main 
channel. Cape Fear, the extreme salient point 
of the isl., is at lat 33° 54^', long, W. C. 1° 

or w. 

Smith's Mills, and p-o. Cleai'field co. Pa., 
by p-r. 178 ms. n. w. W, C, 

Smith's Mills, and p-o. Henderson county, 



SMY 



495 



SOM 



Ky., by p-r. 191 miles a little s. of w. Frank- 
fort, 

Smith's Store, and p-o. Pittsylvania co. Va., 
by p-r. 244 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Smith's Store, and p-o. Montgomery comi- 
ty, N. C, by p-r. 159 miles s. w. by w. Ra- 
leigh. 

Smith's Store, and p-o. Spartenburgh dist. 
S. C, by p-r. 104 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Smith's Store, and p-o. Jackson co. Ala., by 
p-r. 141 ms. N. E. Tuscaloosa. 

Smithsville, p-v. Powhatan co. Va., by p-r. 
38 ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Smithsville, p-v. Dickson co. Ten., by p-r. 
57 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Smithtown, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y. 53 ms. e. 
N. Y., and s. of Long Island sound ; contains 
several small vs., with a pond s. which flows 
into the sound. It has some coasting trade. 
Pop. 1,686. 

Smithville, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 13 ms. 
s. w. Norwich, and e. of Broome co. It is 
supplied with mill seats by Chenango river and 
branches. This town includes some rich mead, 
ows, the principal of which is called the Big 
Flats. Pop. 1,839. 

Smithville, p-v. and st. jus. Brunswick co. 
N. C, by p-r. 178 ms. s. s. e. Raleigh. It is a 
seaport of some importance, situated on the 
right side of the western channel of Cape 
Fear river, one or two miles above its mouth 
into the Atlantic, and almost exactly on lat. 34°. 

Smockville, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind., by p-r. 
94 ms. s. s. e. Indianopolis. 

Smyrna, p-t. Chenango co. N. Y., 13 ms. n. 
N. w. Norwich, 105 w. Albany, and s. Madison 
CO. It is hilly n. e., where waters of Chenan- 
go r. afford many mill seats. The surface is 
generally uneven, but the vallies are large and 
fertile, and favorable to hemp. First settled 
1792. Pop. 1,839. 

Smyrna, formerly Duck cr. cross roads, p-v. 
on Duck cr., Kent co. Del. 12 ms. a little w. of 
N. Dover, and by p-r. 102 miles n. e. by e. 
W. C. 

Smyrna, p-v. Harrison co. 0., by p-r. 106 ms. 
a. little N. of E.Columbus. 

Smyth co. Va. recently formed from the 
southwestern part of Wythe and northeastern 
of Washington cos. Smyth is bndd. s. w. by 
Washington, Russell w., Tazewell n. w., Giles 
N., Montgomery n. e., and by Iron Mtn. separa- 
ting it from Grayson s.E. It lies in form of a 
rhomb 25 ms. each side ; diagonal 40 miles, 
mean width 13, and area 520 sq. ms. Lat. 36° 
50', and long. W. C. 4^° w. intersect near its 
centre. The northeastern boundary of this co. 
passes very nearly along the line of division 
between the sources of Holston, and some 
tributaries of New River. Consequently it oc- 
cupies apart of one of the most elevated of the 
Appalachian vallies. If we advert to the fact 
that the mouth of Greenbrier r. is from actual 
measurement 1333 feet above the Atlantic, and 
to the great intervening descent of New r., we 
may safely assume from 1800 to 2000 feet, as 
the mean of the farms in Smyth co. Being 
drained by the higher constituent creeks or 
rivers of Holston, the slope is sthwstrd. Cf. t. 
Mount Airy. 



Sneedsboro', p-v. on Yadkin r., and in the s. 
e. angle of An>son co. N. C, by p-r. 14 ms. s. s. 
E. Wadesboro', the co. st. and 134 ms. s. w. 
by w. Raleigh. 

Snickersville, P-v. wstrn. part Loudon co, 
Va., by p-r. 49 ms. wstrd. W. C. and 21 miles 
estrd. Winchester. 

Snoddy^ville, p-o. Jefferson co. Ten., about 
240 ms. E. Nashville. 

Snow Camp, p-v. Orange co. N. C, by p-r. 
53 ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

Snow Hill, p-v. and st. jus. Worcester co., 
Md., on Pocomoke r., 164 ms. s. e. W. C. Lat. 
38° 12', long. W. C. 1° 36' e. 

Snow Hill, p-v. estrn. part of Clinton co.O., 
by p-r. 7 1 ms. s. w. Columbus, and about an 
equal distance n. e. by e. Cincinnati. 

Snydersville, P-v. Northampton co. Pa., 
about 20 ms. nrthrd. Easton. 

Social Circle, p-o. Walton co. Geo., by p-r. 
71 ms.N. w. Milledgeville. 

Society Hill, p-o. on Great Pedee river, 
and in the extreme n. e. angle of Darlington 
district, South Carolina, 14 miles n. Darling- 
ton, the St. jus. and 101 miles n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbia. 

Society Land, t. Hillsboro' co. N. H., 17 ms. 
from Amherst, and 33 ms. from Concord, has 
Contoocook r. w., and a surface generally une- 
ven. Crotch ed mtn. is an eminence s. It is 
destitute of mill sites. Pop. 164. 

SoDDY, p-v. Hamilton co. Ten,, by p-r. 144 
ms. s. E. by e. Nashville. 

SoDUs, bay, Wayne co. N. Y., a bay of lake 
Ontario, and the loest harbor on this shore, is 
about 6 ms. long, and from 2 to 4 ms. wide, 
with good depth of water. 

SoDDS, p-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 208 ms. w. by 
N. Albany, 30 ms. n. Geneva, lies s. lake Onta- 
rio, and has a surface varied by n. and s. ridges, 
with good soil, well watered and timbered. 
Great Sodus bay is n. e., and Sodus village 
stands on a point projecting into it ; 2 ms. from 
this is the mouth of Sodus cr., which affords 
mill seats. Iron ore is found in the town. Pop. 
3,528. 

Solon, p-t. Somerset co. Maine, 44 miles n. 
Augusta, IS ms. n. Norridgewock, 44 w. by n. 
Hallowell, e. Kennebec r., and has a pond e. 
with small streams emptying into that river. 
Pop. 768. 

Solon, p-t. Cortland co. N. Y., 132 ms. w. 
Albany, lO e. Cortland, 31 s. Salina, has 
Tioughnioga cr. n. w., Otselic cr. s. e., and 
other smaller streams with mill sites. The 
soil is good for farms, and the timber, maple, 
beech, elm, ash, &c. Pop. 2,033. 

Somerfield, p-v. Somerset co. Pa., by p-r. 
170 ms. N.w.W. C. 

Somers, p-t. Tolland co. Conn., 22 ms. n. e. 
Hartford, 12 ms. s. e. Springfield, 56 ms. w. 
Providence, s. Mass., and e. Hartford co. It 
is nearly level w. with few stones, but hilly e,, 
with some eminences which command a view 
of Hartford and the valley of Conn. r. Or- 
chard grass flourishes well, and it is crossed by 
Scantic r. and other streams. Pop. 1,429. 

Somers, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 50 ms. 
N. e. N. Y., 120 ms. s. Albany, lies s. Putnam 
CO. with Croton r. for the n. boundary, whoe 



SOM 



496 



SOM 



branches afford mill seats. The soil is good, 
and the village, 1^ nis. froni the n. line, is a 
great market for lean cattle and sheep to sup- 
ply the places of the fat taken for N,Y. market. 
Fop. 1,997. 

Somerset, co. Me., bndd. by Lower Canada 
N. and N. w., Penobscot co. e., a corner of Wal- 
do CO. s. E., Kennebec co. s., and Oxford co. w., 
is the second co. in respect to size in the state. 
Its N. boundary is the range of high land divi- 
ding the waters of the .St. Lawrence from those 
of the Atlantic, and it gives rise to the princi- 
pal rs. of the state, the St. John's, the Penob- 
scot and the Kennebec almost interlocking 
their head streams near the middle of the w. 
boundary line. The two first mentioned afford 
a connected boat navigatioH, interrupted only 
by a portage of 2 ms., and between a branch of 
the Penobscot and the Allagash, a branch of St. 
John's, there is a portage of similar length. 
Moosehead lake, the source of Kennebec r., 
and which receives Moose r. from the w., is 
long, irregular, and contains several considera- 
ble isls. Sebasticook lake, through which 
flows the Penobscot, is nearly of equal length, 
and extending nearly n. w. and s. e. ends on the 
line of Penobscot co. There are several lakes 
also on the course of tlie Allagash, chiefly in 
this CO. ; a large part of the surface is uneven 
and even mountainous ; several considerable 
clusters and ridges of mountains breaking the 
surface, especially s. and w. There are Mount 
Abraham, Mount Bigelow, Bald Mountain 
ridge, &c. n. and n. w. the surface is more uni- 
form, but the land very high. The e. half of 
the CO. is indeed much varied by eminences, 
lakes, ponds, and streams, and there are col- 
lected almost all the iniiabitants ; the upper half 
being little known. The new road to Quebec 
crosses this co., following the course of the 
Kennebec a considerable distance and passing 
through a wilderness across the heiglit of land 
to the sources of the Chaudiere in Lower Ca- 
nada, then pursuing the course of that stream 
towards the St. Lawrence. The Kennebec and 
its branches watering a large part of this co., 
and that part which embraces nearly the whole 
population, is an important channel of trade, 
and has offered a route for the transportation of 
vast quantities of lumber. It contains 52 tsps. 
(some of which are only laid out and not 
named,) besides a number of plantations, pur- 
chases, &c. The CO. t. is Norridgewock. 
Pop. 1820, 21,787 ; 1830, 35,787. 

Somerset, t. Windham co. Vt., 14 ms. n. e. 
Bennington, 16 n. w. Brattleborough, is very 
mountainous, and crossed by Deerfield r. n. 
and s. and the Moose branch in the w. Mount 
Pisgah, the highest range in the t. is in the e. 
Pop. 245. 

Somerset, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., 13 ms. s. 
Taunton, 42 s. Boston,on Taunton r. Pop. 1,023. 

Somerset, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 15 ms. n. 
E. Lockport, s. lake Ontario, w. Genesee co. is 
watered by Golden Hill cr. and Keg harbor and 
Fish era. Pop. 871. 

Somerset, co. N. J. bndd. by Morris co. n., 
Essex and Middlesex cos. e., Middlesex and 
Hunterdon cos. s. and w. Raritan r. runs 
through it from w. to e., part of it and one of its 



branches plso forming much of the e. bound. 
The N. and s. branches and Millstone r. another 
branch, are partly in this co. There is a hand, 
some variety of surface, with much good land, 
particularly on the level borders of Raritan r. 
Agriculture is more flourishing than in many 
other parts of N. J. Among the eminences in 
different parts are Rock mtn.. Rocky hill, Stone 
mtn., Basking ridge, &c. In the revolutionary 
war the battle of Princeton was fought near the 
s. w. boundary of this co., and Gen. Charles 
Lee was captured by a small party of British 
dragoons at Basking Ridge. Cf. t. Somerville. 
Pop. 1820, 16,506 1830, 17,689. 

Somerset co. Pa., bndd. w. by Fayette, 
Westmoreland n. w., n. by Cambria, e. by Bed- 
ford, and s. by Allegany co. Md. Length 38 
ms., mean breadth 28, and area 1,064 sq. ms. 
Lat. 40°, and long. W. C. 2° w., intersect near 
its centre. Somerset is a real mtn. valley, be- 
tween Alleghany mtn. and Laurel hill. The 
sthrn. part slopes wstrd. and is traversed by 
Cassellman's r., a branch of Youghioghany r. 
The nthrn. section slopes to the nthrd., and in 
that direction is drained by the higher sources 
of the Kiskiminitas r. The surface of Somer- 
set is much less hilly and the soil better than 
could be generally expected amid mtn. chains. 
The mean elevation above the Atlantic tides 
must exceed 1,500 ft., as Smithfield on Yough. 
ioghany r. near its s. wstrn. angle exceeds 
1,400 ft. above the ocean tides. It is a grain 
and pasture region. Cf. t. Somerset. Pop. 
1820, 13,374, 1830, 17,762. 

Somerset, borough, p-v. and st. jus. Somerset 
CO. Pa., is situated on a small branch of Cassell. 
man's r., by p-r. 58 ms. s. e. by e. Pittsburg, 
143 ms. a little s. of w. liarrisburg, and 165 
ms. N. wstrd. W. C. Pop. 1820, 442, 1830, 
649. 

Somerset, co. Md., bndd. s. by Pocomoke 
bay, s. w. Ciiesapeake bay, n. w. Fishing bay 
and Nanticoke r., the latter separating it from 
Dorchester.co., n. Sussex co., Del., Worcester 
CO. Md. E., and the mouth of Pocomoke r. se- 
parating it from Accomac co. Va. s. e. Great- 
est length 40 ms., mean breadth 13 ms., and 
area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 16', long. W. C. 1° 
20' e. Slope s. wstrd. Beside the mouth of 
Pocomoke and Nanticoke rs., which form part 
of its boundaries, this co. is comparatively 
deeply penetrated by Manokin and Wicomico 
rs. Cf. t. Princess Ann. Pop. 1820, 19,579 ; 
1830, 20,168. 

Somerset, p-v. and st. jus. Pulaski co. Ky., 
by p-r. 85 ms. s. s. e. Frankfort. It is situated 
about 5 ms. n. Cumberland r. between Fighting 
and Pitman's crs. N.'lat. 37° 03', long. W. C. 7° 
30' w. Pop. 231. 

Somerset, p-v. and st. jus. Perry co. Ky., by 
p-r. 46 ms. e. Columbus, and 18 s. w. Zanes. 
ville. Lat. 39° 52', long. W. C. 5° 20' w. Pop. 
576. 

Somerset, p-v. in the s. wstrn. part of Frank, 
lin CO. Indiana, by p-r. 15 ms. n. w. by w. 
Brookville, the co. st., and 55 s. e. by e. Indian, 
opolis. 

Somersworth. p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 11 
ms. from Portsmouth, 45 Concord, has Salmon 
Falls r. N. E., which separates it from Berwick, 



SOM 



497 



SOU 



Me., Fresh cr. and Cocheco rs. Otis' hill com- 
mands a view of the White mtns. and Ports, 
mouth. The soil bears oak, pine, walnut, &c. 
and is favorable to grain and grass. The river 
has water for vessels of 850 tons to within 1 m. 
of Quamphegan Falls, where are several large 
factories. Iron ore and ochre are found. First 
settled 1750, and suffered in the French war. 
Tlie village of Great Falls has been formed out 
of a wilderness within 8 years. It had then 
one house and a saw mill. Itnow contains five 
large factory mills, two large hotels, ten blocks 
(three stories high) of brick, and about one 
hundred frame dwelling houses, three church- 
es, and eight or ten stores, and about two thou- 
sand inhabitants. There are four cotton and 
one woollen mills. The cotton mills contain 
tliily-one thousand spindles, with preparations 
sufficient to supply nine hundred looms, which 
produce six millions of yards of cotton cloth 
per annum. These mills consume annually, 
above 3,000 bales of cotton, weighing 1,250,000 
lbs. The largest mill is 400 ft. long and 6 sto- 
ries high, and contains 22,000 spindles and G50 
looms. The cotton mills alone give employ, 
ment to 90 men, over -100 boys, and 600 fe- 
males. They use from 7 to 8,000 gallons of 
oil, 200 tons of anthracite coal, 500 bbls. of flour 
for sizhig, and .'300 sides of leather. The mills, 
which are of brick, are arranged along a fine 
cannl, .30 ft. wide, and from 6 to 7 ft. deep, ex- 
tending from the dam at the north of the village 
to the southern extremity of it. The woollen 
mill is a fine G story brick building, 220 feet in 
length, containing machinery for the manufac- 
ture of from 120 to 130,000 yards of fine broad- 
cloth yearly. This is said to be the largest 
woollen manufactory in America. The con- 
sumption of the raw material, and various arti- 
cles of commerce, is immense. Upwards of 
200,000 pounds of wool, 5,000 gallons of oil, 150 
tons of anthracite coal, annually giving employ- 
ment within the establishment to 300 individu- 
als. Connected with the woollen, is a carpet 
manufactory, where the best description of in- 
grain carpeting is made. This factory is ca- 
pable of producing 150,000 yards annually. 
This company, " The Great Falls Manufac- 
tory," have a capital one million of dollars, and 
own most of the property in and around the vil- 
lage. The churches are on rising ground south 
of the village, one each for Congregationalists, 
Methodists, and Baptists. The cotton mills 
give employ to 90 men, 100 boys, and 600 fe- 
males. The capital of the company owning 
these establishments is one million of dollars. 
Pop. 3,090. 

SoMERTON, p-v. nthrn. part of Phil. co. Pa., 
15 ms. nthrd. Phil. 

SosiERTON, or SoMERTowN, p-v. near the sthrn. 
side of Nanseraond co. Va., following the road 
about 40 ms. s. w. Norfolk, and by p-r. 120 ms. 
s. E. Richmond. 

SoMEETON, p-v. Belmont co. O., by p-r. 139 
ms. E. Columbus. 

SoMERViLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Somerset co., 
N. .1. in the town of Bridgewater, 38 ms. n. 
Trenton, 1 n. Raritan r., 11 n. n. w. New Bruns- 
wick, contains a church, court house, and 
academy, and is a thriving and populous village. 



SoMEBViLLE, p-v. Fauquier co. Va., by p-r. 73 
ms. wstrd. W. C. 

SoMEKviLLE, p-0. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 66 
ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

SoMEKViLLE, p.v. and St. jus. Lafayette co. 
Ten., by p-r. 184 ras. s. w. by w. Nashville. N. 
lat. 33° 12', long. W. C. 12° 25' w. It is 
situated on one of the head branches of Loosa- 
hatchie r. 

SoDHEGAN, r. Hillsboro' co. N. H., which, af- 
ter receiving numerous tributaries, falls into the 
Merrimack r. in Merrimack. 

South Amboy, p-t. Middlesex co. N. J., is of 
an irregular oblong shape, with the lower part 
of Raritan r. and Raritan bay n. and n. e.. South 
r. N. w., and Monmouth co. s. w. It has the 
advantage of navigation, and is crossed by se- 
veral streams of Raritan r. The N. Y. and 
New Brunswick steamboats touch at the land- 
ing daily. The Amboy and Camden r-r. com- 
mences there, at the landing, and will render 
the town a great thoroughfare. Pop. 3,782. 

Southampton, p-t. Hampshire co.Mass., 110 
ms. w. Boston, 9 s. w. Northampton, is twice 
crossed by Manhan r., which affords good 
mill sites. There is a lead mine n. where a 
variety of interesting minerals are found. The 
E. part of this town is crossed by the Hamp- 
shire and Hampden canal. There are living 81 
ministers of the gospel who are natives of this 
town. Pop. 1,244. 

Southampton, p-t. Suffolk co. N. Y., on Long 
Island, 98 ms. e. New York, lies n. of the At- 
lantic, with Peconet r. and bayN. Sag Har- 
bor is in the n. e. corner, the capital of Suffolk 
CO. It is about 4 1-2 ms. by 23. The soil is 
light, but improved by manure, for which fish 
are used. First settled about 1639, chiefly 
from Lynn, Mass., as a separate colony. In 
1644 it came under the jurisdiction of Connect- 
icut. Deer are found in the unsettled tracts of 
this extensive tsp. There are 4 principal set- 
tlements. Pop. 4,850. 

Southampton, p-v. Somerset co. Pa. 

Southampton, co. Va. bndd. s. w. by Sussex, 
Surry n., Blackwater r., separating it from Isle 
of Wight CO. E., and Nansemond co. s. e., Hert- 
ford and Northampton COS. N. C. s., and Mehe- 
rin r. separating it from Greenville s.w. Length 
40, mean breadth 15, and area 600 sq. ms. N. 
lat. 36° 40', and the meridian of W. C. inter- 
sect in this CO. Slope s. estrd. and in that di- 
rection it is traversed by the Nottaway r. Cf. 
t. Jerusalem. Pop. 1820, 14,170, 1830, 16,074. 

South Bay, Brookhaven, Suffolk co. N. Y., 
on Long Island. 

South Bay, Dresden, Washington co. N. Y., 
sets up from lake Champlain, between the s. 
part of the latter and lake George. 

South Bend, p-v. Allen co. Ind., by p-r. 
about 200 ms. n. e. Indianopolis. 

South Berwick, p-t. York co. Me., 91 ms. 
s. w. Augusta, is of an irregular triangular form, 
bordered s. w. by Salmon Falls r., and is cross- 
ed by a small stream flowing into it. Pop. 1,577. 

South Bloomfield, p-v. Pickaway co.. O., by 
p-r. 17 ms. s. Columbus. 

Southborough, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 30 
ms. w. Boston, 15 e. Worcester, formerly a 
part of Marlboro', contains 8,350 acres of good 



sou 



498 



SOU 



soil, with a small stream of Concord r. Pop, 
1,080. 

SouTHBRiDGE, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 6.5 
ms. s. w. Boston, n. Woodstock, Conn., has 
several manufactories on Quinebaug r., as the 
Southbridge woollen manufac, the Wolcott do. 
Pop. 1,444. 

SoOTiiiiRiDGE, p-v. Southbridge, Worcester 
CO. Mass., 61 ms. s. w. Boston, is a flourishing 
manufacturing place, deriving water power from 
Quinebaug r. There are 5 cotton and 3 wool- 
len factories, and 2 more are nearly completed. 

South Brunswick, t. Middlesex co. N. J., 
has Somerset co, n. w., Sandhills n., on Mill- 
stone r., with small streams of the Raritan, and 
is crossed in the n. by the South Amboy and 
Camden rail road. Fop. 2,557. 

SouTHBURY, p-t. New Haven co. Conn., 40 
ms. s. w. Hartford, on the n. side Housatonic r. 
and s. of Litchfield co. H. r. separates it from 
Fairfield co. The surface is gently varied, 
and the soil pretty good. Shad are caught in 
the Housatonic, and Shepaug and Pomperaug 
rivers its branches, afford mill sites. Pop. 
1,557. 

South Canaan, p-v. Wayne co. Pa., by p-r. 
248 ms. N. N. E. W. C. 

South Carolina, one of the U, S., bndd. by 
the Savannah r. separating it from Geo., s. w., 
N. C. on the n. w., n. and n. e.., and the Atlan- 
tic ocean s. e. The ocean border reaches 185 
ms. from Little Inlet on the n. e. to the mouth 
of Savannah r. s. w. Along the Savannah, 
Tugaloo, and Chatuga rs. it is bounded in com- 
mon with Geo. 270 ms. ; and it has a common 
boundary with N. C. of 300 ms. Entire outline 
755 ms. The longest line that can be drawn 
over S. C. is from Little r. inlet, to the wstrn. 
angle of Pickens district, 275 ms. The area of 
S. C, has been hitherto underrated. Measured 
carefully on the recent state map of that state, 
it comes out so near 33,000 sq. ms. as to justify 
the adoption of that superfices. The mean 
width is 120 ms. The state extends in lat. 
from 32° 01' to 35° 10' n., and in long, from W. 
C. 1° 44' to 6° 20' w. To the s. w. of the Sus- 
■quehannah r. and Chesapeake bay, the Atlantic 
slope of the U. S. is divided into three zones, 
which at their margins mingle their respective 
features, but at or near their individual central 
lines, are very distinct in soil and natural vege- 
table production. These zones, merely percep- 
tible in Va. are bold and prominent in the Caro- 
linas and Geo. The first bordering on the Atlan- 
tic, is that of sea sand alluvion, below the lower 
falls of the rs. about 60 ms. wide in S. C, and in 
TOOst part penetrated by the tide. The second 
commences along, or near the lower falls, and 
primitive ledge. The sea-sand zone is very near- 
ly a dead plain, but at its interior margin hills 
begin to apipear, springs of water become plenti- 
ful, the soil meliorates, and the whole face of 
nature assumes an agreeable diversity of sur- 
face. The third, or what may be called the 
mountainous zone, though but little of it is re- 
ally mountainous, comprises the n. wstrn. part 
of the state, and lies based on the Blue Ridge 
chain. The Atlantic zone, comprising the dis- 
tricts of Beaufort, Colleton, Charleston, George- 
town, Marlborough, Horry, and Marion, is near 



the ocean, cut by innumerable interlocking wa- 
ter courses ; in considerable part it is marshy. 
The entrances are numerous, but in no one, how- 
ever, admit large vessels. Beside many of lesser 
note, this coast is accessible, advancing from s. 
w. to n. e. into the Savannah, by Port Royal en- 
trance, St. Helena sound, South and North Edis- 
tos, Stono, Charleston, Santee river by two 
mouths, and the Georgetown entrance, or es-. 
tuary of Pedee and Waccamaw rs. The insu- 
lar character of the coast, and interlocking of 
the streams, cease before reaching the middle 
zone. In a state of nature, the sea-sand alluvial 
coast of S. C. was covered with a dense forest, 
amongst which rose the gigantic palm or cab- 
bage tree. Great part of the middle zone is 
composed of what is called '• the sand hills." 
Here the arable land, or at least the best and 
most extensive part of it, skirts the streams ; 
pine timber abounds. It contains the dists. of 
Barnwell, Orangeburg, Lexington, Sumpter, 
Darlington, Marlborough, with part of Richland, 
Kershaw, and Chesterfield. The great primi- 
tive ledge, so remarkable in the states to the 
nthestrd. crosses the middle zone of S. C, pass- 
ing the Wateree near Camden, the Congaree 
at Columbia, and the Savannah near Hamburg, 
and Augusta. Above this ledge and the river 
falls, the face of the country changes to hill and 
dale, a characteristic which distinguishes the 
whole zone of the U. S., to the sthestrd. of the 
Appalachian chains. The eye now every where 
meets the hills, bold, swelling, and varied in 
form. The rs. wind their way amid valleys, 
and by their rapid and rippling currents, show 
the descent of the plain down which they flow. 
Here we discover, in rapid succession, the 
meadow, orchard, and field of small grain. 
There is no straining to suit a theory in stating, 
that S. C. has its temperate and torrid zone. 
The extremes of lat. exceed 3°, and 2 more 
may be added for difference of level, giving to 
the whole state, extremes of 5° of Fahrenheit, 
in temperature. Objects of agriculture, are 
controlled in quantity and position ; cotton and 
rice are staples near the ocean ; cotton, with 
small grain, in the middle zone ; and the latter 
and the apple in the mountainous region. In- 
dian corn succeeds well overall sections of the 
state. In Beaufort, or the extreme s., sugar 
cane has been cultivated with success. Taken 
under one view, S. C. is a fine physical and po- 
litical section, and a prosperous state. The in- 
digenous vegetation combines the oaks and 
palms ; the pines and hickory's ; and in exotic 
plants, nearly every species cultivated in the U. 
S. The sea coast offers no deep harbor, of 
course excludes heavy ships of war ; but it is 
open at numerous points to an active coasting 
commerce. Similar to every section of the 
Atlantic slope s. w. of the Susquehannah and 
Chesapeake, the rivers of S. C. are more navi- 
gable at the centre of the state, than near the 
sea or ocean coast. Under the article roads 
and canals, the reader will be able to see what 
has been effected in water and rail-road im- 
provement in S. C. Histonj and progressive 
pop. — The name of both Carolinas is derived 
from that of Charles IX, king of France, and 
was imposed by a colony of Frenchmen, who 



sou 



499 



SOU 



made an abortive attempt to form a settlement 
on the coast. As early as 1670, a century, 
however, after the reign of Charles IX., settle- 
ments of English began to be formed, and about 
1680, a few settlers fixed themselves between 
Ashley and Cooper rs., and founded Charles- 
ton. In 1662, Charles II. granted the whole of 
what now constitutes the two Carolinas, to Lord 
Clarendon and others, which with Locke's im- 
perfect plan of government, retarded the settle- 
ment and distracted the country, until 1719, 
when they were finally separated. Amid po- 
litical contests, a most salutary revolution was 
effected by the introduction of rice in 1695. In- 
digo and cotton were introduced subsequently, 
and laid the foundation of great wealth and in- 
dependence. Though her frontier felt the fre- 
quent and severe wounds inflicted by savage 
war, her advance was steady, to the commence- 
ment of the war of the revolution. In that con- 
test, this state was an illustrious actor and suf- 
ferer. Perhaps no other section of the U. S. 
felt the evils of that struggle so long and bitter- 
ly. Many of her most distinguished sons fell 
martyrs to the cause, and till its consummation, 
their survivors met the storm with unbending 
courage. A halo of glory was indeed thrown 
round the state, by such men asHayne, Marion, 
Lee and Sumpter. It is only this year (1832) 
that Sumpter went to rest with 97 years of hon- 
or pressing on his head. The character of 
Marion is that of history and romance commin- 
gled ; he was a hero worthy of the richest pa- 
ges of either. 

In 1790, S. C. contained 240,073 inhabitants ; 
in 1800 they amounted to 345,591; in I8l0, 
415,115; in 1820, 501,154; and in 1830, they 
had augmented to 581,185, or at the ratio of 242 
per cent, in 40 years. The state is subdivided 
into the following districts, the population of 
which for 1820 and 1830 is annexed. 





Pop. 1820. 


Pop. 1830. 


Anderson, 


18,C00 


17,169 


Abbeville, 


23,189 


28,149 


Barnwell, 


14,750 


19,236 


Beauiort, 


32,199 


37,032 


Cliarleston, 


80,213 


86,338 


Chester, 


14,379 


17,182 


Chesterfield, 


6,045 


8,472 


Colleton, 


26,373 


27,256 


Darlington, 


10,949 


13,728 


Edgefield, 


24,309 


30,509 


Fairfield, 


17,174 


21,.546 


Georgetown, 


17,603 


19,943 


Greenville, 


14,530 


16,476 


Horry, 


5,025 


5,245 


Kershaw 


12,442 


13,545 


Lancaster, 


8,746 


10,361 


Laurens, 


17,682 


20,263 


Lexington, 


8,083 


9,065 


Marion, 


10,201 


11,008 


Marlborough, 


6,425 


8,582 


Newbury, 


16,104 


17,441 


Orangeburg, 


15,655 


18,453 


Pickens, 


9,022 


14,473 


Richland, 


12,321 


14,772 


Spartanburg, 


16,989 


21,150 


Sumpter, 


25,369 


28,277 


Union, 


14,126 


17,906 


Williamsburg, 


8,716 


9,018 


York, 


14,936 


17,790 



Total, 501,154 581,185 

Of the Pop. of 1830, were white persons — 

Males. Females. 

Under 5 vears of age 25,132 23,691 

5 to 10 20,259 19,043 

10 to 15 16,497 15,632 

15 to 20 13,961 15,122 



Females 

21,866 

13,438 

8,468 

5,455 

2,929 

1.18t 

361 

80 

17 



Total 130,590 127,273 

Of which were deaf and dumb under 14 years 
of age, 60 ; 14 to 25, 52 ; 25 and upwards, 62. 
Blind 102. Of the colored population were — 





Males. 


20 to 30 


22,164 


30 to 40 


13,309 


40 to 50 


8,334 


50 to 60 


5,644 


60 to 70 


3,042 


70 to 80 


1,210 


80 to 99 


2i)8 


90 to 100 


06 


100 and upwards 


14 





FREE. 


SLAVES. 




Males. 


FeiiKiles. 


Males. Fein. 


Under 10 years of 


age 1,314 


1,378 


51,820 51, .524 


From 10 to 24 


953 


1,175 


44,600 45,517 


24 to 36 


622 


746 


29,710 32,689 


36 to 55 


424 


545 


21,674 22,006 


55 to 100 


335 


399 


7,567 8,1J2 


100 and upwards 19 


6 


98 84 



Total 3,672 4,249 155,469 159,932 

Free colored persons deaf and dumb under 
14 years of age, 9 ; 14 to 25, 27 ; 25 and up- 
wards 23. Blind, 136. 
Recapitulation. 
Whites. Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 

257,863 7,921 315,401 581,185 

It may be noticed, that S- C. is the only state 
in the Union, in which the slave population ex- 
ceeds in number the free. 

Constitution. — Government. — Education 

The constitution of S. C. was adopted the 3d of 
June, 1790, and was amended the 17th Dec. 
1808, and again on the 19th Dec. 1816. The 
legislative body under the name of general as- 
sembly, is composed of two houses. The sena- 
tors are chosen for four years ; and to be eligi- 
ble to a seat in the senate, demands the candi- 
date to be 30 years of age, resident in the state 
5 years previous to election ; he may be elected 
whether resident in or out of the district for 
which he is elected ; but if a resident, he must 
be possessed in the district of a settled freehold 
estate of i'SOO sterling, clear of debt ; and if 
non-resident, he must with similar other requi- 
sites, possess an estate of .£1000 sterlmg. 
Members of the house of representatives must 
be 21 years of age, resident in the state 3 years 
immediately before the election ; must, if resi- 
dent in the district from which elected, possess 
a freehold of 500 acres of land, or 10 negroes, or 
a real estate of £150 sterling, clear of debt ; or, 
if non-resident, all other requisites, and a clear 
freehold estate of i;;500 sterling, clear of 
debt. The governor is chosen for 2 years by 
joint ballot of both houses of the legislature ; 
and is ineligible for the next 4 years succeed- 
ing his term. He must be a citizen 30 years of 
age, and have been a resident in the state 10 
years next preceding his election. When elect, 
ed, he must possess a settled estate within the 
state, in his own right, of £1,500 sterling, clear 
of debt. The lieutenant governor is chosen at 
the same time, for a like term of office, and 
must be rendered eligible by similar qualifica. 
tions as the governor. To exercise the right 
of suffrage, the person must be 21 years of 
age ; paupers, and non-commissioned officers, 
and privates of the U, S. army excepted ; must 
have resided in the state 2 years, immediately 
before the day of election, have a freehold of 



sou 



500 



SOU 



50 acres of land, or a town lot, of which prop- 
erty he must be seized and possessed 6 months 
before the day of election ; or, not having such 
freehold property, he must have been a resi- 
dent of the election district at least 6 months 
immediately before the day of election, at which 
he {fives his vote. The constitution provides 
that no convention of the people shall be called, 
unless by the concurrence of two thirds of both 
branches of the whole representation ; that no 
part of this constitution shall be altered, unless 
a bill to alter the same shall have been read 
three times in the house of representatives, and 
three limes in the senate, and agreed to by two 
thirds of both branches of the whole represen- 
tation ; neither shall any alteration take place 
until the bill so agreed to, be published three 
months previous to a new election for members 
to the house of representatives ; and if the al- 
teration proposed by the legislature shall be 
agreed to in their first session, by two thirds of 
the whole representation in both branches of 
the legislature, after the same shall have been 
read three times, on three several days in each 
house : then, and not otherwise, the same shall 
become part of the constitution. The receipts 
into the State treasury irom the ordinary sources, 
during 1832, amounted to $468,712,52 and from 
the U. S., for advances made during the war, 
$157,259,16; the expenditures were $351,- 
466,94, leaving a balance in the treasury of 
nearly $275,000. The interests of education 
have not been neglected in S. C. " The col- 
lege of South Carolina," located at Columbia, 
was established in 1801 by the legislature of 
the state, and has been supported in great part 
by legislative bounty. The edifices, libraries, 
philosophical apparatus, with some other con- 
tingences, have subjected the state to an expen- 
diture of over $400,000. Of this amount, more 
than $150,000 has been expended in the build, 
ings, the library and the cabinets. Since 1824 
the legislature has appropriated $120,000 to 
this institution. The library consists of about 
8,000 volumes, and there are about 100 stu- 
dents. The Charleston college at Charleston, 
was established in 1785, and of consequence is 
more ancient than the state seminary. This in- 
stitution (1832,) has 111 students, and a libra- 
ry of 3,000 vols. ; and the Charleston seminary 
61 students, and a library of 3,000 vols. The 
Medical college of S. C, which is located in 
Charleston, is well patronised. Free schools 
have been established, and are supported at the 
expense of the state, or more correctly by the 
people. In 1828, by a report of the commis- 
sioners of free schools, there were 840 schools 
then established, in which 9,036 pupils were 
taught, at an annual expense of $39,716. In 
1829, the appropriation for free schools was 
$37,200. By reference to the tables in this ar- 
ticle, the reader may see that in 1830, there 
were in S. C. 100,614 white persons, from 5 to 
20 years of age inclusive ; in the previous year, 
about 37 2-10 cents were appropriated for their 
instruction, admitting all to have claimed a 
share. In this unequal and inadequate provi- 
sion for the greatest of all human interests, S. 
C. is far from being alone, and very far from 
deserving censure not applicable alike to a great 
majority of the states of the Union. 



South Chakleston, p-v. in the s. estrn. part 
of Clarke co. 0., by p-r. 40 ms. s. w. by w. Co- 
lumbus. 

South East, p-t. Putnam co. N. Y., 18 ms. e. 
West Point, has Connecticut e., Westchester 
CO. s., with a hilly surface and pretty good soil 
for grain, &c., well watered, abounding in iron 
ore, and crossed by Croton r., which furnishes 
mill sites. Joe's hill, a mountainous ridge, ex- 
tends from the centre into Connecticut. There 
are 5 ponds in this t. Pop. 2,036. 

South Farms, p-v. and parish, Litchfield, 
Litchfield co. Conn., 36 ms. w. Hartford. Part 
of Great lake, or Litchfield pond, lies in the 
parish, which gives rise to Bantam r., a branch 
of the Housatonic. 

SouTHFiELD, parish of Sandisfield, Berkshire 
CO. Mass., has the boundary of Conn. s. 

SouTHFiELD, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 9 ms. s. 
N. Y. on Staten isl., has the narrows e., Rari- 
tan bays., with a coast on those sides of about 
10 ms. It is level s., with good soil. Clams 
are caught at the Great Kills, and shad and 
other fish at the narrows. At Old Town was 
formerly a defensive work, erected for protec- 
tion against Indians ; Richmond v. w. contains 
the CO. buildings, and sloops come up the Fresh 
Kills to within 3-4 of a mile of the village. On 
the E. side, opposite Long isl. are erected forts 
Richmond, Tompkins, and Hudson. On the 
heights, near the latter forts, are also the tele- 
graphs erected to communicate with N. Y. and 
vessels in the ofling. Pop. 971. 

South Florence, p-v. on the left bank of Ten. 
r. Franklin co. Ala., nearly opposite Florence 
in Lauderdale co., and by p-r. 145 ms. n. Tus- 
caloosa. 

South Hadley, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 9Q 
ms. w. Boston, on the e. bank of Conn, r., 
where is a fall of 40 feet in about 80 yards. 
There are several manufactories at the falls, 
and it is a place of considerable business. Here 
also great quantities of shad are caught, the 
falls generally causing those fish to stop here 
in great numbers in the spring. There is a 
canal round the falls here, 2 ms. long, 300 feet 
distance of which is cut to the depth of 40 feet 
through solid rock. It was the first canal con- 
structed on this r. Pop. 1,185. 

fcouTH Hampstead, p-t. Queons co. N. Y., on 
the s. side Long Island, 22 ms. a little s. of e. 
New York. Hampstead plains lie principally 
in this town, and are 15 ms. long by 4 broad. 
There are 14 school dists., in which schools 
are kept 10 months annually. Pop. 6,215. 

South Hampton, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 
50 ms. from Concord, 18 ms. from Portsmouth, 
45 from Boston, has Amesbury, Mass. s., with 
a surface nearly level, good soil, and excellent 
mill seats on Powow r. which crosses it. Pop. 
487. 

South Hanover, p-v. Jefferson co. Ind. by 
p-r. 90 ms. s. e. Indianppolis. Here is located 
the South Hanover college and Indiana theolo- 
gical seminary, a Catholic institution, founded 
in 1825. The edifice is 3 stories high, 100 ft. 
long and 40 wide. It is established on the 
manual labor system, and has a cooper's, car- 
penter's and waggon maker's shop. Including 
the president, there are 6 professors in this in- 



sou 



501 



SPA 



stitution, and the number of students is about 
40. 

South Hero, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt. 12 ms. 
N. w. Burlington, 16 s. w. St. Albans, has lake 
Chaniplain on all sides except the n , and con- 
tains 9,065 acres. First settled 1784. A sand 
bar extending to Chittenden, renders the lake 
in that place fordable a part of the year. The 
rocks are limestone, as well as those of the 
neighboring isls. The soil is very good, and 
the surface nearly level. Marl, with shells, is 
found even on the higher parts ; and the lime 
stone is sometimes burnt, and sometimes used 
for building. These islands were formerly a 
favorite resort of Indians ; and they made imple- 
ments of quartz, &c. on the shore, bringing the 
stone from a distance. Pop. 717. 

SooTHiNGTON, p.t. Hartford co. Conn. 18 ms. 
s. w. Hartford, 21 n. New Haven, lies in the s. 
w. corner of the co., with New Haven co. 
s. and w., about 6 ms. square, with an uneven 
surface, agreeably varied, except the Green, 
stone range in the e., and some considerable 
eminences w. The soil is various, but gener- 
ally good for rye, maize, &c. It is crossed by 
2 branches of Quinipiack r., which supply mill 
seats. The Farmington canal crosses the town 
N. and s., and affords a convenient channel of 
transportation. Pop. 1,844. 

SouTHiNGTON, p-v. TrumbuU co. 0. by p-r. 
]66 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

South Killingly, v. Killingly, Windham co. 
Conn. 14 ms. e. by n. Hartford, and 9 n. Plain- 
field ; is a flourishing manufacturing place, at 
the confluence of Five Mile and Quinebaug rs. 
Plere, at the falls at the mouth of Five Mile r., 
the Danielson manufacturing company have a 
mill of 1,840 spindles, 44 looms, employ 65 
hands, consume 90,000 lbs. of cotton, and make 
350,000 yards of 4-4 sheetings. There is also 
a small factory of broadcloths, connected with 
a dressing and fulling mill, where 4,500 yards 
of broadcloths are made, and on the Quine- 
baug, about 100 yards below, there is a cotton 
mill of 1,000 spindles, and 24 looms, making 
150,000 yards of 7-8 shirtings annually. At 
Chesnut Hill, 5 ms. n. e. of South Killingly, on 
Whitestone brook, is a stone mill, in which are 
rmi 2,100 spindles, and 36 looms, consuming 
100,000 lbs. of cotton annually. 

South Kingston, p-t. and st. jus. Washington 
CO. R. I., 30 ms. s. w. Providence, has the At. 
lantic and Narraganset bay e., and the Atlantic 
s. It has an uneven surface, with primitive 
rocks, and a soil generally rich and strong, fa. 
vorable to grass and grain. There are several 
small streams, many fresh water ponds, (one 
of 3,000 or 4,000 acres,) and one salt water 
pond, called Point Judith pond. Northeast on 
Narraganset bay is a good harbor ; and con. 
siderable coasting trade is carried on, as well 
as much fresh and salt water fishing. The first 
settlement was made about 1670, when the 
town was connected with N. Kingston. Pop. 
3,663. 

South Landing, p-v. Cabell co. Va., by p.r. 
349 ms. wstrd. W. C. 

SouTHOLD, p-t. Suffolk county, N. York, 103 
ms. E. New York, embraces the n. e. corner 
of Long Island, which extends in a long neck, 

64 ' 



bounding the sound on the s. k. On the s. w 
side of tlie point are several bays, channels, and 
islands, and Plumb island lies off the extremity 
of the cape, in a line with the Gull islands, the 
Race and Fisher's isl. These islands belong to 
the town v\'ith Ram and Robin's island. The 
soil is various, with few stones and much sand. 
The coast is generally a sand bank. Fish are 
taken in great numbers. There are several 
villages, Mattatuc, Cutchogue, Southold town, 
&c. The two Gull islands are small, 3 ms. k. 
by N. of Plumb island. Great Gull contains 14 
acres, and Little Gull 1, chiefly rocks, on which 
are erected a light house of the United States, 
with a house for the keeper. These, with walls 
for protection against the sea, were built at the 
expense of .^24,000, of stone brought from the 
Connecticut shore. The dashing of the waves 
in an e. storm shakes the very foundation of this 
fabric. The light being in the entrance of Long 
Island sound, is a very important one. Pop. 
2,900. 

South Plymouth, p.v. northwestern part of 
Wayne co., Mich., by p-r. 22 miles n. w. Detroit. 

SouTHPORT, t., Tioga co. N. Y., 5 ms. s. w. 
Elmira, is in the s. w. corner of the co., with 
Pennsylvania s. and Steuben co. w. Chemung 
r. which flows through it, has a large quantity 
of excellent meadow land on its banks. Pop. 
1,454. 

South Quay, p-v. Nansemond co. Va., 95 ms. 
s. s. E. Riclimond. 

South Reading, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 10 
ms. N. E. Boston, contains a pleasant village and 
a pond near it. Pop. 1,311. 

South River, r., Middlesex co. N. J., formed 
by the Manalapan and Matcheponix which rise 
in Monmouth co., and unite at Spotswood. It 
enters the Raritan 5 miles below New Bruns- 
wick, and is navigable for sloops 6 miles. 

SouTPi Salem, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 50 
ms. N. New York, 6 n. Bedford, and has Conn, 
on the E. It is of irregular form, with seve- 
ral ponds, and is bordered w. by Crotonr. Pop. 
1,537. 

South Union, p.v. Jasper co. Ga., by p-r. 24 
ms. N. w. Milledgeville. 

South Union, p-v. Logan co. Ky., by p.r. 157 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

South Warren, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 
270 ms. northward W. C. 

South White Hall, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa., by 
p-r. 179 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

SouTHwicK, P-t. Hampden co. Mass., 110 ms. 
s. by \v. Boston, and n. of Connecticut line, and 
contains several large ponds, that serve as a 
part of the route of the Hampshire and Hamp- 
den canal, which passes through the town. It 
is crossed by a considerable stream. Popula- 
tion, 1,355. 

. Spafford, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 18 ms. 
s. s. w. Onondaga, 14 n. Homer, lies n. of Cort- 
landt CO., and e. Cayuga co. or Skaneateles 
lake. The surface is varied, with a rich soil, 
bearing maple, beech, bass, &c. Slopes rapid- 
ly E. to Otisco r. the valley of which lies partly 
in this town. The inlet of Otisco lake forms 
part of the e. line, and there are several smaller 
streams. First settled aboiU 1806 from the e. 
states. Pop. 2,647. 



SPE 



502 



SPO 



Spanish Grove, p-v. Mecklenburg county, 
Va., by p-r. 116 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Sparta, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y., 25 ms. s. 
w, Canandaigua, 13 s. Genesee, has Steuben 
CO. E., Steuben and Alleghany cos. s. and Alle- 
ghany CO. w., is watered by a branch of Hem- 
lock lake and Canaseraga cr. ; has generally a 
poor soil. Pop. 3,777. 

Sparta, p-v. Washington co. Pa., by p-r. 10 
ms. wstrd. the borough of Washington, and 229 
ms. N. vf. by w. W. G. 

Sparta, p-v. Caroline co. Va., by p-r. 89 ms. 
a little w. of s. W. C. 

Sparta, p-v. Edgecombe co. N. G., by p-r. 
81 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Sparta, p-v. and st. jus. Conecuh co. Ala. 
on Murder cr. another branch of Conecuh r. 
about 85 ms. n. e. Mobile, and by p-r. 205 ms. 
a little E. of s. Tuscaloosa, Lat. 3l°20', long. 
W. C. 10° 10' w. 

Sparta, p-v. and st. jus. White co. Ten. by 
p-r. 92 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Spartanburg, dist. S.C. bndd. n. e. by Broad 
r. separating it from York district, Union e. 
and s. E., Ennoree r. separating it from Laurens 
s., Greenville s. w. and w., and Rutherford co. 
N. C. N. Length from s. to n. 40 ms., mean 
breadth 28, and area 1, 120 sq. ms. Lat. 35° 
and long, 5° w. intersect near the centre of this 
dist. Slope s. e. and in that direction advan- 
cing from s. to N. it is drained by the rivers En- 
noree, Tyger, Forest, and Pacolet. Cf. t. Spar- 
tanburg. Pop. 1820, 16,989, 1830, 21,150. 

Spartanburg, p-v. and st. jus. Spartanburg 
district, S. C, by p-r. 104 ms. n. w. Columbia. 
Lat. 34° 56' long. W. C. 5° w. 

Speckled mtn. Oxford co. Me., n. of An- 
droscoggin r. on the n. line of Riley, is one of 
the highest eminences in the state, and sup- 
posed to be about 4,000 ft. above the sea. 

Speedwell, p-v. Barnwell dist. S. C, by p-r. 
Ill ms. s. wstrd. Columbia. 

Speedwell, p-v. wstrn. part of Claiborne co. 
Ten., by p-r. 238 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Speight's Bridge, and p-o. Greene co. N. C, 
by P-r. 74 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Spencer, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 51 ms. 
w. Boston, 11 s. w. Worcester, has a pleasant 
variety of surface, and a good soil. It is wa- 
tered by branches of Chicopee r which furnish 
mill sites. The land is elevated 880 ft. above 
Connecticut r. at Springfield, and 950 above 
Boston harbor. On a route surveyed for a ca- 
nal between those two points, this was the sum- 
mit level. Pop. 1,618. 

Spencer, p-t. and st. jus. Tioga co. N. Y., 
190 ms. w. by s. Albany, and 18 n. w. Owego, 
has Cayuta on the w. line, and a pond n, which 
gives rise to Catetant creek, with Cayuga inlet. 
The surface and soil are various. Pop. 1,278. 

Spencer, p-v. Davidson co. N. C, by p-r, 92 
ms. westward Raleigh. 

Spencer, co., Ky., bndd. s. by Nelson, Bullitt 
w., Jefferson n. w., Shelby n., and Anderson e. 
Leno-th 22 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 264 
sq. ms. Lat. 38°, and long. W. C. 8° 14' w., 
intersect in this co. Slope westward, and in 
that direction drained by Salt river. Cf. t. Tay. 
lorsyille. Pop. 6,812. 
Spencer, co., Ind,, bndd. w. by Little Pigeon 



r. separating it from Warrick, Dubois n., An. 
derson's cr. e., separating it from Perry, and the 
Ohio r. separating it from Hancock co. Ky., s. 
E,, Daviess co, Ky,, s,, and Henderson co, Ky., 
s. w. Length from s, to n. 32 ms,, mean width 
14, and area 448 sq, ms, Lat, 38° and long. 
10° w. intersect in the southeastern part of this 
CO., general slope is southward towards Ohio r. 
Cf. t. Rockpon, no unapt name, as the whole 
county is hilly, and in part rocky. Pop. 1820, 
1,882, 1830, 3,196. 

Spencer, p-v. and st. jus. Owen co. Indiana, 
by p-r. 52 ms. s. w. Indianopolis. It is situated 
on Kaskaskias r. Lat. 39° 17', long. W. C, 9° 
48' w, 

Spencertown, p-v. Austerlitz, Columbia co. 
New York, 30 ms. s. w. Albany. 

Spermaceti Cove, Monmouth co. N. J., a 
safe and convenient harbor, for vessels of light 
draught of water, at the s. w. part of Sandy 
Hook, e. of the Highlands. 

Spesutia, p-v, Harford co, Md,, by p-r, 65 ms. 
N. E. W. C. 

Spinnerstown, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 171 
ms. n. e. W. C. 

Spirit, Lake. This comparatively large sheet 
of water forms the reservoir from which flows 
sthrdly. IVlississagaigon, or Rum r. It appears 
to be supplied by immense swamps, or over, 
flown ground, between St. Louis r. of lake Su- 
perior and Mississippi r. The centre of Spirit 
Lake is at lat. 46° 30', and long. W. C. 16° 40' 
w. and about 75 ms. direct course a little s. of 
w. the mouth of St. Louis r. 

Split Rock, p-v. Essex, Essex co. N, Y., 2 
ms. s. Essex v. on the w. side of L. Champlain. 

Spoon isl., Hancock co. Maine. 

Spoon, r. of II. has its sources in Putnam and 
Henry cos. ; by a sthwstrn. course of 50 miles, 
it reaches the nrthrn. border of Fulton co., and 
inclining to s. s. w. 20 ms. and afterwards to s. 
E. 20 ms. more it falls into Illinois river. The 
higher part of the valley of Spoon river lies be- 
tween those of the Illinois and Mississippi, but 
in the lower part of its course it is bndd. s. w. 
by the valley of Crooked cr. This r, drains a 
fine section of 11, and its valley, in lat. stretch- 
ing from 39° 55' to 41° 20'. 

Spotswood, p-v. Middlesex co. New Jersey, 
9 ms. s. E. New Brunswick, 10 w. by s. Mid- 
dletown Point, on the n. side of South river, a 
branch of the Raritan. Snuff and powder are 
manufactured here. 

Spottedville, p-v. Stafford co. Va., by p-r. 88 
ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Spottsylvania, CO. Va., bndd. by Caroline s. 
E., North Anna r. separating it from Hanover s. 
and Louisa s. w.. Orange n. w.. Rapid Ann r, 
separating it from CnlpepperN., and Rappahan- 
noc r. separating it from Stafford n. e. Length 
from s. w. to n. e. 24 ms., mean breadth 17 ms. 
and area 408 sq. ms. Lat. 38° 12', long. W. C. 
0° 40' w. The extreme sources of Matapony 
r. rise mostly in this co., and flow to the south, 
eastward as do the two bounding streams North 
Anna and Rappahannoc rs., the slope of the co. 
is of course in the direction of its waters. Sur. 
face though hilly, is pleasantly and in many 
places finely diversified. Cf. t. Fredericksburg. 
Pop. 1820, 14,254, 1830, 15,134. 



SPR 



503 



SPR 



Spread Eagle, p-v. northwestern part of Del. 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 136 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Spring Bank, p-v. Wayne co. N. C. by p-r. 51 
ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

Springboro', p-v. Warren co. 0., by p-r. 88 
ms. N. w. by w. Columbus. 

Spring Cottage, p-v. near the southwstrn. 
angle of Hancock co. Misp. about 120 ms. s. e. 
by E. Natchez. 

Spring Creek, p-v. Warren co. Pa., by p-r. 
335 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Spring Creek, p-o. Greenbrier co. Va., by 
p-r. 254 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Spring Creek, p-o. Madison co. Ten. by p-r. 
132 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Spring Dale, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., by p-r. 
235 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Spring Dale, p-v. Hamilton co. O., by p-r. 
Ill ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Spring Farm and p-o. Augusta co. Va., by 
p-r. 151 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Springfield, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H., 35 ms. 
from Concord, 90 from Boston, lies in the n. e. 
corner of the co. v^rith Grafton co. n., and Mer- 
rimack CO. E., and contains 28,330 acres. It 
gives rise to a branch of Sugar r., and one of 
the streams of Blackwater r., thus dividing the 
waters of Connecticut and Merrimack rs. It 
contains several small ponds, and has a rough 
surface, but a pretty good soil. There is a 
quarry of valuable stone e. First settled, 1772. 
Pop. 1,192. 

Springfield, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 13 ms. s. 
Windsor, 68 from Montpelier, 30 n. Brattle." 
boro', w. Conn, r., and is crossed s. e. by Black 
r. There are fine meadows on Conn, river ; a 
village at the falls of Black r., and another in 
the N. w. part. Pop. 2,749. 

Springfield, p-t. and st. jus. Hampden co. 
Mass., lies on the e. side of Conn. r. 87 miles 
w. Boston, 26 n. Hartford, 47 w. s. w. Wor- 
cester, and 20 s. Northampton. It is one of 
the most thriving towns in the state, containing 
a court-house, jail, bank, 2 insurance offices, 
besides other public buildings ; among these 
are 4 churches, 1 each for Congregationalists, 
Unitarians, Baptists and Methodists. It also 
contains the largest armory of the U. S., and 
many elegant private edifices, highly credita- 
to the taste of its inhabitants. In this town is 
Chickapee, an important manufacturing village, 
which contains about 1,300 inhabitants, a Con- 
gregational & Methodist church, p-o., and about 
100 houses of brick, belonging to the manufac 
turers. In 1831 there were in the town 1,453 
polls, 722 dwelling houses, 118 stores, warehou- 
ses & mechanic shops, 580 barns & other build- 
ings, 3 cotton factories, 370 looms, and 13,824 
spindles, 1 bleachery, 3 paper mills, 5 printing 
offices, 5 grist mills, 7 saw mills, 2 card fac- 
tories, 1 carding machine, 1 fulling mill, 2 brew- 
eries, 2 distilleries, 3 tan-houses, 5,301 acres 
of tillage land, 1,807 acres of mowing 
land, 389 horses, 321 oxen, 474 cows, 237 
steers and heifers, and 954 sheep. A bridge, 
1,234 ft. long, crosses the Connecticut to 
West Springfield. Stage coaches run daily 
to Boston, Albany, Northampton and Hart- 
ford; and small steamboats also to Hart- 
ford, carrying passengers, &c. &c. The ar- 



moryof the U. S. was established in 1795, at 
an expense, with additions from time to time 
since, of $251,857. From that time up to 1821, 
there were expended in work and materials 
$2,553,352. The annual expense is $180,000. 
The present production is 16,500 muskets a 
year, and there are on hand, prepared for dis- 
tribution, more than one hundred thousand 
stand. The number of workmen is nearly 300. 
According to the statement of the superinten- 
dent, about two-thirds of the amount appropria- 
ted to this establishment is paid for labor, and 
one-third for stock and materials. Of the latter 
the following comprise the most important 
items, viz: — 105 tons of iron, $23,100; 49,500 
lbs. of steel, $7,820; 16,500 files, $3,300; 
140,000 bushels charcoal, $9,100; 10,000 bush- 
els pit coal, $3,500; 100 tons Lehigh coal, 
.$'1,000. Total $47,820. There are employed 
in the estimate 275 men, whose pay amounts 
for the year to $120,000, leaving for stock and 
materials $60,000. Total $180,000. The 
number of arms manufactured per year, with all 
appendages, is 16,500. Amount of permanent 
improvements, miscellaneous expenses, &c. 
say ^12,000; leaving for the manufacture of 
arms, gun boxes, screwdrivers, wipers, ball 
screws, spring vices, and all the appendages, 
say $168,000. The greater part of the buildings 
belonging to the armory are situated on the 
hill nearly a mile e. of the river ; the water-shops 
connected with the arsenal lying one mile s. on 
Mill r. Chickapee v., which has been men- 
tioned, is situated on a river, from which it de- 
rives its name, and which aflbrds abundant wa- 
ter power for its manufactures. It is about 
4 ms. N. of the village of Springfield, and con. 
tains 4 large cotton factories and a bleaching 
establishment. Three of the manufactories em. 
ploy 600 persons, using 900,000 lbs. of cotton 
annually, and making 3,300,000 yds. of printing 
cottons, fine sheetings and shirtings. The 
other factory is 254 ft. long, and 4 stories high. 
There are also iron works in the village. Pop. 
1820, 3,970, 1830, 6,784. 

Springfield, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 58 ms. w. 
Albany, 12 n. Cooperstown, in the n. w. corner 
of the CO., has Otsego lake and co. w., and is of 
a varied surface, with a soil generally rich. 
There are several small mill streams. The 
town was settled and deserted before the revo- 
lution, and has since been settled by English, 
Scotch and Irish. Pop. 2,816. 

Springfield, t. Burlington co. N. J., 18 ms. s. 
Trenton, and 18 from Burlington ; has Assis- 
cunk cr. n., and is crossed by a small branch. 
The soil is good and very well cultivated. Pop. 
1,534. 

Springfield, p-t. Essex co. N. J., 7 ms. w. 
Newark, 15 w. N. Y., 6n. w. Elizabethtown ; 
has a pleasant village on Rahway r. which flows 
through it, and affords several mill sites. The 
Short hills cross the n. parts, e. and n. w. The 
surface is varied, the soil good, and the inhab- 
itants farmers. A large British foraging party 
was resisted and stopped at the river during the 
war ; but on another occasion the village was 
occupied by the enemy one night, and burnt af. 
ter the battle of Springfield, which was severely 
contested, and was continued, as the Americana 



SPR 



504 



SQU 



retreated, e. of the village to the Sliort hills, 
where the British received a check. This place 
the enemy were unable to retain possession of, 
and they retreated the next day. Pop. 1,G56. 

Springfield, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 
255 ms. N. W. C. 

Springfield, p-v. Hampshire co. Va., by p-r. 
118 ms. N. w. by w. \V. C. 

Springfield, p-v. Greene co. Ala., by p-r. 61 
ms. sthrd. Tuscaloosa. 

Springfield, p-v. sthestm. part of St. Helena 
parish. La., by p-r. 11 ms. s. e. St. Helena, tlie 
St. jus. of the parish, and via Madisonvillo about 
80 ms. N. w. New Orleans. 

Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Robertson co. 
Ten., by p-r. 25 ms. a httle w. of n. Nashville. 
Lat. 36° 30', long. 9° 54' w. W, C. 

Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Washington co. 
Ky., by p-r. 50 ms. s. w. Frankfort. Lat. 37° 
42', long. 8° 16' w. W. C. Pop. 618. 

Springfield, p-v. and st. jus. Clarke co. 0., 
43 ms. almost due w. Columbus, and 25 n. e. 
by E. Dayton. Lat. 39° 54', long. 6° 48' w. W. 
C. It is situated on a small branch of Mad r., 
and contains the ordinary co. buildings, with 
several manufactories. In the n. w. part of this 
village is a beautiful cascade, in the vicinity of 
which the scenery is very fine. It is in Mill cr., 
which, passing over a bed of limestone, has a 
perpendicular fall of 20 ft. In the vicinity of 
this are two springs, one chalybeate, the other 
sulphur, both possessing considerable medicinal 
properties. Pop. 1,080. 

Springfield, p.v. Franklin co. Ind., by p-r. 
77 ms. s. e. byE. Indianopolis. 

Springfield, p-v. and st. jus., Sangamon co. 
II., by p-r. 79 ms. n. w. Vandalia, and as laid 
down by Tanner, about 5 ms. wstrd. of the 
junction of Sangamon proper with the Mowa- 
wequa. Lat. 39° 48', long. 12° 40' w. W. C. 
It is one of the new towns rising as if by mira- 
cle from the wilds of the west. 

Springfield, Cross Roads and p-o. Erie co. 
Pa., by p-r. 330 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Springfield Furnace, and p-o. Huntingdon 
CO. Pa. by p-r. 150 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Spring Four Corners, p-v. srthrn. part Sus. 
quehannahco. Pa., about 6 ms. sthrd. Montrose, 
the CO. st. In directing letters it ought to be 
observed that though in the same tsp., Spring- 
ville and Springville Four Corners are different 
offices. 

Spring Garden, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va., by 
p-r. 250 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Spring Garden, p-v. Rockingham co. N. C, 
by p-r. 124 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Spring Grove, p-o. Lancaster co. Pa., by p-r. 
N. estrd. W. C. 

Spring Grove, p-o. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r. 
]37 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Spring Grove, p-o. Laurens dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 69 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Spring Grove, p-o. Alachua co. Florida, by 
p-r. 193 ms. s. e. Tallahassee. 

Spring Hill, p-o. Fayette co. Pa., by p-r. 221 
ms. N. w. W. C. 

Spring Hill, p-o. Lewis co. N. C, by p-r. 67 
ms. s. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Spring Hill, p-o. York dist. S. C, by p-r. 97 
ms. N. Columbia. 



t^PRiNG Hill, p-v. Monroe co. Geo., by p-r. 7 
ras. w. Milledgeville. 

Spring Hill, p-v. Maury co. Ten., 30 ms. s. 
s. w. Nashville. 

Spring Hill, p-o. Decatur co. Ten., 53 ms. 
s. e. Indianopolis. 

Spring House, p-o. Montgomery co. Pa., 19 
ms. N. Phil. 

Spring Mill, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind., by p-r. 
82 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. This is the same 
place formerly called Arcole. 

Spring Mills, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 
187 ms. N.N. w. W. C. 

Sprjng Mount, p-o. estrn. part Dyer co. Ten., 
by p-r. 1 60 ms. w. Nashville, and 8 ms. e. Dy. 
ersburg, the co. st. 

Spring Place, p-o. Cherokee Nation, by p-r, 
212 ms. n. w. Milledgeville, and 623 ms. s. w. 
by w. W. C. 

Springport, t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 10 ms. 
s. w. Auburn ; has Cayuga lake and Seneca 
CO. w. ; contains the vil. of Union Springs. Pop. 
1,528. 

Spring Rock, p-o. York dist. S. C, by p-r. 
80 ms. N. Columbia. 

Spring's Mills, p-o. Lincoln co. N. C, by 
p-r. 172 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Springtovvn, vil. Morris co. N. J., 18 ms. w. 
Morristown, on the acclivity of Schooley's 
ratn. 

Springtown, p-v. near the n. wstrn'. border of 
Bucks CO. Pa., 7 ms. s. e. Bethlehem, and 43 
ms. N. Phil. 

ir-'PRiNGViLLE, p-v. Susquehaimah co. Pa. by 
p-r. !^61 ms. N. N. E. W. C. 

Springville, p-v. Darlington dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 91 ms. estrd. Columbia. 

Springville, p-v. Lawrence co. Ind., by p^r. 
62 ms. s. s. w. Indianopolis. 

Springwater, p.t. Livingston co, N. Y., 18 
ms. s. E. Geneseo ; has Ontario co. n. and e., 
and Steuben co. w. ; a pretty good soil, though 
a rough surface, and is watered by several 
small streams. Pop. 2,253. 

Spring Wells p-v. Wayne co. Mich., by p-r. 
10 ms. nthrd. Detroit. 

Squam, lake, Grafton and Coos cos. N. H., 3 
ms. by 6 ; is a beautiful sheet of water, almost 
surrounded by high hills, and diversified with 
coves, capes and isls., and aflbrding fine trout. 
It extends over about 6,000 acres. A canal 
from this to Winnipiseogee lake 2 ms. distant, 
has been proposed. 

Squam, r. Grafton co. N. H., the outlet of 
Squam lake, crosses part of Holderness, and 
falls into Pemigewasset r. 

SauAM, bay, Essex co. Mass., on the north 
shore ?f Cape Ann, opposite Gloucester harbor, 
with which it is connected by a short canal, 
which crosses the isthmus of that cape or 
peninsula. This bay is also called Squam har- 
bor. 

SdUAM, vil. Gloucester, Essex co. Mass., on 
the N. shore of Cape Ann ; has an excellent and 
convenient harbor, and a population devoted to 
fishing and commerce. 

Squamanagonick, vil. Rochester, Strafford 
CO. N. H., at the falls of Cocheco r. 

Squam Beach, Morris co, N, J., on the sea 
coast, s. of Manasquani r. 



STA 

SaUAMScoT, or Exeter r., N. H. 

Stafford, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 26 ms. n. e. 
Hartford, and 74 w. s. w. Boston ; is an elevated 
tract, with Mass. line n. The surface is rough, 
with some pleasant vallies, and much wild sce- 
nery. The rocks are primitive, and the soil 
generally favorable to grass. Iron ore, (chiefly 
bog ore,) is found in many places, and there 
are several mines and forges. Willimantic r. 
and Roaring brook afford mill seats ; and there 
are several manufactories. Straw braiding is 
carried on to some extent by females. The 
vil. is on a pleasant elevated plain, with a large 
open square in the centre, affording an exten. 
sive view over a varied country. The springs 
are situated in a narrow valley, 1 mile w. of the 
vil., on the bank of the Willimantic, and in the 
midst of picturesque scenery, about lOO yards 
s. of the turnpike road from Boston to Hart- 
fo'rd. Near at hand is a large house for the ac- 
commodation of visiters. One of the springs 
is a feeble chalybeate, and the other is impreg- 
nated with sulphuretted hydrogen. First set- 
tled about 1718. The Indians were acquainted 
with the valuable properties of the springs 
which they made known to the settlers. Pop. 
2,515. 

Stafford, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 6 ms. e. 
Batavia, has a slightly varied surface, with 
pretty good soil, watered by Black cr. Pop. 
2,368. 

Stafford, t. Monmouth co. N. J., forms the 
s. angle of the co., and is nearly in the form of 
a triangle. The w. part comprehends a great 
part of Little Egg Harbor, with several isls., 
and much of Long Beach, which shuts it in 
from the ocean. There is also a considerable 
extent of swamps on the borders of the harbor, 
through which Manahocking r., and other small 
streams discharge. Pop. 2,059. 

Stafford, co. Va. bndd. by King George s. e., 
Rappahannoc r. separating it from Caroline s., 
Spottsylvania co s. w., and Culpepper w., on the 
N. w. it has Fauquier, King William n., and the 
Potomac r. separating it from Charles co. Md. 
E. Lat. 38° 25', long. W. C. 0° 22' w. Length 
20 ms., mean breadth 12, and area 240 sq. ms., 
surface hilly. Cf. t. Falmouth. Pop. 1820, 
9,517 ; 1830, 9,362. 

Stafford, c. h. p.o. and st. jus. Stafford co. 
Va., by p-r. 76 ms. a little e. of n. Richmond, and 
46 s. w.W. C. 

Stafford, springs and p-o. wstrn. part Staf. 
ford CO. Va. 

Stagville, p-v. Orange co. N. C. 

Stahler's, p-o. Lehigh co. Pa., 10 ms. nrthrd. 
AUentown, the co. st. 

Stalling's, store and p-o. Monroe co. Geo., 
49 ms. w. Milledgeville. 

Stamford, t. Bennington co. Vt., 9 ms. s. k. 
Bennington, 21 s. Brattleborough, n. Mass., is 
uneven, and has much waste land. Some of the 
head streams of Hoosac r. rise in the s., and in 
the N. part are Moose, Fish, and other ponds, 
from which waters run into Walloomsac r. 
Pop. 563. 

Stamford, p.t. Fairfield co. Conn., 76 ms. s. 
w. Hartford, 42 s. s, w. New Haven, 43 n. e. 
New York, has N. Y. n. w. and Long Island 
sound s. w., is crossed by two or three mill 



505 STA 

streams, and is penetrated by a bay from the 
sound. The surface is agreeably varied, the 
soil is fertile and favorable to cultivation. At 
the mouth of Mill r. is a harbor, with 8^^ feet of 
water at common tides, and a place of some 
coasting trade. There are two smaller harbors 
in the t., and here are two large flour mills. 
Pop. 3,712. 

Stamford, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 12 ms. 
E. Delhi, 50 w. Catskill, faO w. s. w. Albany, has 
the head stream of Del. r. n., and Schoharie 
CO. e. The surface is broken, the mill sites 
good, and it contains two or three small villa- 
ges. Pop. 1,597. 

Standing Peach Tree, and p-o. Dekalb co. 
Geo., by p-r. 127 ms. n. w. Milledgeville. 

Standing stone, p-o. Bradford co. Pa., on the 
Susquehannah r., 6 ms. n. Towanda, the co. St., 
and by p-r. 245 ms. n. W. C. 

Standish, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 6 ms. s. 
w. Augusta, 21 N. w. Portland, has Saco r. and 
York cos. s. w., and Sebago pond n. e., and con- 
tains several ponds, connected by a stream flov*^- 
ing into it. Pop. 2,023. 

Stanford, p-t. Dutchess co. N. Y., 18 ms. n. 
E. Poughkeepsie, has a surface a little varied, 
with pretty good soil, and is well watered by a 
branch of Wappinger's cr. Pop. 2,52 1 . 

Stanford, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. Ky.,, 
situated on a small branch of Dick's r.. by p-r. 
51 ms. a little e. of s. Frankfort. Lat 37° 32', 
long. W. C. 7° 32' w. Pop. 363. 

Stanford's Cross Roads, and p-o. Putnam cOo. 
Geo., 21 ms. n. Milledgeville. 

Stanhope, p-v. Sussex co. N. .T., on the Mus-- 
konetcong cr. and Morris canal, 16 ms. n. w.. 
Morristown and 12 s. Newton, is the seat o€ 
extensive iron works. 

Stanhope, p-v. nrthrn. part Northampton co-.. 
Pa., by p-r. 32 ms. nrthrd. Easton, the co. St., 
and 222 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Stannardsville, p-v. in the extreme wstrn. 
part Orange co. Va., by p-r. 114 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. C, and 92 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. 

Stantonburgh, p-v. sthrn.part Edgecomb co. 
N. C, by p-r. 66 ms. a little s. of e. Raleigh. 

Stantonville, p-v. in the nthrn. part of An- 
derson dist. S. C, by p-r. 113 ms. n. w. Colum- 
bia. 

Star, p-v. Hocking co. 0., by p-r. 57 ms. s.e. 
Columbus. 

Stark, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y., 69 ms. n. w. 
Albany. Pop. 1,781. 

Stark, co. 0., bndd. by Jefferson s. e., Tus- 
caravvas s.. Holmes s. w., Wayne w., Medina 
N. w., Portage n., and Columbiana e. Length 
along the estrn. border 33 ms., mean breadth 
25, and area 825 sq. ms. Lat. 40° 30', long. 
W. C. 4° 26' w. The extreme source of Big 
Beaver rises in the n. e. angle of this eo., but 
the far greater part of the surface is drained by 
the Tuscarawas and its branches ; general slope 
sthrd. The main volume of Tuscarawas cross- 
es the CO. from n. to s. nearly, along the valley 
of which the Ohio and Erie canal has been con- 
structed. The level of the canal at Massillon, 
hear the middle of the co. is 942 ft. above tide 
water ; the whole arable surface no doubt ex- 
ceeding a mean of 1,000 ft. of similar compara- 
tive height. The soil is fertile in grain, pas. 



STE 



506 



STE 



turage and fruit. Cf. t. Canton. Pop. 1820, 
14,506; 1830, 26,588. 

Starkey, p-t. Yates co. N. Y., 10 ms. s. e. 
Penn Yan. Pop. 2,285. 

Starks, p-t. Somerset co. Me., 7 ms. w. Nor- 
ridgewock, and 37 n. n. w. Augusta, forms 
nearly a complete square, the s. w. corner of 
which almost touches the co. of Kennebec, and 
the N. E. boundary is formed by Kennebec r. 
Pop. 1,471. 

Starksborough, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 22 ms. 
s. w. Montpelier, and 20 s, e. Burlington, first 
settled 1788, from Conn, and N. Y. Lewis cr. 
and Huntington r. are the principal streams, and 
mill seats are abundant, especially on the for- 
mer where are several factories. Hogback 
mtn. lies on the w. boundary, and East mtn. 
crosses the middle. The soil is loam, and the 
timber chiefly hard wood. Pop. 1,342. 

Starucca, p-v. Wayne co. Pa., by p-r. 19 ms. 
nthrd. Bethany, the co. st., and 284 ms. n. n. e. 
W. C. 

State-line, p-v. sthrn. part of Franklin co. 
Pa., by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Staten ial. N. Y., forms the co. of Rich- 
mond, 9 ms. s. w. N. Y., is 14 ms. long, and 8 
wide, bndd. by New York bay n., the Narrows 
E. which separate it from Long Island south, 
by Raritan bay w., and by the Kills lying 
opposite New .Jersey on the two last men. 
tioaed sides. (See Richmond co., and Rich- 
mond.) 

Statesburgh, p-v. n. wstrn. part of Sumpter 
dist. S. C, 10 ms. n. w. by w. Sumpterville, 
the St. jus., and by p-r. 32 ms. a little s. of e. 
Columbia. 

Statesville, p-v. and st. jus. Iredell co. N. 
C, by p-r. 40 ms. s. s. e. Wilkesville, and 146 
ms. w. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 13', long. W. C. 3° 
54' w. 

Statesville, p-v. estrn. part Wilson co. Ten., 
by p-r. 48 ms. estrd. Nashville. 

Station Camp, p-v. Estill co. Ky., by p-r. 6 
ms. sthrd. Irvine, the st. jus., and by p-r. 75 ms. 
s. E. by E. Frankfort. 

Staunton, p-v. New Castle co. Del., situated 
at the junction of Red Clay and White Clay 
crs., 6 ms. s. w. by w. Wilmington and by p-r. 
51 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Staunton, p-v. and st. jus. Augusta co, Va., 
on one of the extreme head branches of the e. 
fork of Shenandoah r. 36 ms. a little n. of w. 
of Charlotteville, and by p-r. 163 ms. s. w. by 
w. W. C, and 121 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. 
Lat. 38° 09', long. W. C. 2° 03' w. It stands 
on the fine valley between the Blue Ridge and 
Kittatimiy, or as there expressed between Blue 
Ridge and North mtn. chains, a little north 
Madison's Cave. It contains 3 or 4 places of 
public worship, numerous stores, taverns and 
mechanics' shops. It is a corporate town, and 
contains houses for the chancery, circuit and 
corporation courts. The population is not given 
in the census tables, but is probably about 1,000. 
It is on the whole one of the most flourishing 
interior towns of Va. 

Steele Creek, p-o. Mecklenburg, co. N. C, 
8 ms. sthrd. Charlotte, the co. st., and by p-r. 
158 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Steel's Mills and p.o. ethrn. part Richmond 



CO. N. C, 12 ms. sthrd. Rockingham, the co. 
St., and by p-r. 125 s. w. Raleigh. 

Steele's Mills and p-o. sthrn. part Randolph 
CO. II., by P-r. Ill ms. s. w. Vandalia. 

Steele's Tavern and p-o. Augusta co. Va., 
by p-r. 180 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Steen's cr. and p-o. Rankin co. Misp., by 
p-r. 126 ms. n. e. Natchez. 

Stephensport, p-v. Ky. on Ohio r., just be- 
low the mouth of Sinking creek and in the ex- 
treme nrthrn. angle of Breckenridge co., 16 
ms. N, n. w. Hardinsburg, the co. St., and by 
p-r. 118 ms. a little s. of w. Frankfort. Pop. 64. 

Stephentown, p-t. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 20 
ms. s. E. Albany, has the boundary of Mass, on 
the E. line, and Columbia co. s., with a very 
hilly surface e., and various soils. There is a 
broad valley in the middle, in which rises a 
branch of Lebanon cr. w. ; the soil is poor, 
and occupied by the green woods. Limestone 
abounds and is wrought. Pop. 2,716. 

Sterling, t. Franklin co. Vt., 24 ms. n. e. 
Burlington, and 24 n. w. Montpelier, first set- 
tled 1799, has no large streams. Sterling peak, 
s. e., is one of the highest eminences of the 
Green mtns., and the surface is generally very 
rough. Pop. 183. 

Sterling, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 46 ms. 
w. Boston and 12 n. Worcester, was chiefly 
purchased of the Indians in 1701, and is cross- 
ed by Still r. a branch of Nashua r. It has a 
surface generally hilly, with a pine plain s. w. 
Chairs and hats have been made here in great 
numbers for some years. A battle was fought 
here in 1707, between some troops from Lan- 
caster and Marlborough, and a party of Indians, 
in which the latter were defeated. A variety 
of minerals are found in the rocks. First set- 
tled, 1720. Pop. 1,794. 

Sterling, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 44 ms. e. 
Hartford, has the boundary of R. I. e., an un- 
even surface, with some pine plains, and alight 
soil, best appropriate to grain. Quanduck r. 
is a small stream, but there are several manu- 
factories in the town. Near the centre is the 
Devil's Den, a remarkable cavern in a ledge of 
rocks. Pop. 1,240. 

Sterling, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 28 ms. n. 
Auburn, has lake Ontario n., and Oswego co. 
E., with Little Sodus bay n. w., into which flows 
Nine-mile cr. Pop. 1,436. 

Sterling, p-v. sthrn. part Wayne co. Pa., by 
p-r. 237 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Sterrett's Gap, and p-o. nrthrn. part Cum- 
berland CO. Pa., by p-r. 25 ms., but by direct 
distance 18 ms. almost due w. Harrisburg, and 
8 ms. a little e. of n. Carlisle. This is one of 
those remarkable depressions in the Appalachi- 
an chains called " Gaps." The particular gap 
here described is highly worthy a visit from the 
the traveller. From it the whole of Cumber- 
land CO. seems to spread an immense map, and 
in a clear day the cupola of the state house in 
Harrisburg is distinctly to be seen. On the 
contrary side, or to the n. and w. the congeries 
of mtn. chains seem to extend in endless varie- 
ty. It is amongst the finest positions in the U. 
S. in regard to perspective, having 2 immense 
landscapes connected in the ey« of the specta- 
tor. 



STE 



507 



STI 



Stetson, p-t. Penobscot co. Me. Pop. 114.] 
Steuben, p-t. Washington co. Me., 35 ms. 
w. Machias, has Narragaugus r. on the n. e. 
line, and Hancock w., with the Atlantic s., from 
which 3 long bays extend far n. into this town. 
Dyer's bay in the middle, and Goldsboro' har- 
bor w. Pop. 695. 

Steuben, co. N. Y., bndd. by Livingston and 
Ontario cos. n., Seneca lake e. which separates 
it jrom Seneca and Tompkins cos., Tioga co. 
Pa. s., and Alleghany co. w. Several streams 
of the Tioga or Chemung cr. (which is a branch 
of the Susquehannah) spread over this co. and 
afford a navigation for boats. Conhocton, Ca- 
nisteo and Tioga are the principal of these, and 
afford boat navigation to Bath, Hornellsville 
and Tyrone. The route of the Chemung canal 
extends 18 ms. from Elmira, on the Chemung 
river to the head waters of Seneca lake, and a 
navigable feeder is brought from the Chemung 
at Painted Post, 13 miles to the summit level. 
The land in this co. is very uneven, and often 
mountainous, with some large and fertile mead- 
ows. 'J'he banks of the streams are generally 
steep and covered with evergreen forests. It 
is a remarkable fact that at some of the fords 
the ice forms in winter on the bottom of swift 
streams, in such a degree as to render the pas- 
sage difficult and even dangerous. This coun- 
ty contains 24 towns, of which Bath is the st. 
jus. Pop. in 1820, 21,989 ; 1830, 33,851. 

Steuben, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 20 ms. n. 
Utica, and 110 w. Albany, was nearly all grant- 
ed to Frederick William, Baron de Steuben, an 
officer of the revolutionary army, and named 
after him, and was for some years his residence. 
The surface is varied, the land high, and the 
soil moist and favorable for grass. Steuben and 
Cincinnati crs. are the principal streams, but 
there are few mill seats. Baron Steuben died 
here in 1796. Pop. 2,094. 

Steuben, p-v. estrn. part Huron co. O., by p-r. 
100 ms. N. n. e. Columbus. 

Steubenville, P-t. and st. jus. Jefferson co. 
O., situated on the w. bank of Ohio r., 147 ms. 
E. by N. Columbus, 38 ms. by land nearly w. 
and 70 by water from Pittsburg, and by p-r. 260 
s. w. by w. W. C, in lat. 40° 21', and long. 3° 
45' w. W. C. The site of this fine tovm is pe- 
culiar amongst those along the Ohio. Generally, 
after the first rise of that stream, is a depression 
beyond, towards the hills, of considerable 
depth ; whilst at Steubenville, the acclivity from 
the river ascends, with very little depression in 
the rear. Along this slope the town was laid 
out in 1798, in streets running at right angles, 
and in 1805 it was incorporated. Though re- 
mote from the great western thoroughfare, 
Steubenville has become a flourishing place, 
with an enlightened society. According to 
Flint, it contained early in 1832,2 printing offices, 
an academy, market house, woollen factory, cot- 
ton factory, papier and flour mill ; 27 mercantile 
stores, an air foundry and other mechanical es- 
tablishments. There are also 3 churches, 2 
banks and several private schools ; 2 weekly 
papers are published here. Above the market, 
is a story occupied as a town house. The man- 
ufactories of this place are generally operated 
by steam. The surrounding country, on both 



sides of the Ohio, is rich, and quite populous ; 
the banks opposite are abrupt, and even pre- 
cipitous, rising from 400 to 460 ft. above the 
river. Pop. 1820, 2,539, 1830, 2,937. 

Steven's r. Caledonia co. Vt., a mill stream 
which falls into Con. r. at Barnet. 

Stevensburg, p-v. sthrn. part Culpepper co. 
Va., 30 ms. n. wstrd. Fredericksbur", and by 
p-r. 83 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Stevensburg, p-v. Hardin co. Ky., by p-r. 
90 ms. wstrd. Frankfort. 

Stevensburg, p-v. Hamilton co. Ind., by p-r. 
31 ms. nthrd. Indianopolis. 

Stevensville, p-v. King and Queen co. Va., 
by p-r. 30 ms. a little n. of e. Richmond, and 
130 ms. s. W. C. 

Stewart co. Ten., bndd. by Montgomery n. 
E., Dickson s. e.. Humphries s., Ten. r. sepa- 
rating it from Henry s. w. and w., and from 
Calloway co. Ky. n. w., on the n. it has Trigg 
CO. Ky. Length from s. to n. 28 ms., mean 
breadth 20, and area 560 sq. ms. Lat. 36° 25', 
and long. W. C. 11° w. intersect near its cen- 
tre. Cumberland r. enters the extreme estrn. 
angle, and flowing to the n. w. traverses the 
CO. in nearly its greatest length. Tennessee r. 
where forming part of its boundary, also flows 
to the n. w. ; the general slope is of course in 
the direction of its two large rivers. Cf. t. Do- 
ver. Pop. 6,9^8. 

Stewart's Mills, and p-o. Guilford co. N. C, 
by p-r. 99 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Stewartstown, p-t. Coos CO. N. H., 150 ms. 
from Concord, 170 from Portsmouth, and 150 
from Portland, with 27,000 acres ; has Conn, r, 
w., here about 80 yards wide. Little and Great 
Diamond ponds discharge into a branch of An- 
droscoggin r., where several brooks flow into 
Conn. r. There are some hills, the soil is 
rich on the meadows, and pretty good on the 
uplands. Pop. 529. 

Stewartsville, p-v. near the western border 
of Westmoreland co. Pa., 13 ms. n. w. by w. 
Greensburg, 19 s. e. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 204 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

Stewartsville, p-v. Richmond co. N. C, 
by p-r. 112 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 

Stillwater, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 22 ms. 
N. Albany, and 10 s. E. Ballston Spa, on the w. 
side of Hudson r., has Round lake and its outlet 
on the s. line, is generally level, and traversed 
by Champlain canal parallel to the r. Here is 
Bemis Heights, where the battle of Saratoga 
was fought in 1777. Anthony's kill, the outlet 
of Round lake, is led off to the Hudson by a 
short canal, which affords mill seats. At Me- 
chanicville, in the s. e. corner, are a manufac- 
tory and several mills. The scenery in the n. 
is very pleasant, beautifully swelling in fine 
ridges, the highest of which, and those nearest 
the Hudson, are Bemis' Heights. Pop. 2,601. 

Stillwater, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., 78 ms. n. 
Trenton, has Warren co. s. w., the Blue Hills 
w., and is crossed in the e. by Pawling's kill, 
into which flows Swartwout's pond, which lies 
in this t. Pop. 1,381. 

Stillwater, p-v. Stillwater, Sussex co. N. 
J , 76 ms. N. Trenton, and 6 s. w. Newton, on 
Pawling's kill. m 

Still Water, r. or creek of 0., is the s. w. 



STO 



508 



STO 



branch of Great Miami, rising in Randolph co. 
Ind., and Dark co. O., and flowing estrd. over 
the latter, enters Miami co. O.; inflects to s. s. 
E. over Miami and Montgomery, and falls into 
Great Miami a short distance above Dayton, 
after a comparative course of 50 ms. 

Still Water, p-v. on the preceding cr., and 
in the nrthwstrn. angle of Miami co. O., about 
15 ms. N. w. Troy, the co. st., and by p-r. 86 ms. 
a little N. of w. Columbus. 

Stillwkll, p-v. Perry co. Ten., by p-r. 112 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Stockbridge, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 26 ms. n. 
w. Windsor, and 36 s. w. Montpelier ; first set- 
tled 1784, has White r. n. w., which here flows 
in a very narrow channel, and there are but few 
mill seats. Pop. 1,333. 

Stockbridge, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 
ms. w. Boston, 5 s. Lenox, is divided by Housa- 
tonic r., on the banks of which are fine mea- 
dows ; and the scenery is various and beauti. 
ful, while the soil is generally very productive. 
Marble and limestone for burning, are quarried 
here ; and there are several manufactories on 
the liousatonic, which affords much water pow- 
er. The V. is beautifully situated, on the n. side 
of the r. A tract of land 6 ms. sq. was former- 
ly reserved by the state for a tribe of Indians, 
amongst whom a mission was established in 
1734. They afterwards removed to New Stock, 
bridge, Oneida co. N. Y., where land was given 
them by the Oneida Indians; and some of the 
few survivors have since emigrated to Green 
Bay and other places. In the last French war, 
the settlement here was twice attacked by In- 
dians. Pop. 1,580. 

Stockbridge Indiana, originally a tribe of 
the Moheekanuk, or Indians of the race gener- 
ally spread over New England, and residing at 
Stockbridge, Mass., afterwards removed to 
New Stockbridge, Oneida co., and since have 
nearly all emigrated to Green Bay. They 
have had missionaries among them many years, 
and have been in a considerable degree civil- 
ized. 

Stockertown, p-v. Northampton co. Pa., 7 
ms. above Easton. 

Stockholm, p-t. St. Lawrence co. N. Y., 30 
miles e. Ogdensburg, is watei*jd by several 
branches of St. Regis r., has a rich soil, and 
was settled in 1803, from Mass. Pop. 1,944. 

Stockholm, p-v. Jelferson, Morris co. N. J., 
83 ms. N. by e. Trenton, on Pequannock r., at 
the foot of the Wallkill mtns., and on the bor- 
ders of Bergen co. 

Stockport, p-v. situated on the right bank 
of Del. r., about 3 ms. below the junction of 
the Coquago and Popachton branches, 20 ms. 
N. Bethany, the co. St., and by p-r. 291 ms. n. 
N.E. W.C. 

Stockton, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y. 6 ms. e. 
Mayville, has Cosdaga lake e., and part of the 
outlet, and an undulated surface, with rich val- 
lies. Pop. 1,605. 

Stock, tsp. and p-v. Harrison co. O., by p-r. 
110 ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. In the direction 
of letters, care must be taken to write this name, 
Stock Township ; such is the title in the p-o. list. 
^ Stoddard, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 14 miles 
from Keene, 42 s. s. w. Concord, 20 from 



Charlestown, and w. Hillsboro' co., with So, 925 
acres, is elevated, rocky, and mountainous, with 
a deep and cold clayey soil, unfavorable to In. 
dian corn, but good for grazing. Streams rise 
here, flowing into Conn, and Merrimack rivers. 
Here are l4 ponds, some of them large. First 
settled 1769. Pop. 1,159. 

Stoddard, co. Mo. bndd. by New Madrid co. 
s., Wayne w.. Cape Girardeau n., and Scott 
N. E. Length 50 ms., mean breadth 20, and 
area 1,000 sq. ms. Lat. 36° 30' to 37° 12', 
long. W. C. 12° 45' to 14° 20' w. This co. lies 
principally between the two main branches of 
St. Francis r., and is in part subject to annual 
submersion. 

Stoddartsville, p-v, on a branch of Lehigh 
r., on the extreme s. estrn. border of Luzerne 
CO. Pa., on the direct road from Easton on Del. 
r., to Wilkes-Barre on Susquehannah r., 32 ms. 
N. w. the former, and 20 s. e. by e. the latter 
borough. This vil. is situated in a region com- 
paratively alpine, being elevated 1,384 ft. above 
the mean level of the Atlantic tides, at lat. 41° 
8', long. 1° 14' E. W. C. In regard to relative 
climate, the elevation of Stoddartsville is equi- 
valent to at least 3J degrees of lat., placing it 
abov« 44° 30' when compared with places on 
the sea coast. 

Stokeley, p.v. s. wstrn. part Rutherford co. 
Ten. by p.r. 45 ms. s. e. Nashville. 

Stokes, co. N. C. bndd. by Rockingham n. 
E., Guilford s. e., Davidson s., Yadkin r. se. 
parating it frown Rowan s. w., and from the 
sthrn. part of Surry w., by the nthrn. part of 
Surry n. w., and by Patrick co. Va. n. Length 
from s. to N. 38 ms., mean width 22, and area 
836 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 02' to 
36° 33', and in long, from 3° 2' to 3 ' 32' w. W. 
C. Stokes CO. comprises part of a table land, 
from which the streams are discharged like 
radii. from the centre of a circle. Bndd. on the 
s. w. by Yadkin, that river receives in that di. 
rection a number of creeks from the s, estrn. 
angle ; the extreme wstrn. sources of Haw r. 
flow to the s. estrd. Dan r. rising in Patrick 
CO. Va. sweeps an elliptic curve over the nthrn. 
part of Stokes and Rockingham, and again into 
Va. in Pittsylvania co. Surface rather hilly, 
but soil fertile in grain, pasturage and fruit. 
Of t. Germantown. Pop. 1820, 14,033 ; 1830, 
16,196. 

Stone Church and p-o. Northampton co. Pa., 
by p-r. 205 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Stone Fort, p-v. on one of the extreme 
higher branches of Duck r. in the northern 
part of Franklin co. Ten., 10 ms. n. Winches- 
ter, the CO. seat, and by p-r. 65 ms. s. e. Nash- 
ville. 

Stoneham, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 10 ms. 
N. Boston, is uneven, rocky, with some good 
soil. Pop. 732. 

Stonerstown, p-v. on Raysto\vn branch of 
Juniata r. n. estrn. part of Bedford co. Pa., by 
p-r. 124 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Stonesville, p-v. Greenville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 128 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Stones, r. of Ten. falls into the left side of 
Cumberland r., a short distance above Nash- 
ville. Rutherford co. is nearly commensurate 
with the valley of this stream. 



STO 



509 



STR 



bxoNEY cr., a considerable athrn. branch of 
Nottaway r., rising in Dinwiddie co. and falling 
into the Nottaway Sussex. 

Stoney Creek or Shryock, p-v. on Stoney 
creek, the North fork of Shenandoah r., and 
in Shenandoah co. Va., about 8 ms. s. s. vv. 
Woodstock, the co. St., 35 ms. in a similar 
direction from Winchester, and 105 a little s. 
ofw. W. C. 

Stoney Creek, p-o. on a cr. of that name, 
a branch of Shenandoah r., s. w. angle of .She- 
nandoah CO. Va., by p-r. 105 ms. s. w. by w. 
W.C. 

Stoney Creek, p-o. on a cr. of the same name 
in the n. vvstrn. part of Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 
81 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Stoney Creek, p.o. n. wstrn. part of Oakland 
CO. Mich., by p-r. 44 ms. n. w. Detroit. 

Stone V/all Mills and p-o. s. wstrn. part 
Buckingham co. Va., by p-r. 108 ms. a little s. 
of w. Richmond. 

Stoney Battery, p-v. s. estrn. part New- 
bury dist. S. C, 10 ms. s. e. Newbury c. h., 
and by p-r. 36 ms. n. w. by w. Columbia. 

Stoney Fork, p-o. sthrn. part Montgomery 
CO. Va. 25 ms. sthrd. Christiansburg, by p-r. 307 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 229 a little s. of w. 
Richmond. 

Stoney Point, Haverstraw, Orange co. N. 
Y., is a high and rocky peninsula, stretching 
into Hudson r., the channel of which it com- 
mands, near the head of Haverstraw bay, on 
which a fort was erected in the revolutionary 
war, which was taken by storm from the Bri- 
tish in 1779, in the night, by Gen. Wayne, at 
the head of American troops. There is now a 
light-house on its summit, on the site of the old 
fort. 

Stoney Point, p-v. northestrn. part Albe- 
marle CO. Va. 71 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. 

Stoney Point, p-v. wstrn. part. Iredell co. N. 
C. 14 ms. westerly Statesville, the co. st., and 
by p-r. 160 ms. in a similar direction from Ra- 
leigh. 

Stoney Point, p-v. Abbeville dist. S. C. by 
p-r. 100 ms. westerly Columbia. 

Stoney Point, Mills and p-o. sthwstrn. part 
Cumberland co. Va. by p-r. 61 ms. s. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Stonington, p-t. and borough, New London 
CO. Conn. 12 ms. e. New London, 55 s. e. Hart- 
ford, and 62 e. New Haven ; it has Pawcatuck 
river e., which is the boundary of Rhode Isl- 
and, Fisher's island soimd, and Pawcatuck bay 
s. and Mystic r. w. The surface is uneven, but 
the soil, though rough and stoney, is favorable 
to grazing, &c. It has a harbor, whence a con- 
siderable amount of business is carried on, par- 
ticularly sealing in the Pacific ocean, and fish- 
ing on the coast. Ten sealing vessels, wholly 
or partly owned here, brought in, in 1831, skins 
worth $100,000. It was first settled in 1658, 
from Rehoboth, Mass. On the 9th of Aug., 
] 814, the borough was bravely defended by the 
inhabitants, against an attack from a British 
squadron of one 74, a frigate, an 18 gun ship, 
and a bomb vessel. Pop. 3,397. 

Storey's Mills and p.o. wstrn. part Jackson 
CO. Geo. by p-r. 114 ms. n. n. w. Milledgeville. 

Stoughsxown, P-v. Cumberland co. Pa. 13 ms. 

65 



s. w. by w. Carhsle, and 3l in a eimilar direc- 
tion from Harrisburg. 

Stoughton, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass. 17 ms. s. 
Boston, gives rise to the head waters of Nepon. 
set r., and was formerly the residence of some 
Christian Indians, who removed from Dorches. 
ter. There is some manufacturing carried on 
here. Pop. 1,591. 

Stow, p-t. Washington co. Vt. 15 ms. n. w. 
Montpelier. Pop. 1,570. 

Stow, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass. 30 ms. n. w. 
Boston, has a surface but little elevated, with 
sandy plains, and very ordinary soil on the up. 
lands. Pop. 1,220. 

Stow, p-v. Portage co. O. by p-r. 120 ms. n. 
E. Columbus. 

■ Stow Creek, t. Cumberland co. N. J. 55 ms. 
s. s. w. Trenton, is a small t. with Stow cr. n. 
\v., which divides it from Salem co. and New- 
port cr., its tributary, s. There is a swampy 
tract along the stream.s. Pop. 79 1 . 

Stowesville, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C. by p-r. 
165 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Stoy'stown, p-v. on the great vvstrn. road from 
Phil, to Pittsburg, 28 ms. westerly Bedford, 11 
N. e. the borough of Somerset, and by p-r. 155 
ms. N. w. by av. W. C, and 133 w. Harrisburg. 

Straeana, p-v. estrn. part Lenoir co. N. C, 
by p-r. 92 ms. s. e. by e. Raleigh, 

Strafford co. N. H., fendd. by Coos co. n., 
the state of Maine e., Rockingham co. s. and s. 
vv., andPemigevvasset r. w., which separates it 
from Grafton and Hillsboro' cos., and Grajton 
CO. N. w., 33 ms. by 63 greatest dimensions, 
with 1,345| sq. ms. The mtns. are Chocorna, 
Sandwich, Osipee, Effingham, Gunstock,Moose, 
&c. Red-hill, between Winnipiseogee and 
Squam lakes, commands one of the finest views 
in the country. There are several smaller 
lakes, and Merrymeeting, Long and Great 
bays connected with Winnipiseogee lake. The 
principal rivers are Piscataqua, Salmon Falls, 
Saco, Cocheco and Swift rs. The soil, as well 
as the surface, is very various, but generally 
good, and productive when well cultivated. 
There are many manufactories of cotton and 
woollen. Dover is a considerable manufactur- 
ing town. There are several incorporated 
academies in different towns. The first settle- 
ment was made in the co. in 1623 at Dover, and 
the second at Portsmouth in the same year. 
The CO. was formed m 1771. Dover andGuil. 
ford are shire towns. Pop. 1820, 51, 1 17, 1830, 
58,910. 

Strafford, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 25 ms. 
from Concord, 15 from Dover, and 56 from 
Boston, has Bow pond s. which flows into Isin. 
glass r., and several other small ponds. The 
Blue hills cross the n. w. part. The soil is gen- 
erally good. Pop. 2,201. 

Strafford, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 30 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 30 n. Windsor, stands on a branch 
of Ompompanoosuc r., affords abundance of dis- 
integrated pyrites, from which large quantities 
of copperas are manufactured. Pop. 1,935. 

Strasburg, p-v. Lancaster co. Pa., on a 
branch of Pecquea cr., 8 ms. s. e. by e. the city 
of Lancaster, and 55 ms. w. Phil. 

Strasburg, p-v. nthrn. part Shenandoah co. 
Va., on the road from Woodstock to Winches. 



STR 



510 



SUF 



ter, 15 ms. n. e. the former, 22 s. w. the latter 
place, and by p-r. 89 w. W. C. 

Strasburg, p-v. sthrn. part Fairfield co. 0., by 
p-r, 37 ms. s. s. k. Columbus. 

Stratford, r. or Housatonic r. rises in Berk- 
shire CO. Mass., crosses Conn, and empties into 
Long Island sound between Milford and Strat- 
ford. 

Stratford, p-t. Coos co. N. H., 133 ms. n. 
Concord, has a broad and valuable tract of 
meadows on the e. bank of Conn. r. The e. 
and N. parts are mountainous, with cold and 
rocky or gravelly soil. The peaks in this 
town a-e conspicuous from a distance. Nash's 
stream, Bog brook, &c. water the town. Pop. 
443. 

Stratford, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn. 13 ms. s. 
w. New Haven, has Housatonic r. e., and Long 
Island sound s,, with a level surface, few 
stones, and a very rich alluvial tract of mead- 
ows on the river and harbor. Shad and shell 
fish are taken in abundance, and there is coast- 
ing trade. The borough of Bridgeport is on the 
w. side of a small arm of the sound, forming a 
harbor. A draw bridge crosses it, through 
which sloops can pass. A natural canal con- 
nects this harbor with Housatonic river which 
might be made more useful to navigation. Fop. 
1,814. 

Stratford, t. Montgomery co. N. Y. 15 ms. 
N. w. Johnstown, occupies the n. w. corner of 
the CO. having Hamilton co. n., and Herkimer 
CO. w. It has much marshy ground and many 
hills, with a poor soil, bearing evergreens. 
Pop. 552. 

Stratham, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H. 39 ms. 
from Concord, 3 from Exeter, 51 from Boston, 
on the F,. side of the W. branch of Piscataqua 
r., N. of Piscataqua bay, and is about 8 ms. from 
the ocean. The soil is good. There is a large 
peat swamp e. Pop. 939. 

Strather's Mills and p-o. nthrn. part Fayette 
CO. Geo., by p-r. 119 ms. n. w. by w. Milledge- 
ville. 

Stratton, t. Windham co. Vt., 18 ms. n. e. 
Bennington. 22 n. w. Brattleboro' ; was settled 
from Mass. It gives rise to Bald mtn., a branch 
of West r. H., which furnishes mill sites, and to 
Deerfield r. w. Holman's and Jones's ponds, 
each of about 100 acres, discharge in different 
directions. Pop. 312. 

Strattonsville, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa., by 
p-r. 249 ms. n. w. W, C. 

Strawntown, p-v. on Tohiccon cr.,nthwstrn. 
part Bucks co. Pa. 40 ms. a little w. of n. Phil, 
and 20 s. Easton. 

Streetsboro', p-v. Portage co. O., by p-r. 134 
ms. N. e. Columbus. 

Strickersville, p-v. Chester co. Pa., by p-r. 
99 ms. N. E. W. C. 

Strong, t. Somerset co. Me., 24 ms. h. w. 
Norridgewock, has Kennebec co. on the s. 
line, is crossed by Sandy r., and has a pond on 
the E. boundary, which flows into Seven-Mile 
' brook. This town is quite hilly on the s. Pop. 
985. 

Strongsville, p-v. Cuyahoga co, O., by p-r. 
123 ms. K. E. Columbus. 

Stroudsburg, p-v. in the forks of Broadhead's 
cr., and in the northestrn. part Northampton ,co. 



Pa., 3 ms. w. Del. Water gap, and 23 ms. n. 
Easton. It is built on one long street, and is 
the third village in size in the co. 

Strykersville. (See Strieker sville, Ches- 
ter CO. Pa.) 

Stumpstown, p-v. nthrn. part Lebanon co. 
Pa., 8 ms. 'n. Lebanon borough, and by p-r. 29 
ms. N. e. by E, Harrisburg. 

Sturbridge, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 70 ma. 
s. w. Boston, 22 s. w. Worcester, in the s. w. 
corner of the co., having Hampden co. w., and 
Conn. 6., is crossed by Quinnebaug r. and oth- 
er streams, and has several manufactories, with 
a large supply of water power. The surface 
is rough, the soil rocky and hard to cultivate. 
Pop. 1,685. 

Sturgeon Bay. This sheet of water extends 
from the sthestrn. part of Green Bay, Brown 
CO. Mich, and in a sthestrn. direction, about 20 
ms. reaching within 1 mile of lake Mich, and 
nearly insulating a point of 50 miles in length, 
which extending thence n. n. e. separates the 
body of Green Bay from lake Michigan. (See 
cape Townsend.) 

Sturgeonville, p-v. nthestrn. part Brunswick 
CO. Va., by p-r. 60 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

Stuyvesant, t. Columbia co. N. Y., 12 ms. 
N. Hudson, has Hudson r. w. ; contains Kinder- 
hook landing, and is crossed s. e. by Kinder, 
hook cr., which forms the boundary in the s. 
w. Pop. 2,331. 

SuBLETT's Tavern and p-o. eastern part Pow- 
hatan CO. Va., 23 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Success, t. Coos co. N. H., 143 ms. from 
Concord, w. Maine ; contains 2 or 3 ponds, and 
several mtns., and gives rise to Narmarcunga- 
wack and Live rs. Pop. 14. 

SucKASUNNY, p-v. Morris co. N. J., 63 ms.>N. 
by E. Trenton, 10 n. w. Morristown, on Sucka. 
sunny plain, has some large iron mines in the 
vicinity, particularly Dickerson's, which yields 
excellent ore in great quantities. The opening 
of the Morris canal offers great advantages for 
transportation. 

Sudbury, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 47 miles s. 
Burlington, 65 n. Bennington, and 43 s. w. 
Montpelier ; was settled from Connecticut. Ot- 
ter cr. touches it e. There are several ponds 
and small streams ; the surface is uneven, with 
a rich soil. It is crossed by a ridge of high 
land. In the w. is a small v. Pop. 812. 

Sudbury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 20 ms. 
w. Boston, has Concord r. on the e. boundary, 
and is crossed by one of its branches. First 
settled 1635. In 1676 a party of 70 men under 
Captain Wadsworth, were ambushed here by 
500 Indians, who killed 26 of them, and took 
most of the others. A monument of this event 
is 1 mile s. of the chufch. Pop. 1,423. 

Sudler's Gross Roads, and p-o, northern part 
Queen Ann co. Md., on the road from Centre- 
ville to Elkton, 45 ms. a little s. of e. Balti- 
more, and by p-r. 47 n. e. by e. Annapolis. 

Suffiei.d, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., 17 ms. n. 
Hartford, and 10 s. Springfield ; has the bound- 
ary of Mass, on the n. line, and Conn, river e. ; 
about 5 ms. by S ; has a variety of soil and sur- 
face, and a beautiful village, the princijial street 
of which IS long, broad and straight, running n. 
and b. on the ridge of a fine hill, which slopes 



SUG 



511 



SUL 



gradually e. towards the river, which is 2 ms. 
distant, and commands a view over a diversifi- 
ed country. The sum of ^10,000 lias recently 
been raised, half of the amount in this town, for 
the purpose of establishing a high school here 
upon the manual labor system ; to be called, 
the Conn. Baptist Literary Institution. In the 
N. w. are part of the Greenstone mountainous 
range, and part of two Southwick ponds. There 
is a spring, called Suffield pool, near the s. 
line, impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen 
gus, where a house of entertainment has been 
erected. There are several manufactories in 
this t. Pop. 2,690. 

Suffolk, co. Mass., bndd. by Middlesex co. 
N. and w., Massachusetts and Boston bays e., 
and Boston bay and a small part of Norfolk co. 
s. It is the smallest county in the state, but the 
most important, embracing Boston and Chelsea. 
It was incorporated in 1643. (See Boston and 
Chelsea, Mass.) Pop. 1820, 43,940, 1830, 62,- 
163. 

Suffolk., co., N. Y. comprises about 2-3ds of 
Long Island, and is bndd. by Long Island sound 
K., the Atlantic E. and s., and w, by Queens co. ; 
IS 83 ms. by 20 J, greatest dimensions, contains 
about 798 sq. ms., and includes several islands, 
the most remote of which is Fisher's isl. on the 
Conn, coast. It contains 9 tsps. and Great, 
South, and Drowned Meadow bays, and seve- 
ral smaller ones on the south side. Suffolk is 
the St. jus. The points, coves, &c. are nume- 
rous. The principal isls. are Long, Gardiner's, 
Shelter, Plumb, Great.Hog-Neck, Robins', &c. 
The surface is broken n., and more level in the 
middle and s., where are extensive, and almost 
barren plains, and mucii salt marsh, with abun- 
dance of pine, which is sent in great quantities 
to New York. Salt is made by evaporation on 
the Atlantic shore, and there is a considerable 
number of coasting vessels employed. At Sag 
Harbor is a port of entry, a considerable village, 
and foreign trade and whaling. A light house 
was erected on Montauk point, the e. extremity 
of Long Island, in 1796. There are light 
houses also on Eaton's neck, Old Field point, 
and Little Gull isl. The first settlement was 
made in 1640 at Southold. Most of the first 
inhabitants came from New England. Pop. 
1820, 24,756, 1830, 26,780. 

Suffolk, p-v. and st. jus. Nansemond co. Va., 
on the right bank of Nansemond r., 28 ms. n. w. 
by w. Norfolk, and by p-r. 102 ms. s. e. by e. 
Richmond, and 224 a little e. of s. W. C. Lat. 
36° 43', long. 8° 27' e. W. G. 

Sugar Creek, p-v. Crawford co. Pa., 12 ms. 
s. E. by E. Meadville, and by p-r. 29 1 ms. n. w. 
W. C. 

Sugar cr. This name is applied to several 
creeks of the U. S., and beside others of lesser 
note, one of Boone, Montgomery and Park cos. 
Ind. This stream by a s. w. by w. course of 60 
ras. falls into Wabash r. in the wstrn. part of 
Parke co. Sugar creek is also the name of a 
small nthm. branch of Sangamon r. II. This 
stream rises in McLean and Tazewell cos., and 
thence entering Sangamon co. loses its name in 
that of Salt cr. {See arts. Salt cr. and San- 
gamon r., Sugar cr, Huron, and also Peektano 
and Rockrs.) 



Sugar cr., stream in the state of Illinois and 
of Huron territory, the main ntbrn. confluent of 
Peektano, branch of Rock r. Sugar cr. or 
more correctly river, rises in Huron near the 
sthrn. side of Ouisconsin r. flows in 2 branches 
by a general sthrn. course about 45 ms. to their 
junction, 2 or 3 ms. above the nthm. boundary 
of II., bending thence s. e. enters II., and unites 
with the Peektano, after an entire comparative 
course of 60 ms. It drains the space between 
Gooskehawn and Peektano rs. 

Sugar Creek, p-v. on a cr.of the same name, 
Hancock co. Ind,, 15 ms. s. Indianopolis. 

Sugar Creek, p-v. nthrn. part Sangamon co. 
II., 23 ms. N. of Springfield, the co. seat, and by 
p-r. 65 ms. n. n. w. Vandalia. 

Sugar Grovh, p-v. nthrn. part Warren co. 
Pa., 14 ms. N. w. Warren, the co. seat, and by 
P-r. 327 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Sugar Grove, p-v. Putnam co. Ohio, by p-r. 
148 ms. N. w. Columbus. 

Sugar Lake, and p-o. Crawford co. Pa., by 
p-r. 307 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Sugar Loaf, p-v. nthrn. part Columbia co. 
Pa., 91 ms. N. Harrisburg. 

Sugar Tree, p-v. Pittsylvania co. Va., 20 ms. 
s. wstrd. Competition or Pittsylvania c. h., and 
by p-r. 280 ms. s. s. w. W. C, and 187 s. w. by 
w. Richmond. 

Sugar Valley, p-v. Centre co. Pa., by p-r. 
210 ras. N. w. W. C. 

Suggsville, p-v. Clark co, Ala., by p-r. 159 
ms. s. Tuscaloosa. 

Sullivan, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 30 ms. e. 
Castine, 93 e. Augusta ; has Hog and Taunton 
bays, and an arm of Frenchman's bay s. w. and 
w. A bridge, 1,400 ft. long, crosses Hog bay 
to Hancock. Pop. 538. 

Sullivan, co. N. H., bndd. by Grafton co. n., 
Merrimack co. e., Cheshire co. s., and Conn. r. 
w. which separates it from Vermont. Sugar r. 
which rises partly in Sunapee lake, on the bor- 
ders of Merrimack ec, flows w. into Conn, r., 
and there are several other streams. It was 
incorporated in 1827. Pop. 19,669. 

Sullivan, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 42 miles 
from Concord, and 6 from Keene ; has Ashue- 
lot r. s., but no very striking natural features. 
Pop. 557. 

Sullivan, co. N. Y., bndd. by Delaware co. 
N., Ulster CO. e., Orange co. s., and Delaware r. 
w., which separates it from Pennsylvania ; has 
a broken surface, with fertile vallies, several 
ponds or small lakes, and Navesink, Mongaup, 
Collakoon, Beaver, Willivemock, and Ten Mile 
ers. In the t. of Thompson are 3 large tanne- 
ries ; this is the cf. t. and st. jus. Pop. 1820, 
8,900 ; 1830, 12,364. 

Sullivan, p-t, Madison co. N. Y., 129 ms. n. 
w, Albany, has Oneida lake n., and Onondaga 
CO. w. ; first settled about 1798. It is hilly s. 
and level n. ; watered by Canasaraga and Chit- 
teningo crs., which furnish good mill seats. 
Much gypsum is found he*re, as well as iron 
ore, limestone and water lime. Pop. 4,077. 

Sullivan, p-v. Tioga co. Pa,, by p-r, 142 ms. 
a little w. of N. Harrisburg. 

Sullivan, one of the n. estrn. cos. of Ten., 
bndd. by Carter e. and s. k,, Washington a., 
Hawkins w,, Scott co. of Va. n. w., and Waah- 



SUM 



512 



SUP 



ington CO. of Va. n. e. Length 43 ms., mean 
width 12, and area 516 sq. nis. Extending in 
lat. from 36° 22' to 36° 35', and in long, from 
40 48' to 5° 30' w. W. C. The declivity is 
wstrd., and traversed by the main or middle 
branch of Holston. This stream enters the n. 
estrn. angle of the co., flows s. w. 25 ms., re- 
ceives the Watauga from the e., and inflecting 
to the N. w., unites with the North fork of Hol- 
ston on the border between SuUivan and Haw. 
kins COS. It is a mountainous tract. Of. t. 
Blountsville. Pop. 1820, 7,015; 1830, 10,073. 
Sullivan, p-v. Iredell co, N. C, by p-r. 160 
ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Sullivan, p-v. Lorain co. O., by p-r. 101 ms. 
N. N. E. Columbus. 

Sulphur Springs, p-o. Union co. Ky., by p-r. 
210 ms. a little s. of w. Frankfort. 

SuMMERFiELU, p-v. Monroe co. 0., by p-r. 112 
ms. estrd. Columbus. 

SuMMERFiELD, p-v. Guilford CO. N. C. 
SuMMERViLLE. (See Somerville, seat jus., 
Fayette co. Ten.) 

SuMMEiisviLLE, p-v. and St. jus. Nicholas co. 
Va., on a branch of Gauley r., by p-r. 310 ms. 
s w by w, W. C, and 268 ms. s. w. by w. 
Richmond. Lat. 38° 19', long. 3° 47' w. W. C. 
Summit, p-t, Schoharie co. N. Y., 16 ms. w. 
Schoharie, has Otsego and Delaware cos. w., 
and is elevated, with a few streams which flort? 
into the Susquehannah. Pop. 1,733. 

Summit Bridge, and p-o.. New Castle co 
Del. 17 ms. s. w. Wilmington, 33 a little w. of 
N. Dover, and by p-r. 112 ms. n. e. W. C. The 
bridge which heads this article extends over the 
Chesapeake and Delaware canal, at the Deep 
Cut through the summit level, between the wa- 
ters of Chesapeake and Delaware bays. 

Sumner, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 6 ms. n. e. Pa. 
ris, 44 w. Augusta ; has several ponds, and is 
crossed by a small tributary of Androscoggin r. 
Pop. 1,098. 

Sumner, co. Ten. bndd. by Smith e., Cum- 
berland r. separating it from Wilson s,, Mans- 
coes cr., separating it from Davidson s. w., by 
Robertson v^., Simpson co. of Ky. n. w., and by 
Allen CO. of Ky. n. e. Length diagonally from 
s. w. to N, E. 40 ms., mean width 16, and area 
640 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 12' to 
36° 37', and in long, from 9° 08' to 9° 42' w. W. 
C. Sumner occupies a part of the table land 
between Cumberland and Big Barren, branch 
of Green river, the two declivities falling from 
each other in a northern and southern direction. 
Surface waving rather than hilly. Soil excel- 
lent. Cf.t. Gallatin. Pop. 1820, 19,211, 1830, 
20,569. 

Sumnersville, p-v. Gates co. N. C, by p-r. 
152 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. 

SuMNEYTOwN, p-v, Montgomery co. Pa., by 
p-r. 30 ms. northwestward Phil. 

Sumpter, dist., S. C, bndd. e. and s. e. by 
Williamsburg, s. by Santee v., separating it from 
Charleston, Santee r. s. w., separating it from 
Orangeburg, Wateree river w. separating it 
from Richland, Kershaw district n. w., and 
Lynches cr. separating it from Darlington n. e. 
Length northwardly from Santee r, to thenorth- 
Grn angle 62 ms., mean width 20, and area 1,240 
sq. ma. Extending in lat. from 33° 23' to 34° 



17', and in long, from 2° 51' to 3° 38' w. W. C, 
The central part is drained by Black r., flowing 
similar to Santee and Lynches rs., in a south, 
eastwardly direction. Cf. t. Sumpterville. Pop. 
1820, 25,369, 1830, 28,277. 

Sumpterville, p-v, and st. jus. Sumpter dis- 
trict, S. C, situated between the branches of 
Black river, 44 ms. a little s. of e. Columbia, 
and by p-r. 481 ms. s. s. w. W. C. n. lat. 33° 
53', long. 3° 22' w. W. C. 

Sumrall's Church, and p-o. Perry co. Mis- 
sissippi, about 140 ms. s. e. by e. Natdiez. 

Sunepee, lake, Hillsborough and Sullivan cos. 
N. H. ; li ms. by 9 ; discharges w. by Sugar r. 
The centre is in lat. 43° 22'. The level is 
more than 820 ft. above Connecticut and Mer- 
rimack rs. 

SuNBURY, p-v., borough, and st. jus. North, 
umberland co. Pa., on the left bank of Susque- 
hannah r., on the point above the mouth of 
Shamokin cr., 2 ms. below the borough of 
Northumberland, and the junction of the two 
main branches of Susquehannah r. Lat. 40° 
53', long, 0° 10' E. W, C. It is distant 52 ms. 
N. Harrisburg, and by p-r. 162 ms. a very little 
E. of N. W. C. 

SuNBURY, p-v. and seaport, on Medway river, 
Liberty co. Geo., 10 ms. e. Riceboro', the co. 
seat, and by p-r. 212 ms. s. e. by e. Milledge- 
ville. Lat. 31° 45', long. 4° 22' w. W. C. It 
stands about 8 ms. above the open ocean. The 
harbor is wide, but is defended on the sea side 
by the northern point of Saint Catharine's isl. 
It is the seat of an academy. 

SuNBURY, p-v. Gates co. N. C, by p-r. 160 
ms. N. E.by E. Raleigh. 

SuNBURY, p-v. southeastern part Delaware co. 
Ohio, by p-r. 22 ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

SuNcooK, r. N. H., rises in a pond near the 
top of one of the Suncook mtns. 900 ft. high. 
After receiving several branches, it enters the 
Merrimack between AUenstown and Pem- 
broke. 

Sunderland, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 15 ms. 
N. E. Bennington, 87 s. w. Montpelier ; first set- 
tled 1765 ; has Battenkill river n. w., on which 
are fine meadows, and Roaring brook e. Lead 
ore is found here. Pop. 463. 

Sunderland, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 90 ms. 
w. Boston, has Connecticut r. on the w. boun- 
dary, parallel to which lies the principal street 
of the V. A large tract of meadows borders 
that stream. Mount Toby is near the line of 
this t., and Leverett. The minerals are vari- 
ous. Pop. 666. 

SuNFiSH, p-o. on a cr. of the same name, fall- 
ing into Ohio r., northeastern part Monroe co. 
Ohio. 

Sunkhase, plantation, Penobscot co. Me, — 
a P-O. in the vil. Pop. 250. 

Superior, Lake, the largest unbroken aggre- 
gate of fresh water on the earth, and the most 
extensive and most elevated of those lakes call- 
ed by pre-eminence " The Five Great Lakes of 
Canada." It may indeed be regarded as the 
immense fountain reservoir of St. Lawrence r. 
Before proceeding to a notice of its features, 
we observe, that a very erroneous and exag- 
gerated idea of this lake prevails, in regard to 
its extent, relatively to that of the Caspian. 



SUR 



513 



sus 



Carefully measured on several maps, English, 
French and American, the Caspian is found to 
be 700 ms. in length, from the coast of Mazan- 
derin in Persia, to that between the mouths of 
the Wolga, and Ural rivers, in Russia ; and 
with all its bays included, it will fully average 
200 ms. wide, thus showing an area of 140,000 
sq. ms. This superficies is equal to a square 
of nearly 375 ms. each side. The longest line 
that can be drawn over Lake Superior, is from 
Montreal Point on the e., to the bottom of Ford 
du Lac on the w., nearly along n. lat. 47°, 
length 380 ms. The widest part is about along 
the line of long, from W. C 10° w., 165 ms. ; 
but the mean width is fully estimated at 80 ms. ; 
and consequently the area comes out 30,400 sq. 
ms. Lake Superior is, from these comparative 
elements, as 3 to 14 when contrasted with the 
Caspian. It is, however, probable, that from 
the shallowness of the Caspian, and great depth 
of Lake Superior, that the latter contains as 
much, if not more water than the former. Ex- 
tending from lat. 46° 30' to 49° n. and being 
elevated 640 feet above the mean level of the 
Atlantic ocean, the winter climate over Lake 
Superior is very severe ; and the shores being 
in many places rock bound, and in others shoal- 
ly, the navigation at all seasons dangerous, is 
suspended by frost fully half the year. Beside 
the sea-like surface of Lake Superior, a land 
area of about 60,000 sq. ms. is drained into it 
by innumerable rs. That part of this inland 
basin comprised in the U. S., curving from the 
straits of St. Mary to Grand Portage r., 600 ms., 
with a mean width of 70 ms., comprises an 
area of 42,000 sq. ms. The great mass of wa- 
ter flowing from this vast reservoir, is poured 
down the straits of St. Mary into Lake Huron. 
From the aspect of its shores, it is evident that 
the mean surface of Lake Superior is depress- 
ing ; though it is impossible it can ever drain 
out, as a very large part of its extent has 
a depth below the surface of the Atlantic 
ocean. 

SuRGOiNsviLLE, p-v. on Holston r., Hawkins 
CO. Ten., 76 ms. above and n. e. by e. Knox- 
ville, 11 ms. n. e. Rogersville, the co. st., and 
by p-r. 274 a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Surry, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 18 ms. n. e. 
Castine, 87 w. by n. Augusta ; has Union r. e., 
Newbury neck s. e. stretching into it, and 2 or 
3 large ponds which are connected, and divide 
the town near the middle. Pop. 561. 

Surry, t., Cheshire co. N. H., 54 ms. from 
Concord ; is crossed by Ashuelot r., which has 
valuable meadows on its banks. East of this 
stream is a pond of three acres, 25 ft. deep, on 
the summit of a mtn. First settled 1764. Pop. 
539. 

Surry, co. Va., bndd. by Isle of Wight co. 
E. and s. E., Southampton s., Blackwater river, 
separating it from Sussex s. w.. Prince George 
w. and N. w., and James r. separating it from 
Charles City n. w., and James City n. and n. e. 
Length and breadth nearly equal, or 18 ms., 
area 324 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 
50' to 37° 11', and in long, from 0° 19' e. to 0° 
08' w. W. C. The sthrn. and western part of 
Surry slopes to the southeastward, and is drain- 
ed into Blackwater r. ; the northeastern part 



declines in that direction towards James r. 
Cf. t. Surry c. h. Pop. 1820, 6,594, 1830, 7,>09. 

Surry, co. N. C, bndd. by Stoke n. e., Yad- 
kin, separating it from the sthrn. part of Stokes 
s. E., Rowan s., Iredell s. w., Wilkes w., the 
Blue Ridge, separating it from Ashe n. w. and 
Grayson and Patrick cos. of Va. n. Length 
from s. to N. 33 ms., mean width 22, and area 
726 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 04' to 
36° 33', and in long, from 3° 26' to 3° 58' w. 
W. C. This CO. is divided into two very nearly 
equal sections by Yadkin r. which traverses it 
in a direction a little n. of e. Both sections 
are drained by crs. falling into Yadkin. The 
general declivity estrd. ; surface broken, and in 
part mountainous, with much excellent soil. 
Cf. ts. Rockford and Huntsville. Pop. 1820, 
12,320 ; 1830, 14,501. 

SiTRRY, c. h., p-v. and st. jus. Surry co. Va., 
by p-r. 60 ms. s. e. by e. Richmond, and 183 a 
very little e. of s. W. C. 

Surveyorsville, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C.,. 
by p-r. 136 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

SusQUEHANNAH, r. of N. Y., Pa., and Md. 
Obeying the correct principles of physical ge- 
ography, Chesapeake bay ought to be regarded- 
as the continuation of Susquehannah river, but 
custom has restricted the name to that part of 
the r. above tide water. Under the articles 
Chesapeake, James r., Potomac, &c. the lower 
part of the basin will be found noticed in this- 
treatise ; the present article will be restricted' 
to a survey of Susquehannah proper. Mea- 
sured by the rhombs on Tanner's United States, 
the valley of Susquehannah above the head of 
Chesapeake bay comes out 28,600 sq. ms.. 
Extending in lat. from 39° 33' to 42° 55', and 
in long, from 2° 25' e, to 1° 50' w. W. C. A 
small fraction of about 350 sq. ms. comprising 
the lower part of this valley is in Md. Above 
lat. 42°, and in the state of N. Y. spreads 7,600 
sq. ms. drained bj'' the two nthrn. branches and 
their numerous confluents. But the main part 
of the valley, comprising 20,650 sq. ms., lies 
within and forms the ceirtral and upwards of 
four tenths of the whole state of Pa. The Sus- 
quehannah is formed by two main branches 
called, with some inconsistency, the nthrn. and 
wstrn. branches. The nthrn. and principal 
branch rises in Otsego co. N. Y., in two con. 
fluents, the Unadilla and Chenango. The ex- 
treme nthrn. sources of the Unadilla rise with- 
in less than 5 ms. of the Mohawk r. at the 
Little Falls, but other sources rise from the 
Catsberg mtns. opposite those of the Scho- 
harie, flow generally to the southwestward, 
unite between Delaware and Chenango cos., 
and turning southward approach to within 12 
miles of the Coquago branch of Del., enters 
Pa., and curving to the w. and thence n. w. 
over Susquehannah county, enters N. York, 
receiving the Chenango at Binghampton in 
Broome county, and winding over Broome 
and Tioga by an elliptic curve, gradually as- 
sumes a sthwstrn. course and again returns into 
Pa., about 3 ms. within which it receives the 
Tioga branch from the n. w. The Tioga or 
Chemung is composed of 3 branches, the Tioga 
proper, Canisteo, and Conhocton. The Tioga 
r. rises in and drains the nrthrn. part of Tioga 



SUB 



514 



sus 



CO. Pa., and flowing northward enters Steuben 
CO. N. Y., within which it first receives the Ca- 
niateo from the westward, and next the Conhoc- 
ton from the n. w. The two latter drain the 
larger part of Steuben co., on the eastern side 
of which, as has been stated, they unite with 
the Tioga. The river thus formed, assuming 
the name of Tioga, flows a little e. of s. e., en- 
ters Pa., and joining the Susquehannah at Ath. 
ens, or Tioga Point, the now large stream turns 
to nearly due s. In the latter direction it flows 
about 5 ms., gradually inclining eastward to 
the mouth of Towanda cr., 10 ms. farther to 
the nrthwstrn. limit of the Appalachian system. 
This higher section of the Susquehannah val- 
ley presents some very remarkable features. 
The sources interlock on the w. with those of 
Alleghany branch of O., on tlie n. w. with those 
of Genesee, on the w. with those of Seneca, n. 
E. with those of Mohawk and Schoharie, and e. 
with those of the Delaware. Spreading like 
the head of a tree along a line of 170 ms. on 
the secondary formation, the declivity of the 
plain not from, but directly towards, an exten- 
sive system of mtns. affording a decisive proof 
that the Appalachian system does not form the 
dividing ridge of the water courses of the Uni- 
ted States. When the Susquehannah has reach- 
ed the mountain base, it has drained upwards 
of 8,000 sq. ms. and is a large navigable river. 
The country above the mtns. is in general com- 
posed of high but rounded hills, and deep fer- 
tile valleys. The rivers are rapid in their cour- 
ses, but without direct falls. There is another 
circumstance in the natural features and rela- 
tive connection of the upper Susquehannah val- 
ley, which deserves particular notice. The 
mean water level at Tioga Point is 723 ft. above 
the Atlantic ocean, and from the latter point to 
Newton, or Elmira on Tioga r., the rise is 103, 
giving to the water level afNewton a compara- 
tive elevation of 826 ft. Though the hills are 
very high in the vicinity of Newton, there is a 
natural valley stretching from the Tioga north- 
wards to the head of Seneca lake. The middle 
ground, or summit level of this valley is only 
59 ft. above the Tioga r., but falls so rapidly 
toward Seneca as to have a descent into that 
lake of 445 ft. in 10 or 11 ms. The summit 
level is 885 ft. above the ocean, but is the low- 
est gap in the Appalachian system, admitting a 
canal to be formed southward from the valley 
of the Mohawk to lower Georgia. A single 
glance at a map of this physical region will 
serve to exhibit the singular natural navigable 
facilities afforded by the depression of the sum- 
mit level of the vallies betv/een them, and the 
approximation of the lakes of the St. Lawrence 
basin, to the nthrn. streams of that of Susque- 
hannah. After its entrance into the mtns. the 
Susquehannah flows about 50 ms, to the s. k. by 
a direct comparative course, but with a very 
sinuous and obstructed channel, to its entrance 
into Wyoming valley, at the mouth of Lacka- 
wannock r. Here this stream bends nearly at 
right angles, and ^gain by a channel of about 
70 ms. comparative course s. w., winds its way 
down the mountain vallies to the entrance of the 
West branch at the borough of Northumberland. 
The West branch is entirely a river of Fa., 



having its most remote western fountain in In- 
diana, but deriving sources in a line of 80 
ms. from Cambria, Clearfield, and McKean 
cos. The general course of the confluents is 
estrd. by comparative courses 150 ms. on the 
western secondary formation, to where it passes 
the main Appalachian chain between Williams- 
port and Pennsboro', thence bends to nearly 
due s. 25 ms. to its junction with the nthrn. 
branch, as already stated. Canals have been 
designed along both branches, and their routes 
partially designated. The main trunk is to 
leave the traverse division of the Pa. canal at 
Duncan's isl. near the mouth of the Juniata, 
and follow the Susquehannah valley to the N. 
Y. line, distance 204 ms. with a rise of 423 ft. 
The West branch trunk commences at North- 
umberland, and follows the valley of the latter 
stream 70 ms. to Dunstown, at the mouth of Ea- 
gle cr., rise 109 ft. Entire elevation of water 
level at Dunstown 540 ft. Tlie two principal 
branches having united between the boroughs 
of Northumberland and Sunbury, assumes a 
course of a little w. of s. 40 ms. to the influx of 
Juniata, from the wstrd. (See Juniata.) Aug- 
mented by the last of its large tributaries, the 
Susquehannah inflects to s. e. 80 ms., receiving 
from the right Sherman's, Conedogwinet, Yel- 
low-Breeches, Conewago, Codorus, and Deer 
crs., and from the left Swatara, Conestoga, Pe- 
quea, and Octoraro, with numerous smaller 
streams, finally is lost in Chesapeake bay, after 
falling over the lower primitive ledge of the 
Appalachian system. Viewing the entire valley 
of Susquehamiah, we have before us some 
very remarkable features of the physical geo- 
graphy of the U. S. This great stream, deriv- 
ing its most remote sources from the wstrn. 
secondary, both in N. Y. and Pa., and in the 
course of its great confluents the main volume 
traversing obliquely the whole Appalachian 
system at the widest part, presents no one di. 
rect fall of sufficient pitch to prevent navigation. 
In reality the mountain chains stretch along, 
the declivity of the Susquehannah valley. With 
innumerable partial windings, the large, and 
even many of the smaller streams, flow in chan- 
nels which pursue the mountain valleys in the 
general direction of the chains, or traverse the 
latter at right angles. This gives a striking 
physiognomy to the courses of the rivers which 
can only be understood by a view of a good 
map. In its course the Susquehannah tra- 
verses also all the great formations of the earth. 
Rising on the horizontal.or as technically denom- 
inated, the secondary or floetz, and breaking im- 
mense gaps through the mtns. of transition and 
primitive rocks, makes its final exit on the inner 
margin of sea sand alluvion. The relative height 
of the extremes of this valley deserve particular 
notice, as element in a theory of its climate. Re- 
jecting the mtn. ridges, the arable soil beyond the 
principal spine of the Appalachian system, is 
from 600 to perhaps 1,200 ft., the mean height 
rather less than a mean term of the extremes of 
elevation, affording as has been however shown, 
a valley from the Atlantic to the St. Lawrence 
lakes, in its highest part faUing below 900 ft.. 
The mineral productions of the Susquehannah 
valley yet explored, have amongst numerous 



SUT 



515 



SUW 



other specimens, presented immense masses 
of iron ore and fossil coal. The former even 
more widely disseminated than the latter. {See 
articles Juniata and Pennsylvania.) 

SusQUEHANNAH, CO. Pa,, bndd. by Wayne co. 
E., Luzerne s., Bradford vv., and Broome co. of 
N. Y. N. Length 35 ms. from e. to w., width 
25, and area 875 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 41° 40' to 42", and in long, from 6° 50' to 
1° 32' E. W. C. The nthrn. branch of Susque- 
hannah r. enters and again retires from the 
nthrn. border of this co., and hence by a curve 
of 80 ms. again approaches the s. w. angle to 
within one mile. Thus encircling the co. on 
three sides and receiving its numerous crs. like 
radii from a common centre. The surface is 
hilly and broken, but soil excellent. Cf. t. 
Montrose. Pop. 1820, 996, 1830, 16,677. 

Sussex, co. N. J., the n. co. of the state, bndd. 
by N. Y. state n. e., Bergen and Morris cos. 
s. E., Warren co. s. w., and Delaware r. n. w., is 
hilly and mountainous, with many good dairy 
farms, and well tilled land near Del. r., abounds 
in valuable iron mines. It is the highest land 
in the state ,and gives rise to V/allkillcr. of Hud- 
son r , Pequannock r., Pequest cr., and Paulins 
kill of the Del., and has the whole course of 
Flatt kill. Hopatung pond, which supplies the 
summit level of Morris canal, is on the s. e. 
bound. The Blue mtns. cross the n. w. part 
parallel to Del. r., between it and which flows 
Flat kill. Cf.t. Newton. Pop. 1820, 32,752, 
1830, 20,346. 

Sussex, southernmost co. of the state of Del., 
bndd. N. by Kent CO. Del., n. e. by Del. bay, e. 
by the Atlantic, s. by Worcester co. Md., s. w. 
by Somerset Md., w. by Dorchester, Md., and 
N. w. by Caroline, Md. Length from w. to e. 
35 ms., mean width 25, and area 875 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 38° 27' to 38° 58', and in 
long, from l'? 14' to 1° 58' e. W. G. Though 
the surface of this co, is level and in part marshy, 
it is nevertheless a table land, from which flow 
s. westwardly the sources of Nantikoke r., 
sonthwardh'' those ofPocomoke, eastwardlythe 
various confluents of Rehoboth bay, and n. 
estrd. creeks falling into Del. bay. Cf ts. 
Georgetov/n and Lewis. Pop. 1820, 24,057, 
1830, 27,115. 

Sussex, co. of Va., bndd, by Southampton s. 
E. and s., by Greensville s. w., Dinwiddie w., 
Prince George n, w., Blackwater r., separating 
it from a part of Surry n. , and by the sthrn. angle 
of Surry n.e. Length from s. w. to n. e. 37 
ms., mean width IC, and area 592 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 36° 42' to 37° 07', and in 
long, from 0° 02' e. to 0° 46' w. W. C. The 
sthrn. and central parts are drained by the Not- 
taway, and the nthrn. by Blackwater r. Cf t. 
Sussex c. h. Pop. 1820, 11,884, 1830, 12,720. 
Sussex, c. h., p.v. and st. jus. Sussex co. Va., 
by p-r. 50 ms. s. s. e. Richmond, and 172 a little 
w.ofs. W. C. 

Sutherland, p-v. Trumbull co. Ohio, by p-r. 
157 ms. N. e. Columbus. 

Sutherland's, p-o, Edgar co. II., by p-r. 97 
ills, N. E, Vandalia, 
S UTToN, p-t. Merrimack co. N . H., 25 ms. from 



of Warner r. s., and is crossed by the n. branch 
nearly in the centre. On these streams are 
good mill sites, and valuable meadows ; there 
are several other streams, and a few ponds. 
Kearsearge is a lofty mtn. in the e. part, which 
gives rise to several streams. King's hill w., 
also affords an extensive view. Valuable stone 
quarries and clay beds exist in this town. The 
surface is rough and the soil various. The 
forest trees were of many different kinds. First 
settled 1769. Pop. 1,424. 

Sutton, p.t, Caledonia co, Vt,, 54 ms. from 
Montpelier, Pop, 1,005, 

Sutton, p-t. Worcester co, Mass., 46 ms, s, 
W.Boston, was purchased of the Indians 1704, 
and included Millburg. There are many good 
mill sites, and many manufactories. The town 
is crossed by Blackstone river and canal, Wil- 
kinsonville, n. w, contains manufactories 
which derive water power from the r. Granite 
is quarried in the town in great quantities ; s. e. 
is a large and curious chasminihe rocks, some- 
times called purgatory. Pop, 2,186, 

Suttonsville, p.v. sthrn, part Nicholas co. 
Va., by p-r. 312 ms. s. w. by w, W, C, and 300 
ms. N. w. by w. Richmond. 

Suwannee r. of Geo. andFlor., has itsmost re- 
mote sources in Dooley co. of the former, at 
lat. 32. Flowing thence a little s, of e, by com- 
parative courses, it enters Flor., and continuing 
its original course 20 ms. between Hamilton 
and Madison cos. receives from the left a 
large tributary branch, the Alapapaha. Alapa- 
paha has its remote sources between those of 
Santilla and Suwannee rs. in Irwin co. Geo. 
Flowing thence very nearly due s. 70 ms. it en- 
ters Hamilton co. Flor., and inflecting to s, w. 
20 ms. unites with Suwannee, Below the 
junction of the two main branches, Suwannee, 
by a rather circuitous channel of 100 ms,, pur- 
sues its original course to its final efl3ux into 
Vacasausa bay. The following notes on this 
r. and its tributaries, are extracted from the 
Report of the U, S. Engineers. " The distance 
from the Geo. line to the mouth of the r, is about 
155 ms,, following the stream. At about 55 
ms, above its mouth, it receives Santa Fe r. 
From the upper Fork to the mouth of Santa 
Fe r., the Suv/annee flows through a stratum 
of rotten limestone. On the margins of the 
stream are occasionally narrow strips of swamp, 
affording a growth of live oak, water oak, cy- 
press, magnolia, and laurel bushes. The' ad- 
jacent country is a sandy, pine forest. The 
width of the river averages about 110 yards, 
and the depth, at the lowest stage of water, 
might be made 3 ft. by removing some ledges 
of rock. At (he mouth of Santa Fe the depth 
is 12 ft. From the mouth of Santa Fe to the 
the Suwannee presents an iminterrupted 



navigation, except at its entrance into Vassaousa 
(Vaccasausa) bay, where it is closed by shift- 
ing sand bars. The banks average 5 ft. in 
height. Near the gulf this river flows through 
a marshy delta, with numerous outlets, which 
are subject to frequent change. Rise of tide 
from 18 to 36 inches, but tides much governed 
by the winds. The Suwannee is subject to 



Concord, 17 from Hopkinton, 65 from Ports, freshets. In June and July the river is at its 

mouth, and 85 from Boston, has the S, branch 'lowest stage." Santa Fe r,, though not the 



SWA 



516 



SYR 



largest, is the most important confluent of flie 
Suwannee. The entire length of the Santa Fe 
is only about 60 ms. from its source in St John's 
CO. within 20 ms. of the main channel of St. 
.John's r. to its entrance into the Suwannee. 
The Santa Fe has gained importance from 
forming a part of a proposed canal route. The 
mean height of its sources above the Gulf of 
Mexico, is about 125 ft. as represented by the 
U. S. engineers. By the same authority, the 
country it waters is sandy, barren, and in many 
places liable to submersion. The relative wa- 
ter level above the Gulf at the junction of Su. 
wannee and Santa Fe, is 10 ft. 

bwAiNSBORo', p-v. and st. jus. Emanuel co. 
Geo., by p-r. 79 ms. s. e. by e. Milledgeville. 
Lat. 32° 40', long. 5° 28 w. W. C. 

SwANANo, p-v. estrn. part Buncombe co. N.G., 
22 ms. N. E. Asheville, the co. st., and 247 w. 
Raleigh, 

SwANKEsviLLE, p-v. Putnam co. II., by p-r. 
57 ms. w. Indianopolis. 

SvvA^s}iORo', p-v. and sea port of Onslow co. 
N. C., situated at the mouth of Whittock r. op- 
posite Boyne inlet, by p-r. 160 ms. s. e. Raleigh, 
and 377 a little w. ofs.W. C. 

SwANSEY, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 ms. s. 
v/. Concord, 6 from Keene, and 68 from Bos- 
ton, is crossed by Ashuelot r. and its s. branch. 
Nearly one third of the town is level, and free 
from stones. There is some iron ore, and a 
mineral spring, several manufactories and 
mills. Between 1741 and 1747, this town suf- 
fered much from Indian attacks. The settle- 
ment was on this account abandoned for 3 years, 
and the dwellings burnt by the savages. Pop. 
1,816. 

SwANSEY, p-t. Bristol co. Mass. 47 miles s. 
Boston, has Rhode Island s. and w., and enjoys 
a pleasant situation on Cole's r. which flows in- 
to Taunton r. and is navigable for small ves- 
sels. It was early settled by a number of Bap- 
tists from Rehoboth, under a grant from Ply- 
mouth colony, and was the first town attacked 
by the Indians in Philip's war, 1675. Here are 
several manufactories. Pop. 1,678. 

SwANTON, p-t. Franklin co. Vt., 28 ms. n. 
Burlington, 50 ms. n. w. Montpelier, e. lake 
Champlain, opposite North Hero, was first set- 
tled 1787, when it was occupied by St. Francis 
Indians. Missisque cr. crosses this town and 
has meadows on its banks, while a fall of 20 
feet supplies mill sites. From this fall to the 
lake the r. is navigable for vessels of 50 tons. 
Mc Quam cr. and several smaller streams also 
water this t. There are marshes n. w. much 
resorted to by wild fowl. Iron and marble are 
found here. The marble is cut at the falls, and 
transported to N. Y. &c. The v. of Missisque 
stands on both sides of the river 6 ms. from its 
mouth, and 1 mile in a straight line from the 
lake. Boats which navigate the lake. Champ- 
lain canal and Hudson river, come up to the v. 
Pop. 2,158. 

SwANViLLE, t. Waldo CO, Me., 15 ms. n. w. 
Castine, and n. Belfast, is of irregular form, 



bounded by straight lines, and crossed by a 
small stream flowing into Belfast bay. Pop. 
633. 

SwATARA, r. Pa, rises by numerous branches 
from the mountain vallies in the sthrn, part of 
Schuylkill co. It thence traverses the western 
part of Lebanon and the sthestrn. of Dauphin, 
falling into Susquehannah 8 ms. below Harris- 
burg, after a sthwstrn. comparative course of 
40 ms. For nearly one-half of the course of 
this stream the Union canal follows the chan- 
nel. This artificial navigation is in full opera- 
tion. 

Sweden, t. Oxford co. Me. 20 ms. s. w. Paris, 
has the boundary of Cumberland co. on the s, 
w. line, and contains several ponds which dis- 
charge by an outlet into Loud pond. A tributa- 
ry of Sunapee lake crosses the w. part. Pop. 
487. 

Sweden, p-t, Monroe co. N. Y, 16 ms. w. 
Rochester, lies n. and w. of Genesee co., and 
is on elevated land, crossed by the Mountain 
ridge and Erie canal. It gives rise to Salmon 
cr, Brockport vil. on the canal, is in the n. 
Pop. 2,938. 

Sweden, p-v., n. w. part Potter co. Pa,, by 
p-r. 290 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

SwEEDSBOKGH. p-v. Woolwich, Gloucester co. 
N. .1., 20 ms. s. Phil, on Raccoon cr. 

Sweetzer's Bridge and p-o. Ann Arundel 
CO. Md., by p-r. 42 ms. from W. C. and 26 from 
Annapolis. 

Sweet Springs, p-v. and watering place, n. 
estrn. part Monroe co. Va, These springs are 
situated in one of the mountain vallies, from 
which flow the wstrn, sources of James r, at an 
elevation of about 2,400 ft, above the Atlantic 
tides, 84 ms. n. w. by w. Lynchburg, 263 s. w, 
by w. W. C, and 204 w. Richmond. ^ 

Swift, r. N. H. a branch of Saco river, falls 
into that stream in Conway, after a rapid course. 

Swift Creek Bridge and p-o. nthrn. part Cra- 
ven CO. N. C., 17 ms. N, Newbern, and by p-r. 
137 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Swindell, p-o, Hyde co. N. C, by p-r. 195 
ms. E. Raleigh. 

Sycamore Alley and p-o. sthrn. part Halifax 
CO. N. C, 22 ms. s. Halifax, the co. st., and 84 
N. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Sycamore, cr. and p-o. nthrn. part Crawford 
CO. O., by p-r. 74 ms. n. Columbus. 

Sylvan Hill and p-o. sthrn. part Hancock co. 
Geo., by p-r. 16 ms. e, Milledgeville. 

Sylvania, p-v. nthrn. part Bradford co. Pa., by 
p-r. 147 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Sylvanus, p-v. Hillsdale co. Mich., by p-r. 
108 ms. s. w. by w. Detroit. 

Syracuse, p-v. Salina, st. jus. Onondaga co. 
N. Y., 4 ms. N. Onondaga, 133 w. Albany, is 
situated on the Erie canal, adjoininj a vast col- 
lection of salt pans, and at the junction of the 
canal with the branch to Salina vil. and the Os- 
wego canal. It is a large, handsome, and 
flourishing vil., and has attained a most rapid 
growth, having been of insignificant size before 
the opening of Erie canal. (See Salina.) 



TAL 



517 



TAM 



C?!^ 



Taberg, p-v. Annsville, Oneida co. N. Y., 
1 12 ms. w. Albany, 7 n. Erie canal, 11 w. Rome, 
27 N. w. Utica, is the seat of extensive iron 
works. 

Tabor Church and p-o. in the wstrn. part Ire- 
dell CO. N. C, by p-r. 159 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Tafton, p-v. in the nthrn. part Pike co. Pa., 
by p-r. 271 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

Taghkanic, p-t. Colmiibia co. N. Y. w. Mass., 
is watered by Claverack, Ancram, Rocleff and 
.Tansen's crs., which supply many mill seats. 
The Taghkanic mtns. rise here, but their great- 
est elevations are in Mass. The land is held on 
lease. Iron ore is found in plenty. Pop. 
1,654. 

Talbot, one of the Eastern Shore cos. of 
Md., bndd. s. and s. e. by Choptank r. separating 
it from Dorchester, e. by Choptank and Tuck- 
ahoe rs., separating it from Caroline, n. by St. 
Michael's bay, separating it from Queen Anne, 
and w. and s. w. by Chesapeake bay. Length 
from s. to N. 25 m.s., mean width 10, and area 
250 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 34' to 
38° 56' N., and in long, from 0° 42' to 1° 10' e. 
W. C. This CO. is a real peninsula between 
Choptank r. and Chesapeake bay ; and is again 
cut into three minor peninsulas by Treadhaven 
and St. Michael's bays. What little declivity 
exists is to the sthrd. Cf. t. Easton. Pop. 1820, 
14,389 ; 1830, 12,947. 

Talbot, co. Geo. bndd. s. by Marion, s. w. by 
Muscogee, w. by Harris, n. w. by Merriwether, 
and by Flint r., separating it from Upson n. e., 
and Crawford e. Length along the southern 
boundary 40 ms., mean width !6, and area 600 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 32° 35' to 32° 
54' N., and in long, from 7° 10' to 7° 54' v/. W. 
C. The wstrn. part gives source to some crs. 
which flow s. wstrd. towards the Chattahoo- 
chee ; but the greatest part of the co. slopes 
estrdly. toward Flint r. Cf. t. Talbotton. Pop. 
5,940. 

Talbotton, p-v. and st. jus. Talbot co. Geo., 
situated on a small cr. of Flint r., by p-r. 112 
ms. s. w. by w. Milledgeville. Lat. 32° 43', 
long. 7° 36' w. W. C. 

Talcott mtn. Hartford co. Conn, a part of 
the ridge which extends many ms. on the w. of 
Conn, r., dividing its waters from those of Far- 
niington r. 

Taliaferro, co. Geo., bndd. n. by Oglethorpe 
CO., N. E. and e. by Wilkes, s. e. and s. by Han- 
cock and w. by Greene. Length from s. to n. 
17 ms., mean width 8, and area 136 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 33° 28' to 33° 43' n. In 
long, it is traversed by 6° w. W. C. Declivity 
s. estrd., and traversed in that direction by the 
higher branches of Little r., and those of Great 
Ogeechee. Cf. t. Crawfordsville. Pop. 4,934. 

Tallahassee, city, and st. jus. Leon co., and 
seat of the government of Flor. is situated about 
30 ms. inland and nfhrds. from Ocklockonne 
bay, 9 ras. from the sea-port of St. Mark's, 
about 200 N. w. St. Augustine, a similar dis- 
tance a little N. of E. Pensacola, and by p-r. 896 
s. s. w. W. C. Lat. 30° 27', long. 7° 30' w. 

66 



W. C. The city is recent ; the buildings were 
commenced in the summer of 1824, and in 1825 
it was divided into lots, and sold, reserving 5 
for public buildings. The site is comparatively 
elevated, affording a good view of the vicinity. 
Tiie adjacent country is rolling rather than 
hilly ; the soil excellent. A pleasant mill 
stream formed by fine springs, winds along the 
eastern border of the town, from whence it is 
precipitated over a fall of 15 ft., and disappears 
in the calcareous strata. Springs of good wa. 
ter abound, and well water is obtained by dig. 
ging from 6 or 10 to 30 ft. The city was in- 
corporated in 1826, and the first legislature sat 
there the following winter. When Mr. John 
Lee Williams published his View of West Flo- 
rida, in 1827, he estimated the population at 
800. He observes, " few towns in America 
have increased more rapidly ; and population 
and improvement continue without any abate- 
ment. It must in a few years become a charm- 
ing place of residence, though it will probably 
never be a place of great commercial impor- 
tance." c 

Tallapoosa, r. of Geo. and Ala. rises in the 
Cherokee territory, and in the northwestern 
part of the former, lat. 34°, between the Eto- 
wah and Chattahoochee rs. Flowing s. s. w. it 
enters Ala., and continuing that course 130 ms., 
turns abruptly to the w. 25 ms., and falls into 
the Coosa, or rather, from the great difference 
of volume, joins the Coosa to form Ala. The 
junction is made between Montgomery and Au. 
tauga COS. The valley of the Tallapoosa lies 
entirely between those of Coosa and Chatta. 
hoochee. It is about 150 ms. in length, with a 
mean width of 25, area 3,750 sq. ms. Lying 
between latitudes 32° and 34°, and long. 8° 
and 9° 20' w. W. C. 

Tallmansville, p-o. Wayne co. Pa., bv p-r. 
278 ms. N. e. W. C. 

Tallyho, P-v. northern part of Granville co. 
N. C, by p-r. 57 ms. n. n. x. Raleigh. 

Talmadge, p-v. Portage co. O., by p-r. 115 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Tamaqua, p-o. northern part of Schuylkill co. 
Pa., by p-r. 191 ms. n. n. e. W. C, and 83 ms. 
N. e. Harrisburg. 

TAMAauA, the Indian name of Little Schuyl- 
kill, and on which the p-o. of the same name is 
situated. 

Tampa, This name is frequently applied to 
the whole bay of Espiritu Santo, and it proba- 
bly was the original name of all that sheet ot 
water ; it is now confined to the northern cove 
or minor bay of Espiritu Santo, w. of the mouth 
of Hillsboro r. Tampa, as now restricted, pro- 
jects nrthrdly. from the main body of the sheet 
of water of which it is a part, and is separated 
from the Gulf of Mexico by sandy islands and 
a peninsular point. The shores are low and 
sandy, or swampy. The bay is shallow. (See 
Espiritu Santo.) 

Tam WORTH, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 58 ms. 
froin Concord, 58 from Portland, 30 from Gil- 
ford, 120 from Boston ; has part of the Burton 



TAR 



518 



TAU 



mtns., and south part of the Ossipee. Bear- 
camp r. runs through it e. into Ossipee lake, 
after receiving 2 branches which rise here, and 
afford many mill sites. First settled 1771. Pop. 
1,554. 

Taneytown, p-v. in the northeastern part of 
Frederick co. Md., 22 ms. n. n. e. the city of 
Frederick, and 68 ms. a little w. of n. W. C. 

Tangier, isls. and sound. The Tangier isls. 
is a group of small isls. in Chesapeake bay, 
evidently an extension of the peninsula between 
Choptank and Nantikoke rs. They follow each 
other from n. to s., and are partly in Somerset 
CO. Md., and Accomac co. Va. The sound 
spreads between the islands and main shore. 
This group lies opposite the mouth of Poto- 
mac r. 

Tangipao, r. of La. and Misp., has its most 
remote sources in Amite and Pike cos. of the 
latter, and flowing s. s. e. enters La., separa- 
ting the parish of Saint Helena from Washing- 
ton and Saint Tammany, and falls into the 
northwestern part of lake Pontchartrain, after 
a comparative course of between 70 and 80 
ms. The valley of Tangipao lies between those 
of Amite and Bogue Chito, in the higher part 
of its course, but in La. between the Tchefonte 
and Tickfah. 

Tannek's Store, and p-o. Mecklenburg co. 
Va., by p-r. 215 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Tan Yard, and p-o. Northumberland co. Va., 
by p-r. s. s. e. W. C. 

Tappahannoc, p-v. and st. jus. Essex co. Va., 
situated on the right bank of Rappahannock r., 
by p-r. 109 ms. a little e. of s. W. C, and 50 
N. E. Richmond. N. lat. 37° 58', long. 0° 10' e. 
W. C. The site is low and fiat, and in summer 
the inhabitants are liable to fevers and agues ; 
it is however a place of considerable trade, as 
even large merchant vessels can ascend far 
above, and here find a safe harbor, which is 
about 50 ms. from the open Chesapeake bay. 

Tappan, p-v. Orangetown, Rockland co. N. 
Y., 28 ms. N. New York, is on the w. side of 
Hudson r., which is there 4 ms. across. 

Tar, or in the lower part of its course, Pam- 
lico, r. of N. C, has its extreme higher foun- 
tain in Person co., interlocking sources with 
Neuse and the lower crs. of Dan r. Flowing 
thence by a general course s. e. by e. over Gran- 
ville, Franklin, Nash, Edgecomb, and Pitt cos., 
and receiving large accessions from Warren 
and Halifax, it opens into a wide bay, below 
the harbor of Washington, in Beaufort co. (See 
Pamlico bay.) The valley of Tar r., including 
Pamlico bay, is 160 ms. in length, with a mean 
width of 30 ms., area 4,800 sq. ms. ; and lying 
between Neuse and Roanoke rs. Extending in 
lat. from 35° 15' to 36° 25' n., and in long, 
from 0° 25' e. to 2° 15' w. W. C. It is naviga- 
ble for vessels of nine ft. draught to Washing- 
. ton, and for river boats to Tarboro', at the con- 
fluence of the two main branches. 

Tarboro', p-v. and st. of jus. Edgecomb co. 
N. C, situated on the right bank of Tar r., be- 
low the influx of Fishing cr., by p-r. 72 ms. a 
little N. of E. Raleigh, and 252 a little w. of s. 
W. C. Lat. 35° 53', long.-0° 36' w. W. C. 

Tarentum, p-v. Alleghanv co. Pa., by p-r. 
231 ms. N. w. W. C. 



Tariff, p-v. Butler co. Ohio, by p-r. 122 ms. 
s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Tariffville, p-v. Simsbury, Hartford co. 
Conn., is a manufacturing village, pleasantly 
situated at the falls of Farmington r., at the w. 
base of the hilly range which crosses that part 
of the state, and at the spot where the r. bursts 
through it, between two precipitous banks. The 
carpet manufactory here employs 95 male weav- 
ers, and 367 persons were immediately depend- 
ant on it in 1831. The capital invested is 
$123,000 ; 237,000 pounds of wool, and 24,000 
pounds of yarn are manufactured, producing 
about 114,000 yards of Ingrain or Kiddermin- 
ster carpeting. Above $30,000 is paid for labor 
annually. 

Tarlton, p-v. sthestrn. part of Pickaway co. 
0., by p-r. 30 ms. s. s. e. Columbus. 

Tarpaulin Cove, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 
is a convenient little harbor for vessels bndd. 
w. in contrary winds. It is 9 ms. n. jn. w. 
Holmes' Hole. 

Tarrytown, p-v. Greensburgh, Westchester 
CO. N. Y., 30 ms. n. New York, on the e. side 
Hudson r., has a landing in a cove between two 
points, where a steamboat touches daily from 
and for New York. 

Tarver's Store and p-o., in the sthrn. part 
of Twiggs CO. Geo., 10 ms. from Marion, the 
CO. St., and 47 ms. s. vv. Milledgeville. 

Tatnall, CO. of Geo., bndd. by Montgomery 
w., Emanuel n., Cannouchee r. separating it 
from Bullock, n. e. and e.. Liberty s. e., and 
Altamaha r., separating it from Appling s. and 
s. w. Length 52 ms., mean width 24, and area 
1,248 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 31° 48' 
to 32° 26' N., and, in long, from 4° 44' to 5° 38' 
w. W. C. The western partis drained into the 
Altamaha by the Great Ohoopee and other 
streams, whilst the estrn. section is in the val- 
ley of Cannouchee. The Altamaha is formed 
by the union of the Oconee and Ocmulgee rs., 
at the extreme western angle of Tatnall. Gen- 
eral declivity s. e. c.h. at Percy's mills. Pop. 
1820, 2,644, 1830, 2,039. 

Taughkannuc, a branch of the Green mts. 
which commences near Middlebury, Vt., and 
extends across the lower part of that state, and 
the w. parts of Mass., and Conn., to the shore of 
L. I. sound, gradually diminishing in elevation 
towards the south. The highest eminences are 
Taughkannuc and Saddle mountains in Mass., 
the former of which is about 3,000 feet. 

Taunton r. Mass., navigable 20 ms. from 
Narraganset bay to Taunton, in sloops. It has 
its rise in Plymouth co., and its course is about 
s. w. 

Taunton, p-t. and one of the sts. jus. Bristol 
CO. Mass., is pleasantly situated on Taunton r., 
which is navigable to this place for sloops. It 
was first settled in 1637, and was called Co- 
hannet by the Indians ; within the present lim- 
its of the town was the Indian v. Teticut. Taun. 
ton is .32 ms. s. Boston, and 20 n. of e. Provi- 
dence. It contains a bank, several churches, 
an academy, and one or two county buildings. 
Canoe, Runiford, and Taunton rs. unite here, 
and furnish excellent water privileges. The 
first extensive iran works in America were 
erected in this town, in 1652, and at present it 



TAZ 



519 



TEL 



is famous for its manufactures. The nail fac- 
tories make from 8 to 10 tons daily. It has 7 
cotton factories — 1 rolling and slitting mill — 
1 forge — 1 shovel factory — 1 copper and lead 
rolling mill — 1 paper mill — 1 carding and full- 
ing mill — 1 calico printing establishment, which 
furnishes from 4 to 6,000 pieces a week — 2 
breweries — I large factory of britannia ware, 
and many other establishments of different 
kinds ; besides 8 or 9,000,000 of brick are man- 
ufactured annually. It is expected that a rail- 
road will soon be constructed from this place to 
Boston, Pop. 6,042. 

Taxahaw, p-o. Lancaster dist. S. C, 19 ms. 
N. w. Lancaster, and by p-r. 91 ms. n. n. e. Co- 
lumbia. 

Taylor's Store and p-o. Franklin co. Va., 
12 ms. estrd. Rocky Mount, the co. st., and by 
p-r. 173 ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Taylor's Store and p-o., Anson co. N. C, 
by p-r. 160 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Taylorsville, p-o. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 36 
ms. nrthrd, Philadelphia. 

Taylorsville, p-o. Hanover co. Va., 28 ms. 
nrthrd. Richmond. 

Taylorsville, or Patrick c. h., p-o. and st. 
jus. Patrick co. Va., situated on Mays r., 90 
ms. s. w. Lynchburg, 35 a little e. of s. Chris- 
tiansburg, and by p-r. 241 ms. s. w. by w. Rich- 
mond, and 333 s. w. W, C, n. lat. 36° 38', long. 
3° 14' w. W. C, 

Taylorsville, p-v, and st. jus. Spencer co. 
Ky., situated on Salt r., 35 ms. s. e. Louisville, 
by p-r. 35 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort, and 586 a 
little s. of w, W. C. ; n. lat. 38°, long. 8° 20' 
w, W. C. Pop. 248. 

Tazewell, co. Va., bndd. n, w. by Pike and 
Floyd cos. Ky., n. by Tug Fork of Sandy r., 
separating it from Logan co. Va., n. e. by 
Giles, E. and s. e. by Walker's mtns., separa- 
ting it from Wythe co., s, by Clinch mtn., sepa- 
rating it from Smith co., s. w. by Russel, and 
w. by Floyd co. Ky. Length from w. to e. 80 
ms., mean width 20, and area 1,600 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 36° 54' to 37° 32' n., 
and in long, from 4° to 5° 12' w. W. C. The 
central part of this co. is a very elevated mtn. 
table land. The estrn. part declining nrthestrd., 
and drained by the confluents of Great Kenha- 
wa ; the southern gives source to Clinch and 
Holston rs., the extreme northern constituents 
of Tennessee r. ; 'whilst the western and most 
extensive section has a nrthwstrn. declivity, 
and gives source to the highest branches of 
Sandy r. Compared with the ascertained ele- 
vation of the Great Kenhawa at the influx of 
Greenbrier, 1,333 ft., the lowest elevation that 
can be given to the central mtn. vallies of Taze- 
well, must be 1,500 ft. ; and the mean relative 
height of the arable soil of the co., must be, at 
the lowest estimate, 1,200 ft. Cf. t. Jefferson, 
ville. Pop. 1820, including a part of what now 
constitutes Logan, 3,916 ; that of Tazewell 
proper in 1830, 5,749. 

Tazewell, p-v, and st. jus. Claiborne co. 
Ten., situated between the rs. Clinch and Pow. 
ell's Valley r., by p-r. 248 ms. a little n. of e. 
Nashville, and 63 ms. n. e. Knoxville. Lat. 
36° 31', long. W. C. 6° 20' w. 
Tazewell, co. II., bndd. by MacLeaa e. 



Sangamo s., the Illinois r., separating it from 
Fulton w., and Peoria n. w. ; on the n. it has 
the sthestrn. angle of Putnam. As laid down 
by Tanner, in his improved map of the U. S,, 
it lies nearly in form of a right angled triangle, 
hypothenuse parallel to the general course of II. 
r., 66 ms., base along Sangamo, and perpendicu- 
lar along MacLean equal, or 50 ms. each ; area 
1,250 sq. ms. ; n. lat. 40° 40', long. W. C. 12° 
30' w. The general course of II. r. along this 
CO. is about s. w. dilating into Peoria and 
Mackinaw lakes. The slope of the co. is near- 
ly to the w. {See Mackinaw r.) The general 
surface is level, and part liable to annual sub- 
mersion, though it contains much good soil. Cf, 
t. Mackinaw. Pop. 4,716. 

Tazewell, c. h. (See Jeffersonville, Taze- 
well CO, Va.) 

Teaze's Valley, p-o. in the western part of 
Kenhawa co. Va., 20 ms. westward Charles- 
ton, the CO. St., and by p-r. 376 ms. a little s. of 
w. W. C. 

Teche, r. of La., rises from the northern 
prairies of Opelousas, lat. 30° 40'. The drains 
of those savannahs, after flowing 7 or 8 ms,, 
divide into 2 channels ; one flows northwardly 
into Courtableau, and the other pursues a south- 
eastern course. This separation of current is 
the head of the stream called Teche, or the 
sthestrn. branch. Flowing between the waters 
of the Courtableau and Vermillion 10 ms., it 
receives an inlet from the latter, and enters At- 
takapas. The residue of the course of Teche, 
presents a stream with great specific resem- 
blance to the Misp. in the delta. Though on a 
very reduced scale, the Teche, similar to its 
immense prototype, flows in long sweeping 
bends, with banks above any other part of the 
adjacent country. From this feature the streams 
flow from the very margin, and in a channel of 
upwards of 180 ms., no water course is dis- 
charged into the Teche, With slight edges of 
wood, prairies extend along the entire right, 
and, for more than half the higher part of its 
course, along the left bank of this interesting 
river. The channel is comparatively very deep, 
and the tide rises to New Iberia, lat, 30° 02', 
upwards of 100 ms. above the mouth, affording 
one very remarkable contrast to the Mississip- 
pi. New Iberia, at the head of tide water in 
Teche, is a port of entry, and vessels of 7 feet 
draught can ascend there in safety. The Te- 
che falls into Atchafalaya, after a comparative 
course of 120, but falling little, if any, short of 
200 ms. by the bends. The banks present two 
continuous zones of the very first rate soil, be- 
tween latitudes 29° 44' and 30° 40'. 

Tekatoko, p-o. Crawford co. Ark., situated 
near the Dardanelles mtns., by p-r. 76 ms. n. w, 
by w. Little Rock. 

Telfair, co. Geo,, bndd. n. e. by Montgome. 
ry, e. s. e. and s. by Appling, s. w. by Ocmul- 
gee r., separating it from Irwin, w. by Dooley, 
and N. w. by Pulaski. Length from s, to n. 28 
ms., mean width 22, and area 836 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 31° 39' to 32° 12' n., and in 
long, from 5° 46' to 6° 20' w, W, C, The 
southern part of this co, slopes to the sthestrd. 
giving source to many of the higher branches 
of Santilla, which rise almost on the margin of 



TEN 



520 



TEN 



Ocmulgee. The latter stream, forming the ' 
sthwstrn. border, thence traverses the co. in a 
nrthestrn. direction, serving as a common re- 
cipient for the confluents which drain the nrtlirn. 
section towards PuUisld. Cf. t. Jaclisonville. 
Pop. 1820, 2,104, 1830, 2,146 

Tellico, p-v. iMonroe co. Ten. {See Mad- 
isonville, Monroe co. Ten.) 

Tellico Plains, p-o. Monroe co. Ten., 15 
ms. southward Madisonville, the st. of jus. of 
the CO., and by p-r. 18.3 ms. s. e. by e. Nasliville. 
Tellico, (Mouth of,) p-o. at the mouth of 
Tellico or., 12 ms. n. e. Madisonville, the co. 
et., and by p-r. 180 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Temperance, p-v. Greene co. Geo., by p-r. 
53 ms. nrthrd. Milledgevilie. 

Tempeeance Ridge, p-o. Yazoo co. Misp., by 
p-r. about 120 ms. n. n. e. Natchez. 

Temple, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 40 ms. n. w. 
Augusta, in the n. w. corner of the co., has Ox- 
ford CO. w., and Somerset co. n., and is moun- 
tainous, having part of Blue mtn. w. Pop. 795. 
Temple, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 40 ms. 
Concord, 12 Amherst, gives rise to several 
branches of Souhegan r. The situation is high, 
with a fine and extensive view e. and s., a rocky 
surface, and pretty good soil. Here ia a social 
library. Pop. 648. 

Templeton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 60 ms. 
w. Boston, has an uneven surface, with rich 
vallies, and a soil generally good, watered by 
several streams, which flow partly into the 
Chickapee, and partly into Miller's r., and af- 
ford mill seats. The vil. is neat and pleasant. 
It was granted to soldiers who had served in 
Philip's war, under the name of Narragansett, 
No. 6. Pop. 1,552. 

Temple of Health, p-o. in the wstrn. part of 
Abbeville dist. S. C, by p-r. 114 ms. w. Co- 
lumbia. 

Templeton, p-v. Prince George's co. Va., 36 
ms. southeastward Richmond. 

Ten Mile Stand, and p-o. Rhea co. Tenn., 
by p-r. 171 ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. 

Tennessee, r. of the states of Tenn., N. C, 
and Geo., though a very minor branch, is the 
stream from which the general name has been, 
by custom, arising from the route of original 
discovery, communicated to the great recipient. 
Tenn. proper rises in Raban co. Geo., by its 
extreme sthestrn. source, quickly entering Ma- 
con, and receiving numerous creeks from Hay- 
wood CO. N. C, and flowing n. w. passes the 
Unika mtn. into Tenn. Within the latter state 
it continues n. w. 40 ms., between Blount and 
Monroe, joins the Holston on the southeastern 
border of Roan co., after a comparative course 
of about 85 ms., of which 5 are in Geo,, and 40 
in each of the other two states. Though so 
much inferior in volume and length of course to 
the Holston, the name of Tenn. is perpetuated 
below their union. 

Tennessee, r. of the state of the same name, 
and of the states of Ky., Misp., Ala., Geo., N. 
C., and Va., is the great sthestern. constituent of 
the Ohio. Under the respective heads of Clinch, 
Holston, French Broad, Tennessee proper, and 
Duck rivers, the constitutents of Tenn. river 
will be found described. The very peculiar 
features of the valley of the Tenn., demand a 



particular notice. This valley is divided into 
two physical sections ; the higher or mountain, 
ous, and the lower or hilly. The most remote 
sources of the Tenn. are found near those of 
Clinch river in Tazewell co., and those of Hol- 
ston river, in Smyth co. Va. ; and interlocking 
sources with those of Sandy, and Great Ken- 
hav/a. From this elevated origin, the main 
confluents pursue a southwestern course be- 
tween the two parallel chains of the Appalachi- 
an system Cumberland, and the main spine, 
both stretching in a similar direction with 
the rivers, at a mean distance Vif about seventy 
miles asunder. Besides this principal val- 
ley, another of less width between the main 
chain and Blue Ridge, is also drained by the 
constituents of the Tenn. ; but this more east- 
ern and more elevated valley slopes to the n. 
w., at right angles to the mtn. chains. The lat- 
ter mtn. valley comprises the N. C. and Geo. 
part of the valley of Tenn., and will be found no- 
ticed under the heads of Macon, Haywood, and 
Buncombe cos. of the former state, and under 
the heads of Tenn. proper, and French Broad 
rs. Including both minor vallies, upper Tenn. 
drains an elongated ellipse of 350 ms. longer 
axis ; shorter axis 120 ms., from the Blue 
Ridge at the sources of French Broad, to Cum- 
berland mtn., where it separates the sources of 
Powell's river from those of Cumberland : mean 
breadth 80 ms., and area 24,000 sq. ms. De- 
scending from the extreme fountains in Va., the 
valley widens as the mountain chains recede 
from each other, and again contracts as the 
same chains gradually re-approach, at the north- 
western angle of Geo., and nrthestrn. of Ala. 
At the latter point, well known by the name of 
Nickajack, all the large confluents have united, 
and the Blue Ridge and Cumberland chains 
have approached within less than 40 ms. of 
each other. Belov/ Nickajack, the now large 
volume of Tenn. continues s. w. 60 ms., without 
receiving a single stream of 20 ms. course, the 
two bounding mountain chains still inclining 
upon each other, till their approaching bases 
force the river through the Cumberland chain. 
To one whose eye first glances on the volume 
of the Tenn., below its passage through Cum- 
berland mtn., without a previous knowledge of 
the valley above, the idea would not occur, that 
before it flowed the accumulated waters of a 
mountainous region of 24,000 sq. ms. extent. 
In fact, to an observer thus placed, the Tenn. 
would appear as one of the constituents of a 
river valley below the Cumberland chain. About 
20 ms. below the passage of Tenn. r. through 
it, the Cumberland mountain receives the Blue 
Ridge, if such a term can be correctly applied 
to the merging of two mtn. chains. Here, along 
the nrthrn. sources of Mobile basin, the Appa- 
lachian system changes its distinctive charac- 
ter, and the confused masses of hills follow each 
other wstrdly. towards the Misp. The Tenn. 
deflects rather more than does the mtns., and 
flows N. w. by w. 120 ms., to the nrthwstrn. an- 
gle of Ala., and the nrthestrn. of Misp., where 
this large stream again bends at nearly right 
angles, and pursues a course very little w. of 
n. 150 ms., to its entrance into the Ohio, after 
an entire course of 680 ms. The second great 



TEN r)21 

section of the Tenn., and the lower part of the 
first, below Nickajack, are comprised in the 
fine northern valley of Ala. The main volume 
flowing through a region extending from the 
Ohio valley, in the vicinity of Pittsburg, to the 
nrthrn. part of the basin of Mobile. The very 
striking coincidence of the river inflections be. 
tween the extremes of this region, must ap- 
pear to the most inattentive observer of a good 
)nap of that part of the U. S. This regularity 
of structure is evinced by the great inflections 
of the Ohio, Kenhawa, Kentucky, Green, Cum- 
berland, and Tennessee rs. The Tenn. itself 
literally occupies the base of the physical re- 
gion indicated, as in all its comparative course 
below Nickajack, or its entrance into Ala., of 
330 ms., it does not receive a single confluent 
above the size of a large creek, nor does the 
outer edge of its valley on the left, in Ala., 
Misp., Tenn., and Ky., exceed a mean breadth 
of 20 ms. On the right, embosomed between 
Tenn. and Cumberland rivers, and comprising 
central Tenn., and northern Ala., spreads a 
physical region, extending from Cumberland 
nitn. to the lower reach of Tenn. r., 130 ms., 
with a mean breadth of 80 ms., and an area of 
10,400 sq. ms. This beautiful tract is semicir- 
cled by the main volume of Tenn., and drained 
Ijy Elk r., Duck r., and innumerable crs. Be- 
low Duck r., however, the Tenn. receives no 
confluent from either side of any magnitude 
worthy of notice. Including all its sections, 
the lower valley of the Tenn. comprises an 
area of 17,600 sq. ms. ; and the whole valley 
embraces a superficies of 41,600 sq. ms. The 
extent of this valley, if compared with the 
whole valley of Ohio, spreads over nearly l-.5th 
part, and gives to Tenn. the first rank among 
tiie confluents of the Ohio. Amongst the pe- 
culiar features of the course of the Tenn., the 
most remarkable is, that rising as far n. as lat. 
37° 10', and curving thence southward to lat. 
34° 23', it againweturns, to its original lat., and 
falls into the Ohio nearly due w. from its primi- 
tive springs in Tazewell co. ; thus embosoming 
nearly all the large valley of Cumberland, and 
part of that of Green river. Geographically, 
the Tenn. valley lies between n. lat. 34° 10' and 
37° 10', and in long, between 4° 15' and 11° 
40' w. W. C. It is the first and largest, ad- 
vancing from the s., of those streams gushing 
from the elevated slopes of the Appalachian 
ridges, and which flow wstrd. into the great 
basin of the Misp. In relative height, there 
is above 1,700 feet difference between the high- 
est and lowest extremes of this valley. The 
arable surface of Tazewell and Wythe cos., 
from where the fountains of Kenhawa and Hol- 
ston have their origin, must be at least 2,000 feet 
above the Atlantic tides ; whilst that of Ohio r., 
at the influx of the Tenn., but little exceeds 300 
ft. This difference is to 4° of lat., and accounts 
for the rapid changes of climate experienced 
on lines of lat. in Tenn. The current of every 
branch of the Tenn. is very rapid, though di- 
rect falls are rare, and even dangerous shoals 
are not common. Of the latter, those particu- 
larly called Muscle Shoals, between Lauder- 
dale and Lawrence cos. Al., are most remarka- 
ble, and difficult to navigate. The whole r., 



TEN 



however, having a mean fall exceeding 2 ft. to 
the mile, is only favorable to down stream navi- 
gation, which it admits in most of its branches 
nearly to their sources. 

Tennessee, one of the U. S., is bndd. by N. 
C. E., Geo. s. E., Ala. s., Misp. s. w., river 
Misp., separating it from Ark. w.. Mo. n. w., 
Ky. N., and Va. n. e. If we commence the out- 
line of this state on the southern boundary of 
Va. it will thence have a boundary in common 
with N. C, along the main spine of the Appa- 
lachian mtns. to the northwestern angle of 
Macon co. 168 ms. ; due s. along the western 
boundary of Macon co. to the northern bound- 
ary of Geo., 20 ms. ; due w. along the nrthrn. 
boundary of Geo. and n. lat. 35°, to the north- 
western angle of Ala., 90 ms. ; continuing the 
last line along the northern boundary of Ala. to 
Temi. r,, and to the northeastern angle of the 
state of Misp. 145 ms. ; continuing due w. along 
the northern boundary of the state of Misp. to 
the Misp. river, 110 ms., thence up the latter 
stream opposite the Ark. Ter., and sthestrn. 
angle of the state of Mo. 100 ms., continuing up 
the Misp. r. to the northwestern angle of Tenn. 
and to the southwestern of Ky., 70 ms., thence 
due E. along the southern boundary of Ky. to 
Tenn. r., 80 ms., thence up Tenn. r. 12 ms., 
thence by a line a little s. of e. along the sthrn. 
boundary of Ky. to Cumberland mtns. and to the 
s. w. angle of Va. 268 ms., thence along the 
southern boundary of Va. to place of beginning, 
108 ms. ; having an entire outline of 1,171 ms. 
Lying between lat. 35° and 36° 37', and lono- 
4° 39' and 13° 14' w. W. C. The longest lin'e 
that can be drawn on any state of the U. S. is a 
diagonal over Tenn., from the nrthestrn. to the 
sthwstrn. angle, by calculation, s. 77°, w. or n, 
77°, e. within a fraction of 500 ms. The mean 
length is about 400 ms., and the mean width 
being 114, the area of the state comes out 45,- 
600 sq. ms., equal to 29,184,000 statute acres. 
This area exceeds what is commonly assigned 
to Tenn., but following the most recent and ac- 
curate delineations on Tanner's map, is very 
near the real superficies of that state. By re- 
ference to our notice of Tenn. r. and valley, it 
will be seen how much the physiognomy of this 
state is influenced by the peculiar course of its 
rivers. Dividing it into sections, and taking 
the mtns. as lines of demarcation, it presents 
two unequal sections ; the smaller above, and 
the second and larger below, the Cumberland 
chain. The higher and inferior section is en- 
tirely in the valley of Tenn., and in length diag. 
onally from s. w. to n. e. is 280 ms., with a 
mean width of 57, and area of 15,960, or very 
nearly one third of the state. This compara- 
tively elevated and diversified region, is, in 
air, water, and surface, amongst the most de- 
lightful portions of the United States. The soil 
is also much of it excellent, but the relative 
elevation gives to vegetable life a more north- 
ern effect than that found in similar latitudes, 
either on the Atlantic coast, or on the western 
section of Tennessee, near the Mississippi. On 
lower Ten., cotton is a staple production, whilst 
the climate of the upper section is more conge- 
nial to grasses, including the bread grain, or cer- 
ealia. The declivity of upper Ten, iaCto the s. 



TEN 



592 



TEN 



w., and ri[f already shown, by a rather rapid de-. 
scent. Lower or Western Ten. is subdivided 
by its rivers into two sections. That part com- 
prised in the valley of Ten. r. has been noticed 
under the head of that stream, but to the nthrd. 
of T en. valley, the state embraces a large and 
very important section of the valley of Cumber- 
land r. The latter tract is 250 ms. in length, 
along the line of demarcation between the states 
of Ky. and Ten., with a mean width of 40 ms., 
or 10,000 sq. ms. The area comprised in the 
valley of Ten. is about 170 ms. long, with a 
mean breadth of 70, or embracing an area of 
11,900 sq. ms. Including the part of Ten. 
comprised in both the valleys of Ten. and Cum- 
berland, below Cumberland mtn., we have an 
area of 21,900 sq. ms., which added to 15,960 
comprised in upper Ten. yield 37,860 sq. ms. in 
the estrn. and middle sections of the state. 
The general declivity of central or middle Ten. 
is wstrd., though the course of Ten r. is here 
almost due n. Advancing still wstrd. of the 
valley of Ten. we arrive on a slope drained by 
numerous small streams into the Misp. This 
western portion, comprising 7,740 sq. ms. may 
be denominated wstrn. Ten. It is drained by 
Obion, Forked Deer, Big Hatchee, and Wolf 
rs. These streams have corresponding curves, 
first iiowing n. wstrdly., thence w. and s. w. a 
general wstrn. declivity, commencing about 25 
ms. from the main channel of the Ten., and 
falling gently toward the Mississippi. In its 
natural state Ten. was covered with a dense 
forest. The great features along its very elon- 
gated declivity of 500 ms., are varied and 
strongly contrasted. East Ten., mountainous 
or very hilly, with excellent river soil, presents 
a most seductive region to the eye : middle, or 
central Ten. less bold in its physiognomy, but 
with a much larger proportion of productive 
soil, is followed by the wstrn. section ; the fea- 
tures of nature from the Cumberland chain, im- 
perceptibly softening, until finally sunk into the 
annually inundated banks of the Misp. The 
whole state has a sufficient soil to admit a dense 
population. Agreeable to the returns of 1830, 
Middle and Western Ten., containing, as stated 
in this article, 29,640 sq. ms., has a pop. of 
488,448, having had in 1820 only 287,501, ex- 
hibiting a gain in the 10 years, from 1820 to 
1830, of almost 70 per cent. The capacity for 
sustaining an increase may be estimated by the 
fact that the existing pop. of the two lower sec- 
tions of Ten. is distributively only 16 to the sq. 
mile ; and this on a region, over which 10 fold 
more on an equal surface, would be far from 
too great a density of population for the soil. 

Political subdivisions and population. — Ten- 
nessee is divided into the counties of: 

Pop. 1830. 



5,312 

30,444 
6,448 

11,027 
5,110 
9,378 
6,418 



Counties. 


Pop. 18 


Amoi, 




Anderson, 


4,fi68 


Bedford, 


16,012 


Bledsoe, 


4,005 


Blount, 


11,258 


Campbell, 


4,244 


Carroll, 




Carter 


4,835 


Cherokee Nation, 




Claiborne, 


5,508 


Cocke, 


4,892 


Davidson, 


20,154 


Dickson, 


5,190 



8,470 
6,048 

28,122 
7,261 



Counties. P 


/;). 1820. 




I'ojj. 1830. 


Dver, 






1 ,904 


Fayette, 






8,654 


Fentress, 






2,760 


Franklin, 


16,571 




15,644 


Gibson, 






5,801 


Giles, 


12,558 




18,920 


Grainger, 


7,651 




10,066 


Greene, 


13,221 




14,410 


Hardiman, 






11,628 


Hamilton, 


821 




2,274 


Hardin, 


1,462 




4 867 


Hawkins, 


10,949 




13,683 


Haywood, 






5,356 


Henderson, 






8,741 


Henry, 






12,230 


Hickman, 


6,080 




8,132 


Humphries, 


4,067 




6,189 


Jackson, 


7,593 




9,902 


JefFerson, 


8,953 




11799 


Knox, 


13,034 




14,498 


Lawrence, 


3,271 




5,412 


Lincoln, 


14,761 




22 086 


McMinn, 


6,623 




14,497 


McNairy, 






5,697 


Madison, 






11,750 


Marion, 


3,888 




5,516 


Maury, 


22,141 




28,153 


Monroe, 


2,529 




13,709 


Montgomery, 


12,219 




14,365 


Morgan, 


1,676 




2,582 


Obion, 






2.099 


Overton, 


7,188 




8,246 


Pm-ry, 


2,384 




7,038 


Rhea, 


4,215 




8,182 


Uhnan, 


7,895 




11,340 


Robertson, 


7,270 




13,802 


Rutherford, 


19,552 




26,133 


Sevier, 


4,772 




5,117 


Shelby, 


354 




5,652 


Smith, 


17,.580 




21,492 


Stewart, 


8,397 




6,988 


Sullivan, 


7,015 




10,073 


Sumner, 


19,211 




20,606 


Tipton, 






5,317 


Warren, 


10,348 




15,351 


Washington, 


9,557 




10,995 


Wayne, 


2,459 




6,013 


Weakly, 






4,796 


White 


8,701 




9,967 


WillianiBon, 


20,640 




26,608 


Wilson, 


18,730 




25,477 


Of whom in 1830 


there were white 


persons : 




MALES. 


FEMALES. 


Under 5 years of age 


59 


,576 


55,399 


From 5 to 10 


45 


,356 


42,975 


10 to 15 


36.044 


33,556 


15 to 20 


29,247 


30,616 


20 to 30 


4-1,982 


42,970 


30 to 40 


25 


,111 


23,545 


40 to 50 


15,110 


15,264 


50 to 60 


11,188 


9,279 


GO to 70 


5 


,543 


4,541 


70 to 80 


2,102 


1,855 


80 to 90 




657 


542 


90 to 100 




105 


114 


100 and upwards 




32 


28 



Total 275,068 260,680 

Of which were deaf and dumb under 14 years 
of age 129 ; 14 to 25, 59 ; 25 and upwards 54. 
Blind 176. Of the colored population were : 









FREE. 


SLAVES. 








Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Fern. 


Under 10 years 


of 


age 


842 


272 


27,713 


26,568 


Prom 10 to 24 






583 


626 


23,431 


24,145 


24 to 36 






361 


359 


11,260 


12,223 


36 to 55 






321 


285 


6,020 


6,519 


55 to 100 






216 


187 


1,729 


1,891 


100 and up 


wards 


7 


6 


63 


41 



Total 



2,330 2,225 70,216 ri.aST- 



TEN 



523 



TEN 



Of the colored pop. were deaf and dumb un- 
der 14 years of age, 13 ; from 14 to 25, 9 ; 25 
and upwards 6. Blind, 37. 

Recapitulation. 

Whites Free col'd. Slaves. Total. 
535,743 4,555 141,003 681,906 

History. — The territory now comprised in 
Ten. was included in the 2d charter of N. C, 
granted by Charles 11. in 1G64; but no settle- 
ment of whites was made so far wstrd. until 
1754, when a few families fixed themselves on 
Cumberland r. but were driven away by the 
savages. The first permanent settlement in 
Ten., was made by the founding of fort London 
in 1757. According to Flint, fort London stood 
on Little Ten., a mile above the mouth of Tel- 
lico. This place is now included in Blount co. 
On Pownall's map, founded on Evan's, (the lat- 
ter published in 1755,) it is noted that the far- 
thest settlements of Va. wstrd. in 1755, were 
on the heads of Blue Stone branch of the Great 
Kenhawa, and those of Clinch and Holston rs. 
Ten. was then one wide wilderness. The 
course of original settlement was from N. C. 
into the valley of the Ten. proper, and fort Lon- 
don was the cradle. This fort was attacked, 
however, ajid taken by the Indians in 1760, 
when upwards of 200 men, women and chil- 
dren were massacred. In 1761, the important 
campaign under Col. Grant broke the power of 
the savages, and a treaty was made which en- 
couraged emigrants. About 1765, settlements 
began on Holston r., and gradually increased. 
Though harrassed by Indian warfare, the hardy 
frontier men penetrated deeper and deeper into 
the forest, and at the opening of the revolution- 
ary war, were sufficiently strong to meet their 
savage enemies. Col. John Sevier was the 
Tenneseean hero of that period. In June, 1776, 
ihe inhabitants, aided by a few Virginia sol- 
diers, defeated the Indians. Hostilities contin- 
ued, nevertheless, between the parties through 
the revolutionary war. As early as 1776, 
when the first republican constitution of N. C. 
was framed and went into operation, deputies 
from Ten. appeared in the first state assembly. 

Though many previous but abortive attempts 
had been made to settle w. Ten., the country 
around where Nashville now stands, was a wil- 
derness in 1779. The militia of Ten. gave 
themselves consequence in the eyes of their 
countrymen, by the aid they afforded in de- 
feating the British and tories, at King's moun- 
tain, Oct. 7, 1780. In 1783, a land office was 
opened; courts of justice had been established 
and opened the previous year. In 1784, by a 
law of N. C, a provisional cession of what now 
constitutes Ten. was made to the U. S. This 
act was repealed, but had permanent effect, as 
under its influence the people commenced an 
independent state government under the name 
of Frankland. These steps led to anarchy. 
N. C. claimed jurisdiction, as did also the con- 
stituted authorities of the state of Frankland. 
In the contest, power prevailed, and the state 
of Frankland disappeared. The struggle led 
to many acts of civil commotion, which were 
not terminated until after 1790, when Ten. was 
finally ceded to the U. S. In May, 1790, by a 



law of congress, the country was made a terri- 
tory by the name of " the Territory s. of the 
river Ohio.'" In Nov. 1791, the first printing 
press was established at Rogersville, and on 
the 5th of the same month was issued the first 
newspaper, the Knoxville Gazette. On June 
1st, 1796, Ten. was formally admitted into the 
Union as a state of the confederacy. Since its 
introduction into the family of republics, the 
advance of this state, in population and wealth, 
has been constant and peaceable. In the late 
war, her troops acted a most honorable part, 
as they have since the original settlement in the 
middle of the last century. Government. — 
This is vested in a biennially chosen general 
assembly, composed of senators and members 
of assembly ; who to be eligible must have re- 
sided in the state three years, and in the co. 
whence selected one year next before their 
election ; and must possess in full right, 200- 
acres of land. The number of representatives 
never to exceed 40, and the senators never to 
be more than one half, or less than one third of 
the representatives. The executive power is 
vested in a governor biennially elected, and 
eligible 6 years in 8 ; and to be eligible must 
possess, in full right, a freehold of 500 acres 
of land, have arrived at the age of 35 years, 
and have been a resident in the state 4 
years next preceding his election. The ju- 
diciary is vested in such superior and infe- 
rior courts as the legislature may from time 
to time appoint. Judges are appointed by 
joint ballot of both houses of the general 
assembly, hold their offices during good be- 
havior, and removable by impeachment. The 
right of suffrage is secured to every free 
v/hite citizen of 21 years of age and upwards, 
who either possesses a freehold in the county 
M'here he offers to vote, or who has resided 
there six months previous to the election day. 
Staple productions. — To enumerate the staples 
of this state would be to give a list of nearly 
every vegetable and metallic substance produ- 
ced in the U. S. The higher part of the state 
is most favorable to grain ; the lower to cotton. 
Iron is found in several places. The Cumber- 
land river is navigated by steamboats to Nash- 
ville, and all the large rs. of the state, for down 
boats to near their sources. (See these under 
their proper heads.) Education. — For the ad- 
vancement of the higher branches of education, 
the principal seminaries in Ten. are the Nash- 
ville university, at Nashville ; East Ten. college 
at Knoxville ; Greenville college, at Greenville, 
Green co. ; and at Maryville, the st. jus. Blount 
co.,thesthrn. and wstrn. Theological seminary. 
A more particular description of these will be 
found under the heads of places where they are 
located. 

Tennessee kiver, p-o. Haywood co. N. C, 
situated in the nrthrn. part of the co., by p-r.. 
343 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Tennessee iron works, and p-o. Dickson 
CO. Ten., 50 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Tensaw, r. of Ala. The Tensaw is an out- 
let from Mobile river, about 8 ms. below the 
junction of Ala. and Tombigbeers. It is about 
35 ms. comparative length, winds along, or near 
the eastern margin of the initndated tract above 



TEW 



524 



THO 



Mobile bay ; is navigable, passes Blakeley, and 
is lost in Mobile bay 4 or 5 ms. e. the town of 
Mobile. 

Tensaw, r. of La., has its extreme source 
from Grand lake, and in the sthestrn. angle of 
Chicot CO., and of the territory of Ark., but im- 
mediately enters Ouachita parish. La., and flow- 
ing a little s. of s. w. and nearly parallel to the 
general course of the Misp., by comparative 
courses about 110 ms. to its junction with Oua- 
chita to form Black river. The Tensaw is the 
drain of the inundated tract w. the Misp. in the 
parishes of Ouachita and Concordia. 

Tensaw, p-o. on the last noted river, Baldwin 
CO. Ala., by p-r. 32 ms. n. Blakeley, and 196 a 
little w. of s. Tuscaloosa. 

Teoronto, bay, Penfield, Monroe co. N. Y., 
makes up from lake Ontario, 1 m. by 5. 

Terre Bonne, {good or fertile land,) parish 
of La., bndd. by Atchafalaya bay, and parish of 
St. Mary's w.. La Fourche Interior (Interior La 
Fourche) n. n. e. and e., and by the Gulf of 
Mexico s. E., s. and s. w. Greatest length from 
the mouth of La Fourche r. to Point au Fer, at 
the sthrn. entrance of Atchafalaya bay 90 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 1,800 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from n. lat. 29° to 29° 42', and in 
long. W. C. 13° 08' to 14° 35'. The surface very 
near that of a dead plain, the slight elevation of 
the alluvial banks of some of the streams except- 
ed ; and with the same partial exception devoid 
of timber. What very slight slope exists is sthrd. 
and in that direction it is traversed by Terre 
Bonne, Grande and Petite Cailloux, and Bayou 
Bceuf. Where the soil is arable, it is of exuber- 
ant fertility, and the climate completely within 
the range of sugar cane. Except the small 
islets at the s. w. Pass of the Mississippi, the 
cape of Terre Bonne is the most sthrn. part of 
La. Cf. t. Williamsburgh. Pop. 2,121. 

Terre Coupee, p-v. St. Joseph's co. Ind. In 
the p-o. list it is stated at 245 ms. from Indian- 
opolis by the p-r., though the actual distance 
between the two places falls short of 150 ms., 
direction very nearly n, and s. 

Terre Haute, p-v. and st. jus. Vigo co. Ind., 
by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. by w. Indianopolis, and 60 
ms. by the land road above and n. Vincemies. 
Lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 10° 27' w. 

TiiRRYsviLLE, p-v. AbbeviUc dist. S. C, by 
p-r. 116 ms. wstrd. Columbia. 

Terrytown, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., by p-r. 
142 ms. nrthrd. Harrisburg. 

Tewksbury, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 20 ms. 
N. w. Boston, has Merrimack r. n., and Con- 
cord r. w., which flows into it, and separates 
the town from Chelmsford and Lowell. N. it 
is hilly, and stony, with pretty good soil ; in 
other parts nearly level and poor. The Merri- 
mack, at Hunt's falls, descends 40 ft. in one- 
fourth mile, and this is the head of navigation 
on that stream. When the water is high, rafts 
easily descend. Above this fall the r. is joined 
by the Middlesex canal. Belvidere v. is in the 
N. w. corner of the t. at the junction of Concord 
and Merrimack rs. It is connected with the great 
and flourishing manufacturing vil. of Lowell by 
a bridge across the former stream. Pop. 1,527. 
Tewksbury, p-t. Hunterdon co. N. J., 45 ms. 
-N. Trenton, has Morris co. n., Somerset co. e., i 



with a range of hills crossing it, and its eastern 
boundary line formed by Allamatong river, a 
branch of the Raritan. It contains the village 
of New Germantown. Pop. 1,659. 

Thames, r.. Conn., is formed by the conflu- 
ence of the Quinnebaug and Shetucket rivers, 
and at Norwich takes the name of Thames. It 
flows thence to New London harbor 14 miles, 
and affords sloop navigation from Norwich 
Landing to Long Island sound. A steamboat 
plies between New York and Norwich. The 
banks of this stream are pleasant and variega- 
ted. It flows through the old Mohegan country, 
and the reserved lands of that tribe lie on its w. 
banks, a little below Norwich. At the w. point 
of New London harbor is a light house, and in 
its vicinity are 2 forts, one of which, in Groton, 
was the scene of British cruelty in the revolu- 
tionary war, and is now marked by an obelisk, 
erected to the memory of the defenders. 

The Pocket, p-v. Moore co. N. C, by p-r. 
82 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. Uncouth as this 
name may sound, it is that given in the p-o. list, 
thus "(The) Pocket." 

Thetford, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 34 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 28 n. e. Windsor ; first settled 
about 1764 ; is crossed by Ompompanoosuc r., 
which here receives a branch, and both these 
streams afford mill sites. North is one half of 
Fairlee lake. There are other ponds, one of 
which, containing nine acres, is only about 25 
ft. from the bank of Conn, r., which is 100 ft. 
below. It has neither inlet nor outlet, falls two 
or three ft. in summer, and abounds in fish. Be. 
tween the pond and the river passes a road. 
Galena is found here, which yield 75 per cent 
of lead. The surface is uneven, and somewhat 
rocky. An academy was established here 1819. 
There are several villages. Pop. 2,113. 

Thibadeauxville, p-v. and st. of jus. parish 
of La Fourche, interior La. ; situated on the 
left bank of La Fourche r., about 35 ms. s. e. 
and below Donaldsonville ; n. lat. 29° 46', long. 
13° 48' w. W. C. 

Thickety Fork, and p-o. northeast part of 
Spartanburg dist. S. C, by p-r. 115 ms. n. n. vv. 
Columbia. 

Thomas, co. of Geo., bndd. w. by Decatur, 
N. w. by Baker, n. by Irwin, e. by Lowndes, s. 
by Jefferson co. Flor., and s. w. by Leon co. 
Flor. Length from s. to n. 50 ms., mean breadth 
30, and area 1,500 sq. ms. N. lat. 31° and 
long. 7° w. W. C, intersect very near the cen- 
tre of this CO. The declivity southward ; the 
western part drained by Ocklockonnee, and the 
eastern by Suwanee r. Cf. t. Thomasville. Pop. 
3,299. 

Thomaston, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 49 ms. s. e. 
Augusta, 85 e. n. e. Portland, 36 e. Wiscasset ; 
is of irregular form, with Waldo co. n., Penob- 
scot bay e., and Saint George's r. on part of the 
w. line ; is of irregular form. It contains abund- 
ant quarries of lime stone, which is burnt in 
great quantities, and known in the ports of the 
United States for its good quality. About 150,- 
000 casks have been sent out of Thomaston for 
20 years past. The Saint George is navigable 
to this town in large ships, 12 miles from the 
ocean. The state prison is situated on the bank 
of this stream, in a tract of 10 acres, including 



THO 



525 



TIC 



a marble quarry. Excellent bluish granite is 
brought up from quarries below, on the river, 
which the convicts are employed in cutting. 
The plan of the building, and the system of 
discipline, are conformed to those of Auburn, 
Sing Sing, &c. The keeper's house is 30 ft. 
by 40, the hospital 23 by 48, and there are 50 
cells in the prison, all of stone, surrounded by 
a stone wall. A considerable number of ves- 
sels are owned here, and there is an active 
coasting trade to different parts of the country, 
chiefly for the transportation of lime ; a bank, 
&c. The seat of the late Gen. Knox, is one 
of the finest in this part of the country. Pop. 
4,214. 

Thomaston, late Upson c. h., p.v. and st. jus. 
Upson CO. Geo., by p.r. 87 ms. a little s. of w. 
Milledgeville ; lat. 32° 52', long. W. C. 7° 27' w. 

Thomasville, p-v. and st. of jus. Thomas co. 
Geo., situated in the forks of Ocklockonnee r., 
about 160 ms. in a direct line, but by p.r. 235 
ms. s. s. w. Milledgeville ; n. lat. 30° 58', lont^. 
7° 04' w. W. C. 

Thompsom, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 4G ms. 
E. N. E. Hartford, 26 n. w. Providence ; has 
Massachusetts n., and Rhode Island e., and is 
crossed by Quinebaug r., and French and Five 
Mile rs., its branches ; on which streams are 
excellent mill seats, and which afford fish. The 
surface is hilly. On French r. is a sattinet 
factory, with 14 looms, making 65,000 yards 
annually; then, 3 ms. below is a stone factory, 
100 ft. long, with 2,200 spindles, and 52 looms, 
making 350,000 yards of printing cloths for cal- 
ico. Maconvilie, 1 mile below, contains anoth- 
er factory, with 2,436 spindles, and 60 looms, 
making 250,000 yards of shirtings. Near the 
junction of French r. and the Quinebaug is also 
another factory, with 900 spindles, and 18 
looms. Pop. 3,383. 

Thompson, p-t. and st. jus. Sullivan co. N. Y., 
113 ms. s. s. w. Albany, 34 from Newburgh ; 
has Orange co. s. ; watered by Navesink, Mon- 
gaup, Sheldrake and other crs., with a variety 
of surface, soil, and timber. Monticello village 
contains the co. buildings, and is 110 ms. from 
Albany. Pop. 2,457. 

Thompson, p-v. Geauga co. Ohio, by p-r. 184 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Thompson's p-o. wstrn. part of Fairfield dist. 
S. C, by p-r. 24 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 

Thompson's Cross Roads, and p-o. Louisa co. 
Va., by p-r. 45 ms. N. w. Richmond. 

Thompson's Store, and p-o. in the northern 
part of Hanover co. Va., by p-r. 46 ms. nrthrd. 
Richmond. 

Thompson's Store, and p-o. sthern. part of 
Anderson dist. S. C, by p-r. 121 ms. n. w. by 
w. Columbia. 

Thompsontown, and p-o. Mifflin co. Pa., by 
P-r. 34 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Thompsonsville, p-o. Culpepper co. Va., by 
p-r. 75 ms. s. w. by w. W. ( '. 

Thornburgh, p-v. Spotsylvania co. Va., by 
p.r. 70 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Thorndike, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 40 ms. n. e. 
Augusta; is bndd. by right lines, crossed by 
the branches of a stream flowing n. w. into Se- 
basticook r., and approaches nearly to Penob. 
scot CO. N. E. Pop. 652. 

67 



Thornbury, p-v. eastern part of Chester co • 
Pa., by p-r. 119 ms. n. e. W. C, and 18 ms- 
sthwstrd. Phil. 

Thorn Hill, p-v. Orange co. N. C. by p-r. 
92 ms. N. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Thornton, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 58 ms. 
from Concord, 12 from Plymouth, 120 from Bos- 
ton ; is crossed by Pemigewasset r. n. and s., 
and has Mud r. and several other small streams. 
There are valuable meadows, and no high hills. 
First settled 1770. Pop. 1,049. 

Thornton, p-v. Delaware co. Pa., by p.r. 119 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

Thornton's Gap, and p-o. in the Blue Ridge, 
western part of Culpepper co. Va., by p-r. 102 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C, and 120 n. w. Richmond. 

Thorntown, p-v. Boone co. Ind., by p-r. 62 
ms. N. w. Indianopolis. 

Thornville, p.v. in the n. w. angle of Perry 
CO. O., by p-r. 37 ms. e. Columbus. 

Thoroughfare, p o. Prince William co. Va., 
by p-r. 47 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Three Forges, and p.o. Bedford co. Pa., by 
p.r. 140 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Three Forks, p.o. Barren co. Ky., by p-r. 
122 ms. s. s. w. Frankfort. 

Thre:: Springs, and p-o. southeastern part of 
Huntingdon co. Pa., by p-r. 73 ms. westward 
Harrisburg. 

Throg's Neck, or Point, Westchester, West- 
chester GO. N. Y., the N. point of Ea&t r. and 
marks the w. termination of Long island sound. 
It presents a low, broken, sandy bank e., on 
which the U. S. government have erected a light 
house. It forms a small peninsula. 

Throopsville, p.v. Mentz, Cayuga co. N.Y., 
3 ms. N. Auburn, on Owasco inlet. 

Thousand Isles, in the r. St. Lawrence, ex. 
tend from the e. end of lake Ontario 30 miles 
down that stream, and are of various size and 
form. The principal are Carlton and Welles 
isls. in N. Y., and Grand isl. U. Canada. 

Thunder Bay, isls. and r. nrthestrn. coast of 
the peninsula of Mich. Thunder bay is a cove 
making to the n. w, from the nrthrn. side of Sag. 
inawbay ; and the isls. so called, extend estrd. 
from the main shore into lake Huron, and to 
the nrthestrd. from the cove. Thunder r. rises 
in the interior of the peninsula, interlocking 
sources with Ottawa river, and flowing thence 
eastwardly, falls into the head of Thunder bay. 
The distance is 35 ms., course n. n. w. from 
Transit Point, on the s. side of Saginaw bay, to 
the confluence of Thunder bay and r. 

Tick cr., and p.o. sthrn. part Chatham co. 
N. C, 44 ms. sthwstrd. Raleigh. 

TicoNDEROGA, p-t. Essex CO. N. Y., 96 ms.N. 
Albany, 3 s. Elizabethtown, has lake Cham, 
plain and Vt. e., Warren co. s., and includes 
the lower part of lake George. Fine levels ex- 
tend near the lake, with fine swells rising be- 
hind, and several high mtns. rise in different 
parts of the town, some of which, as well as 
several spots on the lower ground, have been 
rendered interesting by historical events of im. 
portance. The ruins of fort Ticonderoga oc- 
cupy the s. point of a promontory, below which 
bends lake Champlain, just before it spreads n. 
to a greater breadth than before, and opposite 
are mounts Defiance and Independence, with 



TiO 



52G 



TIP 



the narrow part ol the lake between theni, the 
i'orrner an abrupi elevation, 720 ft. hiah, cover- 
ed with foresis, in this town, and the latter ol" 
iul'erior heiLjht and in Vt. I'he outlet of lal^e 
George, 3 ni.y. iono-, flowa in the s. part of Ti- 
conderoya, and enters the lake between mount 
Defiance, and fort I'iconderoga at Sword's 
point, between a tract of lieautiful meadows, 
ft has 3 falls, in all 1.57 ft., and turns some mills. 
The promontory is now overgrown by young 
timber, which has sjrov.'n since the desertion of 
the fortress. About 500 acres were inclosed 
by a breastwork across the isthtnus, by the 
French, who defended it against Gen. Aber- 
crombie in 1748. Gen. Amherst took the for- 
tress the following year. It was taken by sur. 
prise in 177.'), by a small party of men from Vt., 
commanded by Ethan Allen, but evacuated in 
1777, by the American troops, on the approach 
of Gen. Burgoyne, who took his cannon to the 
top of mount Defiance, and thus secured the 
commatid of the place, from a position before 
considered inaccessible. A ferry crosses the 
lake to Shorehani, Vt. Pop. 1830, 1,996. 

Tiffin, p-v. and st. jus. Seneca co. O., by 
p-r. 85 ms. N. Columbus. It is situated on the 
right bank of Sandusky r. Lat. 41° 08', long. 
W. C. 4° 10' w. Fop. 248. 

Tiffi.vs, r. of Mich, and 0. rising in the for- 
mer, interlocking sources with those of r. Raisin 
of lake Erie, and St. .Joseph of Maumee. Form- 
ed by crs. issuing from Lenawee and Hillsdale 
cos. Mich., Tifnns r. flows s., enters O. tra- 
versing Plenry and Williams cos,, and falling 
into Maumee r. at fort Defiance just above, but 
on the contrary side from the influx of au Glaize 
t. Comparative length ,50 ms. 

TiMBALLiER, bay of La. extends westward 
from the mouth of La Fourche r. about 30 ms. 
with a width of from 3 to 6 ms. It has the 
same mouth with La Fourche, and is separated 
from the gulf of Mexico by a long low peninsu- 
la or island. It is shallow, with a sandy or 
muddy bottom. 

Tijiberlaice's p-o. Campbell co. Ky., by p-r. 
71 mtf. N. N. E. Frankfort. 

TiiMi'soN's CK., aad p-o. sthrn, part Rabua co, 
Geo. by p-r. 9 ms. s. Clayton, the co. St., and 
165 ms. N. Milledgeville. 

TiNicuM, isl. and cr., and also tsp. Bucks co. 
Pa. The cr. falls into Del. r. opposite the isl., 
and the tsp. lies along both sides of the cr. and 
on the Del. river, between the tsps. of Noxa- 
niixon and Piumpstead, about 38 ms. north- 
ward Phila. 

TiNicuM, isl. and tsp. Del. co. Pa. The isl- 
and lies in Del. r. below the mouth of Darley 
creek. Both the isl. and the adjacent shores 
are flat, and employed principally as grazing 
farms. 

TiNMouTi-i, p-t. Pcutland co. Vt., 41 ms. n. Ben- 
nington, 8 s. Rutland, 81 from iMontpelier, first 
settled 1770, is crossed by furnace brook; n. 
Little West r., a branch of Otter cr., which 
flows between two ranges of mtns. There are 
several quarries of marble, and plenty of iron 
ore, which supplies several furnaces and forges 
in this town. Pop. 1,049. 

Tioga, r. or Chemung, a w. branch of Sus- 
quehannah r. rises in Pa., runs n. into Steuben 



CO. N. Y., which it crosses to Painted Post, 
where it meets Clonhocton r., and then turning 
back into Pa., meets the e. branch at Tioga 
point. It flows about 50 ms. in N. Y., and with 
its branches, is navigable in boats. The Che- 
mung canal connects this stream with Seneca 
lake. {See Siisqiicharinah r.) 

I'loGA, CO. N. Y., bndd. by Tompkins co. 
and parts of Sleuben and Cortland cos. n., 
Bi'oome co. e., Pa. s., the boundary being the 
42d degree of lat., and Steuben co. w., about 
180 miles w. Albany, contains 18 tsps., is cross- 
ed in the s. is.by Susquehaimah r. and Chemung 
or Tioga river, s. w., which meet 3 ms. s. of 
the Penn. line. Owego cr. on the e. line, and 
Catetant and Cayuta crs. whicht cross this co. 
afford boat and raft navigation. There are few 
manufactories, 2 of woollen, and 1 furnace. 
The surface is hilly. Elmira and Owego, are 
the sts. jus. of the CO. Pop. 1820,14,716,1830, 
27,690, 

TiooA, p-t, Tioga co. N. Y. 10 ms. w. Owe. 
go, 180 from Albany, has Pa. s., is crossed by 
tl'.e E. branch of Susquehannah, and has Cayuta 
cr. w. The surface is generally broken, and 
the soil poo-, with some rich but narrow vallies. 
Pop. 1,4 11. 

Tioga, co. Pa., bndd. e. by Bradford, s. e. 
and s. by Lycoming, w. by Potter, and n. by 
Steuben co. N. Y. Length 36 ms., mean width 
32, and area 1,152 square miles. Extending in 
lat. from 41° 32' to 42° and in long, from 0° 
04' E., to 0° 40' w. W. C. Surface composed 
of two declivities ; that comprising the central 
and northern sections, and drained by the Tio- 
ga r., falls to the n. e. The opposite declivity 
slopes to the s. w., and is drained by the sources 
of Pine cr. The mean arable surface of Tioga, 
exceeds 1,000 ft. above the Atlantic level. Cf. 
t. Wellsboro. Pop. 1820, 4,021, 1830, 9,071. 

TioNESTA, p-v. Armstrong co. Pa. New 
name, witliout relative distances on the general 
p-o. list. 

TiouGHNiOGA, cr., N. Y., rises in Onondaga 
CO., and flows through parts of Cortlandt and 
Broome cos. to Chenango r. after a course of 
about 55 ms. 

Tippecanoe, r. of Ind. rises about lat. 41° 30', 
in the sthrn. part of Elkhart co. and flows 
thence s. s. w. 80 ms., traversing the Indian 
country, and thence over Carroll falls into Wa- 
bash r. in Wabash co. This r. has interlocking 
sources with tho.-^e of the Elkhart branch of St. 
.losephr.of lake Michigan, and with the extreme 
estrn. fountains of Kankakee branch of Illinois r. 

Tippecanoe, co. Ind. bndd. n. e. by Carroll., 
Clinton e., iVlontgomery s.. Fountain s. w., 
V/arren w., and n. w. ; n. boundaries uncertain. 
Length from s. to N. 24 ; breadth 21, and area 
504 sq. ms. Central lat. 40° 24', long. W. C. 
9° 50' w. The main stream of the Wabash in 
a s. w. direction traverses this co. leaving about 
one third of the surface on the n. w. or right 
side. The residue, on the left side of Wabash, 
slopes nrthwstrd. towards that r. Cf. t. La 
Fayette, Pop. 7,187. 

"rirTON, CO. Ten. bndd. by Dyer, n., Hay- 
wood E., Lafayette ?„ e., Shelby s. and s. w., 
and the Mississippi r., separating it from Crit- 
tenden CO. Ark. w. Length 30 ms., mean width 



TOL 



527 



TOM 



23, and area 600 square miles. Ex! ending in 
lat,. from 35° 23' to 35° 48', and in lon^. from 
12° 32' to 13° w. W. C. The declivity is west- 
ward toward the Miss. r. the northern part tra- 
versod by Forked Deer, and the soutliern by 
Big llatchee rs. Cf. t. Covington. Pop. 5,317. 

TiPTONSPOKT, p-v. and st. Jus. Carroll co. 
Indiana, on Wabash r. by p-r. 9i ms. a little w. 
of.w. Indianopolis. Lat. 4U° 31', long. 9° 4(3' 
w. W. C. 

Tico, p-v. Richland co. O., by p-r. 20 ms. n. 
N. w. Mansfield, the co. st., and 83 ms^ n. Co- 
lumbus. 

TisBURY, p-t. Duke's co. Mass. 85 ms. s. e., 
Boston, on Martha's Vineyard, has the Vine- 
}'ard sound on the n. w. with the harbor of 
Holme's Hole n., where vessels often enter 
which are prevented from proceeding round 
Cape Cod shoal by contrary winds. 'This har- 
bor is safe, and frequently affords protection to 
foreign shij^s as well as coasters. Near the 
hnrbor is a small village. Pop. 1,317. 

Titus's Store, and p-o. Harrison co. O., b}'' 
p-r. 116 ms. a little n. of e. Coiumbu.s. 

Tiveutox, p-t. Newport co. R. I„ 24 ms. s. e. 
Providence, 13 n. e. Newport, has the e. pas- 
sage and Mount Hope bay w., and Mass. i\. and 
E. It is generally pleasantly varied, with sotne 
rocky parts, enjoys considerable advantages in 
fisheries and navigation, and was ctmnected 
with Rhode Island, some years since, by a stone 
bridge about 1,000 ft. long. Pop. 2,905. 

Toby, p-v. nrthwstrn. angle of Armstrong co. 
Pa., about 55 ms. a little e. ol n. Pittsburg, and 
by p-r. 236 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Toby's cr. {See Clarion river.) 

Told, co. Ky., bndd. w. by Christiana, n. by 
Muhlenburg, e. by Logan, and s. by Montgom- 
ery CO. Ten. Length from s, to n. 36 ms„ mean 
width 17, and area G12 sq. ms. E.xtending in 
lat. from 36° 37' to 37° 08', and in long, from 
10° 04' to 10^ 22^ w. W. C. Todd occupies a 
part of the summit ground from which the wa. 
ters flow northwardly into Green r., and south, 
wardlv into Cumberland. Cf. t. Elkton. Pup. 
1850, 5,089; 1830, 8,683. 

Tolland, p.t. Hampden co. Mass., 125 ms. 
s. w. Boston, has the line of Conn. s. The sur- 
face is varied by large swells, and is crossed by 
Farmington r. Pop. 723. 

Tolland, co. Conn. bndd. by Mass. n., Wind- 
ham CO. E., New London co. s., Hartford co. w., 
about 15 ms. by 22, with 337 square ms. and 12 
towiiships. The w. part is nearly level, with a 
light but good soil, and few stones ; in the e. is 
the granite range, which is mountainous, and 
but partially cultivated. Scantic, Salmon, and 
Hockanum rs. and their branches, water the w. 
and s., and Willimantic and Hop rs. the e. Tol- 
land is the cf. t, and st. jus. Pop. 1820, 14.330 ; 
1830, 18,702. 

Tolland, p.t. and st. jus. Tolland co. Conn., 
17 ms. N. E. Hartford, 52 n. e. New Haven, 42 
N. w. New London, has Willimantic r. on the 
E. line, and is generally rough and stony, with 
good grazing land. Oak and chestnut prevail 
in the forests. The earth affords granite, and 
iron ore. Snipsic pond is 2 miles, but narrow. 
The village is in the centre, on a plain, with the 
CO. buildings, bank, &c. Pop. 1,698, 



ToMiUGUEE, r. of Misp. and Ala., the great 
wstrn. constiluent of Mobile, is formed by 2 
branches, I'onibigbee proper, and Black War, 
rior. {See article Black Warrior.) I'ombig- 
bee has its highest source in t!ie tcrri'ory of the 
Chickasaw Indians, urihrn. part of tlie state of 
Misp., interlocking sources v/iili those of Bear 
cr. branch of Ten., Big Hat';liee, and Yazoo rs. 
Augmented by numoroufi crs. from both sides, 
this r. pursues a course of s. s. e. 110 miles, 
leaves the state of Riisp., and enters that of 
Ala. Preserving tiie original course 69 miles 
farther, it receives the Black Warrior from the 
nrthestrd. This higher valley of Tombighce is 
in leagth 160 ms., with a mean width of 60, and 
comprises jin area, of 9.6J0 sq. ms. ; or if added 
to that of the Black Warrior, the entire surface 
drained by the two coniiuenta above their junc- 
tion, is 14,859 sq. ms. Belovv' ihe union of the 
two great branches, the now considerablo 
stream, retaining the name of Tombigbee, as- 
sumes a sthrn. and vcj-y tortuous course, about 
100 ms., to its junction v/jth Ala. to form the 
Mobile. The eniire length of the Tombigbee 
by the mam stream is 270, and by the Black 
Warrior 240 ms. Below the mouth of Black 
Warrior r. the volume is but slightly augment- 
ed, as it receives only creeks of moder>ite size. 
The Valley does not exceed 40 ms. in width, and 
its entire area contains about 18,850 sq. ms. 
It extends from lat. 31° 06' to 34° 45', and in 
long, from 9° 24' to 12° 24' w. W. C. It haa 
the vallies of Yazoo, and Big .Hatchee rs. n. w., 
Ten. N., Coosa, Cahawba, and Ala, rs. n, e., e, 
and s. E., and those of Pearl and Pascagoula rs. 
s. w. 

ToMLiNsox's p-o. on the U. S. ro;id, Allegha- 
ny CO. Md., 20 ms. wstrd. Cumberland, and by 
P-r. 152 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

To.MOKA, St. of jus. Mosquito CO. Flor. Situ, 
ation uncertain. 

Tompkins, co. N. Y., bndd. by Seneca and 
Cayuga cos. .n., Cortlandt co. e., Tioga co. s., 
Steuben co. v/., on the line of which lies Sene. 
ca lake, 170 ms. w. Albany. It contains 10 
tsps. 2 miles of the head of Cayuga lake, 
which also forms the w. line for 6 ms. Fall cr., 
Cayuga inlet. Six Miles cr., and Cascadilla, 
Halsey's and Salmon crs.. &c. afrord water 
power to a great amount. The land rises grad- 
ually near Cayuga lake 400 or 500 ft. and the 
soil is generally favorable to cultivation. There 
are 2 woollen factories at Ithaca, and f cotton 
factory, besides large flour mills, &c. Besides 
these there are in other parts of the county 1 
cotton and 1 woollen factory, 2 oil mills, l' pow- 
der mill, 2 rifle manufactories, 3 furnaces, &c, 
Ithaca is the cf. t. and st. ius. of the co. Pop, 
1820, 32,747, 1830, 35,545. 

Tompkins, p-t. Delaware co, N. Y., 100 ms. 
from Albany, 30 s. w., Delhi, has Broome co. 
and a corner of Pa. w., and is crossed by Dela- 
ware r. which afterwards fortns a part of the w, 
line, and receives several branches. The sur- 
face is hilly and broken. The village of De- 
posit, at the bend in the r. and on the w. bor,- 
ders of the co. is a spot of importance in the 
lumber trade of the r. Pop, 1,774. 

ToMPKiNSViLLE, incorporated v., Richmond, 
Richmond co. N. Y., near the n. e. extremity 



TOR 



528 



TRA 



of Staten isl., opposite the quarantine ground 
of New York hRrbor, at the n. part of the nar- 
rows, occupies the shore and the acclivity of a 
hill, and has rapidly increased within a few 
years. It contains the quarantine buildings of 
the state, and hospitals belonging to the United 
States. The hospitals are 3 in number, each 
about 100 ft. in length, and all surrounded by 
a wall, enclosing 30 acres. A Presbyterian 
church has recently been erected. The pavil- 
ion, on an eminence half a mile in the rear of 
the V. commands an extensive, varied and beau- 
tiful panoramic view over the New York bays, 
the city, the narrows, forts and part of Long 
and Staten isls. and out upon the Atlantic. The 
Seamen's Retreat has been recently erected 
about 1 mile below this village in Southamp- 
ton near the shore, and atTords accommoda- 
tions for 100 or 150 invalid seamen. The 
Sailor's Snug Harbor, on the n. shore of Staten 
island in the town of Richmond, and not far 
from this village, is a charitable institution long 
established in New York. Steamboats ply 
between Tompkinsville and New York city al- 
most every hoar. The shore is lined with good 
wharves, and the ground rises in bold and hand- 
some swells from the water. 

Tompkinsville, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. 
Ky., situated on the extreme head ot Big Bar- 
ren r., 87 ms. n. estrd. Nashville, and by p-r. 
144 ms. a little w. of s. Frankfort. Lat. 36° 
43', long. 8° 36' w. W. C. Pop. 220. 

ToNAWANTA, cr. N. Y. rises in Genesee co., 
and flowing between Niagara and Erie cos. falls 
into Niagara, r. opposite the middle of Grand 
island, 12 ms. n. Buffalo. It is about 90 ms. 
long, and has a sluggish current in the lower 
part of its course, so that it is made to serve 
as part of the Erie canal, which enters it 11 
ins. from the lake, and leaves it at Green Ha- 
ven, near the shore, passing thence along the 
bank to Buffalo. 

ToNAWANTA, isl. N. Y., in Niagara r. lies be- 
tween the mouth of the river of that name, and 
Grand isl. It is 3-4 m. long. 

ToNAWANTA, reservation, N. Y., is chiefly in 
Genesee co. and partly in Erie co.. on Tona- 
wanta cr., and is a rich tract of low land be- 
longing to the Seneca Indians, who have a vil- 
lage on the cr. 

TopsFiELD, p-f. Essex CO. Mass., 21 ms. n. e. 
Boston, has a varied surface, and is crossed by 
Ipswich r. on whose banks are fine meadows. 
First settled 1638. Pop. 1,010. 

TopsHAM, p-t. and st. jus. Lincoln co. Me., 
31 ms. from Augusta, 27 w. Wiscasset, lies in 
the bend of Androscoggin r., which bounds it 
E., s. and w., separating it from Bath e., and 
Brunswick s. It is the seat of several mills 
and factories, contains the court house, &c. 
Pop. 1,567. 

TopsHAM, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 19 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 47 n. Windsor, first settled about 
178], is supplied with mill streams by head 
waters of Wait's r. The surface is uneven, 
with granite rocks. Pop. 1,384.^ 

Torbertville, p-o. wstrn. part Upson co. 
Geo., by p-r. 92 ms. wstrd. Milledgeville, and 
5 ms. wstrd. Thomaston, the co. st. 

Torrington, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 23 ms. 



N. w. Hartford, 7 n. e. Litchfield ; is uneven, 
generally with good soil, favorable to grazing ; 
crossed by the e. and w. branches of Waterbu- 
ry r. Wolcottville is a manufacturing village. 
Pop. 1,654. 

Totten's Wells, and p. o. eslrn. part Obion 
CO. Ten., by p.r. 11 ms. e. Troy, the county 
seat, and 161 ms. wstrd. Nashville. 

Towamensinq, p-v. wstrn. part Northampton 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 194 ms. n. n. e. W. C. 

TowANDA, p-v. and st. jus. Bradford co. Pa., 
situated on the right bank of Susquehannah r., 
above the entrance of Towanda cr. 65 ms. 
above and n. w. Wilkesbarre, and 15 below Ti- 
oga point, and by p.r. 239 ms. a little e. of n. 
W. C. ; lat. 41° 47', long. 0° 30' e. W. C. The 
village is small and composed of one street 
along the main road. In 1820, the tsp. con- 
tained a population of 1,024. The adjacent 
country is in a high degree varied and roman- 
tic. 

Town Creek Mills, Lawrence co. Ala. [See 
Brickville, same co. and state.) 

TowNSEND, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 45 ms. 
N. w. Boston ; has the line of New Hampshire 
N., has much of its surface varied by gentle 
hills, with some pine plains. The soil is of 
secondary quality ; fruit flourishes. Townsend 
Harbor is a pleasant village. Pop. 1,506. 

Townsend, p-v. Sandusky co. Ohio, by p-r. 
119 ms. nthrd. Columbus. 

Townsend, cape, Brown co. Mich, is the ex. 
treme nthrn. and salient point of the peninsula, 
which stretching from Sturgeon bay in a n. n. e. 
direction 50 ms., separating Green Bay from 
lake Michigan, is terminated to the nthrd. by 
fhe inlet called Petit Detroit (Little Mraits). 
Grand Traverse Islands, following in a chain 
on the same general course, is a continuation, 
though broken, of Townsend peninsula. {See 
Sturgeon hay.) 

Townsend, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 28 ms. 
N. E. Bennington, 12 n. w. Brattleboro' ; first 
settled 1761 ; is uneven, with many steep hills, 
and is crossed by West r., which has good 
meadows on its course. Other streams afford 
mill sites. Pop. 1,386. 

Tracy's Landing, and p-o. Ann Arundel co. 
Md. 

'("ransit point, or cape more correctly, is the 
nthrn. extension of that part of the peninsula 
of Mich, which juts northwardly between lake 
Huron and Saginaw bay. N. lat. 44° and long. 
W. C. 6° w. intersect about 2 ms. n. of Transit 
Point. The Point, following the intervening 
curve of lake Huron coast, is about 80 ms. n. 
N. w. from the outlet of lake Huron, or head of 
St. Clair r. 

Transylvania, v. on the Ohio, in the extreme 
nthrn. angle of Jefferson co. Ky. 

Transylvania, p-v. vi'strn. part of Greene co. 
Ohio, by p-r. 7 ms. wstrd. Xenia, the co. seat, 
and 64 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Trap, p-v. sthrn. part Talbot co. Md., 9 ms. 
s. Easton the co. seat, and 93 ms. a little s. ofE. 
W. C. 

Trap, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa., 9 ms. n. w. 
by w. Norristown, the st. jus., and- by p-r. 152 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

Traveller's Repose, p-o. estrn. part Po- 



TRE 



529 



TRE 



cahontas co. Va., by p-r. 221 ms. s. w. by w. 
W. G. 

Traveller's Rest, and p-o. Shelby co. Ky., 
20 nis. wstrd. Frankfort. 

Traverse!., extreme sthrn. reservoir or head 
of Red r. br. of Assiniboin. As laid down by 
Tanner, this lake affords a striking illustration 
of the features of that immense marshy and al- 
most level table land, which spreads from the 
valley of Missouri to that of lake Superior. 
Only about 2 ms. intervene between lake Tra- 
verse, with a slope towards Hudson's bay, and 
Bigstone lake, discharging its water on the side 
of the gulf of Mexico. From the portage be- 
tween Big-Stone, and Traverse lakes in a n. n. 
E. direction, in a distance of 200 ms., the water 
slowly recedes on one side to s. e. and forms 
the higher sources of Mississippi, and on the 
other side falls n. w. into Red r. 

Traylorsvii.le, p-o. Henry co. Va., 6 ms. 
from Martinsville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 305 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Trent, small r. of N.C., rises in Lenoir, and 
traversing Jones into Craven co., falls into 
Neuse r. at and below Newbern. 

Trent Bridge, and p-o. on Trent r. .Tones co. 
N. C. 7 ms. wstrd. Trenton, the co. seat, and 
133 s. E. by E. Raleigh. 

Trenton, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 87 ms. e. 
Augusta, 30 N. E. Castine ; has Skilling's r. e., 
Union r. w., with the strait s., which separates 
Mount Desert isl. from the main land. Pop. 
794. 

Trenton, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 13 ms. n. 
Utica ; has West Canada cr. e., which divides 
it from Herkimer co. ; has pretty good soil, and 
many small streams. West Canada cr. presents 
many romantic scenes along its course, having 
its bed deep into the rocks of dark colored 
lime-rock, which underlays the soil. In one 
place the banks are about 140 ft. perpendicular, 
and for a distance of 2 or 3 ms. there is a suc- 
cession of gulfs, rapids, and cascades, frequent- 
ly narrowed by rocky precipices, and overhung 
by forest trees, which render this part of the 
course of the stream one of the most pictur- 
esque regions in the country, and one of the 
favorite objects among travellers in this state. 
The rocks abound in curious vegetable and ani- 
mal remains, and the stream vs^ith fine trout. 
Steuben and Cincinnati creeks unite at the vil. 
Pop. 3,221. 

TuENTON, city and p-t. Hunterdon co. New 
Jersey, the capital of the state, is situated on 
the E. bank of the Delaware r., at the head of 
steamboat and sloop navigation. It is in lat. 40° 
14', and in long. 2° IG' e. W. C., 11 ms. s. w. 
of Princeton, 27 s. w. of New Brunswick, CO 
s. w. of New York, 30 n. of Philadelphia, and 
166 N. E. of W. C. The navigation of the r. 
beyond this place by sloops, &c., is limited by 
the rapids, and by a fine wooden bridge of 5 
arches, and more than 1,000 ft. in length, which 
is the first above its mouth. The town is of 
considerable size and importance ; it is in the 
s. w. corner of the county, near the Assanpink 
cr. The principal streets are regularly laid 
out, and contain many good dwelling houses 
and numerous stores. Among the public build- 
ings are the state house, 2 banks, and 6 church- 



es-in the city and town. The ground on which 
the city is situated, as well as the surface of 
the town in general, is considerably varied. 
The Delaware and Raritan canal, extending 
from Trenton to New Brunswick, crosses the 
city, and is here joined by the feeder which en- 
ters the river above the falls. These falls af- 
ford water power for extensive manufacturing 
privileges ; and in the city and its neighborhood 
are 10 manufactories and mills, several of 
which are of cotton goods. These are all sup- 
plied with water, either from the Delaware r., 
or the Assanpink creek. In 1831, a company 
was incorporated with a capital of J$60,000 to 
construct a dam on the Delaware r. near Wells' 
falls, and a race way on the e, side, to any point 
not more than 1^ ms. below Trenton falls, with 
authority to sell the water, &c., for manufac- 
turing purposes. The expense is estimated at 
$100,000, and the water power to be obtained 
equal to that of 529 horses ; another dam, cost- 
ing but f§5,000, would increase the power to that 
of 1,170 horses. The Delaware r. is naviga. 
ble by boats far up into the state of N. Y., and 
affords conmiunication with an extei.sive and 
fertile country, yielding grain, lumber, anthra- 
cite coal, &c. Large steamboats come up from 
Philadelphia as far as this place, except when 
the water is very low. The bed of the river 
here is covered with round stones, which are 
taken in great quantities to Philadelphia for 
paving, and supplied by the spring floods yearly. 
The feeder of the Delaware and Raritan canal 
enters the city from 20 ms. above, and is 40 ft. 
wide, and 6 ft. deep. The canal itself, which 
will be completed in 1833, will afford sloop na- 
vigation across the state from New York to 
Philadelphia. This place is memorable from 
its being captured from the British and Hes- 
sians by surprise, on the evening of the 25th 
Dec, 1776, by Gen. Washington. It was oc- 
cupied by the British in Jan. 1777, when the 
American army under Washington, effected 
their celebrated retreat from Lamberton, on the 
opposite side of Assanpink cr., and gained the 
N. part of the state. Pop. in 1820, 3,925. 

Trenton, p-v. and st. jus. Jones co. N. C, 
situated on the small river Trent, 21 ms. a lit- 
tle s. of w. Newbern, and by p-r. 140 ms. s. e. 
by e. Raleigh ; lat. 35° 02' long. 0° 26' w. 

Trenton, p-v. and st. of jus. Gibson co. Ten., 
situated on the North fork of Forked Deer r., 
by p-r. 139 ms. w. Nashville. Lat. 35° 57', 
long. 12 w. W. C. 

Trenton, p-v. extreme sthrn. part Todd co. 
Ky., by p-r. 200 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. Pop. 
178. 

Trenton, p-v. n. estrn. part Butler co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 39 ms. n. n. e. Cincinnati, and 93 s. w. 
by w. Columbus. 

Trescot, t. Washington co. Me., e. by n. 
Augusta ; is the last town on the coast, in the 
state, except Lubec, which is on the e. boun- 
dary of the U. S. It has the Atlantic, or rather 
the strait between Grand Menan isl. and the 
main, south ; contains Haycock's harbor, and 
Moose cove, and has a cove called Bailey's 
Mistake, on the e. line. There are no consid- 
erable streams. Pop. 480. 

Tkexlertown, p-v. Lehigh co. Pa., on Little 



TRO 



530 



TRO 



Lehigh, 8 ms. s. w. Allentown or Northamp- 
ton, the CO St., and by p.r. 170 ms. n. e. W. C. 

TiuADELPHiA, p-v. and cotton factory, on Pa. 
tiixcnt r., northeastern part Montgomery co. 
Md., 26 ms. N. VV. C, and about an eqi.ial dis- 
lunce s. w. by w. Briltijnore. This phice is 
v\ orthy of a visit for the richness and variety of 
its scenery. 

Triana, p-v. situated on the right bank of 
Tenn. r., and in tlie southern part of Ahi., 15 
ms. s. w. liunlsville, and by p-r. 145 ms. n. n. 
E. Tuscaloosa. 

Triangle, p-t. Broome co. N. Y., 132 ms. 
Albany, 7 Lisle village, between Onondaga and 
Chenango rs. ; was formed in 1831. 

TuiGG, CO. Ky., bndd. by Tenn. r. separating 
it from Calloway s. w., Caldwell n. w. and n., 
Christian e., and Montgomery and Stewart cos. 
Tenn. s. It is very nearly a right angled tri- 
angle, perpendicular n. from the Tenn. line, 32 
ins., mean width 16, and area 512 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 35° 37' to 36° 04', and in 
long, from 10° 42' to 11° 13' w. W. C. The 
western part is traversed in a northerly direc- 
tion by Cumberland river, and the eastern part 
drained into the latter stream by Little r. Cf. 
t. Cadiz. Pop. 1820, 3,874, 1830, 5,916. 

Trimble's Iron Works, and p-o. Greenup 
CO. Ky., by p-r. 142 ms. a little n. of e. Frank- 
ibrt. 

Triplett, p-v. Fleming co. Ky., by p-r. 97 
ms. eastward Frankfort. 

Troublesome Iron Works, and p-o., on 
Troublesome crs., southern part of Rocking- 
ham CO. N. C, by p-r. 100 ms. sthwslrd. Ra- 
leigh. 

Trough, cr. and p-o. near the centre of Hun- 
tingdon CO. Pa., about 9 ms. s. s. e. the borough 
of Huntingdon, and by p-r. 133 ms. n. n. w. 
W. C. 

Troup, co. Geo., bndd. n. by Carroll, e. by 
Pi/Ierriwether, s. by Harris, and w. by the Creek 
territory in Ala. Length 24 ms., mean width 
18, and area 432 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 32° 55' to 33° 15', and in long, from 8° 
02' to 8° 24' w. W. C. The dechvity is to the 
s. s. w., traversed in that direction by the main 
volume of Chattahoochee r., which, entering on 
the northern border, leaves the co. near the s. 
w. angle. Cf. t. La Grange. Fop. 5,799. 

Troup, c. h. (>See La Grange.) 

Troupsburgi-i, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 20 ms. 
s. w. Bath, has Pennsylvania on the south line, 
and Alleghany co. west. First settled, 1805 ; 
is supplied with mill sites by Tuscarora and 
Troup's cr. The soil is favorable to grazing, 
and iron ore is found. Pop. 666. 

Trousdale, p-v. northwestern part Stewart 
CO. Tenn., by p-r. 97 ms. n. w. by w. Nashville. 

Trout Run, p-o. near the northern border of 
Lycoming co. Pa., 14 ms. n. w. Williamsport, 
and by p-r. 101 ms. n. n. w. Harrisbnrg. Trout 
run is a branch of Lycoming cr. 

Trout Run, p-o. eastern part Hardy co. Va., 
hy p-r. 101 ms. w. W. C. 

Troy, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 39 ms. n. e. Au- 
gusta ; borders on Penobscot co. e. and n. e., 
and its streams, which are small, flow from the 
t. in dilTerent directions, but empty into the Se- 
basticook. Pop, 803. 



Troy, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 ms. from 
Concord; has but few mill si'es. Pop. 676. 

Troy, p-t. Orleans co. Vt., 47 ms. n. e. Mont, 
pelier, 51 from Burlington ; first settled 1800, 
from Conn.; was almost deserted in the late 
war with Great Britain. Missisque crosses w. 
and falls 70 It. in a rocky and rouiantic pass. 
The soil is good for both grain and grass, the 
surface generally level, particularly on the r. 
meadows. Pop. 608. 

TiioY, p-t. Bristol co. Mass., 48 ms. s. Bos, 
ton, is situated on the e. side Taunton r., and 
is nearly equally divided by Wahupper pond. 
This is a place of very extensive manul'actures. 
These are located at Fall River village, where 
is a bank, 6 or 7 churches, a printing office, 
several manufactories of nails and machinery, 
and shingle, saw, and grist mills. The falls in 
the river are !40 feet in a distance of 80 rods, 
and at these are 9 dams, with a fall of about 15 
ieet each. These supply a water power for 
13 cotton factories, 1 of satinet, and for other 
branches of manufacture also. The buildings 
are generally of brick, or stone. At the cot. 
ton manufactories are made about 9,'6i>,000 
yards annually. The largest (Massasoit) runs 
10,000 spindles, 350 looms, employs 400 hanila, 
and consumes annually 810.000 lbs. cotton. 
The whole run upwards of 3 1,500 spindles, and 
1,050 looms, einploy 1,276 hands, and manu. 
facture 2,290,000 lbs. of cotton annually. Here 
is also a satinet factory, employing 150 persons, 
and a print factory employing 260, and iron 
works manufacturing 1,006 tons annually. The 
amount of shipping owned in this town, chiefly 
at Fall River village, is about 3,500 tons. The 
arrivals in 1832 were 384, among which were 
2 ships, 9 brigs, and 6 schooners from foreign 
ports, 2.000 tons of Nova Scotia coal, and 21,000 
from other places ; 6,000 bales (2,100,000 lbs.) 
of cotton, 200,000 lbs. wool, 1,000 tons of iron, 
and 3,826,000 ft. of lumber, were imported to 
this place during 1832. The village now (1833) 
contains about 5,000 inhabitants. Fop. of the 
town, including the village of Fall River, 1830, 
4,1.59, that of the latter, 3,431. 

Troy, city and st. jus. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 
on the E. bank of the Hudson r.. 6 ras. n. of 
Albany, 156 n. of N. York, and 383 n. e. ofW. 
C, is in lat. 42° 43', and in 3° 15' e. long. W. 
C. It is built on a handsome and somewhat 
elevated plain, extending from the shore of the 
river to the foot of a range of hills, about 1 m. 
E., down which flow several mill streams. The 
city is regularly laid out, the principal streets 
running parallel with the Hudson ; these, as 
well as many of the cross streets, are compact. 
ly and handsomely built, chiefly with brick. 
Most of the business is transacted near the 
river, where the stores are mostly located, — 
many of the private dwelling houses are com- 
modious and elegant. Many of the streets are 
adorned with fine shade trees; and strangers 
generally are struck with the neatness and ele- 
gance of the city. Among the public buildings 
are, the court house, which is of stone and in 
the Grecian style of architecture ; the jail, the 
house of industry, the Episcopal church, which 
is an elegant Gothic edifice, and 6 other hand- 
some churches, the market house, 3 banks, the 



TRU 



531 



TUL 



lyceuiu ofnatural history, connected with which 
is a mineralogical cabinet, &c. The Rensse- 
laer school, a literary institution for the iiracti- 
cal instruction of young men, established by 
the Hon. S. Van Rensselaer, has been for some 
years in this city, but is to be removed to some 
other part of the county. The library, appara- 
tus, &c. of this institution cost $5,0(iO or ;$6,0U0. 
A classical department is to be added to it, and 
the "manual labor system" to be introduced. 
Another institution is the Troy Female Semina- 
ry, which has acquired a high reputation. The 
buildinir is large and well situated in an eligi- 
ble part of the city. The number of its pupils 
is usually about i^OO. There are also other good 
schools and academies. Troy enjoys a very 
line situation for trade and manufactures. Its 
communications with the interior are numer- 
ous and good. The river is navigable to this 
place by steamboats and large sloops ; and a 
water communication is opened with the Erie 
and Chainplain canals by a dam across the Hud- 
son, a branch canal, locks, a basin, &,c. A rail 
road is proposed from Troy to Whitehall ; and 
another from the opposite side of the Hudson to 
Saratfgfi ; the latter is soon to be commenced. 
Daily lines of steamboats run to New York ; 
and trade with Boston, and other eastern towns 
is kept up by sloops, and regular packets, as 
well as across the country. There is a niacada- 
mized road commencing opposite to the city 
and extending to Albany, upon which hourly 
stages run to that city. The water power af- 
fordeil by the Poestenkill, and Wynautskill rs., 
— small streams which take their rise on the 
eminences near the city — is profitably eiuploy. 
ed, and numerous manufactories of iron, cotton, 
&c. are carried on in the vicinity. The scene- 
ry in the neighborhood of Troy is interesting ; 
and the eminence in the rear of the city, called 
mount Ida, is a beautiful and romantic spot. 
The view of the neighboring cities, of the Hud- 
son r. stretching to the south, and generally of 
the country for miles around, is very fine. Pop. 
11,405. 

Tkoy, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., 20 ms. nrthrdly. 
from Towanda, and by p-r. 148 ms. above and 
northward Harrisburg. 

Tkov, p-v. and st. jus. Obion co. Tenn., sit. 
uated near the centre of the co., by p-r. 161 ms. 
a little N. of w. Nashville. Lat. 36° 16', long. 
J 2° 17' w. W. C. Troy in Obion is the most 
northwesterly st. jus. in the state of Tenn. 

Troy, p-v. and st. jus. Miami co. O., on Still- 
water branch of Great Miami, 21 ms. n. Day- 
ton, and by p-r. 78 ms. w. Columbus. Lat. 40° 
03', long. W. C. 7° 14' w. Pop. 504. 

Troy, p-v. Oakland co. Mich., by p-r. 36 ms. 
nrthwstrd. Detroit. 

Troy, p-v. on Ohio r., at the mouth of An- 
derson's or., sthwstrn. angle of Perry co. Ind., 
by p-r. 148 ms. a little w. of s. Indianopolis. 

"Troy, p-v. and st. jus. Lincoln co. Mo., sit- 
uated towards the sthrn. side of the co., 53 ms. 
N. w. St. Louis. Lat. 38° 53', long. W. C. 13° 
56' w. 

Troy's Store, and p-o. wstrn. part Randolph 
CO. N. C, 65 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Trucksville, p-v. Luzerne co. Pa., by p-r. 6 
ms.from Willtes-Barre and 120 n. e. Harrisburg'. 



Trumansburg, p-v. Tompkins co. N. Y., 1 1 
ms. N. w. Ithaca. 

Trumj!AUrsville, p-v. wstrn. part Bucks co. 
Pa., 24 ms. nrthwrdly. Phil. 

Trumbull, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 17 ms. w. 
New Haven, 4^ from Bridgeport, 55 from Hart- 
ford, about 4 ms. by 5^, is uneven, with good 
soil, and primitive rocks, watered by Pequan- 
nock r. Pop. 1,242. 

Trumbull, co. of 0., bndd. s. by Columbiana, 
s. w. and w. Portage, n. w. Geauga, n. Ashta- 
bula, iN. E. Crawford, Pa., and e. and s. e. Mer- 
cer CO. Pa. Length 35 ms., breadth 25, and 
area 930 sq. ms. Lat. 41° 15', long. W. C. 3° 
45' w. Slope sthestrd. and drained by the Ma- 
honing or western constituent of big Beaver, 
and its branches. The soil is generally goo<l. 
Cf. t. Warren. Pop. 1820, 15,546 ; 1830, 26,- 
153. 

Trumbull, p-v. nrtlirn. part Ashtabula co. 
0., ]82 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Truxville, p-v. nrthrn. part Richland co. O., 
by p-r. 83 ms. n. Columbus. 

TuciJASAGA, p-v. sthrn. part Mecklenburg co. 
N. C, by P-r. 160 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Truro, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., ()5 ms. s. 
E. Bosto:i by water, 107 by land. It is sur- 
rounded by water except on the n. w., being on 
a peninsula connected on that side with Truro, 
by a narrow isthmus. Cape Cod bay and Pro. 
vincetown harbor are w. of this town, and the 
Atlantic e. The surface is uneven and the soil 
sandy. Pamet r. is an inlet 3 ms. long and from 
1-4 to 3-4 m. v,'ide. This inlet or bay almost 
insulates the t. There are 2 small vs. The 
inhabitants depend principally on fishing. The 
Indian name was Peeshawn ; and it was visited 
by some of the Plymouth pilgrims before they 
went up Cape Cod bay. They had landed at 
Provincetown harbor, and here obtained some 
corn, which they planted the next season. Set- 
tled in 1700. Fop. 1,547. 

Trixton, p-t. Cortland co. N. Y., 112 ms, 
w. Albany, 14 ^. e. Homer, has good soil, well 
watered and supplied with mill seats, with a 
pleasant village. Pop. 3,885. 

Tucker's Hole, or Robinson's hole, Barn- 
stable CO. Mass., the passage between Na- 
shawn and Presque isls. into Buzzard's bay. 

Tuckersville, v. Wavne co. Geo. ; on Tan- 
ner's map this place is marked as the st. jus. of 
Wayne co. Geo., but in the post office list of 
1831 there is only one p-o. named in that co., 
and that Waynesville, marked as the c. h. also. 
("See Waynesville, Wayne co. Geo.) 

TuciiERsviLLE, p-v. Crawford co. Ind., by p-r. 
108 ms. s. Indianopolis. 

TuFTONBOROuGH, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 50 
ms.from Concord, n. e. Winnipiseogee lake, has 
ssveral ponds and brooks, with a varying sur- 
face and soil, and scenery enriched by several 
bays and coves of the lake. First settled about 
1780. Pop. 1,375. 

Tull's cr. and p-o. Currituck co. N. C, by 
p-r. 'z21 ms. N. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Tully, p.t. Onondaga co. N. Y., 14 ms. s, 
Onondaga, 50 Utica, n. Cortland co., contains 
some of the head streams of Onondaga, Tiough- 
nioga and Chenango crs, and Susquehannah r, 
I It is diversified with hilly ridges and broad and 



TUK 



i.32 



TUS 



fertile vallies. Tioughnioga creek has ita 
source in two ponds of 100 and 400 acre?. Pop. 
1,640. 

TuLLYTON, p-v. Greenville dist. S. C, by p-r. 
113 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

TuLLYTowN, p-v. Bucks CO. Pa., by p-r. about 
25 ms. nrthrd. Phiia. 

Tumbling Shoals, and p-o. Liurens dist. S. 
C, by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

TuNBRiDGE, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 30 ms. n. 
Windsor, 26 s. e. Montpelier, first settled about 
1776, is crossed by a branch of White r. n. and 
s., on which are mill sites, and has a good soil 
especially on the r., but the surface is uneven. 
There is a mineral spring west. Pop. 1,9:20. 

TuNKHANNocK, mtn. of Pa. and N. Y. The 
mtn. chains of Pa. are delineated on our maps 
in masses of confusion. On many maps, the 
very distinctive chain of Tunkhannock is omit- 
ted. It is traversed by the eslrn. branch of 
Susquehannah, below the mouths of Bowman's 
and Tunkhannock crs. ; and is known in Lu- 
zerne CO. as Bowman's mtn. to the right, and 
Tunkhannock to tlie left of the r. It leaves the 
w. border of Luzerne, and in a s. w. by w. di- 
rection separates Lycoming from Columbia and 
Northumberland cos., and is traversed by the 
■west branch of Susquehannah below Pennsbo- 
ro'. It thence inflects to the w. s. w. and s. s. 
w. with the other Appalachian chains and is 
known locally in Pa. as the Wliite Deer mtn., 
Nittany mtn., Tussey's mtn. and Evil's mtn., 
and again traverses Md. Va. and Ten. as a dis- 
tinctive chain. Towards the state of New York, 
though bearing no distinctive name, the contin- 
uation of Tunkhannock, passes between the 
two upper branches of Delaware r., turns to the 
nrthrd., is traversed by the Mohawk at Little 
Falls, and bears there the local name of Sacan- 
daga mtn. 

TcjNKHANNOciv, r. of Pa., rising in Susquehan- 
nah CO., and flowmg s. w. along the northwest- 
ern base of Tunkhannock mtn., enters Luzerne 
CO. and falls into Susquehannah r. at tJie village 
of Tunkhannock, after an entire comparative 
course of 30 ms. 

Tunkhannock, p-v. situated on a beautiful 
site above the mouth of Tunkhannock cr. and 
on the bank of Susquehannah r., 28 ms. by the 
p-r. above Wilkes-Barre, and 142 n. n. m. Har- 
risburg. 

Tuwer's Plains, p-o. Meigs co. O., by p-r. 
102 ms. s. E. Columbus. 

TuEBOTviLLE, p.v. Northumberland co. Pa. 

Turman's cr., p-o. Sullivan co. Ind., by p-r. 
lOSms.s. w. by w. Indianopolis. 

Turin, p-t. Lewis co. N. Y., 145 ms. n. w. 
Albany, 15 n. Rome, 46 n. w. Utica, has Black 
r. E., Oneida co. s. and Oswego co. w. Boat 
navigation from the high falls, near the south 
line to Wilna, 45 ms. Fish creek has its source 
in this t. At High falls. Black r. descends 63 
ft. The inhabitants come principally from the 
E. states. Pop. 1,561. 

Turkey r. a western confluent of the Misp. 
r., deriving its most remote sources, and inter- 
locking with those of Blue Earth r. the sthrn. 
branch of St. Peter's r., and with those of the 
r. Des Moines. Flowing thence s. e. byE. 200 
ms. it falls into the right side of Misp. r. oppo- 



site Cassville, Iowa co. Huron. In the higher 
part the long and narrow valley of Turkey r. 
lies between those of Upper loway, arid Des 
Moines rs., but near the Misp. and between the 
two loway vallies. With short intermediate 
portages, a canoe navigation exists by the 
Channels of Turkey r., St. Peter's r. and Red 
r. from the Misp. into the Assiniboin. The 
sources of Turkey r. are about lat. 44°, long. 
W. C. 17° 30' w. and the portage between it 
and Blue Earth br. of St. Peter's r. is about 
200 ms. in a direct li.ie n. w. by w. Prairie du 
Chien. 

Turkey, cr. and p-o. wstrn. part of Buncombe 
CO. N. C, 14 ms. wstrd. Ashville, the co. st., 
and by p-r. 273 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. 

Turkey Foot, p-v. between Laurel Hill cr. 
and Castleman's r. in the sihwstrn. angle of 
Somerset co. Pa., 22 ms. s. w. from the borough 
of Somerset, and by p-r. 185 ms. ; but by the 
common travelled direct road 160 ms. n. w. by 
w. W. C. 

Turkey Foot, p-v. Scott co.Ky., 16 ms. from 
Georgetown, the st. jus., and 27 ms. n. e. 
Frankfort. 

Turner, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 28 ms. w. Au- 
gusta, 18 E. Paris, 155 n. n. e. Boston, has An- 
droscoggin r. on the e. border, which separates 
it from Kennebec co. and Cumberland co. s. 
It is crossed by a small tributary of Androscog- 
gin. Pop. 2,220. 

Turner's Cross Roads, and p-o. Bertie co. 
N. C, 16 ms. s. E. Windsor, the co. st. and by 
p-r. 114 ms. estrd. Raleigh. 

Turner's Store, and p-o. Caroline co. Va., 
37 ms. nrthrd. Richmond. 

Turnersville, p-v. nrthwstrn. part Robertson 
CO. Ten., 35 ms. n. w. Nashville. 

Turtle Lake. This mere pond gains a very 
interesting importance from being supposed to 
be, perhaps correctly, the extreme fountain of 
the Mississippi. As laid down by Tanner, this 
little reservoir lies at lat. 47° 50', and long. W. 
C. 18° w. Turtle Lake is about 15 ms. n. of 
Cassina Lake. (See Cassina, Leech, and Lit- 
tle Winnipec Lakes.) 

Tuscaloosa, r. of Ala. {See articles Black 
Warrior and Tombigbee.) 

Tuscaloosa, co. Ala., bndd.w.by Pickens, n. 
by Lafayette, n. e. by Jefl'erson, e. by Bibb, s. 
E. by Perry and s. w. by Greene. Greatest 
length diagonally from s. w. to n. e. 58 ms., 
mean width 24, area 1,392 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 32° 53' to 33° 28', and in long, from 
10° 10' to 11° 03' w. W. C. This very large 
CO. is divided into two not very unequal sec- 
tions by the Black Warrior r. which entering 
on the northern border, winds over it by a very 
circuitous channel in a general s. s. w. direc- 
tion. The wstrn. part is drained by the Sipsey, 
which traverses the co. in a direction nearly 
parallel to the Black Warrior. The estrn. bor- 
der is the dividing ridge between the vallies of 
Cahawba and Black Warrior ; two thirds of 
the whole surface being in the latter valley and 
general slope s. s. w. This co. contains large 
tracts of excellent river soil. Cf. t. Tuscaloosa. 
Pop. 1820, 8,229; 1830, 13,646. 

TusaALOosA, p-t. St. jus. Tuscaloosa co. Ala. 
and seat of government for that state, is situated 



TUS 



533 



TYL 



on the left bank of Black Warrior river, at the 
head of steam boat navigation, and at the falls, 
near the centre of Tuscaloosa co. Lat. 33° 12', 
long. 10° 43' w. W. C, by p-r. 155 ms. s. s. w. 
Huntsville, 226 a little n. of e. Mobile ; and by 
the p-o. list 858 ms. s. w. W. C. The location 
of Tuscaloosa is very healthy, and its site is a 
plain, elevated, and extending several miles. 
Among its public buildings are a very handsome 
state house, 4 churches, a court house, state 
bank, and jail ; the streets are wide and are re. 
gularly laid out. The business of this place is 
considerable, and a good deal of cotton is an. 
nually exported. Coal is found in the vicinity, 
adjacent to the river. Here is located the uni- 
versity of Alabama, founded in 18-28, aiad which 
went into operation in 1831. The buildings are 
located 1^ ms. from the state house ; of these 
there are 5, beside houses for the professors. 
In the centre is a rotunda, a large circular 
building, 3 stories high, the first of which is a 
large room for public occasions ; the second is 
a circular gallery for spectators, and the third 
is occupied for the library. The other build- 
ings are 3 for students, 3 stories high ; and an- 
other for a laboratory, and recitation rooms. 
Beside a president, who is also a professor, 
there are 5 professors, an assistant, one or two 
tutors, and a librarian. The number of stu- 
dents is about 100, and the library contains 3,000 
volumes. Pop. Tuscaloosa, 1830, 1,600, 1833, 
nearly 2,500. 

Tuscarawas, r. of O. (See MusJcingmnr.) 

Tuscarawas, co. O., bndd. by Harrison e. and 
s. E., Guernsey s., Coshocton s. w., Holmes n. 
w., and Stark n. Length from s. to n. 30 ms., 
mean breadth 23 and area 690 sq. ms. Lat. 
40° 30', and long. W. C. 4° 30' w. intersect in 
this CO. The slope of the nrthrn. partis to the 
s., but inflects with the course of Tuscarawas r., 
which in the sthrn. part of the co. bends to the 
s. w. by w. Tuscarawas r. enters at the ex- 
treme northern angle, and flowing s. and thence 
inflecting gradually to the s. s. w. divides it into 
two nearly equal sections, and has along its en- 
tire course the Ohio and Erie canal. The level 
of the canal near the centre of this co. is 874 ft. 
above the ocean level ; the arable soil averages 
from about 850 to above 1,000 ft. of similar re- 
lative height. Cf. t. New Philadelphia. Pop. 
J 820, 8,328, 1830, 14,298. 

Tdscakora, cr. Niagara co. N. Y., rises in 
the Tuscarora reservation, flows n. and n. e. 15 
ms. to Lake Ontario. 

Tuscarora, Indian v. Lewiston, Niagara co. 
N. Y., is the residence of the Tuscarora tribe, 
which formed the 6th of the Six Nations of In- 
dians in N. York. They came from the s. and 
speak a language very unlike those of the other 
nations. There is a church in the v., and a 
successful mission among them. The lands re- 
served for them by the state are 1 m. by 3 in 
extent. 

Tuscarora, mtns. of Pa. Similar remarks 
made on Tunkhannock mtn., might be repeated 
of the Tuscarora chain. It is known distinct, 
ively as the Tuscarora mtn., between Hunting- 
don and Franklin, and between Perry and Mif- 
flin, on both sides of Juniata. East of the Sus- 
quehannah r. it is the Mahantango, between the 



cos. of Dauphin and Northumberland; and to- 
wards the Potomac, it is the Cone mtn., between 
Franklin and Bedford cos. In the latter region 
it touches almost, but does not merge in the 
Kittatinny, and after being traversed by the Po- 
tomac, is evidently perpetuated in the Sideling 
hill of Morgan, Hampshire, and Hardy cos., 
Va. ; if carefully and scientifically examined, 
it would, in all probability, fully sustain, in both 
directions, that identity which constitutes the 
most remarkable characteristic of the Appa. 
lachian chains. 

Tuscarora, cr. and valley. This valley, wa. 
tered by a cr. of the same name, lies between 
Tuscarora and Shade mtns., and constitutes 
the southwestern part of MifHin co.. Pa. The 
Tuscarora cr. however, rises in the sthestrn. 
part of Huntingdon, but quickly entering Mif- 
flin, flows down the beautiful vale to which it 
gives name, and falls into Juniata r. below 
Mifilintown. 

Tuscarora Valley, p-o. is situated in the s. 
w. part of [Mifflin co. 53 ms. wstrd, Harris, 
burg, 

TuscAwiLLA, p-v. Leon co. Florida, 10 ms. 
sthrd. Tallahassee. 

TuscuMBiA, p-v. near the left bank of Ten. r., 
nrthrn. part Franklin co, Ala,, by p-r. 3 ms. s. 
Florence, in Lauderdale co., and 141 ms. n. 
Tuscaloosa. 

TuTiiiLLTowN, p-v. Ulster co. N. Y., 22 ms. 
s. Kingston, on Sawangunk cr. 

Twenty Mile Stand, p-v. Warren co. O., 
by p-r. 91 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

Twiggs, co. Geo. bndd, by Jones n., Wilkin- 
son n. e. and E., Pulaski s. e. and s., Ocmulgee 
r. separating* it from Houston s. w., and Bibb 
w. Length 26, mean width 16, and area 416 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from .32° 30' to 32° 
56', and in long, from 6° 18' to 6° 41' w. W. C. 
Narrow as is this co., it is a table land, as from 
the estrn. border the water courses flow sth. 
estrd., towards the Oconee, while the body of 
the CO. has a s. w. declivity, towards Ocmulgee 
r. Cf. t. Marion. Pop. 1S20, 10,447, 1830, 
8,031. 

Twin Bluffs, p-v. on the left bank of the 
Misp. r., Warren co. Misp,, about 80 ms. n. n. 
e. Natchez. 

Twinsbueg p-v. Portage co. O., by p-r. 142 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Twintown, p-v. Ross co. O., by p-r, 56 ms. 
sthrd. Columbus. 

Twitchell's, Mills and p-o. Pope co. II., by 
p-r. 149 ms. s. s. e. Vandalia. 

Twyman's, Store and p-o. Spottsylvania co. 
Va., by p-r. 89 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Tye r., small river of Va., rising in the Blue 
Ridge, and flowing sthestrd. into James r., after 
draining part of Nelson and Amherst cos., and 
by one of its constituents, Piney r., forming for 
some few ms. the boundary between those cos. 

Tye r. mills and p-o., nrthwstrn. part of Nel. 
son CO. Va., by p-r. l31 ms. a little n. of w, Rich- 
mond. 

Tye r. warehouse and p-o. sthrn. part Nel- 
son CO. Va., by p-r. 108 ins. w. Richmond. 

Tyler, co. Va., bndd. by Ohio co. Va. n., 
Greene co. Pa. and Monongalia co. Va. n. e., 
Harrison e, and s. e., Wood s. w. and Ohio r. 



UNA 



534 



UNI 



separating it from Washington co. O. w., and 
Munroe co. O. n. w. Length 45 ms. diagonal- 
ly from s. w. to n. e., mean width 18, and area 
810 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 13' to 
39° 42', and in long, from 3° 25' to 4'^ 12' w. W. 
(J. This CO. has a wstrn. declivity, drained in- 
to 0. r. by Middle Island and Fishing ers. The 
surface is excessively hilly, but soil excellent. 
Cf. t. Middlebourne. Pop. 1820, 2,314 ; 1830, 
4,104. 

Tymochtee, cr. and p-o. Crawford co. Ohio. 
The Tymochtee cr. is the sthwstrn. branch of 
Sandusisy r., rises in Marion co., and flowing 
northwards, enters and traverses Crawford, to 
near its nrthrn. border, where it falls into the 
main Sandusky at the v. of Tymochtee, which 
latter is by p-r. 73 ms. a little w. of n. Columbus. 

Tyngsborough, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 30 
ms. N. w. boston, has the New Hampshire line 
N., is divided by Merrimack r. n. and s., on the 
w. side of which is a v. The r. is navigated 
with boats and rafts, and is here a broad stream. 
Pop. 822. 

Tyre, p-t. "^eneca'co. N. Y., 171 ms, w. Al- 
bany. Pop. 1,482. 

Tyree, Springs and p-o., wstrn. part Sumner 
CO. Tenn., 19 ms. n. Nashville. 



Tyringham, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 116 ms. 
w. Boston, contains 2 ponds, which give rise 
to Conkepot river, a branch of the Housatonic. 
Pop. 1,350. 

"Tyrone, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 16 ms. n. e. 
Bath, 194 Albany, is hilly, but favorable both 
to grass and grain. Little lake, i m. by 3, has 
beautiful shores, cultivated to the water's edge. 
Its outlet runs | m. to Mud lake, from which 
flows Mud cr., navigable in boats from the falls 
to Conhocton cr., and the Susquehannah. The 
cr. affords mill sites, and the lakes are stocked 
with fish. Pop. 1,880. ' 

Tyrrel, CO. N. C, bndd. by Hyde s., Wash- 
ington w., Albemarle sound n., and the Atlantic 
ocean e. Length from e. lo w. including the 
islands along the Atlantic coast, 52 ms., mean 
width 20, and area of land surface about 750 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 34' to 35° 
57' N., and in long, from 0° 3G' to 1° 30'. Sur, 
face a level, and in part inundated, plain, deep- 
ly indented from Albemarle sound by Alligator 
river, and by the strait between Pamlico and 
Albemarle sounds. Cf. t. Columbia. Pop. 
4,732. 

Tyson's, Store and p-o. Moore co. N. C, by 
p-r. 55 ms. s. w. Raleigh. 



Ulster, co. N. Y., bndd. by Delaware and 
Greene cos. n.. Duchess co. e., from which it is 
separated by Hudson r.. Orange co. s. and Sul- 
livanco. w., contains about 966 sq. ms., and 14 
tsps. Kingston is the st. jus. It is broken by 
the Kaatsbergs, called also the Blue and Sha- 
wangunk mtns. The rocks are transition, and 
the soil various. Wallkill cr. crosses the co., 
receiving the Shawangunk, Rondout, Esopus, 
Plattekill, Sawkill, &c. There are extensive 
tracts of meadows, and other rich levels, and 
the uplands are often good. Marble, of re- 
markable hardness, is found in the co. ; mill 
stones, limestone, &c. are also obtained in con- 
siderable quantities. Mammoth bones have 
been found in this co. First settled 1616. The 
early inhabitants were Dutch and Germans. 
Pop. 1820, 30,934 ; 18.S0, 36,550. 

Ulster, p-v. Bradford co. Pa., 7 ms. above 
Towanda, and by p-r. 246 ms. nrthrd. W. C. 

Ulysses, t, Tompkins co. N. Y., 174 miles 
w. Albany, 6 n. w. Ithaca, has Cayuga lake e., 
and Seneca co. n., has a fertile soil, and plenty 
of mill seats on Halsey's cr., vvhich has a fall 
in one place of 210 ft. This t. contains a wool- 
len factory, numerous mills, &c. Trumans- 
burgh is a v. on the Ithaca and Geneva turnpike 
road. Jacksonville, a v. on the Newberg and 
Geneva turnpike. Pop. 3,130. 

Umbagog, lake, in Maine and N, H., about 10 
ms. by 18, flows w. into Androscoggin river, 
through Errol. It lies partly in Oxford co. Me., 
and Coos co. N. H. 

Unadilla, p.t. Otsego co. N. Y., 100 ms. w. 
Albany, 36 s. w. Cooperstown, has Susquehan- 
nah r. s. e., which separates it from Delaware 
CO. The surface is hilly, but the soil of the 
uplands good, as well as along some of the 
screams. Grindstones are quarried in the town, 



The vil. is on the Susquehannah, in a pleasant 
situation. Pop. 2,313, 

Uncasville, p-v. Montville, New London co. 
Conn., 40 ms. s. w. Hartford, 7 s. Norwich, 6 
N. New London, is a manufacturing village on 
a small tributary of the Thames ; it has a cot- 
ton factory of stone, 4 stories high, with 2,200 
spindles and 56 looms ; it employs 60 persons, 
making 450,000 yards of sheetings annually. 7 
ms. above another is erecting, to contain l,OuO 
spindles. 

Underbill, t. Chittenden co. Vt., 15 ms. n. 
E. Burlington, 26 n. w. Montpelier, first settled 
about 1 786, has several small streams, and gen- 
erally an uneven surface. Pop. 1,051. 

Underwood, Store and p-o., Chatham co. N. 
C, 54 ms. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Unika mtn., local name given to that section- 
of the central Appalachian chain, which sepa- 
rates N. C. from Tenn., which lies s. w. from 
Tenn. r., and between Haywood co. of N. C, 
and Monroe co. of Tenn. 

Union, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 40 ms. e. s. e. 
August 1, has Waldo co. n. e., Muscongus r. n. 
w., crossed by St. George r., which connects 
several ponds in this t., and has its surface va- 
ried by hills. Pop. 1,6 12. 

Union, p-t. Tolland co. Conn., 33 ms. n. e. 
Hartford, 67 from N. Haven, occupies elevated 
ground, with Mass. n., has an uneven surface, 
with granite rocks, and affords iron ore. Break- 
neck and Mashapaug ponds, are the chief sour- 
ces of Quinebaug r., and abound in fish. Pop. 
711. 

Union, p-t. Broome co. N. Y., 140 ms. w. 
Cartskill, 6 w. Binghampton, 150 from Albany, is 
crossed by Susquehannah r., which here re- 
ceives Nanticoke creek. Other streams afford 
mill seats. The soil is favorable to grain, bear- 



UNI 



535 



UNI 



ing white pine, some oak, &c. Maple and beech 
grow at some distance from the r. Pop. 2,121. 

Union, p-t. Essex co. N. J., 47 ms. n. e. Tren- 
ton, has Rahway r. w., and a small stream on 
the E. boundary. It reaches n. to the Short 
hills, and lies n. w. and n. of Elizabethtown, 
and s. w. Newark. Pop. 1,405. 

Union, tsp. and p-o. Luzerne co. Pa. The 
tsp. extends from Susquehannah r., to the estrn. 
boundary of Lycoming. The p-o. is 14 ms. s. 
w. Wilkes-Barre, and 88 n. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Union, co. Pa., bndd. s. and s. w. by Mifflin, 
N. w. by Centre, n. by Lycoming, n. e. by the 
w. branch of Susquehannah r., separating it 
from the nrthrn. part of Northumberland, and 
E. and s. E. by the main volume of Susquehan- 
nah, separating it from Dauphin. The great- 
est length is from s. to n. 30 ms. parallel to the 
general course of Susquehannah r., and nearly 
on the meridian of W. C, mean width 20 ms. 
and area 520 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 
40' to 41° 06', and in long, from 0° 10' e. to 0° 
22' w. W. C. Declivity estrd., and drained by 
Buffalo, Penn's, Middle, and western Mahan- 
tango crs. Surface hilly, or rather mountain- 
ous, but soil excellent. Cf. town. New Berlin. 
Pop. 1820, 18,619, 1830, 20,749. 

Union, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. Va., sit- 
uated to the nrthestrd. from Peter's mtn. in 
Green Brier valley, about 4U ms. alittle w. of n. 
from Christianburg, and by p-r. 208 ms. w. 
Richmond, and 267 ms. s. v/. by w. W. C. Lat. 
37° Li4', and long. 3° 32* w. W. C. 

Union, dist. S. C, bndd. by Spartanburg dist. 
w. and N. w., Broad r. separating it from York 
on the N. E., Chester e., and Fairfield s. e., by 
Newberry s., and by Ennoree r. separating it 
from Laurens s. w. The greatest length, par- 
allel to the general course of Broad*r., 42 ins., 
mean width 15, and area 630 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 34° 28' to 35° 03', and in long. 
from 4° 27' to 4° 52' v/. W, C. Declivity to 
the sthestrd. and traversed by Pacolet, and Ty- 
ger rs. The outline indeed approaches a trian- 
gle, longest side on Broad r., and base on Enno- 
ree r. Cf. t. Unionville. Pop. 1820, 14,126; 
1830, 17,906. 

Unton, CO. Ark., not laid down on Tanijer's 
U. States ; situation and boundaries micertain. 
Cf. t. Ecora Fabra. 

Union, p-v. Humphries co. Ten., by p-r. 91 
ms. w. Nashville. 

Union, p-v. Boone co. Ky. 

Union, co. Ky.,bndd. by Hopkins s. e., Trade- 
water r., separating it from Livingston s., Ohio 
r. separating it from Gallatin co. II. w., the O. 
r. separating it from Posey co. Ind. n., and on 
the N. E. and e. it has Henderson co. Ky. 
Length from s. to n. 30 ms., mean breadth 18, 
and area 540 sq. ms. Lat. 37° 35', and long. 
W. C. 11° w. intersect near the centre of this 
CO. Slope wstrd. towards Ohio r. The body 
of the CO. lies opposite to, andsthrd. from the 
mouth of the Wabash r. Cf. t. Morganfield. 
Pop. 1820,3,470; 1830,4,764. 

Union, p-v. nrthrn. part Montgomery co. O., 
by p-r. 78 ms. w. Columbus. 

Union, co. O., bndd. by Franklin s. e., Mad- 
ison s.. Champaign s. w., Logan w., Hardin n. 
w., Marion n. e., and Delaware e. Length 27 



ms., breadth 17, and area 460 sq. ms. Lat. 
40° 20', long. 6° 30' w. W. C. Slope sthestrd., 
and drained by numerous confluent crs. of the 
Sciotar. Cf. t. MarysviUe. Pop. 1820, 1,996 ; 
1830, 3,192. 

Union, one of the estrn. cos. of Ind., bndd. by 
Franklin s., Fayette w., Wayne n., Prebble co. 
0. N. E. and e., and Butler co. O. s. Length 14 
ms., breadth 11, and area 154 sq. ms. Slope 
sthrd., and traversed and drained by White Wa- 
ter r. Cf. t. Liberty. Pop. 7,944. 

Union, p-v. Hendricks co. Ind., wstrd. from 
Indianopolis. 

Union, co. II., bndd. by Jackson n., Franklin 
N. E., Johnson e., Alexanders., and Misp r. sep- 
arating it from Cape Girardeau co. Mo. w. 
Length 22 ms., breadth 20, and area 440 sq.ms. 
Lat. 37° 30', long. 12° 20' W. C. General 
slope sthwstrd. towards the Misp. r., but the 
crs. flow from its nrthrn. side like radii from a 
common centre. Cf. t. Jonesboro'. Pop. 1620, 
2,362 ; 1830, 3,239. 

Union, p-v. Vermillion co. II., by p-r. 170 ms. 
N. E. Vandalia. 

Union, p-v. and st. jus. Franklin co. Mo., by 
p-r. 54 ms. w. St. Louis. 

Union, co. Ark., bndd. s. w. by La Fayette, 
Hempstead w., Clark n., Chicot e., and the Par- 
ish of Ouachitta La. s. Length from s. to n. 60 
ms. ; mean breadth 42, and area 2520 sq. ms. 
Central lat. 33° 30', long. W. C. 15° 30'. Slope 
s. s. E. and in that direction it is traversed by 
the main volume of Ouachitta r , which enter- 
ing at the N. w. angle traverses the co. in near- 
ly its greatest length, receiving the Saline 
branch about 12 ms. above the egress of the 
united streams into La. (See Saline rivrr of 
Ark.) Union co. contains that section of Oua- 
chitta r. where the banks to a great distance 
are liable to annual submersion. The soil in 
general sterile. The central part is about 100 
ms. a little w. of s. Little Rock. 

Union Bridge and p-o. northeastern part Fred- 
erick co. Md., by p-r. 70 ms. a little w. of n. 
W. C. 

Union Furnace and p-o. Huntingdon co. Pa., 
by p-r. 160 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Union Hall, p-v. Franklin co. Va., by p-r. 276 
ms. s. w. W. C. 

Union Hill, p-o. Upson co. Geo., by p-r. 79 
ms. wstrd. Milledgeville. 

Union Iron Works and p-o. Berks co. Pa., by 
p-r. 60 ms. estrd. Harrisburg. 

Union Meeting House and p-o. northwestern 

part Baltimore co. Md. 30 ms. n. w. Baltimore. 

Union Mills and p-o. southestrn. part Eri^ co. 

Pa. 6 ms. s. e. by e. Waterford, and by p-r. 

319 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Union Mills and p-o. on Little Pipe creek, 
northestrn. part Frederick co. Md. 18 ms. n. e. 
from the city of Frederick, and by p-r. 73 ms. 
a little w. of n. W. C. 

Union Mills and p-o. Fluvanna co. Va., by 
p-r. 68 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. 

Union Square and p-o. Montgomery co. Pa., 
by p-r. 25 ms. n. Phil. 

Uniontown, p-v., borough, and st. jus. Fay- 
ette CO. Pa. situated on Red Stone cr. 4 ms. 
wstrd. Laurel Hill chain of mtns., 186 ms. alit. 
tie s. of w. Harrisburg, and 193 ms. n. w. by w. 



UNl 



536 



UNI 



W. C. Lat. 39° 54', long. 2° 45' w. W. C. 
This borough was founded in 1775, by Jacob 
and Henry Beeson. It is chiefly composed of 
one street extending along the V. States road. 
There are, however, houses on other streets, 
particularly on that towards Morgantown in 
Virginia. 

Uniontown, p-v. nrthestrn. part Frederick co. 
Md., 35 ms. n. w. Baltimore, and by p-r. 73 ms. 
N. W. C. 

Uniontown, p-t. Belmont co. 0., by p-r. 126 
ms. E. Columbus. 

Union Vale, t. Dutchess co. N. Y., 105 ms. 
s. Albany, has the n. end of the Matteawan 
mtns. on the e. boundary, and gives rise to Fish- 
kill or. Pop. 1,833. 

Unionville, p-v. Chester co. Pa., 8 or 9 ms. 
s. w. from West Chester, and by p.r. 107 ms. 

N. E. W. C. 

Unionville, p-v. Frederick co. Md., by p-r. 
58 ms. N. n. w. W. C. 

Unionville, p-v. and st. jus. Union dist., S. 
C, on a small branch of Tyger r., by p-r. 27 
ms. s. E. Spartanburgh, and 77 n. w, Columbia. 
Lat. .34° 42', long. 4° 39' w. W. C. 

Unionville, p-v. Geauga co. O., by p-r. 176 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Unison, p-v. sthrn. part Luzerne co. Pa., by 
p-r. 98 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Unison, p-v. nthrn. angle Loudon co. Va., by 
p-r. 51 ms. above and n. w. W. C. 

Unison, p-v. nrthrn. part Delaware co. O., by 
p-r. 33 ms. nthrd. Columbus. 

Unitia, p-o. BLount co. Tenn., by p-r. 194 ms. 
s. e. by E. Nashville. 

United States, of North America. The 
United States are bndd. n. by the British and 
Russian dominions; e. by the Atlantic ocean ; 
s. by the Gulf of Mexico ; and w. by the Mexi- 
can territory and the Pacific ocean. The coun- 
try extends from 2)° to 54° n. lat., and from 
G6° 50' to 125° long. w. from Greenwich, or 
from 9° 35' e. to 48° 20' w. W. C, containing 
within its territory an area of more than 2,000,- 
000 sq. ms. Tiiis extensive country has out- 
lines in common with Cabotia, or British North 
America, from the mouth of the Saint Croix r., 
10 the Rocky, or Chippewayan mtns,, 3,000 ins.; 
with Russian N. America from the Rocky 
mtns. to the Pacific ocean, 1,100 miles along 
the Pacific Ocean from Dixon's entrance, or 
Vancouvre's sound, about 880 miles a^^in c^- 
mon with the republic of Mexico, Trom lat. 
42° N. on the Pacific ocean, along that cui*5^^e 
of lat. to the Rocky mtns., and thence to the 
mouth of the Sabine r. into the Gulf of Mexico, 
2,300 ms. ; along the Gulf of Mexico to Florida 
point, 1,000 ms. ; along the Atlantic ocean to 
the mouth of the Saint Croix r., 1,850 ms.; so 
that the entire outline is not far from 10,130 
ms. This territory extends in one immense 
zone from ocean to ocean. The longest line 
which can be drawn over land, and without 
traversing the sea, stretches from Cape Canave- 
ral, in Florida, to the northern end of Queen 
Charlotte's isl., a distance of 3,214 statute ms. 
This line being assumed as a base, the mean 
breadth will be about 700 ms. ; so that the 
whole area would equal a square, each side of 
which should exceed 1,490 ms. This is near- 



ly one twentieth part of the land surface of the 
earth, and is capable of subsisting at least one 
fifteenth of its population. If the whole earth 
therefore sustain 1,000 millions, the United 
States would sustain 66,666,666 ; a number 
which at the present rate of increase of popu- 
lation it will contain within the current century. 
Subdivisions, and Papulation. The original 
number of states was 13 ; the present number is 
24, with 3 organized territories, each of which 
are represented in congress by a delegate. The 
extensive tract between the Mississippi r. and 
lake A 1 ichigan, will probably soon be organized, 
and called Ouisconsin, or Huron territory. The 
subjoined table exhibits the sectional and ag. 
gregate extent, of that portion already divided 
into states and territories, with their aggregate 
population according to the census of 1830. 

State, &c. Area in 



Aggregate Federal or 
pop. poht. pop. 



Free 
8(|. ills. fiop. 

New England, or Eastern States. 

Maine, 33,223 399,431 399,437 399,434 

N.H. 9,491 269,323 269,328 ■269,.326 

Vt. 8,000 280,657 280,657 280,657 

Mass. 7,800 610,404 610,408 610,406 

R. 1. 1,200 97,185 97,199 97,193 

Conn. 4,764 297,650 297,675 297,665 

Middle States. 

N. Y. 46,085 1,918,532 1,918,608 1,918,577 

N.J. 8,320 318,569 320,823 319,922 

Penn. 47,000 1,347,830 1,348,230 1,348,072 

Del. 2,100 73,456 76,148 75,431 

Md. 9,356 344,046 447,040 505,842 

Southern States. 

Va. 68,600 741,648 1,211,405 1,023,502 

N. C. 51,000 492,386 737,987 639,747 

S. C. 33,000 265,784 581,185 455,025 

Geo. \ 62,083 299,292 516,823 429,810 

• South Western States. 

Ton. 45,600 540,300 681,903 625,263 

Ala. 51,770 191,978 309,527 262,508 

Miss. 45,760 70,962 136,621 110,358 

La. 48,320 106,151 215,739 171,904 

Western States. 

Ky. 40,500 622,704 687,917 621,832 

Ohio, 44,000 935,878 935,884 935,882 

Iiid. 36,67JJ* 34.3,028 343,031 343,030 

II. _<^^ 53,480 156,698 157,445 157,147 

Mfc.%, '->''• ff4,000 115,364 140,455 130,419 

^. f^erritories, ^c' 

Midi. ■^" Sfyeoo" 31,607 31,639 31,625 

• X^rE * 50,000 25,812 30,388 28,557 

Flor. 55,000 19,22??' 34,730 28,529 

p. C. ...'■ 100 33,715 39,834 37,389 
l-furon, 100,000 



Total, 1,061,222 10S49,620 12,8.^4,890 12,055,050 

From this table we find that the people of the 
United States, have, with more or less of com- 
pactness, extended their settlements over more 
than 1,000,000 sq. ms., or over a surface ex- 
ceeding that of all Europe w. of the rivers Vis- 
tula and Bog, and s. of the Baltic ; a surface on 
which now exist upward of 150,000,000 of in- 
habitants. With all this density, the people of 
that part of Europe more than double in 50 
years. If the people of the U. S. double in 30 
years, their number will exceed 100,000,000, 
during the current century. The various classes 
of the population, by the census of 1830, are aa 
follows : 



UNI 



537 



UNI 



Under 5 years of age, 
From 5 to 10 
" 10 to 15 
" 15 to 20 
" 20 to 30 
" 30 to 40 
" 40 to 50 
" 50 to 60 
" 60 to 70 
" 70 to 80 
'• 80 to 90 
" 90 to 100 

100 and upwards 



Whiles. 

Males. Females, 

972,980 921,934 

782,075 750,741 

669,734 638,850 

573,196 596,254 

956,487 918,411 

592,535 555,531 

367,640 356,046 

229,284 223,504 

135,082 131,307 

57,772 58,336 

15,806 17,431 

2,041 2,523 

301 23^ 



Of the foregoing, were deaf and dumb, under 
14 years of age, 1,652 ; of 14 and under 25, 
1,905 ; of 25 and upwards, 1,806. Blind, 3,974. 
Aliens, or foreigners not naturalized, 107,832. 

Of the colored pop. of the United Stales, 
there were : — 

Of Free persons. Slaves. 

Males. Females. Males. Females. 

Under 10 yrs. 

ofage 48,675 47,329 353,498 347,665 

From 10 to 24 43,079 48,138 312,567 308,770 
" 24 to 36 27,6.50 32,541 185,585 185.786 

" 36 to 55 22,271 24,327 118,880 111,887 

•' 55 to 100 11,509 13,425 41,545 41,435 
100 and over 269 386 748 676 

Included in the colored pop. are, deaf and 
dumb under 14 years of age, 273 ; 14 and un- 
der 25, 246 ; 25 and upwards, 224. Blind 1,470. 
Recapitulation. 

Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. 
Males .5,355,133 153,453 1,012,823 6,521,409 
Pen-iales- 5,171,115 166,146 996,220 6,333,481 



Total 10,526,248 319,599 2,009,043 12,854,890 

Add errors in returns of the state of N. Y. 5,602 

Do. La. 210 

Persons employed in U. S. navy June 1, 1830 5,318 



Grand total pop. U. S. 12,866 020 

Progressive population from 1790, to 1830, 
inclusive. 
1790, 3,929,827 Increase per cent. 

ISnO, 5,305,941 " " " 35 

1810, 7,239,814 " " " 36 

1820, 9,638,191 " " " 33 

1830, 12,866,020 " " " 33 

From the best data, we may regard the reg. 
ular increase as nearly one third, decennially. 
The greater increiricnt per cent, which appears 
in the two first periods, is satisfactorily accoimt- 
ed for by the fact, that each succeeding enu- 
meration has been more correctly made ; of 
course the actual population has been more ful- 
ly represented in the returns. We find from 
the above table, that white males under 5 years 
of age, exceeded females of like age in 1830, 
61,046, an excess of about 5 per cent. Of white 
persons above the age of 70, we find 75,920 
males, and 78,531 females, or of persons who 
have passed the ordinary limits of human life, 
there are 2,611 more females than males. Of 
the aggregate white population, of the whole 
U. S., the majority of the male population over 
that of the female is 184,018 ; whilst in the 
states comprised in New England, there is an 
excess of females, of 23,516. In the class of 
free colored persons we again discover very 
nearly similar results ; whilst the number of 



aged male slaves exceeds by a small fraction 
the number of aged female slaves. Uniting all 
classes, we discover that the common law of 
birth is rigidly obeyed by nature, in the U. S., 
there being an excess of males, but the chances 
of protracted life being decidedly in favor of 
females. 

Mountains. The face of the country is of 
course very much varied. For details in this 
particular, we refer to articles on the different 
states. Besides the minor ranges of mtns., the 
country is traversed by two great chains which 
are nearly parallel with the coasts of the oceans 
which they respectively approach. The Ap- 
palachian or Atlantic chain extends from s. w, 
to N. E., whilst the Chippewayan or Pacific 
range runs from s. s. e. to n. n. w. By these 
mtns., the United States territory is divided in- 
to two great ocean slopes, and an immense in- 
terior valley. By another physical division it 
may be regarded as separated into 4 great in- 
clined planes ; the eastern falling from the Ap- 
palachian chain, to the Atlantic ocean ; the 
western from the Chippewayan, to the Pacific 
ocean, and the two central planes having a com- 
mon line of the deepest depression along the 
lower part of the channel of the Mississippi 
river, the Illinois river and lakes of Canada. 
The southwestern Appalachian chains rise ab. 
ruptly from the Hudson valley, near lat. 41° 
30' N. where the Hudson passes between enor- 
mous walls of primitive rock. These preci- 
pices rise almost perpendicularly from 1,200 
to 1,500 feet, their bases being washed by the 
tides. From hence, with a breadth from 80 
to 100 ms., the range passes southwestward 
through the United States, until gradually lost 
among the hills between the southern sources 
of Tennessee river and Appalachicola and 
Mobile. The intervening vallies rise from 
500 to 2,000 feet, discharging on one side the 
numerous streams which traverse and adorn 
the Atlantic slope, and from the other supply 
innumerable fountains to the great central riv- 
er ; a remarkable feature of the Appalachian 
chain is the fact, that very few falls are found 
in its rs. In a state of nature, the Atlantic sys- 
tem rose as the central and most elevated sec- 
tion, 'of^l^hafs the most extended continuous 
forest that ever existed on the earth. From the 
Atlantic border far beyond the Ohio, (with few 
exceptions) spread countless millions of trees, 
amongst which the oak, pine and hickory, pre- 
dominated ; but intermixed with numerous oth- 
er varieties, winding amongst these primeval 
woods, rose and flowed those streams now deck- 
ed with farms, studded with cities, or rivalled 
by canals fed from their own bosoms. The St. 
Lawrence basin, a part of the same physical 
section, also sustained its share of this vast for- 
est, stretching almost uninterruptedly from the 
sources of Ottawa and Saguenai, to the gulf of 
Mexico. Passing wstrd. from the Appalachian 
towards the Chippewayan range, timber gradu- 
ally ceases, and many hundred miles before 
reaching the sources of the mighty Missouri, 
its banks are entirely destitute of trees. Here 
are extensive level prairies, where, far as the 
eye beholds, nothing like forest trees are visi- 
ble, and as on the ocean, earth and heaven seem 



UNI 



538 



UNI 



to meet in the distance. In sthwstrn. Louisi- 
ana, the extremes meet, and in a few hours the 
traveller may pass from the deep gloom of for- 
ests untouched by the axe, into plains unbroken 
by the plough. Contrasts like these, though on 
a larger scale, strongly mark the two great 
mtn. systems of the U. States. Towards the 
Atlantic, spots of grassy glades are intersper- 
sed amon'^ the mtn. chains. Amid the Chippe- 
wayan ridges, forest trees are seen in strips or 
clumps. 

Bays, Gulfs, Capes, and Rivers. — All these 
subjects are mentioned particularly in the arti- 
cles on the states where they are found, or un- 
der their respective heads. It will be sufficient 
here to say, that no country in the world is in- 
tersected by as many navigable rivers as the U. 
States ; that the longest river is the Missouri, 
which, including the Mississippi, is the longest 
in the world, being 4,490 ms. in length ; that 
the gulf of Mexico, on the s. boundary, is the 
largest in the U. States territory, and that the 
bays of the coast are numerous, and several of 
them navigable by vessels of the largest size. 
In the northern part, the Atlantic coast, which 
is bold and rocky, is indented by numerous in- 
lets, and broken into headlands. Towards the 
s. the shore is more level, and generally alluvial. 

Lakes. — North America, beyond every other 
country, is distinguished for the immense extent 
and number of its fresh water lakes. Several of 
these are on the n. boundary of the U. S. Lake 
Superior is the largest body of fresh water on 
the globe, its surface containing 35,000 sq. ms. 
Lake Huron contains 20,000 sq. ms., lake Erie 
10,350, and lake Ontario, 7,200 sq. ms. Soi^ie 
of these have been the scenes of important na- 
val engagements. 

Soil. The soil of a district so extensive as 
the United States, is of course marked by al- 
most every variety. Under the great Appa. 
lachian forest on both sides of the main chain, 
and also in its most elevated vallies, or table 
lands, the soil offers a full reward for its culti- 
vation, and allows the choice of objects of cul- 
ture. The western slope of the Appalachian 
chain exceeds the eastern in fertility, though 
this disparity is compensated by the numerous 
rivers on the e. slope opening channels^'of direct 
intercommunication with the Atlantic, and by 
the more diligent cultivation of the soil. In 
point of extent, thfe two mtn. systems of the 
United States are as two to one, very nearly; 
the Appalachian having about 700,000 and the 
Chippewayan upwards of 1,400,000 sq. ms. 
With but partial exceptions the inhabited parts 
are as yet on the Appalachian section. 

Climate. The climate of the United States 
is remarkable for its variety and its sudden 
changes from extreme heat to cold, and the con- 
trary. In the northern part is the cold and drea- 
ry winter of Canada, and in the extreme south- 
ern parts, the summer is almost uninterrupted 
from one end of the year to the other. The 
climate differs from that of Europe, in the same 
latitudes. The level portions of the southern 
states have more moisture, and a less salubri- 
ous atmosphere ; their noxious effluvia are 
more constantly formed and their marshes more 
numerous. Those parts however which are 



elevated, more commonly enjoy a temperate • 
and delightful climate. The mean annual tem- 
perature of the middle states is the same as in 
the corresponding European region, though it 
is differently distributed. In the Atlantic srates 
the climate is marked by extremes, the sum- 
mers being usually very hot, and the winters 
though often short, are much colder than Eu- 
ropean winters in the same latitude. Deep and 
abiding snows are usual in the winter on the At- 
lantic coast, and on the Mississippi, and if we ad. 
vance to lat. 38° n., or attain an elevation where 
the temperature is the same as there, there 
are very few winters, in the course of which, 
from December to February inclusive, the earth 
is not covered with ice or snow, and the mean 
temperature of the nights being below the freez- 
ing point. With the n. w. winds the snows are 
most abundant, and often much drifted. In the 
winter of 1831, and 1832, the Mississippi river 
was frozen and passable on the ice as low as 
lat. 35° N., and the spring floods of 1832, were 
very great. The summers of the U. States, 
though often excessively warm, are as agree- 
able, if not more so, than those of southern 
Europe, and in autumn no part of the globe pos- 
sesses a season more congenial to human life, 
or more charming to the senses. In general 
the weather is variable, and subject to sudden 
changes. The climate throughout the country 
is greatly modified by the mountains, lakes, &c. 
Facts which our Hmits forbid us to insert, sus- 
tain us in the following general conclusions 
respecting the climate. These are, that all pla- 
ces of similar latitude and elevation, have like 
climates, and that the United States territory 
has generally along its coasts similar climates 
to those prevailing on the opposing zone of the 
eastern continent. Along the Pacific coast, even 
beyond Bhering's strait, a mild and moist cli- 
mate prevails, whilst along the Atlantic, the 
winters are intensely cold, and summers as in- 
tensely warm ; advancing from the Atlantic 
coast inland, the thermometer indicates a de- 
pression of temperature, according to relative 
height and exposure ; falling occasionally, even 
at lat. 35°, and e. of the Mississippi river, to 
18° below zero of Fahrenheit, — about 400 ft. 
elevation being equivalent to a degree of lat. on 
Fahrenheit's thermometer. As far southward 
as lat. 35°, and with no allowance for any dif- 
ference of elevation, the winters present a sea. 
son of from 60 to 120 days, say 90 days in 
which the rivers are frozen. This excess of 
course increases with the elevation, as we pro- 
gress northward. The prevailing winds which 
have been mentioned are in frequency about as 
7 in 10, and in intensity, at least as 8 in 10, of 
all aerial currents over the United States and 
western Europe ; and consequently this great 
current, which carries the moist and uniform 
air of the Atlantic on Europe, at the same time 
bears the frozen air of an immense continent 
over the eastern part of the United States. Con- 
stant observations of prevailing rains show that 
the mean annual amount of rain in the United 
States is about 37 1-2 inches, whilst those of 
the N. w. of Europe amount to but 31 1-3 inch- 
es. In the United States, rain falls from 140 
to 150 days, including snow, sleet, &c. leaving 



UNI 



539 



UNI 



about 220 fair days, annually, while in n. w. 
Europe, the days of rain, or rather of heavy 
mist, are on an average 220 days annually ; 
lastly, the climate of the United States appears 
to be nearly stationary, or if subject to any 
changes, they are small. Clearing of land, if 
it produces any effect, will probably, as in Scot- 
land, lower the temperature. For more minute 
peculiarities of clima'e, the reader is referred 
to articles on the states, individually. 

Winds. The winds which prevail about 7-10 
of the time throughout the whole n. temperate 
zone, are, as we have stated, from the n. w., 
w., and s. w. This prevalence is said to be so 
great as to bend the forests on both sides of the 
Atlantic toward the e. or s. e. Not only are 
these winds most frequent, but also most vio- 
lent ; and the effects of their constancy and 
violence may be generally traced by this incli- 
nation of the trees of the country, from New 
England to the mouth of the Oregon, and even 
into the Arctic ocean, to Melville island. These 
winds are however very much modified, by the 
elevated lands in the mountainous parts, and by 
the sea breezes, &c. on the coast. 

Minerals. — Most kinds of minerals have been 
discovered more or less extensively, in the U. 
States. Gold has been found in Virginia, North 
and South Carolina, Georgia, and other states. 
Silver in small quantities in several places ; iron 
in numerous and inexhaustible beds, especially 
along the Appalachian range of mtns., from N. 
Hampshire to Georgia ; copper on lake Superi- 
or, in pure metallic masses, and in the ore in 
several places. Lead is found in many places, 
but the mines in Missouri, near Fever river, are 
far the most productive. The average annual 
product of these mines has been 5,690,000 lbs., 
during 10 years ending 1832. These are among 
the richest in the world. Mercury, or quick- 
silver, thoi:;^h a rare metal, had been found in 
small quantities on the bordersof 4 of the great 
lakes, and other metals, as cobalt, bismuth, and 
antimony. Limestone in all its varieties, slate, 
sandstone, and building stone of various kinds 
are abundant. Coal has been discovered, the 
anthracite in exhaustless quantities, and bitu- 
minous in abundance. Salt springs are found 
in several of the states, some of which are 
profitably worked, and salt is also manufactur- 
ed from sea water. Within a few years, gyp- 
sum, or plaster of Paris, has been extensively 
quarried in the state of New York. Mineral 
springs are found in most of the states ; some 
of them highly valuable. 

Productions and Internal Improvements. — 
On these subjects, see articles on the respec- 
tive states, and on rail-roads and canals. 

Agriculture. — Nearly one fifth of all the in- 
habitants in the United States are engaged in 
agricultural pursuits. The annual cotton crop 
is estimated from 300 to 350 milUons of pounds. 
The flour and meal actually inspected at II dif- 
ferent places in 1830, amounted to 2,851,876 
bbls. of wheat flour, 41,35] of rye flour, 18,372 
hhds. and 35,070 barrels of corn meal. The 
eastern states are mostly devoted to grazing 
and the dairy ; the middle and western, to the 
production of various kinds of grain ; the south- 
ern to raising rice, sugar, tobacco, cotton, &c. 



Manufactures. — The manufactures of the U. 
States are considerable, and gradually increas- 
ing, to a great extent; they have been noticed 
in the articles on the different states, thougli 
some statements still remain to be made. The 
eastern and middle states, which are most 
abundantly supplied with water power, are most 
extensively engaged in manufactures, especial- 
ly of cotton, woollen, iron, glass, paper, wood, 
&,c. In 1810, the value of actual manufac- 
tures in the United States, was estimated at 
^172,762,676 ; the present annual value is com- 
puted at ^500,000,000. It was recently stated 
by a member of congress, and before that body, 
that a capital of |1 67,000,000 was employed in 
1831, in the growth and manufacture of wool, 
in the U. S., 40,000,000 of which was invested 
in sheep : that the capital employed in the man- 
ufacture of cotton was .^45,000,00 I, and that 
62,000 persons were employed in the last branch 
of manufactures. In this estimate are inclu- 
ded 12 states, viz. those of New England, the 
Middle Ir-tates, and Virginia ; the number of 
manufactories amounted to 755. In Massachu- 
setts, the largest manufacturing state, it was 
estimated that in the same year, ^12, 390,000 
were invested in the cotton manufacture ; num- 
ber of factories 250, cotton used per annum, 
24,000,000 lbs. In Rhode Island, the next lar- 
gest, there were 116 mills, usinir 10,000,000 
lbs. cotton, with a capital of ^6,000,000. Anoth- 
er estimate states the whole number of cotton 
manufactories in the U. S. in 1831, to be 795, 
the quantity of cotton consumed, 77,757,31& 
lbs., and the capital invested, $40,714,984, 
Most of the American manufactures are de- 
signed for home consumption, yet, in 831, there 
were exported to the amount of $7,861,740. 
IV'lore than two thirds of the clothing used by 
those engaged in agricultural pursuits, are of 
domestic production. 

Commerce. — The United States are among 
the most commercial countries in the world. 
The amount of imports for the vear ending Sept. 
30, 1832, is estimated at $100,652,677 ; the ex. 
ports during the same period were $87,037,943, 
of which $63,074,815 were domestic, and 
$23,963,128 foreign articles. In the year end- 
ing Sept. 1831, the imports amounted to $103, 
191,124, of which $93,962,110, were imported 
in American, and $9,229,014 in foreign ves- 
sels. The exports of the same year, amounted 
to §81,310,583, of which |61,277,057 were do- 
mestic, and $20,033,526 foreign articles. Of 
the domestic exports, $1,889,472 were the 
product of the sea; $4,263,477 of the forest; 
$48,261,233 of agriculture ; and $7,862,675 of 
manufactures. Of domestic articles, $49,671,- 
239 were exported in American, and $11,605,- 
818, in foreign vessels. Of the foreign articles 
$15,874,942 were exported in American, and 
<j^4, 158,584 in foreign vessels. In the same 
year 922,952 tons of American, and 281,948 
tons of foreign shipping were entered ; and 
972,504 tons of American, and 271,994 tons of 
foreign shipping cleared from the ports of the 
United States. The average aggregate value 
of imports from 1827 to 1832, was $86,000,000; 
and during the 6 years preceding, it amounted 
to an average of $80,000,000 per ann. The 



UNI 



540 



UNI 



whole amount of the registered, enrolled, and 
licensed tonnage, including fishing vessels, in 
the United States in 1830, was 1,191,776 t.ons ; 
of which 38,911 were engaged in the whale fish- 
ery. The aggregate tonnage in 1832 was esti- 
mated at 1,200,000, of which 300,000 belonged 
to the state of Maine. The amount of tonnage 
built in 1830, was more than 58,000 tons. The 
most important article of export in 1831, was 
cotton, which amounted to $25,289,492 ; the 
exports of tobacco, were ^5,269,960 ; office, 
$2,620,696; of flour, biscuit, &c. $4,464,774; 
of swine and their products, $1,495,830; of 
corn and rye meal, ^881,894 ; of cattle and their 
products, including butter and cheese, $896,. 
316; of the imports, $13,456,625 were free of 
duty; ^61 534,965 were subject to duties " ad 
valorem"; and $28,199,533 were subject to 
specific duties. The number of seamen in the 
United States is about 50,000, exclusive of the 
navy, and of those engaged in internal naviga- 
tion. The greatest export trade is from New 
Orleans; the greatest import to New York. A 
great proportion of the shipping of the United 
States, is owned in New England and N. York. 
For additional details, see tables in the appen- 
dix. 

Fisheries. — Most of the fisheries are carried 
on from the New England states, and by N. E. 
ships. The cod fishery is the most important, 
that of the whale next. The annual value of 
fish exported is <g 1,889,472. The number of 
ships engaged in the whale fishery, in 1831, is 
estimated at 300 ; and the number of hands em- 
ployed at 6,500. The average annual product 
ofthis fishery in sperm oil, for 10 years ending 
1831, was 78,000 barrels. That of 1830 was 
106,829, and that of 1831, 110,000 barrels. The 
whale oil of 1830 amounted to 118,000 barrels ; 
that of 1831 to 188,000. The average quantity 
of whale bone returned by these ships, is about 
1,000 lbs. to 100 barrels of oil. The whole 
amount of tonnage engaged in the fisheries in 
1831, was 98,322 tons. 

Public Lands. — These lands consist of the 
territory belonging to the United ^tates at the 
time of their independence, of tracts ceded to 
the general government by individual states, 
and of tracts acquired by treaty or purchase. 
They are mostly within the limits of the West- 
ern states, and are to a great extent occupied 
by Indians, who are regarded as the owners, 
until their title shall have been extinguished 
by purchase. The aggregate amount of all 
these lands, is 1,090,871,753 acres, the value 
of which, at the fixed minimum price of sale, 
a dollar and a quarter per acre, amounts to 
the enormous sum of $,1,363,589,691. For 
the title to these lands the United States have 
paid on the Louisiana purchase, principal and 
interest, $23,514,225 ; on the Florida purchase, 
$6,251,016 ; on the Georgia, Yazoo, and other 
contracts, $18,312,2 1 9 :— total, ^48,077,551. 
The amount of all their sales up to September 
1831, has been $37,272,713. The amount of 
sales is gradually on the increase ; in 1831, it 
was $3,000,000. All sales are for cash. Salt 
springs and lead mines are reserved by govern- 
ment; and one thirty-sixth part of all public 
lands, are reserved and applied for the per- 



petual support of common schools. Three- 
fifths of the value of all sales is applied by con- 
gress, for internal improvements in the states 
where the lands are located, and the remaining 
two-fifths is applied by the states for the pro. 
motion of learning. Up to the present time, ra- 
ther more than 150,000,000 of acres have been 
surveyed, about 20,000,000 of acres have been 
sold, and the same quantity granted by congress 
for the purposes of education, internal improve- 
ment, &,c. and there are now about 110,000,000 
of acres surveyed and unsold, of which 80,000,- 
000 are in market. Of unsold lands, 340,871,- 
753 acres are within the limits of the new states 
and territories, and 750,000,000 acres beyond 
these limits. 

Revenue, expenditure, and national debt. — 
As there is at present no direct taxation by the 
general government, the revenue is chiefly de. 
rived, 1, from duties on imports; 2, from the 
public lands ; 3, from its bank stock ; 4, from 
post offices, lead mines, &c. Of these, the 
duties on imports are by far the largest. The 
estimated revenue for 1832, is stated at $31,- 
752,629 51, making, with the balance in the 
treasury, January 1, 1832, an aggregate of 
$36,255,573 96. The expenditures for the 
same year are estimated at 34,611,466 50, 
which, being deducted from the estimated re- 
ceipts, leave a balance in the treasury, Jan. 1, 
1833, of $1,644,107 73. This amount includes 
the Danish indemnity, and unavailable funds in 
the treasury, estimated at $1,400,000. From 
the treasury report, Dec. 1832, it appears that 
the national debt would be reduced to ^7,000,- 
698 83, on the 1st Jan. 1 833, against which 
might be set off" $7,000,000 of government 
stock, in the bank of the U. S. The whole 
amount of the disbursements of government 
made in all the states between 1789 and 1831, 
for fortifications, light houses, public debt, in- 
ternal improvements, and revolutionary pen- 
sions, is $222,876,3'?!. The annual revenue 
for a series of years, under the revenue laws of 
the session of 1832-.3, is estimated at $21,000,- 
000; and the expenditures at §'15,000,000. 
These however will vary by any modification 
of the existing laws. 

Ban^fs. — The present bank of the U. S. was 
chartered by congress in 1816, for 20 years, 
with a capital stock of <!,'35,000,000, of which 
government owns one-fifth. The debts of the 
bank may in no case exceed its deposites by 
more than $35,000,000. The actual circulation 
is about $42,000,000 ; and the average dividends 
6 or 7 per cent. The bank is located at Phila- 
delphia, and it has 25 branches in the principal 
cities of the Union. Besides the U. S. bank, 
there are in the diff'erent states, nearly 400 
banks, with capitals of from $12,000,000 down, 
wards, amounting in all to about $200,000,000, 
including the U. S. bank. 

Mint. — The mint was established at Philadel- 
phia in 1792, and the amount of its coinage has 
been constantly on the increase. During the 
first ten years of its establishment, ending in 
1801, the amount of silver coinage alone was 
$1,574,000 ; from 1801 to 1811, it was $4,858,- 
000 ; from 1811 to 1821, $6,180,000; and from 
1821 to 1831, $18,325,000. The whole coin- 



UNI 



541 



UNI 



age of 1831, amounted to $3,923,473, of which 
f 714,270 were of gold, ^3,175,600 of silver, 
and $35,603 of copper. The expense of the 
mint for the same year was ^28,000. Of the 
gold coined, 1^518,000 were from the gold 
regions of the U. S. The coinage of 1832 
amounted to ^3,400,935 ; of which <^798,435 
were of gold, |2,579,000 of silver, an(l'^23,50u 
in cents. Of' the gold, *g9(),000 were from 
Mexico, S. America, and the West Indies; 
^28,000 from Africa, f 12,000 from other 
sources, and $678,000 from gold of the U. S., 
viz., from N. Carolina $458,000, Georgia f 140,- 
UOO, S. Carolina .>^45,000, Virginia $34,000, 
and $1,000 from Temiessee. Gold and silver 
are coined without expense to the owners. 
The probable supply of bullion for tlie next 
period of 10 years, is estimated at $6,000,000 
annually. The metallic currency of the U. S. 
is estimated at $30,000,000. 

Post-office. — The first post in America was 
established in New York in 1710, under the 
old colonial government. In 1789, the ex- 
clusive direction of posts, &c. was conferred by 
the constitution on congress. At that time 
there were but 75 post-offices in the country. 
In July 1831, the number of post-offices was 
8,686; the extent of post.roads 115,176 miles; 
and the yearly transportation of mails equal to 
15,468,692 miles. The expenses of the post- 
office department, tor the year 1830, were 
$1,959,109; the receipts, $1,919,300; balance 
against the department, $39,809. On the 1st 
July, 1832, the number of post-offices in the U. 
S. was 9,205; extent of post-roads, exclusive 
of those established by the previous session of 
congress, 104,467 ms. ; and the transportation 
of the mails over these, equal to 23,625,021 ms. 
yearly. The revenue of the department for the 
year ending as above was $2,258,570 17 ; ex- 
penditures, ^2,266,100 35; excess of expendi- 
tures over the revenue, $7,530 18. 

Army and Navy. — The standing army of the 
U. S. is limited by law to 6,442 men ; it con- 
sists of 7 regiments of infantry, and 4 of caval- 
ry, commanded by one major general and two 
brigadier generals, beside inferior officers. 
The estimated expense of the army for 1832, 
including fortifications, armories, arsenals, &c. 
is $6,648,099. Beside the standing army, the 
militia of the country in 1830 amounted to 
1,262,315. The navy consists of 12 ships of the 
line, 17 frigates, 16 sloops, and 7 schooners; 
total 52, including those which are building, of 
which 20 are in commission. The total num- 
ber of officers and men is 6,345. The estimated 
expenses of the navy for 1832, including the 
sum for gradual improvement, are $3,907,618. 
Ordnance department — The amount " ex- 
pended and accounted for" in this department, 
during the year 1831, amounted to ^752,458 ; 
and during the three first quarters of 1832, it 
was $602,881. Among the numerous articles 
made at the arsenals and armories of the U. S., 
or procured from other sources during the year 
ending Sept. 1832, were 1 forty-two pound can- 
non of iron, 11 twenty-four pound do., 133 thirty- 
two pound do., 27,453 muskets, 3,490 Hall's ri- 
fles, 93 field carriages, 3,000 sets accoutre, 
ments for infantry, 4,000 do. for riflemen, 1,000 

69 



do. for cavalry, 5,214 lbs. canister shot, 384,395 
musket ball andbnck shot cartridges, 11,322 lbs. 
musket bullets, 13 fire engines, &c. &c. During 
the same period there have been distributed to 
the militia of the different states and territories, 
17 pieces of artillery, 23 field carriages and 
equipments, 21,070 muskets, rifles, carbines, 
and pistols, 2,739 artillery and cavalry swords, 
5,767 sets of aci^outrements, for small arms, and 
1,100 sets cavalry accoutrements, beside other 
articles. 

Salaries, pensions, ^-c. — The largest salary 
is that of the president, which is ^25,000 an- 
nually ; ministers plenipotentiary, g9,000 a 
year, with the same sum for an outfit ; the se- 
cretaries of state, the navy, treasury and war, 
and the post-master general, $6,000 ; the vice- 
president and the chief justice, §'5,000 ; associ- 
ate judges of the supreme court, and charge 
d' affairs, $4,500 ; and members of congress $8 
per day. The annual revolutionary and other 
pensions amount to $1,363,296. The number 
of revolutionary pensioners on the 5tli Nov. 
1632, was 11,326 ; and of invalid pensioners, 
3,806. During the year ending Sept. 1832, the 
number of the former which died, as far as 
known, was 408 ; of the latter, 56. There are 
no sinecures in the U.S. 

Newspapers. — No country in the world equals 
the United States in the number of its news- 
papers. The first newspaper in America was 
printed at Boston in 1704, by the name of the 
Boston Neios Letter. In 1720, there were but 
7 newspapers in all the North American colo- 
nies ; in 18] there were 359 in the U, S. ; in 
1826, 640 ; in 1828, 802 ; and at the present 
time there are more than 1,000, of which be- 
tween 50 and 60 are issued daily. Of the 802 
newspapers issued in 1828, ;92 were in New 
England, 409 in the middle, 88 in the southern, 
115 in the western, and 33 in the southwestern 
states ; 5 were in the territories, 9 in the dist, 
of Columbia, and 1 in the Cherokee nation and 
language. The whole number of periodical 
sheets annually issued is estimated at 64 million. 

Slavery. — Slavery exists in 12 states, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S. Carolina, 
Georgia. Alabama, Louisiana, Tennessee, Ken- 
tucky, Mississippi and Missouri ; also in the 
territories of Arkansas, Florida and Michigan. 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- 
setts, Ohio, and Indiana, have no slaves. In 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, there are a 
few ; but as slavery is abolished in all of them, 
it will cease with the death or exportation of 
the slaves now in them. Whole number of 
slaves in the U. S. 2,009,043. 

Indians. — The whole number of Indians in 
the U. S. and their territories, is 129,266. The 
whole number of tribes is 58. In New Eng- 
land the number of Indians is 2,526 ; in New 
York, 5,143 ; in Virginia and S. Carolina, 497 ; 
in Ohio, 2,350; in Indiana, Illinois, Georgia, 
Alabama, Tennessee and Mississippi, 66,004 ; 
in Michigan territory, 28,316; in Louisiana and 
Missouri, 7,113 ; and in the Florida and Arkan- 
sas territories, 17,107. 

Education. — As a general government, ths 
U. S, have done little for the interests of pub- 



UJNI 



542 



UNI 



lie instruction, except that they reserve i'or this 
purpose one section in every township of their 
new lands, besides other reservations for col- 
leges. '! his highly importfint subject has, how- 
ever, probably been much better attended to by 
being left to the individual stntes, and to private 
citizens. The chief details of what has been 
done, will be found in tlie articles on the re- 
spective states. In general it may be remarked 
that the colonists of New England adopted a 
most admirable system of common school in- 
sr.ruction. As early as 1628, a law was passed 
for the education of every child in the colonies ; 
and in 1G47, a school was established by law in 
every town or neighborhood of 50 families, and 
a school tor the higher branches tor every 100 
families. But for more particular accounts, 
see articles on New England, Massachusetts, 
and the other states. There are in the United 
States, (as loill be seenfrom the tables in the ap- 
pendix.) 6G colleges, the whole number of 
whose alumni, previous to 1831, was 22,653 ; 
of these about one quarter were graduates of 
Harvard, and nearly the same number, of 
Yale collage. The whole number of instruc- 
tors at that date v/as about 450 ; volumes in 
college libraries, 190,056, and in the students' 
society libraries, 87,190. Yale has a greater 
number of students than any other college : 
Harvard is most richly endowed. Thirty.nine 
of the sixty-six colleges have risen during the 
present century ; though many of the founda- 
tions, now entitled colleges, were respectable 
academies before the change of their names, 
with which change in some cases, there has 
been no corresponding change of studies. 
From the table of students, it appears, that 
(exclasive of the West Point military academy,) 
there were in 1831, nearly 6,000 young men of 
the U. S. receiving a liberal classical educa- 
tion. Beside the colleges, there are in the 
U. S. 27 theological seminaries, (see appendix,) 
the number of whose graduates amount to 
nearly 1,900. Beside those included in the ta- 
ble, there are in the U. S. 5 Roman Catholic 
seminaries. There are .also 18 medical schools, 
and 10 law schools, for the names, locations, 
&c. &c., of which, see 'rpptndix. Most of the 
states of the union have made some legislative 
provision for common school instruction ; and 
in some of them large sums are set apart for 
this purpose. Private schools and academies 
of the higher order, are quite numerous, espe- 
cially in New England, so that few persons 
grow up without enjoying the means of ele- 
mentary instruction, or if they desire it, of a 
more extended liberal education. In the Sab- 
bath schools of the U. S., which are doing 
much for the intellectual as well as moral im- 
provement of the young, about 600,000 children 
are weekly instructed, by more than 80,000 
teachers. 

Religion. — There is no established church 
in the U. S., but all sects are alike allowed free 
toleration ; nor is any legislative provision made 
for the support of religion in any of the states, 
ex(;ept that in Massachusetts every citizen is 
obliged to be connected with, or pay taxes to 
some religious denomination. In the articles 
on the several states, may be found the details 



of the different denominations within their lim- 
its. For the different denominations, their 
churches, ministers, communicants, &c. as 
they were in 1 830 in the U. S., see table in ap- 
pendix. Their numbers since that date are 
much increased, though their relative numbers 
are not materially changed. The number of 
churches in the U. S., at the present time, is 
not far from 12,000. 

Constitution und government. — The present 
constitution of the U. S. was adopted in 1787, 
though it has since been amended. The form 
of government which it establishes is a con- 
federated republic, composed of all the states. 
The legislative branch consists of a senate 
and house of representatives. The senate is 
composed of two senators from each state, 
chosen every two years, for a period of six 
years, so that one-third of the senate is re. 
newed biennially. Every senator must have 
been 9 years a citizen, and 30 years of age. 
The vice president is president of the senate ; 
and all trials for impeachment are conducted 
before that body. The number of senators is 
at present 42. The members of the house of 
representatives are chosen every two years ; 
they are proportioned to the population of the 
states from which they come, 5 slaves being 
counted as 3 freemen in the slave states. The 
rate of apportionment after March 1833, is one 
to every 47,700 inhabitants. The qualifications 
are, that a representative shall have been 7 
years a citizen, and be at least 25 years of age. 
All bills for raising revenue must originate in 
the house of representatives ; and any bill ve- 
toed by the president, will, notwithstanding, be- 
come a law, if afterward approved fay two-thirds 
of both houses. The number of rep)esentative3 
in 1833, will be 240. Congress has the power 
to impose taxes, both direct and indirect, regu- 
late commerce, and the coining of money, make 
bankrupt laws, provide for common defence, 
borrow money, establish post-offices and post- 
roads, punish felonies, piracies and counterfeit- 
ers, secure copy and patent rights, declare war, 
borrow money on public credit, raise and pro- 
vide for an army and navy, call out the militia, 
execute the laws of the U. S., &c. &c. The 
judiciary is composed of a supreme court of 1 
chief and 6 associate judges ; of 31 district 
courts of a single judge each, except that 6 of 
the states are each divided into 2 districts ; and 
of 7 circuit courts, composed of the judge of 
the district, and one of the judges of the su. 
preme court. The judges are appointed by the 
president with the consent of the senate, and 
are removeable only by impeachment. The ex- 
ecutive power is vested in a president, chosen 
for 4 years, and eligible for a second term. He 
must be a native citizen, or have been a citizen 
at the adoption of the constitution, 35 years of 
age, and have resided in the IT. States 14 years. 
He exercises a qualified negative ; by consent 
of the senate makes treaties, appoints ambas- 
sadors and public officers, and exercises the 
pardoning power. In case of his death he is 
succeeded by the vice president ; both these 
officers are removeable only on conviction of 
bribery, treason, or other high crimes, &c. The 
cabinet of the president consists of the secrc- 



UPP 



543 



UKB 



taries of state, treasury, war, navy, post mas- 
ter genera], and attorney general. The elect- 
ors of the president and vice president, are, in 
each state, equal to the number of both its sen- 
ators and representatives in congress. The 
whole nifmber of electors is 288, of which New 
York has the largest number, 42, and Delaware 
the smallest, 3. {See apprndix.) If no choice is 
made by a rnajority oi the votes of the electors, 
the house of representatives, voting by states, 
choose a president from the three candidates 
having the greatest number of votes. If no 
president is chosen, the vice president performs 
the duties of the office. If a vice president be 
not chosen, the senate choose one from the 
two highest candidates. 

History.' — For the settlement and early his- 
tory of the different states, see articles on them. 
From the first English settlement in 1607, until 

1775, the present U. S. were under the coloni- 
al government of Great Britain. On July 4th, 

1776, independence was declared by a con- 
gress of delegates from 13 states, met at Phil- 
adelphia. A confederation of the states took 
place Nov. 15, 1777. In 1783, a treaty of peace 
was signed, and Great Britain acknowledged 
the independence of the U. S. The present con- 
stitution, (excepting some slight amendments) 
was formed in 1787, and adopted in 1789. The 
13 states which adopted it were, New Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- 
cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, N. and S. Car- 
olina and Georgia. Vermont was admitted to 
the union in 1791, Kentucky in 1792, Tennes- 
see in 1796, Ohio in 1802, Louisiana in 1812, 
Indiana in 1816, Mississippi in 1821, Illinois in 
1818, Alabama and Maine in 1820, and Mis- 
souri in 1821. The presidents of the U. States 
have been as follows : George Washington, 
from 1789 to 1797 ; John Adams, 1797 to 1801 ; 
Thomas .Tefferson, 1801 to 1809 ; James Madi- 
son, 1809 to 1817; James Monroe, 1817 to 
1825 ; John Quincy Adams, 1825 to 1829 ; An- 
drew Jackson, elected 1829. 

Unity, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 30 ms. n. e. Au- 
gusta, has Kennebec co. w., and is crossed by 
a small branch of Sebasticook r. which is part- 
ly supplied by a large pond which encroaches 
on the N. boundary. Pop. 1,199. 

Unity, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H., 43 ms. from 
Concord, 88 from Portsmouth, and 90 from 
Boston, has Whortleberry pond n., which gives 
rise to Little Sugar r., a small branch of Con- 
necticut which crosses this town and Charles- 
town. The surface is uneven and rocky, the 
soil good tor grazing and flax. A bed of cop- 
per ore has been discovered in a ledge of rocks. 
First settled, 1769. Pop. 1,258. 

Unity, p-v. northeastern part Montgomery 
CO. Md. 27 ms. n. W. C. 

Upatoie, cr. and p-v. Muscogee co. Geo. The 
Upatoie cr. rises in Talbot and Marion, and 
flowing wstrd. enters and traverses Muscogee 
CO., the far greater part of which it drains, and 
is finally lost in Chattahooche r. The p-v. of 
Upatoie is on the creek of same name, by p-r. 
140 ms. wstrd. Milledgeville. 

Upper Black Eddy, p-v. on Delaware river, 
Bucks CO. Pa. by p-r. 191 ms. n. e. W. C. 



Upper Blue Lick and p-o. sthrn. part Flc'"- 
ing CO. Ky. 

Upper Dublin, tsp. and p-o. Montgomery co. 
Pa. between White Marsh and Horsham, ]7 
ms. N. N. w. Phil. 

Upper Flat Lick and p-o. Knox co. Ky., by 
p-r. 129 ras. s. e. Frankfort. 

Upper Hanover, tsp. and p-v. Montgomery 
CO. Pa., situated on the Perkiomen cr. in the 
N. w. angle of the co., 37 ms. n. w. Phil. 

Upper Hunting, cr. and p-o. southern part 
Caroline co. Md., by p-r. 95 ms. a little s. of k. 
W. C. 

Upper Marlboro', p-v. and st. jus. Prince 
George's co. Tt-d., situated on a cr. called the 
Western Branch of Patuxent, 18 ms. s. e. by e. 
W. C, 23 s. w. Annapolis, and 36 a little w. of 
s. Baltimore. Lat. 38° 49', and long. 0° 15' e. 
W. C. 

Upper Merion, tsp. and p-o. ^'ontgomery co. 
Pa., 11 ms. N. w. by w. Phil. The tsp. is the 
higher of the two tsps. of Montgomery co. on 
the right bank of Schuylkill r. 

Upper Middletown, tsp. and p-o. Fayette 
CO. Pa. on Red Stone cr., 10 ms. e. Browns- 
ville, and by p-r. 13 ms. northwards Union- 
town. 

Upper Peach Tree, p-v. southwsfrn. part 
Wilcox CO. Ala., by p-r. 1(7 ms. s. Tusca- 
loosa. 

Upper Sandusky, p-v. wstrn. part Crawford 
CO. O., by p-r. 64 ms. a little w. of n. Columbus. 
The tsp. of Sandusky contains two p-vs., called 
relatively Upper and Lower Sandusky. Pop. 
of the tsp. 579. 

Upper Strasburg, p-v. Franklin co. Pa., 9 
ms. northwards Chambersburg, and by p-r. 99 
ms. N. N. w. W. C. This place was from its 
relative situation in the co. formerly called Up- 
perville. 

Upperville, p-v. in the extreme n. wstrn. 
angle of Fauquier co. Va., by p-r. 54 ms. w. 
W.C. 

Upson, co. Geo. bndd. by Pike n., Monroe e., 
Crawford s. e., and Flint r., separating it from 
Talbot s. and s. w. Length 25 ms., mean 
width 12, and area 300 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 32° 45' to 33°, and in long, from 
7° 14' to 7° 39' w. W. C. Declivity s.s. w. 
towards Flint r. Cf. t. Thomaston. Pop. 
7,013. 

Upson, c. h. (See Thomaston.) 

Upton, p-t. Worcester co. Mass. 38 ms. s. s. 
w. Boston, lO s. E. Worcester, is partly hilly 
and partly level, with soil favorable to grass, 
and gives rise to West r., a branch of the 
Blackstone, Pop. 1,167. 

Urbana, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y. 207 ms. from 
Albany, 7 n. n. e. Bath ; contains 5 or 6 ms. 
of Crooked lake, has a rough surface, with 
the principal part of its soil inferior. Pop. 
1,288. 

Urbanna, p-v. and st. jus. Middlesex co. Va. 
situated on the right bank of Rappahannoc r., 
by p-r. 83 ms. a little n. of e. Richmond, and 
142 a little e. of s. W. C. It is a seaport 18 
ms. above the mouth of the r. 

Urbanna, p-v. and st. jus. Champaign co. 0., 
by p-r. 50 ms. a little n. of w. Columbus, and 
42 ms. N. N. E. Dayton. Lat. 40° 05', long. 6° 



VAC 



544 



VAN 



44' w. W. C. It is situated on a small branch 
of Mad r., and contains a printing office, a Me- 
thodist and Presbyterian chnrch, market house, 
9 or 10 stores, and the common co. buildings. 
Pop. 1,102. 

Urquhart'sStore and p-o. Southampton co. 
Va. by p-r. 79 ms. s. s. e. Richmond. 

Utica, city, Oneida co. N. Y., is situated in 
lat. 43° 10', and 2° 42' long. e. W. C. ; 96 ms. 
N. N. w. Albany, 15 s. e. Rome, 246 n. vv. New 
York, and 383 a little e. of n. W. C by the 
canal 253 e. Buffalo. It is pleasantly situ- 
ated on the s. side of the Mohawk r., where 
formerly stood Old Fort Schuyler, at the 
point where the Erie canal, the great western 
road, and the r. meet. This situation gives it 
unusual facilities for intercourse with the large 
cities, and with the interior, in consequence of 
which its increase has been remarkably rapid. 
The t. and v. are of the same extent, the tsp. 
being small. The soil is alluvial, of goodqual. 
ity, with a gradual ascent from the river, and 
formerly was covered with maple, beech, elm, 
and hemlock forests. These within less than 
40 years have given way to the flourishing town 
which now occupies their place. The city is 
large, regularly and well built, wealthy and ac- 
tive. The streets are straight, some of them 
broad, neatly and elegantly built, and adorned 
with shade trees. In 1794, there were on this 
spot only a log tavern, and two or three other 
buildings. Now, among its public buildings 
are 3 banks, several handsome churches, a 
courthouse, an academy, and a museum. The 
principal street (Genessee) is crossed at right 
angles by the Erie canal over which are several 
very handsome bridges. The bridge over the 
Mohawk r. is also worthy of notice. The cen- 
tral situation of Utica gives it superior advan- 
tages for business, and its already flourishing 
trade is gradually increasing. Several packet 



boats pass to and from the city daily ; and stage 
coaches and freight boats, constantly arriving 
and departing, give to the city the air of great 
cnterprize and activity. Numerous manufacto- 
ries are in operation in the neighborhood of 
Utica, as of cotton, wool, glass, iron, &c. In 
Oneida co. are 21 manufactories of cotton 
goods, which are chiefly owned in this city. 
The country about Utica is fertile, and the 
scenery delightful. Trenton falls, within 14 
miles, are yearly visited by numbers of travel- 
lers, attracted thither by its scenery, which in 
romantic beauty and sublimity are almost unri- 
valled. The West Canada creek, on which 
these falls are situated, here passes through a 
deep channel of limestone, where the chasm is 
150 ft. deep. There are 4 principal cataracts, 
the highest of v^fhich is 48 feet high. In another 
part of the stream is a successive series of beau- 
tiful cascades. Other curiosities in the vicinity 
often engage the notice of travellers. Utica 
was incorporated as a village in 1798, and a 
city in 1832. Pop. 8,323. 

Utica, p-v. northern part Licking co, Ohio, 
by p-r. 47 ms.N. e. byE. Columbus. 

Utica, p-v. Clark co. Ind., by p-r. 113 ms. s. 
s. E. Indianopolis. 

UwcHLAND, p-o. Chester co. Pa., 13 ms. n, 
w. W^est Chester, and 35 n. w. by w. Philadel- 
phia. 

UxBRiDGE, p-t, Worcester co, Mass., 38 ms. 
w. Boston ; contains many manufactories. It is 
crossed near the middle by Blackstone river 
and canal, and has the line of R. Island s. 
Blackstone r. here receives West and Mum- 
ford rs., both which streams afford numerous 
mill sites. Iron and granite are found in the 
town. The surface in the centre is nearly level, 
but hilly in other parts. There was formerly 
an Indian village here called Wacuntug. Pop. 
2,086. 



"¥• 



Vacasausa, bay of Florida, spreading in a 
circular form about 20 ms. in diameter, to the s. 
E. of the mouth of Suwannee r. To the s, it 
opens into the Gulf of Mexico, having Cedar 
Keys w., and Saint Martin's or Pagoi Keys s. 
E. Oyster banks obstruct the bay of Vacasausa, 
and the Suwannee r, cannot be entered with 
any vessel above 5^ ft. water, and with so much 
only at high tide. The tides are more de- 
pendent on the winds than on the moon, and vary 
along this coast from 18 to 36 inches, and reach 
4 ft. only after long and high s. w. winds. 

The distance from the bay of Espiritu Santo 
to the mouth of Suwannee r,, is 135 ms. ; and 
the wide and shoaly bank which obstructs the 
coast from Espiritu Santo to Vacasausa bay, 
continues uninterrupted to the bay of Appa- 
lachie, where its breadth is reduced to about 3 
ms., and a channel found to enter the r. Saint 
Mark, This channel is accessible to vessels 
drawing 10 it. and affords good anchorage 8 
ms. from the t. of Saint Mark, and vessels 
drawing 8 ft. can reach the t. itself. The dis- 
tance along the coast from Vacasausd bay, or 
mouth Suwannee river, is about 95 ms. to the 



mouth of Saint Mark r., and the channel to the 
latter is the only good entrance to be found 
from the bay of Espiritu Santo, or an extent of 
230 ms, 

Vallie's Mines, and p-o, Jefferson co. Mo,, 
by p-r. i45 ms. s. e. by e. Jefferson City, 

Vadensburg, p-o. Chesterfield co, Va,, by p-r. 
20 ms. southward Richmond. 

Valley, p-o. northern part of Mifflin co. Pa. 
by P-r. 64 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Valley Forge, p-o. northeastern part Chester 
CO. Pa., about 20 ms. n. w. Phil. It is situated 
on the Schuylkill, near the mouth of Valley cr. 

Valley Hill, p-v. Chester co. Pa. 

Valleys, of rivers and mtns. (See Basin.) 

Valleytown, and p-o. in Amoi dist., or the 
Cherokee territory in Ten., by p-r. 621 ms. s. 
w. by w. W. C, and 228 s. e. byE. Nashville. 

Vallona, p-v. Jackson co. Ind., 4 ms. s. of 
Brownstown, the co. seat, and by p-r. 73 ms. s. 
Indianopolis. 

Van Buren, p-t. Onondaga co. N. Y., by p-r. 
145 ms. w. Albany. Pop. 2,890. 

Van Buren, co. Mich., bndd. n. by Allegan 
CO., Kalamazoo co. e., Cass co. Mich, s., Ber- 



VEN 



545 



VER 



rieti s. w., and lake Michigan n. w. Except an 
elongation containing about 40 square miles, on 
the northwestern part, which reaches lake 
Michigan, the body of the co. is a square of 24 
ms. each way ; area 616 sq. ms. Lat. 42° 15' 
and long. W. C. 9° w. intersect in this co. The 
slope is westward, and chiefly drained by the 
Papau, branch of Saint Joseph's r. of lake Michi- 
gan. From the northern border, however, 
streams flow northwardly into Kalamazoo r. 
It is named in the census returns of 1830, but 
then contained only 5 inhabitants. The central 
pnrt is about 160 ms, nearly due w. from De- 
troit. 

Van Buren, p-v. Vermillion co. II., by p-r. 
185 ms. N. E. Vandalia. 

Van Buren, p. v. Crawford co. Ark. 
Vanceburg, p v. on the left bank of 0. r., in 
the northern part of Lewis co. Ky., by p-r. 99 
ms. N. E. by E. Frankfort. 

Vance's Ferry, and p-o. Orangeburg dist. 
S. C, G8 ms. by p-r. from Columbia. 

Vandalia, p-v. Wayne co. Ind., by p-r. 53 ms. 
E. Indianopolis. 

Vandalia, p-v. st. jus. Fayette co., and seat 
of government, state of Illinois, is situated on 
the right bank of Kaskaskias r., 80 ms. n. e. 
by e. Saint Louis, in Mo., about 200 ms. s. w. 
by w. Indianopolis, and by p-r. 781 ms. w. W. 
C, and 127 ms. n. n. w. Shawneetown on Ohio 
r. Lat. 38° 56', long. V^. C. 12° 08' w. It is 
of recent foundation, but contains a population 
of about 500. The buildings, public and pri- 
vate, are respectable, if we regard the few 
years which have elapsed since the site was a 
wilderness. 

Vanderbuug, CO. Ind., bndd. w. by Posey, 
Gibson n., Warwick e., and the 0. river s. sepa- 
rating it from Henderson co. Ky. n. lat. 38° and 
long. W.C. 10° 40', w. intersect in the southern 
part of this co. Slope southwestward, and 
drained into the Ohio and Wabash rs. The 
surface very hilly, and pretty rocky, but soil 
fertile. Cf. t. Evansville. Pop. 1820, 1,798, 
1830, 2,611. 

Van Hook's Stoke, and p-o. Person co. N. 
C, by p-r. 56 ms. n. n. w. Raleigh. 

Vansville, p-o. nrthrn. part Prince George's 
CO. Md. 14 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Varick, p-t. Seneca co. N. Y. Pop, 1,890. 
Varrennes, p-v. western part Anderson dist., 
S. C, about 20 ms. s. Pendleton, and by p-r. 123 
ms. N. w. by w. Columbia. 

Variety Mills, and p-o. eastern part Nelson 
CO. Va., by p-r. 112 ms, a little n. of w, Rich- 
mond. 

Vassalborough, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 8 
ms. N. Augusta ; has Kennebec r, on its w, line, 
and contains part of a large pond, and several 
small ones, whose waters are discharged into 
that r. Pop. 2,761. 

Vassausa Bay. {See Vacasausa hay.) 
Venango, co. Pa,, bndd. n, w, by Crawford, 
N, and N. e, by Warren, e, by Jefferson, s, e. by 
Clarion r., separating it from Armstrong, s. w. 
by Butler, and w. by Mercer, Length from e. 
to w. 40 ms., mean width 28, and area 1,120 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 40° 10' to 41° 
37', and in long, from 2° 16' to 3° 04' w, W. C. 
Alleghany r. enters this co. from the n., and 



winding in a northwestwardly course receives 
French cr. at Franklin. The united stream 
thence flows s. s. e., by a very tortuous channel, 
to its egress from the co., where it receives 
Clarion r. from the eastward. The general de- 
clivity of the eastern and central parts is to the 
s. w. by w., having the channel of the Allegha- 
ny and French cr. as base. A triangle of about 
150 sq, ms. lies to the right of the Alleghany, 
and slopes eastward towards that stream. Cf. 
t. Franklin. Pop. 1820, 4,915, 1830, 9,469. 

Venango Furnace, and p-o. Venango co. Pa., 
by P-r. 275 ms. northwestward W. C. 

Venice, p-t. Cayuga co. N, Y,, 20 ms. s. Au- 
burn. Pop. 2,445. 

Venus, p-v. on the left bank of Misp. r., north- 
western part Hancock co. II. by p-r. 133 ms. n, 
w. by w. Vandalia. 

Verdierville, p-o. Orange co. Va., by p-r. 
81 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Verdon, p-v. Hanover co. Va., 33 miles north, 
wards Richmond. 

Vergennes, city, Addison co. Vt., lies on Ot- 
ter cr., at the head of navigation, and embraces 
an area of 400 rods by 480. It was incorporated 
1788. The first settler within the limits came 
in 17b6 ; the others were from Mass. and Conn, 
The cr. falls 37 ft., and affords many good mill 
sites, some of which are occupied. Above the 
falls, the stream is about 500 ft. wide, and at 
the descent is divided into 3 parts by 2 isls. 
The largest vessels on lake Champlain come 
up 7 ms., and the shores are very bold, but the 
channel is very crooked. Commodore Mac 
Donough's flotilla was fitted out here in 1814 ; 
and the large lake steamboats have wintered 
here. Considerable trade is carried on, the 
surrounding country being fertile, and the place 
advantageous for ship building. The city has 
2 school dists. Pop. 999. 

Vermillion, bay, or more correctl)', lake, as 
it differs in no essential respect from similar 
sheets of water on the La. coast, at the mouth 
of Sabine, Mermentou, Calcasiu, Atchafalaya, 
and La Fourche, spreads from the Vermilliori 
sthestrd., enclosed on the gulf side by a chain 
of low, long and narrow marshy isls., terminated 
towards, and separated from Atchafalaya bay, 
by Point Chevreuil. The eastern part of Ver- 
million bay is called locally Cote Blanche bay, 
but it is only the same sheet of water, with its 
northern shore indented by Point Cypriere 
Mort. This bay is in depth about from 10 to 12 
ft., but as in respect to the r., the bars admit no 
vessels with a draught above 5 ft, 

Vermillion, r. of La., has its source in the 
vicinity of the vil. of Saint Landre, in Opelou- 
sas. Known there as bayou Bourbee, it flows 
s. s. e. about 12 ms., where it connects with 
the Teche by bayou Fusilier, and thence as- 
suming the name of Vermillion, is gradually 
augmented by the drain of the prairies on each 
side, pursuing a general southern course of 60 
ms. to its efflux into the Gulf of Mexico. In 
the superior part of its course, the banks of the 
Vermillion are clothed with forest timber, which 
gradually becomes scarcer advancing towards 
the Gulf, and before reaching the lake or ba,y, 
ceases, if we except small detached clumps of 
live oak, and some other trees. The elevated 



VER 



546 



VER 



land along tJie Vermillion is highly productive, 
and towards the mouth, the climate below lat. 
39° admits the growth of sugar. The tide 
rises in this r. upwards of 50 ms., but the bars 
and lake admit only vessels of 5 ft. draught. 

Vermillion, small r. of Ohio, rismg in Lorain 
and Huron cos., and flowing nrthrdly. nearly 
along the dividing line of these two cos., falls 
into lake Erie, after a course of about 30 ms. 

Vermillion, r. of II. and Ind., rising in the 
former, interlocking sources with those of Kas- 
kaskias, Sangamon, and Pickmink rs. and flow- 
ing thence s. e. GO miles over Vermillion co. 
of II., and Vermillion of Ind., falls into Wa- 
bash r. at lat. 40°. 

Vermillion, p-v. Huron co. O., by p-r. 130 
ms. N. n. e. Columbus. 

Vermillion, co. Ind. bndd. by Warren co. n., 
Wabash r., separating it from Fountain co. n. e., 
and Parke s. e. ; it has Vigo co. s., Edgar co. 
II. s. w., and Vermillion co. II. n. w. N. lat. 
40°, long. 10° 30' w. W. C. Slope estrd. to- 
wards Wabash r. , and in that direction it is 
drained by Vermillion r., and numerous other 
streams. Length from s. to n. 38 ms., mean 
breadth 8, and area 304 sq. ms. Cf. t. Newport. 
Fop. 5,692. 

Vermillion, co. II., bndd. by Warren n. e., 
Vermillion co. Ind. s. e., Edgar II. s. and Cole 
e. w. On the other sides it is bounded by un. 
appropriated territory. Length from s. to n. 38 
ms., breadth 32, and area 1,216 sq. ms. Lat. 
40° and long. W. C. 11° w., intersect in this 
CO. It is nearly commensurate with the higher 
part of the valley of Vermillion r. Slope s. e. 
by E. Cf. t. Danville. Pop. 5,836. 

Vermillionville, p-v. on the right bank of 
Vermillion r., Lafayette parish. La., about 30 ms. 
s, w. by w. New Iberia, and 48 ms. s. St. Landre. 

Vermont, one of the United States of Ameri- 
ca, bndd. N. by Lower Canada, e. by the Conn. 
r. which separates it from New Hampshire, s. 
by Massachusetts, and w. by New York, and 
lake Champlain. It lies between 42° 44' and 
45° lat., and 3° 31' and 5° e. long, from W. C. 
Its greatest length n. and s. is 157^ ms., and 
greatest breadth 90 ms. ; medial breadth 57 
ms., and area 10,200 sq. ms. It is divided into 
13 counties, and 245 towns, generally about 6 
ms. sq., and contains 2,000 school dists. 

Population. — -In 1790, Vermont contained 
85,539 inhabitants ; in 1800, 154,465 ; in 1810, 
217,865; in 1820, 255,764, and in 1830, 280,- 
657, the latter in detail as follows : 



Counties. 


Pop. 1830. 


Counties, 


Pop. 1830. 


Addison, 


24,940 


Orleans, 


13,985 


Bennington, 


17,468 


Orange, 


27,235 


Caledonia, 


20,967 


Rntland, 


31,294 


Chittenden, 


21,765 


Washington, 


21,378 


Essex, 


3,981 


Windham, 


28,748 


Franklin, 


24,525 


Windsor, 


40,625 


Grand Isle, 


21,765 






Of the foregoing wer 


3 white persons — 






Males. 


Females. 


Under 5 years 


of ago 


21,700 


21,338 


Fronfi 5 to 15 




37,003 


35,513 


15 to 30 




39,989 


40,933 


30 to 50 




26,108 


27,298 


50 to 70 




12,254 


11,879 


70 to 90 




2,821 


2,728 



90 and u|jvvurds 



51 



91 



Tul.'d 139,986 139.790 

Of which were deaf and dumb, 153 ; blind, 
51 ; aliens, 3,364 ; colored population (there 
are no slaves) as follows — 





Males. 


Feninlrs. 


Under 10 years of age 


122 


12 i 


From 10 to 24 


113 


131 


24 to 36 


80 ■ 


74 


36 to 55 


61 


71 


100 and ufAvards 


47 


56 


55 to 100 


3 


2 



426 455 

Recapitulation. 

Whites. Colored persons. Total. 

279,776 881 280,657 

The Green mtns., from which the state de- 
rives its name, on account of the evergreens 
with which they are covered, occupy a large 
part of the state, and most of the surface is very 
uneven. The range passes through its whole 
length, about halfway between the Connecticut 
and lake Champlain. It divides the cos. of 
Windham, Windsor and Orange, from Benning- 
ton, Rutland and Addison, with one lofty ridge, 
through which there is no opening, and no 
channel of a stream ; so that 5 turnpike roads 
cross over considerable elevations. The range 
is divided in the s. part of Washington co. The 
loftier ridge runs along the east line of Chitten- 
den and Franklin cos., and the other, " the 
height of lands," runs n. e. into Caledonia co. 
This ridge is of nearly uniform elevation, and 
divides the streams of lakes Champlain and 
Memphremagog, from the tributaries of the 
Connecticut. The w. ridge presents a more 
broken outline, and is cut through by Onion and 
Lamoille rs. In this range are the loftiest peaks 
in the state. 12 rivers flow from Vt. into the 
Connecticut, and 9 into lakes Champlain and 
Memphremagog, all of which are small. The 
springs and brooks are so numerous, that every 
spot in the state appears to be supplied with 
pure running water. There are mineral springs 
in different parts of the state, impregnated eith- 
er with sulphuric acid gas, or iron, some of 
which are resorted to by invalids. A small 
part of Memphremagog lake lies in Vt. and the 
remainder in Lower Canada. North Hero, 
South Hero and Lamotte are three large isle, 
in lake Champlain, belonging in this state ; and 
there are several others of smaller size. The 
rocks are genemlly primitive, but there is a 
transition range, 10 or 15 ms. wide along lake 
Champlain. The soil on the borders of the 
streams is chiefly alluvial, and is the richest in 
the state ; but some of the uplands are almost 
equal to it in fertility. A large part of the use- 
ful soil is uneven or stony, and better fitted for 
grazing than tillage. The climate of Vermont 
is variable and cold, but healthful. The ex- 
tremes are between 27° below 0, and 100° 
above, of Fahrenheit. From Dec. 1st till April, 
the ground is usually covered with snow. The 
principal indigenous forest trees, are the hem- 
lock, spruce and fir, which are found upon the 
mountains, the oak, elm, pine, nut, sugar-maple 
beech and birch, which occupy the meadows 



VER 



547 



VER 



and more cultivated tracts ; and the cedar which 
abounds in the swamps. Moose of very large 
size, deer, bears, catamounts and wolves were 
formerly very common in Vermont, but have 
now almost entirely disappeared. Agriculture 
and grazing form the chief employment of the 
people. Wheat is most cultivated w. of the 
mountains, but fruit trees, especially apples, 
are raised and flourish in all parts. Great num- 
bers of cattle, horses and sheep are annually 
sent out of the state. Pot and pearl ashes, bar 
and cast iron, and maple sugar, are important 
articles of export. Water power is abundant 
in most parts of the state, and is applied to some 
extent to the manufacture of woollen, cotton 
and iron. There are several quarries of dura- 
ble and handsome marble. Great quantities of 
timber were formerly floated down the Conn, 
r. in the spring floods, until the legislature re- 
quired that it should be sawn in the state. Lake 
Champlain on the w. affords great advantages 
for navigation, especially since the construction 
of the Champlain canal, which opens a naviga- 
ble route to New York city. A company has 
been recently incorporated for constructing a 
rail-road from Bennington to Troy, N. Y. On 
the E. boundary Connecticut river is navigable 
with rafts, and small steamboats have lately as- 
cended as far as Windsor. 

History. - Lake Champlain was discovered 
by a Frenchman in 1(J09, but no settlement was 
made in the state until 1724, when fort Dummer 
in Windham co. was built by the colony of 
Mass. In 1731, the French built a fort at Crown 
Point, and made a settlement on the Vt. shore, 
at Chimney Point. The Indian and revolution- 
ary wars retarded the population very much. 
The territory of Vermont was claimed by New 
Hampshire and New York ; and the disputes 
which this occasioned also impeded the pro- 
gress of improvement. These contests respect- 
ing the territory of Vt. continued for years, be- 
tween many of the first grantees, and others 
who purchased the land of New York. The 
sheriffs both of N. H. and N. Y. were resisted, 
and at length a system of opposition was com- 
menced under Col. Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, 
&c. In 1774, New York passed very severe 
laws on the subject ; but the commencement of 
the revolution suspended the contest, and on the 
16th of Jan. 1777, a convention from many of 
its towns declared the tract of country usually 
called " the New Hampshire grant" a separate 
state, by the name of Vermont. In July 1777, 
a constitution was adopted by another conven- 
tion at Windsor, and the government was or- 
ganized, March 13th, 1778. A party of Ver- 
monters, under the command of Ethan Allen, 
surprised fort Ticonderoga, in 1775, at the same 
time Crown Point was taken by Seth Warner, 
and Sheensboro', (now V/hitehall,) by another 
body of them. The people of the state render- 
ed important services to the country during the 
revolutionary war. In 1786 the constitution of 
the state was revised. In 1790 the controversy 
with New York was terminated, by paying her 
$30,000, and in Feb. 1791, Vt. was admitted 
into the Union. In 1793 the constitution of Vt. 
was again revised. 

Government. — The legislative power is ves- 



ted in a house of representatives, called the 
general assembly. With the council they ap- 
point the judges of the courts annually, and the 
higher military officers when required. The 
executive power is vested in a governor, deputy 
governor and council of 12, annually chosen by 
the people. The governor and council have 
no negative on bills passed by the house, but 
may postpone them one session. 13 censors 
are chosen annually by the people, to see that 
the constitution is not infringed, &c. The su- 
preme court has three judges ; each county al- 
so has a court of three judges, sitting twice a 
year ; and each probate district has a court com- 
posed of 1 judge and justices of the peace. The 
supreme court sits annually in each county ex- 
cept Grand Isle ; and the judges of it form the 
court of chancery. The state prison is at Wind- 
sor. 

Education. — The higher institutions of learn- 
ing and science are, the Vt. university. Middle- 
bury college, and the Vt. academy of medicine. 
Most of the COS. have academies, and every 
town is divided into school districts, in which 
schools for all classes are kept, usually but 
part of the year. The university was founded 
at Burlington, 1791, by the legislature. The 
governor, speaker of the house of representa- 
tives, and president of the university, are ex- 
officio members of the corporation ; and 28 
others are appointed by the legislature. Mid- 
dlebury college was founded in 1800. The 
academy of medicine in 1818, at Castleton. 

Religious denominations. — The Congrega- 
tionalists have 13 associations, 203 churches, 
155 ministers and 17,236 communicants ; Bap- 
tists 105 churches, 64 ministers, and 8,478 
communicants; Methodists, 44 ministers and 
8,577 communicants ; Episcopalians, 15 minis- 
ters ; Unitarians, 3 societies and 1 minister ; 
there are some Freewill Baptists, Christ-ians, 
and Universalists. 

Vernon, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 35 miles e. 
Bennington, 50 s. V/indsor, is in the s. e. cor- 
ner of the state, with Connecticut r. on its e. 
boundary. It was one of the first settlements 
in Vt., the settlers coming from Northfield and 
Northampton, Mass., and suffering much from 
Indian attacks and murders. Startwell's fort 
was built in 1740. White Lilly pond covers 
100 acres. The streams are small, the soil is 
thin and stony, much of the surface mountain- 
ous, with small meadows on Conn. r. There 
are pitch-pine plains e., and slate is quarried w. 
Pop. 681. 

Veknon, p-t. Tolland co. Conn., 12 ms. n. e. 
Hartford, about 3^ ms. by 5, is generally un- 
even, lying on the high lands between the wa- 
ters of Conn, and Thames rs. Quarries of mi- 
caceous schistus are wrought in the s. w. part, 
which forms an excellent pavement for side 
walks, and is extensively used. Hockanum 
and Tankerooson are good mill streams, and 
supply water to several mills and factories. 
Pop. 1,164. 

Vernon, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 17 ms. w. 
Utica, 112 ms. w. by n. Albany, has Oneida cr. 
w. which separates it from Madison co. It is 
of irregular form, and comprehends the princi- 
pal Oneida settlement in the state. About one- 



VEV 



548 



VIG 



third of the town belongs to the Oneida and 
Tuscarora reservations. First settled, 1797. 
The surface is pleasantly varied, the soil good 
and watered by Skanando cr. and its branches. 
It contains the villages of Vernon, Oneida and 
Cnstleton. Pop. 3,045. 

Vernon, incorporated v. Vernon, Oneida co. 
N. Y., 110 ms. w. by n. Albany, 13 from Uti- 
ca, on Skanando creek, has several manufac- 
tories. 

Ver\on, p.t. Sussex CO. N. J., 21 ms. n. e. 
Newton, 88 n. by e. Trenton, has the state of 
N. Y. on the n. e., Wawayanda ratn. e., Po- 
chuck ratn. w., and other eminences of the 
V^allkill range ; is crossed by Wallkill creek 
w. in the upper part of its course. Pop. 2,377. 

Vernon, p.v. in the s. wstrn. part of Kent co. 
Del., 22 ms. s. s. w. Dover, and by p-r. 96 e. 
VV^. C. 

Vernon, p-v. on the right bank of Ala. r., in 
the sthrn. part of Autauga co. Ala., 10 ms. w. 
Washington, the co. St., and by p-r. 124 ms. s. 
E. Tuscaloosa. 

Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Hickman co. Ten., 
situated in the nthrn. part of the co., in direct 
distance 40 ms., but by p-r. 66 ms. s. w. by 
w. Nashville. N. lat. 35° 48', long. 10° 3l' w. 
W. C. 

Vernon, p-v. Madison co. Misp., by p-r. 38 
ms. nthrd. Jackson. 

Vernov, p-v. N. estrn. part Trumbull co. O., 
by p-r. 180 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Vernon, p-v. and st. jus. Jennings co. Ind., 
by p-r. 64 ms. e. s. e. Indianopolis. Lat. 39°, 
long. W. C. 8° 36' w. 

Verona, p-t, Oneida co. N. Y., 113 ms. w. 
by N. Albany, 12 w. Rome, has Wood cr, n., 
and Oneida cr., separating it from Madison co. 
and Oneida lake. It was purchased from the 
Oneida Indians in 1 796. The surface is nearly 
level, with much swampy land and good soil. 
Erie canal crosses it n. near the cr. Forts 
Bull and Rickey were on that stream. Pop. 
3,739. 

Versailles, p-v. and st. jus. Woodford co. 
Ky., 12 ms. w. Lexington, and 13 s. e. Frank- 
fort. N. lat. 38° 02', long. W. C. 7° 40' w. 
Pop. 904. 

Versailles, p-v. and st. jus. Ripley co. Ind., 
by p-r. 79 ms. s. e. Indianopolis. Lat. 39° 05', 
long.W. C. 8° 36' w. 

Vershire, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 25 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 35 n. Windsor, first settled 1780; 
is uneven and often stony, and watered by the 
head streams of the Ompompanoosuc. Pop. 
1,260. 

Vestal, t. Broome co. N. Y., 150 ms. from 
Albany, 8 ms. s. Binghampton, has Pennsylva- 
nia on the s., and Tioga co. w., has Susquehan- 
nah r. n., and includes several isls. in that 
stream. Chocunut cr. flows n., nearly across 
the whole town. Pop. 946. 

Veteran, p-t. Tioga co. N. Y., 12 ms. n. 
EIraira. Pop. 1,6 1 6. 

Vevay, p-v. and st. jus. Switzerland co. Ind., 
by p-r. 105 ms. s. e. Indianopolis, and 45 miles 
below Cincinnati. It is situated on the Ohio r., 
and contains about 1,500 inhabitants. It was 
founded in 1804, by a small Swiss colony, and 
now contains the common co. buildings, a print- 



ing office, a branch of the bank of Ind., some 
other public buildings, and in the vicinity, the 
most extensive vineyard in the U. S. Mr. Flint 
speaks in high terms of the inhabitants of Ve- 
vay, and says, " They are every year improv- 
ing on the vintage of the past. They are the 
simple and interesting inhabitants that we might 
expect, (from the prepossessions of early read- 
ing,) to find from the vine clad hills of Switzer- 
land." There are in Vevay a literary society, 
and public library. The situation is fine, lo- 
cally, and also commercially with the r. Ohio 
and interior country. 

VicKSBURG, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. Misp., 
by p-r. 54 ms. from Jackson. It lies on the 
Misp. r. 100 ms. above Natchez, on the Wal- 
nut Hills. There is much trade here in cotton, 
the great staple of the vicinity, and the place is 
rapidly increasing. Pop. 1,300. 

Victor, p.t. Ontario co. N. Y., 10 ms. n. w. 
Canandaigua, 203 w. Albany, has Monroe co. 
N. and w., supplied with mill sites by Mud and 
'i'eronto crs. ; n. w. is a large cedar swamp, 
and plains bearing oak timber. Pop. 2,270. 

Victory, t. Essex co. Vt., in the s. w. part of 
the CO., is crossed by Moose r. from n. w. to 
s. E. Pop. 53. 

Victory, p-t. Cayuga co. N. Y., 167 ms. w. 
Albany, 24 n. Auburn, 10 n. Erie canal, has Se- 
neca CO. w., has small Ftreams, but good mill 
seats. Pop. I,8l9. 

Vielleboro', p-v. in the nthrn. part of Caro- 
line CO. Va., 8 ms. n. Bowling Green, the st. 
jus. of the CO., and 70 ms. s. s. w. W. C. 

Vienna, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 26 ms. n. w. 
Augusta, ha,s on its w. boundary a small stream 
running n. into Sandy r. Pop. 722. 

Vienna, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y„ 125 ms. w. 
by N. Albany, 12 w. Rome, has Oneida lake s., 
and Oswego co. w., has good land on the 
courses of Fish and Wood crs., but inferior in 
other parts. First settled 1802. Erie canal is 
from 5 to 10 ms. distant s. Pop. 1,766. 

Vienna, v, Phelps, Ontario co. N. Y., 12 ms. 
E. Canandaigua, stands at the junction of Flint 
cr. and the Canandaigua outlet, and contains 
several mills, with large gypsum beds. 

Vienna, p-v. and sea port, on the right bank 
of Nantikoke r., and in the estrn. part of Dor- 
chester CO. Md., about 17 ms. s. e. by e. Cam- 
bridge, the CO. St., and by p-r. 118 ms. in the 
same direction from W, C. 

Vienna, p-v. in the n. wstrn. part of Pickens 
CO. Ala., by p-r. 18 ms. n. w. Pickensville, the 
CO. seat, and 66 in the same direction from Tus- 
caloosa. 

Vienna, p-t. Trumbull co. 0., by p-r. 170 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. Pop. 910, 

Vienna, p-v. and st. jus. Johnson co. II., by 
p-r. 167 ms. s. Vandalia, N, lat. 37° 27', long. 
W. C. 12° w, 

Vigo, co. Ind., bounded by Vermillion co. Ind. 
n., Parke n. e.. Clay e,, Sullivan s., Wabash r., 
separating it in part from Clarke co. II. s. w. 
Length from s. to n. 26, breadth 18, and area 
4'J8 sq. ms. N. lat. 39° 30', long. W. C. 10° 
30', w. The N. wstrn. part is traversed by the 
Wabash r. The general slope s. s. w. Cf. 
t. Terre Haute. Pop. 1820, 3,390; 1830, 
5,766. 



VI li 



549 



VIR 



Vii,LAGE Gkeen, p-v. Delaware co. Pa., 4 ms. 

wsf.rd. Chester, the co. st., 16 ms. s. vv. Phil., 
and by p-r. 12G n. e. W. C. 

Village SpiiiiNGS and p-o. in the sthni. part 
of Blount CO. Ahi., by p-r. 81 ms. n. e. Tusca- 
loosa, and about 70 s. Huntsville, in Madison 

CO. 

ViLLANOVA, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y., 3l8 
ms. w. Albany, 20 n. f.. Maysville, has a i'ew 
streams running into Walnut and Canandaway 
crs. Pop. 1,126. 

Villa Ricca, p-v. Carroll co. Geo., by p-r. 
178 ms. N. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

ViLLEMONT, p-v. and St. jus. Chicot co. Ark., 
situated on the right bank of Pv'Iisp. r., about 30 
ms. in a direct line below the mouth of Ark. r., 
and by p-r. 184 ras. s. e. Little Rock. ]S. lat. 
33^^ i3', and long. 14° 07' w. VV. C. 

ViNALHAVEN, p-t. Hancock CO. Me., 73 ms. s. 
E. Augusta, 13 s. Castine ; embraces the Fox 
isls. in Penobscot bay. Pop. 1,794. 

ViNCENNES, p-v. and st. jus, Knox co. Ind., 
situated on the e. side of the Wabash r., by p-r. 
126 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, and about 110 ms. a 
little s. of E. from Vandalia. Lat. 38° 42' n., 
long. W. C. 10° 35' w. This is among the 
early settlements of the French from Canada, 
and was founded in 1690. It is rapidly improv- 
ing, and contains a bank, academy, a Roman 
Catholic and Presbyterian church, two printing 
offices, land office, and some other public 
buildings. Vincennes is pleasantly situated, and 
lias considerable trade. Pop. 1,500. 

Vincent, p-v., tsp. of Chester co. Pa., on the 
Schuylkill, between East Nantmill and Pike- 
laud, 26 ms. N. w. Phil. 

■/iNEYARD, p-t. Grand Isle co. Vt., 28 ms. n. 
w. Burlington, 13 w. Saint Albans, 85 from 
Montpelier ; is an island in lake Champlain, 
containing 4,620 acres. It was first settled 
about 1785. The rocks are good building 
limestone ; a marsh which crosses it is over- 
grown with cedar. There are 2 school dists. 
Pop. 459. 

Vineyard, p-v. Washington co. Ark., by p-r. 
187 ms. N. w. Little Rock. 

Virgil, p-t. Cortland co. N. Y., 148 ms. w. 
by s. Albany, 10 s. Homer ; has Broome and 
Tioga cos. s., and Cayuga co. w. ; has Tiough- 
nioga cr. n. e., and some streams of Fall cr. n. 
w., which flow into Cayuga lake. These, with 
a branch of Owego cr. s. supply mill seats ; and 
there is boat navigation on the Tioughnioga to 
the Susquehannah. This town has a good soil. 
Pop. 3,912. 

Virginia, one of the U. S., bndd. s. e. by the 
Atlantic ocean, s. by North Carolina, s. w. by 
Tennessee, w. by Kentucky, n. w. by the O. r., 
separating it from the state of Ohio, n. by the s. 
v/strn. part of Pa., and the Potomac separating 
it from the wstrn. part of Maryland, and n.e. 
also by the Potomac, and a part of Chesapeake 
bay, separating it from central and estrn. Mary- 
land. This state has an outline along the At- 
lantic ocean from the s. estrn. angle of Md. to 
the N. estrn. of N. C. 112 ms. ; wstrd. in com- 
mon with N. C. 340 ms. ; along the Iron nitns. 
from the extreme n. wstrn. angle of N. C. to 
the extreme n. estrn. angle of Ten. 4 ms.; 
wstrd. in common with Ten. to Cumberland 

70 



mtns., and the extreme s. wstrn. angle 110 
ms.; along Cumberland mtns. in common with 
Ky. to Tug Fork r. llO ms. ; down Tug Fork 
and Sandy r. in common with Ky., to Ohio r., 
70 ms. ; up Ohio r. opposite the state of Ohio, 
to the wstrn. boundary of Pa., 355 ms. ; s. along 
w. boundary of Pa., and to the s. wstrn. angle 
of that state, 64 ms. ; e. along Pa. to the n. 
wstrn. angle of Md., 58 ms. ; s. to the head of 
the North Branch of Potomac, and s. wstrn. an. 
gle of Md. 36 ms. ; down Potomac r. opposite 
Md. to the outlet of that stream into Chesa- 
peake bay, 320 ms. ; thence over Chesapeake 
bay, and along the s. estrn. boundary of Md. 
to the Atlantic ocean, and place of beginning, 
60 ms. ; having an entire outline of 1,639 ms. 
Extending in lat. from 36° 32' to 40° 38' n., and 
in long, from 1° 46' e. to 6° 33' w. W. C. 

The sthrn. boundary ot Va. is nearly com- 
mensurate with its greatest length, 450 ms. 
The area of this state is usually underrated ; 
as by a careful measurement by the rhombs, 
the superficies are within a fraction of 70,000 
sq. ms., which, divided by 450, yields 155^ 
very nearly, as the mean width. A geographi- 
cal error exists as respects the southern boun- 
dary of Va. That boundary on most maps is 
laid down as a line along lat. 36^ ; but it leaves 
the Atlantic ocean on 36° 32' nearly, and gra- 
dually inclining to the northwards, when it 
strikes the Iron mountains it is above lat. 36° 
33'. The northern boundary of Ten., between 
the two states, leaves the Iron mtns. lat 36-^ 05' 
nearly, and maintains that curve to the Cumber- 
land mtns. From these elements we see, that 
the southern boundary of Va. lies at a mean of 
about 36° 33i' n., and that it is not even a con- 
tinued line between the extremes. 

Natural Sections. — Virginia is the most ex- 
tensive state of the union, and perhaps the 
most strongly contrasted in its physical features. 
Similar to Md. and N. C, Va. is sub-divided 
into three distinct section. Sea and alluvial 
section below the head of tide water ; the mid- 
die and hilly section, and the central or moun. 
tainous ; but in the case of Va., a fourth and 
very important natural section may be super- 
added. This latter section may be very proper- 
ly called the western or Ohio section, as it is 
drained into that stream, as a common recipient. 
These four natural sections are in their respec- 
tive features and outlines, so distinct as to be 
recognized in the legislation of the state, and 
indeed must ever have political and moral ef- 
fects. The following is a summary of 4 tables 
formed by a member of the convention, recently 
held to form a constitution for the state, and 
deserves some attention, as upon them in some 
degree depended the apportionment of repre- 
sentation as it now stands, under the present 
constitution of the state. 

Summary. 

.sq. ms. 

Supposed pop. 1823. in each 

Whites. Slaves. Toial. division. 

1. T?r1ow head of 

tide water 165,227 175,847 341,074 11,805 

2. Between tliat, & 

the Blue Ridge 201,219 225,!;S1 427,210 15,380 
3.Fi:tween llie Blue 
Ridge and the Al- 
legliaiiy 106,994 37,857 203,871 13,072 



VI R 



550 



VIR 



4. Westward of the 
Alleghany to the 
Ohio river 153,52 2 

Total, 685^962 



12,831 1R6,353 28,337 



452,526 1,138,508 68,6ii0 
The population of Virginia, at several pe- 
riods, has been as follows: 1790, 747,610; 
1800,880,200; 1810,974,622; in 1820, 1,065,- 
366; and in 1830, 1,211,375; at the latter pe- 
riod the pop. by cos. was as follows : — 



Pop. 

4,801 

21,939 

16,151 

11,957 

9,236 

7,664 

20,477 

4,122 

11,784 

11,254 

6,458 

24,800 

8,641 

7,953 

10,130 

14,637 

7,395 

20,034 

8,517 

14,107 

8,367 

9,330 

9,102 

6,055 

16,074 

15,134 

9,362 

7,109 

12,720 

1,570 

8,396 

5,354 



Pop. 

7,798 
12,306 

2,694 

3,346 
15,584 

8,327 
6,271 
2,542 
5,144 
5,000 

14,244 

20,683 
6,714 
5,724 

11,423 
5,749 
4,104 

15,614 
6,429 

12,163 





Eastern District. 


Cou7tties. 


Pop. 


Counties. 


Acconiac 


16,656 


Lancaster 


Albemarle 


22,618 


Loudon 


Amelia 


11,036 


Louisa 


Amherst 


12,071 


Lunenburg 


Bedford 


20,246 


!\;adison 


Brunswick 


15,767 


Matthews 


Buckingham 


18,351 


Mecklenburg 


Campbell 


20,350 


Middlesex 


Caroline 


17,760 


Nansemond 


Charles City 


5,500 


Nelson 


Charlotte 


15,252 


New Kent 


Chesterfield 


18,627 


Norfolk 


Culpepper 


24,027 


Northampton 


Cumberland 


11,690 


Northumberland 


Dinwiddle 


21901 


Nottaway 


Elizabeth City 


5,053 


Orange 


Essex 


10,521 


Patrick 


Fairfax 


9,204 


Pittsylvania 


Fauquier 


26,086 


Powhatan 


Fluvanna 


8,221 


Prince Edward 


Franklin 


14,911 


Prince George 


Gloucester 


10,608 


Prince William 


Goochland 


10,369 


Princess Anne 


Greensville 


7,117 


Richmond 


Halifax 


28,034 


Southampton 


Hanover 


16,253 


Ppottsylvania 


Henrico 


28,797 


Stafford 


Henry 


7,100 


J-urry 


Isle of Wight 


10,517 


Sussex 


James City 


3,838 


Warwick 


King and Queen 


11,644 


Westmoreland 


Kins Grorsfe 


6.397 


York 


King William 


9,812 




Population of the Eastern 


Dist. 832,980. 




Western District, 


Counties. 


Pop. 


Counties. 


Alleghany 


2,816 


Monroe 


Augusta 


19,926 


Montgomery 


Bath 


4,002 


Morgan 


Berkeley 


10,518 


Nicholas 


Bottetourt 


16,354 


Ohio 


Brooke 


7,041 


Page (formerly E 


Cabell 


5,884 


Shenandoah) 


Frederick 


25,046 


Pendleton 


Giles 


5,274 


Pocahontas 


Grayson 


7,675 


Preston 


Greenbrier 


9,006 


Randolph 


Harrison 


14,722 


Rockbridge 


Hampshire 


11,279 


Rockingham 


Hardy 


6,798 


Russell 


Jefferson 


12,927 


Scott 


Kenhawa 


9,326 


Shenandoah 


Lee 


6,461 


Tazewell 


Lewis 


6,241 


Tyler 


liOgan 


3,68(1 


Washington 


Monongalia 


14,056 


Wood 


Mason 


6,534 


Wythe 



Population of the Western District, 378,425. 

Of the preceding were white persons, 

JVIales. 



Under 5 years of age 


65,793 


5 to 10 


51,805 


10 to 15 


43,287 


15 to 20 


36,947 


20 to 30 


60,91 1 


30 to 40 


36,.539 


40 to 50 


23,381 


50 to 60 


15,261 


60 to 70 


8,971 


70 to 80 


3,674 


80 to 90 


1,108 


90 to 100 


184 


J 00 and upwards 


26 



Total 



347,887 



Females. 

62,411 

49,964 

41,936 

40,479 

62,044 

30,456 

23,750 

15,447 

8,705 

3,8.57 

1,098 

158 

98 

346,383 



Of the coloured population, were 

FREE. SLAVES. 

Males. Females. Males. Few,. 



Under 10 years of age 8,236 


8,002 


84,000 83,270 


From 10 to 24 6,126 


7,031 


68,917 06,921 


24 to 36 3,546 


4,501 


43,189 40,927 


36 to 55 2,721 


3,379 


30,683 27,206 


55 to 100 1,731 


2,024 


12,155 12,275 


100 and upwards 27 


24 


133 144 


Total, 22,387 


24,961 


239,077 230,080 


Recapitulation. 






Whites. Free col'd. 


Slaves. 


Total. 


694,270 47,348 


469,757 


1,211,375 



Features. — Comparatively there is little of 
Virginia actually level. Such character is 
only found in the counties of Accomac and 
Northampton, e. of Chesapeake bay, and Prin- 
cess Anne, Norfolk and Nansemond, with an 
aggregate area of 2,200 sq. ms. West of 
Chesapeake bay, the country gradually rises 
into hill and dale, though much marshy and flat 
land skirts the wide mouths of the rivers. Vir- 
ginia and Maryland occupy the central part of 
that section of the Atlantic coast, so remark- 
able for deep and wide rivers. Except in ex- 
tent, and position, Chesapeake bay differs in 
nothing essential, besides its greater depth, 
from Pamlico and Albemarle sounds, on the s., 
and Del. to the n. In Virginia and Maryland, 
the confluents of the Chesapeake seem to imi. 
tate that great reservoir ; and Pocomoke, Nan. 
tikoke, Choptank, and Chester rivers on the 
E., and James, York, Rappahannoc, Potomac, 
Patuxent, and Patapsco on the w., widen into 
expansive bays before their final discharge. 
These minor bays become gradually more shal- 
low, and more confined in width, approaching 
the head of tide water ; but they all retain the 
distinctive character ofbays as far as the ocean 
tides penetrate inland. The 1st section in the 
foregoing summary exhibits the counties which 
may be strictly designated alluvial. Though 
where approaching the primitive ledge which 
terminates the tides, the face of the country is 
diversified by waving hills, still in their struc- 
ture they are alluvial, of that species called an- 
cient. The far greater part of the substrata 
are composed of sand and pebbles. Large 
masses of rock in its original position are rare, 
except at great depths. The Blue Ridge tra- 
verses Va. 260 ms., in a direction from s. w. to 
N. E., and except where traversed by Roanoke 
and James rs., it is a continuous ridge, and a 
county limit in all its range in that state. Fall- 
ing from this finely del'ineated chain, is an in. 
clined plain, containing 15,386 sq. ms., ter- 
minating at the head of the Atlantic tides. 
This truly beautiful section, if we merely re- 
gard the fall of water, has a declivity of about 
300 to 500 ft. ; the descent of the water gives 
but a defective idea of the slope in the arable 
soil, which, towards the Blue Ridge, rises in 
many places to at least 1,000 ft. in the inter- 
mediate spaces between the rivers. The face 
of nature, though exhibiting little of grandeur, 
is rich, and pleasing in the endless outline of 
hill, valley, and river scenery. In the higher 
part, beside the elegantback ground of the Blue 
Ridge, other detached mountain chains rise 
and give intimation that the solid structure of 
the country is Appalachian, and that the outer 
ridges of that system influence the great bends 



VIR 



551 



VIR 



of the rivers. This mountain influence is seen 
in the courses of Roanoke, James, Rappahan- 
noc, and Potomac rivers. Sectioned, contains 
the 29 cos. embraced by what might be with 
propriety called the Blue Ridge section of Vir- 
ginia. The 3d and Great Valley section is, in 
some respects, the most remarkable of the na- 
tural sections of Virginia. Extending from the 
Iron mountain at the nrthestrn. angle of Ten., 
to the northern bend of the Potomac at Han- 
cock's town, the mean length is nearly 300 ms. ; 
the mean distance between the Blue Ridge and 
Alleghany mountain is about 43 ms. This val- 
ley is the continuation of the Kittatinny of Pa., 
and is a true table land, or mountain plateau. 
The rise is abrupt, as there is a difference of 
from 200 to 300 ft. in the mean level, on the two 
sides of the Blue Ridge. The elevation of 
Lynchburg is about 500 ft., whilst that of Staun- 
ton at the sources of Shenandoah is 1,152 ft. ; 
Lexington in Rockbridge county, 902 ft. ; Salem 
on the Roanoke in Botetourt co., 1,002 ; the 
Warm Springs in Bath county, 1,782 ft. ; and 
the mean elevation of the farms on the whole 
extent no doubt exceed 1,000 ft. The Blue 
Ridge is, in Virginia as in New Jersey, Penn- 
sylvania, and Maryland, bounded on the north- 
western side by a calcareous band, of more or 
less breadth. The surface of the Great Vir- 
ginia valley is in an especial manner broken 
and diversified, but every where contains zones 
of highly productive soil, abounding, with some 
exceptions, in good water, rich in scenery, and 
affording an endless variety of delightful land- 
scape. In regard to declivity, the Great Valley 
presents some curious phenomena. The north- 
ern, and nearly one half of the whole surface 
declines to the n. e., towards the rotomac, and 
is drained by the Shenandoah, Cacapon, and 
South branch of Potomac river. Southward 
from the sources of Potomac and Shenandoah 
is a middle valley, drained eastwardly through 
the Blue Ridge, by James and Roanoke rivers. 
The extreme sthrn. part falls to the n. w., and 
gives descent to New, or Great Kenhawa river. 
We thus perceive that this table land is partly 
on the Atlantic slope, and partly in the Ohio 
valley ; and that the inflected line, that sepa- 
rates the sources of the James and Roanoke 
rivers of the former from those of the Great 
Kenhawa of the latter, passes the mountain 
valley obliquely. Passing the table land be- 
tween Blue Ridge and Alleghany mtns. on the 
third natural section, brings us on the fourth or 
Ohio section of Va. The extreme length of this 
wstrn. slope is within a small fraction of 300 ms. 
extending from the nrthrn. boundary of Ten., to 
the extreme northern angle of Brooke county. 
The greatest breadth is nearly along the gener- 
al course of the Great Kenhawa, 135 ms. ; but 
both extremes are narrow, and the mean width 
is about 94, and the area 28,337 sq. ms. This 
great space is politically subdivided into 23 cos. 
The surface is in the far greater part mountain, 
ous, and in all parts very broken. The ridges 
or chains of the Appalachian system stretch 
over it very nearly parallel to the Ohio, in that 
part of the course of that stream which bounds 
Virginia. The soil is as various as the sur- 
face, or even more so, as every grade of fertili- 



ty and of sterility may be found. The elevation 
of the water at the junction of Ohio and Great 
Kenhawa rs. being 533 ft., and that point being 
only about 40 direct ms. from the extreme low- 
est point of Western Virginia at the mouth of 
Great Sandy river, we may regard all land sur- 
face of the Ohio section as rising above 500 ft. 
The oceanic elevation of Wheeling is 634 feet, 
and the Ohio, as a base to the great inclined 
plain, and a recipient for the waters of the West- 
ern section of Virginia, rises above 5G0 ft., or 
very nearly on a level with lake Erie. The di- 
viding ridge of the waters of the Ohio and the 
Atlantic, is the apex of the plain before us, and 
has its highest elevation in the mountain val- 
lies, from which rise on one side the sources 
of Roanoke and James rs., and on the other 
those of the Great Kenhawa. Under the heads 
of Giles, Pocahontas, and Monroe cos. of Vir- 
ginia, which occupy the highest part of the plain 
we are surveying, it maybe seen that the mean 
elevation of the arable soil exceeds one thous. 
and six hundred ft. A similar, if not a higher 
mean height, might be assigned to the sources 
of the Great Kenhawa, from those of Green- 
brier to those of New river. From these ele- 
vated vallies the sources of the Ohio flow, like 
radii from a common centre. The different 
branches of the Monongahela rise in Lewis 
and Randolph cos., and flowing nrthrdly. over 
Harrison, Monongalia, and Preston cos., enter 
Pa., and there uniting, the mingled waters con- 
tinue northward to meet those of the Allegha- 
ny, and form the Ohio at Pittsburg. The Ohio 
from Pittsburg first sweeps a curve to the north, 
westward, thence westward, and finally south- 
ward, upwards of one hundred ms. ; in a re- 
markable manner parallel to the general course 
of the Monongahela, the two streams flowing 
in opposite directions. From the large curve 
of the Ohio below Pittsburg to the influx of Lit- 
tle Kenhawa, there is only a narrow inclined 
plain of about 30 ms. width between Ohio river, 
and the sources of ers. flowing estrd. into Mo- 
nongahela. Down this confined slope flow Har- 
man's Cross, Buffalo, Wheeling, Fish, Fishing, 
Middle Island, and some other crs. of lesser 
note. With Little Kenhawa the plain widens ; 
and the declivity inclines from w. to n. w. This 
declination is maintained, beside in Little Ken- 
hawa r., in the vallies of Great Kenhawa, Great 
and Sandy rs. The streams rising in the ex- 
treme southern part of the Ohio section of Vir- 
ginia, though drained into the Ohio r., are borne 
from the elevated plateau between the sources 
of the Great Kenhawa and Ten. rs., and before 
their discharge, make the immense semicircu- 
lar curve of the latter. From this rapid outline 
of the Ohio section of Virginia, it must be evi- 
dent, that the climate of the whole varies mate- 
rially from that of similar latitudes on the At- 
lantic coast, and from difference of relative lev- 
el, the climate along the high vallies of the Ap. 
palachian chains are very different from that on 
the greatly lower and deep ravine of the Ohio. 
This is so obviously the case, that early vege- 
tation is often far advanced at Wheeling, at the 
same time when little or no appearance of spring 
is perceptible along the dividing ridge of the 
waters of Ohio and Monongahela. The differ- 



VJR 



552 



VIR 



eiicc of level between the high waler mark in 
Ohio river, and the ridge we have noticed, is 
about a mean of b50 ft. ; but this ridge is only 
tlie first, in a series of plains which rise one 
above another, until a mean height of between 
1,800 and 2,000 ft. is attained in central Virgin- 
ia. If we assume lat. 38° lo' as the centre, it 
will, on long. '3° w. W. C, correspond nearly 
with the greatest elevation ; and allowing 400 
ft. as an equivalent to a degree of latitude, it 
will give to the cos. along the mountainous sec- 
tion of Virginia a winter climate, similar in tem- 
perature to that of lat. 43° on the Atlantic coast. 
If from the foregoing elements we embrace the 
whole of Virginia, we have before us a large 
section of the United States, extending a frac- 
tion over 4° of lat., and 8;J° of long., differing 
in relative level upwards of 2,000 ft., without 
estimating mountain peaks or ridges. If we 
suppose the actually settled parts of the United 
States to he 630,000 sq. ms., Virginia will em- 
brace a ninth part. It is traversed, as we have 
shewn, from s. w. to n. e. by the Appalachian 
system of mountains, in lateral chains. Of 
these the Blue Ridge is the most distinctly de. 
fined, and is one of six or seven chains which 
can be traced, and identified over the state. 
One of these chains, though omitted on some 
maps, and broken into fragments on others, is 
really very little less obvious than the Blue 
Ridge, and is distinct over Virginia. This neg- 
lected Appalachian chain stretches at a distance 
of from 15 to 30 ms. southeastward from the 
Blue Ridge. It is known in New Jersey as 
Schooley's mtn., and though perfectly prominent 
over that state, has received no distinctive 
name in Pa. In iVi d. it is called the Parr Spring 
Ridge, and is rendered very conspicuous at the 
fine conical peak, known as the Sugar Loaf, 
where it is traversed by the Potomac. In Vir- 
ginia it traverses Loudon, Fauquier, Culpepper, 
Orange, Albemarle, Nelson, Amherst, Bedford, 
.Franklin and Henry cos. West of the Blue 
Ridge, the mtn. chains are also very confused- 
ly delineated on our maps, though they are far 
from being so in reality. Even on Tanner's 
map, the continuous chains are terminated by 
the Alleghany, whilst in fact, Western Virginia 
is traversed by three distinctive chains, extend- 
ing w. from the main spine of the Blue Ridge. 
In fact, the whole state, from the head of tide 
water to Ohio river, is formed of a series of 
mtn. chains, and intervening vrdlies. This 
structure is obvious to any person who examines 
its map, with a due study of the influence of the 
mtn. system on the inflections of the streams. 
Amongst the mountain chains, however, the 
Blue Ridge must always remain the most im- 
portant, physically and politically. This chain 
stands in a remarkable manner detached ; in 
the peaks ot Otter, Botetourt co., it presents the 
highest land in the Appalachian system s. w. of 
the Delaware, and in all its length it is a coun- 
ty line. When discovered and colonized by 
Europeans, the region now comprised in Virgin, 
ia, was a continued, dense, and very partially 
broken forest. A few savage tribes were found 
along the tide waters, but the interior was 
scarcely inhabited, even by savages. It may be 
remarked, though the soil increases in fertility 



aflvancing from tlie sea board, that density of 
population is in a near ratio to proximity to the 
place of original settlement on James r. If we 
make evf ry just allowance for the space actual- 
ly occupied by mountains, and other unproduc- 
tive tracts, there would yet remain 50,000 sq. 
ms., capable of sustaining a population equal to 
either of the most populous cos. of the state, 
say Henrico, including the city of Richmond. 
Such a ratio would give Virginia upwards of 
five millions of inhabitants, a number far be- 
low the number which it could support. 

H, story. — The first charter of Virginia was 
granted by Queen Elizabeth, in 1583, to Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert, who perished at sea in an 
attempt to avail himself of his patent. By this 
original grant, the name of Virginia was impo- 
sed on the whole Atlantic coast of North Amer- 
ica, claimed by the English. In future time the 
general name became restricted to what is now 
Virginia. Sir Walter Raleigh, maternal broth- 
er of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, obtained a renew- 
al of the first charter, May 25th, 1584. Under 
Raleigh's patent a colony was planted on Roan, 
oke, but after repeated attempts and disasters, 
the enterprise entirely failed. In Aug. 1587, 
the governor sailed to England, in quest of sup- 
plies; the few persons left, vi'ere never again 
heard of, and the patent of Raleigh was vaca- 
ted by his attainder. In the early part of the 
reign of James I., Mr. Hackluyt revived the in- 
tention of settlement on the coast of N. Ameri- 
ca, and himself and others obtained by petition 
a patent dated April 10th, 1606, for that part of 
the coast extending from n. lat. 31° to 45°. 
This great zone of 14° of lat. was granted to 2 
companies, under the relative name of North, 
and South Virginia. South Virginia was given 
to the London company. North Virginia to the 
Plymouth company. The London company ef- 
fected a settlement April, 1607, at Jamestown, 
on Powhatan, or as since called, James r., and 
here commenced the settlement, not only of Vir- 
ginia, but also of the U. S. So vague were the 
views of the company, or the adventurers un. 
der the patent, that discord and wretchedness 
compelled the colonists to break up their estab. 
lishraent in 1610, and an entire abandonment 
was only prevented by the timely arrival of Lord 
Delaware. In 16l2, a second charter was grant- 
ed, and in 1619, the first legislative assembly 
met. The following year negroes were intro- 
duced as slaves, which were brought in by a 
Dutch ship. A state of natural distrust had ex. 
isted against the colonists, on the part of the 
natives, since their first arrival ; this in 1622, 
eventuated in a massacre, in which 347 whites 
perished. To the horrors of Indian warfare, 
was added the arbitrary and vexatious regula- 
tions of the London company. Royal power in. 
terposed, and in 1624 the government of the 
colony was seized by the king, and administer, 
ed by commission. The royal governors were 
as unsteady in their measures as those of the 
former company, but to the number of these 
ignorant tyrants Sir William Berkeley was an 
exception. This nobleman ruled with modera. 
tion, and in 1639 restored the legislature, by 
assembling the Burgesses. As an English col- 
ony, Virginia was royal in its political features 



VIR 



553 



VIR 



and feelings. In the long revolutionary strug- 
gle in England, froml642 to 1660, the Virgini- 
ans sided with the royal party. Compelled by 
force to submit to the parliament, they seized 
the first moment to exhibit their real sentiments, 
and Charles II. was acknowledged in Virginia 
before he was in England. 1'he restoration 
was alike a failure in both countries, bu4, weak 
and distant, the colony of Virginia suft'ered 
most, and the monopolizing spirit of the gov- 
ernment of the mother country was felt for up- 
wards of a century, or to the revolution in 1775. 
The church of England was established by law 
in 1662, which, added to exactions in trade, 
large grants of land to royal favorites, and the 
caprice of royal governors, kept up a spirit of 
resistance, and state of irritation, which prepar- 
ed the public mind to throw off the yoke, and 
meet the minions of power in arms. Virginia 
was the birth place of Washington. He was 
born in 1732, and had become mature in years, 
when his services were demanded to teach the 
kings, and people of the earth, the most saluta- 
ry lesson either ever received. In the colonial 
war, which commenced in 1755, George Wash- 
ington and the Virginians were truly distin- 
guished. In the war of the revolution, Va. was, 
in many respects, the leading state ; and her il- 
lustrious son was one only of many of her citi- 
zens, who shone in that day of events. Since 
the revolution, no great event particular to Vir- 
ginia occurred, until October, 1829,' when a 
convention met to revise her constitution. 

Government. — The first constitution of Vir- 
ginia was adopted July 5th, 1776, but as settle- 
ments extended westward, certain provisions 
were regarded as partial and oppressive, and, 
after many abortive attempts, these eventuated 
in a convention, which, on the 14th of January, 
1830, reported the existing constitution, and 
which was ratified by a majority of 10,492 citi- 
zens. The right of suffrage, by this constitu- 
tion, is secured under very complex provisions. 
The right of voting is extended to every white 
male citizen of the commonwealth, who has at- 
tained the age of 21 years, and who would have 
been entitled to vote under the former constitu- 
tion ; or who has a freehold of ^25 value ; or 
who is the holder of a joint interest in a free- 
hold to the amount of .^25 ; or who has a life 
estate in, or title in reversion to, land of ^50 
value, and has been in full possession of such 
an estate, or reversionary title, six months be- 
fore the election at which he offers to vote ; or 
who shall own, and be in the actual occupation 
of a leasehold estate, have put such title on 
record two months before he shall offer to vote — 
original term at least 5 years, and rent value 
1^200 ; or who has been a housekeeper and 
head of a family, 12 months before offering to 
vote, and shall have paid a tax within the pre- 
ceding year. The legislative power is vested 
ill a senate and house of delegates, which to- 
gether are styled the general assembly of Vir- 
ginia. The house of delegates consists of 134 
members, chosen annually, and apportioned in 
the 4 districts as follows : — 36 from the Tide 
water district, 42 from that above Tide water 
and below Blue Ridge, 25 from the Third, or 
mouutain district, and 31 from that of Ohio, or 



the Western district. The Senate consists of 
32 members — 19 from the east, and 13 west 
from Blue Ridge. These are elected for 4 
years, one fourth going out of office annually. 
A re-election of all members composing both 
bodies, is to take place in 1841, and afterwards 
decennially ; but the number of senators can 
never exceed 36, and that of the house of dele. 
gates 150. The executive power is vested in 
a governor, elected for 4 years, by a joint vote 
of both houses of the general assembly, and in- 
eligible for the next three years after the expi- 
ration of his term of office. A council of state 
is elected by joint ballot of the two houses ; it 
consists of 3 members, term 3 years, 1 mem- 
ber vacating his seat annually. The senior 
counsellor is lieutenant governor. The judi- 
ciary is vested in a supreme court of appeals, 
and superior and inferior courts ; the judges of 
the court of appeals, and superior courts, are 
elected by joint ballot of both houses ; term du- 
ring good behavior, or until removed by a con- 
current vote of both houses, two thirds of the 
members present voting for removal. 

Judiciary, Taxes, Penitentiaries., ^-c. The 
court of appeals consists of 5 judges, who hold 
two sessions annually, one at Lewisburg, west 
of the Blue Ridge, and one at Richmond, east ; 
these sit 90 days, unless the business is previ- 
ously completed. The circuit superior court 
of law and chancery, consists of 20 judges. 
There are 10 districts, each district being di- 
vided into two circuits, and twice a year a 
court, which sits until the business before it is 
completed, is held in every county and corpora- 
tion. The taxes of the state in 1831 amounted 
to $336,734; of this amount about f 275,000 
was on roal and personal estate, and the balance 
on licenses. In the penitentiaries Sept. 1831 
were 167 convicts, of which were 123 white, 
and 44 colored persons. Of these 53 were 
added the previous year. During 12 years 
ending 1831, $124,775 were paid by the state 
for slaves, either transported, escaped, or exe- 
cuted. 

Religion. The most numerous sect in Vir- 
ginia are Baptists; these have 337 churches, 
and 192 ministers. The Presbyterians hive 104 
churches, and 7.5 ministers ; the Biiptists 77 
preachers, the Episcopalians 45 ministers. The 
Friends are somewhat numerous, and beside 
these are some Lutherans, Catholics, and Jews. 

Staple Productions. From what has been 
stated under the section of natural features, 
and extent, the great variety of soil and cli- 
mate over Va., will at once suggest a corres- 
ponding variety in the staple productions. 
This is so far correct, that every vegetable, 
from cotton to wheat, and from the fig to the 
apple, can be produced in abundance. The 
lower tide water counties, from depression of 
surface, and from proximity to large masses of 
water, enjoy comparatively a tropical tempera- 
ture. This high temperature abates, rising to. 
wards, and on the central table lands. On the 
latter the grasses, including bread grains, flour- 
ish. Falling from the mountain vallies to that 
of Ohio river, the temperature again rises, but 
as already shown, on the two extremes of Va., 
though in similar latitudes, a greater degree of 



WAB 



554 



WAB 



cold prevails on the western side. Of minerals, 
the state produces gold, (see Mint, in art. U. 
S.) limestone, gypsum, iron ore, and muriate 
of soda, or common salt. The limestone exists 
in immense masses or zones, in different parts 
of the state. Iron ore is also found widely dis- 
seminated. Water, holding in solution com- 
mon salt, is found by digging, in the lower part 
of the valley of the Great Kenhavva, and in less- 
er quantity in some other places. 

Internal Improvement. — In works of internal 
improvement, Va. has fallen behind either Pa. 
or N. Y., even when relative population is made 
the basis of calculation. A Board of public 
works, consisting of 13 members, and which 
meets annually, on the first Monday in Jan. has 
the management of funds devoted to internal 
improvement, to an amount exceeding 2,000,- 
000 of dollars. The following incorporated 
companies had received aid from it in 1831. 

Capital. 
Upper Appomatox company, ^61,100 

Lower Appomattox com. 40,000 

Ashby's Gap com 130,050 

Fairfax com 13., 750 

Lynchburg and Salem com. . . . 103,900 

Leesburg com 84,000 

Little River com 

Manchester and Petersburg com. 

Rappahannoc Navigation com. . . 50,000 

Richmond Dock com 250,000 

Roanoke Navigation com 412,000 

Staunton and James river com. . . 50,000 
Sheppardstown and Smithfield com. 46,000 

Snicker's Gap com 85,000 

Swift Run com 119,800 

Tye River com 6,000 

Wellsburg and Washington com. . 16,650 

The most important chain of internal im- 
provement yet attempted in Va. is that under- 
taken by the James River navigation company, 
on the line of James and Kenhawa rivers, and 
the intervening space. On this route has been 
expended (1831) 1,274,583 dollars ; of which 
were laid out on lower James river canal, 
$638,883 86 ; mountain section of the canal, 
,*^365,207 02 ; Kenhawa river, $87,389 81 ; on 
turnpike roads and bridges, from Covington to 
the Kenhawa, $171,982 49. By a recent act 
of the legislature, extending the Kenhawa road, 
loans were authorized for $50,000. Balancing 
the interest on the sums borrowed and expend- 
ed, it appears that the disbursements exceed 
the receipts by $37,727 26 ; and that the gen. 
eral income of the fund for internal improve- 
ment, is taxed with the deficiency. The whole 
capital invested by Va., exclusive of that be- 
longing to the Manchester and Petersburg turn, 
pike com., and Little River Turnpike com., 
amounts to $3,263,811. In aid of improve. 



ments in Va., the Dismal Swamp canal compa- 
ny received from the United States $200,000 
and the Roanoke navigation company received 
from N. C. $50,000. For greater detail in in- 
ternal improvements, see article Rail Roads 
and Canals. 

Education. — The venerable college of Wil- 
liam and Mary was founded at Williamsburg in 
1693, and, next to Harvard, is the most ancient 
literary institution in the United States ; Hamp- 
den Sidney college, in Prince Edward co. was 
founded in 1774; Washington, at Lexington, 
Rockbridge co., in 1812 ; and the University 
of Virginia, at Charlotteville, Albemarle co., in 
1819. By the statutes of Va., all property aris- 
ing from escheats, confiscations, lands forfeited 
for non-payment of taxes, and sums refunded 
by the national government for services render- 
ed by Va. in the war of 1812, revert to the lit- 
erary fund. This fund was created in 1809, 
and possessed, in 18.32 a capital of $1,510,689. 
The proceeds of this, in l831 amounted to $71,- 
887, of which $61,385 was expended, and 
$10,502 added to the capital. Of the avails of 
this fund, the University of Va. receives an an- 
nual appropriation $15,000. See a more par- 
ticular account of these institutions, under the 
head of places where they are located. To 
the education of the poor of each co., an ap- 
propriation of $45,000 is annually applied, and 
divided amongst the counties in the ratio of 
white population, and under the management of 
commissioners appointed by the court of each 
county. 

Vjsalia, p-v. Campbell co. Ky., by p-r. 97 
ms. northward Frankfort. 

VoLNEY, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y., 159 ms. n. n. 
w. Albany, 15 s. E. Oswego, 50 w. Rome ; has 
Oneida and Oswego rs. s., which separate it from 
Onondaga co., and Oswego co. w. ; has a sur- 
face nearly level ; good soil. Scotts, (atfish 
and Black crs., as well as the streams afore- 
said, afford mill sites. The falls of the Oswe- 
go, particularly, offer abundant water power. 
At the p-v. of Oswego Falls are several mills 
and factories, as well as a quarry of freestone. 
Pop. 3,629. 

VoLUNTowN, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 54 ms. 
s. s. E. Hartford, has Rhode Island on the e. 
line ; about 4 ms. by 9 ; has some pine plains, 
but is generally hilly, with a light and poor soil. 
Paucamack pond, partly in R. I., gives rise to 
Pochaug r., which crosses this town, generally 
with a slow current, yet affording some mill 
sites, and empties into Quinebaug r. First set- 
tled 1696. It has its name from having been 
granted to volunteers in the Narraganset war. 
Pop. 1,304. 

Vulcan, p-v. Randolph co. II., by p-r. 81 ms. 
s. w. Vandalia. 



Wabash, r. of the U. S. in O., Ind. and II., 
and the great northwestern constituent of the 
Ohio river. Besides many minor streams, the 
Wabash is composed of three main branches. 
Little Wabash on the s. w.. Wabash proper in 
the centre, and White r. on the eastern side of 



the valley. Little Wabash rises in Shelby co. 
II., interlocking sources with those of Kaskas- 
kia r., and flowing thence in a s. s. e. direction 
over Fayette, Clay, Wayne, and White cos. II., 
falls into the main channel of the Wabash, be- 
tween White and Gallatin cos., about 10 ms. 



WAB 



555 



WAB 



direct course above the influx of Wabash into 
Ohio r. The entire course of Little Wabash is 
about 1 lO ms., mean breadth of its valley 25, 
and area 2,750 sq. ms. ; between lat. 37° 50', 
and 40° 30'. Embarras river is another branch 
of the Wabash, the whole valley of which lies 
in the statq^ of Illinois. The Embarras has its 
extreme source in Vermillion co. II., interlock- 
ing sources with those of Vermillion, Kaskaskia 
and Little Wabash rivers. Flowing nearly 
parallel t.- the latter, over Edgar, Clark, and 
Crawford cos., it falls into the Wabash 10 ms. 
below Vincennes, after a course of about 100 
ms. Mean width of the valley 20 ms., and area 
2,000 sq. ms. The valley of the Embarras 
occupies the space between the higher sources 
of Kaskaskia, and the main Wabash. In the 
distance of 100 ms., air measure, from the in- 
flux of Embarras to that of Vermillion, the Wa- 
bash does not receive a stream from the right, 
or from the state of II., above the size of a 
large cr. Vermillion r. rises in the state of II., 
to the nrthrds. of Vermillion co., interlocking 
sources with the Embarras and Kaskaskia, and 
with those of the Sangamon and Pickmink 
branches of II. r. Flowing 60 ms. to the sth- 
estrd., it falls into the main channel of the Wa- 
bash, after having traversed Vermillion co. of 
II., and Vermillion co. of Ind. Tippecanoe, as 
laid down by Tanner, is the extreme northern 
source of the Wabash, rising at lat. 41° 30', 
and long. 9° w. W. C, interlocking sources 
with those of Kankakee branch of II. r., and 
with the Elkhart, or southern branch of the St. 
Joseph's r., of lake Michigan. Flowing 70 ms., 
first to the s. w., and thence curving s., it 
traverses Carroll co., and falls into the Wa- 
bash in the nrthrn. margin of La Fayette co. 
The left inclined plane of the Wabash valley, 
is in length about 330 ms., the breadth in no 
place extends to 60, and averaging about 35 ms. 
from the main channel; area 11,550 sq. ms. 
Wabash proper rises on the great plateau, or 
table land between the Ohio r. and lakes Erie 
and Michigan, and within 5 ms. of the junction 
of St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rs. The country 
from which the Wabash rises, is amongst the 
most remarkable on the earth. The two main 
constituents of the Maumee, the St. Joseph ri- 
sing in Michigan, and St. Mary's rising in the 
state of Ohio, each flow a distance of 70 ms., 
in complete accordance with the confluents of 
Wabash ; but uniting at Fort Wayne, Allen co. 
Ind., the united waters, in place of continuing 
what would be apparently the natural course, 
down the channel of the Wabash, turn in a di- 
rectly opposite direction, and form the Mau- 
mee ; this flowing nrthestrdly. 110 ms., is lost 
in the sthwstrn. bay of lake Erie. The central 
plain is indeed so nearly a dead level, as to ad- 
mit but little current in the streams. That which 
is laid down by Tanner as the main source of 
Wabash, rises in Mercer and Darke cos. 0., flow, 
ing thence n. w. by w., it enters Ind., and after 
a course of 60 ms., receives Little r., from the 
central table land in Allen co. It is the sources 
of the latter stream, which so nearly approach 
the junction of St. Mary's and St. Joseph's rs., 
and it is along its channel, that a canal has been 
proposed to unite the Wabash and Maumee rs. 



The Wabash, already a navigable stream at the 
influx of Little r., inflects a little s. of w. 50 ms., 
receiving the Salamanic and Missisinevva from 
the s. E., and Eel r. from t!ie n. w. Below the 
influx of Eel r., the main chaanel inflects to s. 
w. 70 ms., receiving the Tippecanoe 30 ms. be- 
low the mouth of Eel r. At the lower end of 
the last mentioned course, according to Tan- 
ner's U. S., the channel of Wabash is only about 
10 ms. from the estrn. boundary of II. ; but de- 
flecting a very little w. of s., it continues 60 ms. 
entirely in Ind., to a point between Vigo co. of 
the latter, and Clarke co. of II. From hence 
the main channel continues a general course 
120 ms., forming a boundary between the two 
states, and receiving the Little Wabash from 
the N. w., and the White r. from the nrthestrd. 
White r. is the most considerable branch of 
Wabash, draining the large space between the 
main stream above their confluence, and that 
part of Ohio r. between the mouths of Miami 
and Wabash. The valley of White r., com- 
prising an area of 11,000 sq. ms., is drained by 
innumerable smaller streams, which first unite 
in two branches, which again by their union 
form White r. White r. proper, or the nrthrn. 
branch, has its extreme source in Randolph co. 
Ind., but almost on the wstrn. border of Darke 
CO. 0. Flowing thence wstrd. 70 ms., over 
Randolph, Delawiire and Madison cos. into 
Hamilton co., it inflects to s. w., and traverses 
Hamilton, Marion, Morgan, Owen, and Greene 
COS., thence, separating Daviess from Knox co., 
it receives the East Fork, after an entire course 
of upwards of 200 ms. The East Fork, though 
not having an equal length of course, drains very 
little, if any less surfpce, than the main branch. 
The former rises in Henry and Hancock cos., 
and flowing a southwestern course, drains the 
cos. of Henry, Hancock, Rush, Shelby, Deca- 
tur, Bartholomew, Jennings, Scott, Jackson, 
Monroe, Lawrence, Martin, Orange, and part 
of Jefferson, Dubois, and Daviess. It may be 
noticed, as a remarkable peculiarity of White 
r., that its extreme estrn. source rises within 
less than 1 m. of the bank of Ohio r. ; and flow- 
ing directly from that great stream, thus singu- 
larly turned by the features of the country, its 
waters unite with the Wabash, and finally with 
the Ohio, 160 ms. in a direct line from its 
source in Jefferson co. A ridge of hills extends 
entirely over Ind., from the mouth of Great 
Miami to that of Wabash, across the counties 
of Dearborn, Switzerland, Jefferson, Scott, 
Washington, Orange, Crawford, Dubois, Spen- 
cer, Warrick, Gibson, Vanderburg, and Posey. 
From this ridge creeks are discharged on each 
side, into the Ohio and White rs. respectively, 
the two streams flowing very nearly parallel in 
a direction s.w. by w. The entire valley of 
Wabash approaches the form of an ellipsis, the 
longer axis 300 ms. from the extreme s. wstrn. 
sources of Little Wabash, to the nthrn. foun- 
tains of Eel r. Its greatest breadth is 200 ms., 
from the sources of Graham's Fork, near Madi- 
son in Jefferson co. Ind., to the n. western 
fountains of Vermillion r., in the state of II. 
The whole area of the valley contains about 
40,000 sq. ms., exceeding by a small fraction a 
fifth part of the superficies of the whole Ohio 



WAG 



556 



WAK 



valley. In fixing the relative extent of the con- 
fluents of Ohio, Wabash is the third in the 
length of its course, and second in regard to 
area drained; being in the lorrner case ex- 
ceeded by Tenn. and Cumberland rs., but in 
the latter by the Tenn. only. As a navigable 
channel, Wabash is a very important stream. 
It is but slightly impeded by falls and rapids, 
and its course seems to be almost artilicially 
drawn, to form a part of the line of commercial 
connexion between the Misp. r. and lake Erie, 
by the most direct route. As an agricultural 
section, it may be doubted whether any other 
of equal continuous extent on earth exceeds 
the Wabash valley. The surface is in part 
hilly, in no part mountainous, nor in any part, 
to a considerable extent, a dead level. The 
nthrn. extreme approaches, and mingles with 
the prairie section of N. America, but the 
prairies of lad. are of moderate extent when 
C(jmpared with those more wstrd., even those 
of the contiguous state of II. If peopled only 
equal to some of the eastern cos. of the U. S., 
of far inferior soil, and without any town of 
note, the valley of Wabash would sustain a 
population of 4,000.000. This fine portion of 
the U. S. extends from lat. 37° 47' to 41° 30', 
and in long, from 7° 35' to 11° 55' w. The dif- 
ference of lev61 between the arable extremes, 
is not far above or below 1,000 ft. or an equi- 
valent to about 2^ degrees of lat. ; or adding 
the result of the difference of height to that of 
the lat., the real difference of temperature will 
be about 6 degrees of Fahrenheit. 

Wabash, co. Ind. bndd. by Carroll n. w., 
Miami nation n. e., Hamilton e., Hendricks s., 
Montgomery s. w., and Tippecanoe w. Length 
38 ms., mean width 25, and area 950 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 39° 57' to 40° 28' n., and 
in long, from 9° to 9° 40' w. W. C. The estrn. 
border of this co. is on the table land between 
the main or western branch of White r. and the 
Wabash, but slopes wstrd., and is drained by 
crs. flowing in that direction, towards the latter 
r. On the p-o. list of 1831, the cf. t. is called 
Elk Heart Plain ; on Tanner's U. S. is a v. 
named Thorntown, 40 ms. n. w. Indianopolis. 
Pop. uncertain. 

Wabash, one of the s. estrn. cos. of II. bndd. 
w. by Edwards, n. by Lawrence, n. e. by Wa- 
bash r., separating it from Knox co. in Ind., and 
by the Wabash r. s. e., separating it from Gib- 
son CO. Ind. Extending in lat. from 38° 17' to 
38° 36', and in long, from 10° 44' to 11° 04' w. 
W. C. Length 24 ms., mean width 12, and 
area 288 sq. ms. This co. lies along the Wa- 
bash, opposite the mouth of White r., general 
slope to the sthrd. Mount Carmel, the co. St., 
is situated on the Wabash, directly opposite 
the mouth of White r., 30 ms. below Vin- 
cennes in Ind., and by p-r. 109 s. e. Vandalia. 
Lat. 38<» 28', long. 10° 48' w. W. C. Pop. 
2,710. 

W^ACHOviA, name formerly given to a tract of 
country in N. C, now included in Surry and 
Stokes cos. It was purchased in 1751, by the 
Moravians, settled by that society, and named 
from an estate of Count Zinzendorf in Austria. 
In 1755, by an act of the assembly of N. C, it 
was named Dobb's parish. The names are now 



obsolete, and the tract only known from the vs. 
of Salem, Bethabara, &c. 

Wachusett, mtn. Princeton, Worcester co. 
Mass., more than 2,000 ft. higher than the 
ocean,'*affords a fine and extensive view, and is 
a favorite resort, not being difficult of ascent. 

Waduington, p-v. Madrid, St. Lawrence co. 
N. Y., 222 ms. n. w. Albany, 18 from Ogdens- 
burgh, on the shore of the St. Lawrence, op- 
posite Ogden's isL, is situated just above tlie 
Long Falls in that stream. A dam extends to 
the isl., which supplies several mills with water. 

Waddle's Ferry, and p-o. Moore co. N. C, 
by p-r. 75 ms. s. wstrd. Raleigh. 

Wadesborough, p-v. and st. jus. Anson co. 
N. C, near the centre of the co., by p-r. 134 
ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh, and by the common 
road 80 ms. w. Fayetteville. Lat. 35° 03', 
long. 3° 12' w. W. C. 

Wadesboko', p-v. and st. jus. Calloway co. 
Ky., situated on Clark's r., about 120 ms. n. w. 
by w. Nasliville in Ten., and by p-r. 262 ms. s. 
w. by w. Frankfort, about 35 ms. s. e. the junc- 
tion of Ten. and Ohio rs. Lat. 36° 43', lung. 
11° 28' w. W. C. 

Wadsworth, p-v. Medina co. 0., by p-r. 108 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Wait's r. Vt., rises in several heads, aft'ords 
many good mill seats, and enters the Connecti- 
cut in Bradford. 

Waitsfield, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 11 ms. 
s. w. Montpelier, 30 s. e. Burlington, first set- 
tled 1789, has generally an excellent soil, 
yielding a variety of crops, particularly grass. 
Mad r. pursues a serpentine course through the 
s. part, between extensive and fertile meadows. 
Iron ore and clay are found in this t. Pop. 957. 

Wakatomica, p-v. Coshocton co. 0. by p-r. 
73 ms. N. e. Columbus. 

Wake, co. N. C, bndd. n. by Granville co., 
N. E. by Franklin, s. e. by Johnson, s. by Cum- 
berland, s. w. and w. by Chatham, and n. w. by 
Orange. Length 38 ms., mean width 30, and 
area 1,140 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 
30' to 36° 07', and in long, from 1° 14' to 2° 02*^ 
w. W. C. A small angle along the wstrn. part 
is drained sthrdly. into cape P^ear r., but the 
body of the co. is contained in the valley of the 
Neuse, with a declivity to the s. e. The Neuse, 
deriving its sources from Person, Granville, 
and Orange cos., is formed into a r. on the 
nrthwstrn. angle of Wake, and winding thence 
sthestrdly., crosses the co. into Johnson. Cf t. 
Raleigh, the capital of the state. Pop, 1820-, 
20,102 ; 1830, 20,398. 

Wakefield, p-t. Strafford co. N. H., 50 ms. 
from Concord, 30 from Dover, and 100 from 
Boston, lies w. Maine, and contains several 
ponds. Lovewell's pond, is in the s. part of the 
town. It was on one of the sides of this pond 
that Capt. Loveweli surprised a party of Pe- 
quawkett Indians, who were encamped there in 
1725. A more desperate engagement took 
place during the same year, at Pequawkett, 
which see. This sheet of water is about 2 ms. 
long ; Wakefield pond about 1 m. ; East pond 
is the source of Piscataqua r. The soil of this 
town is generally good, but most favorable to 
grass. There area few mills and factories. 
Pop. 1,470. 



WAL 



557 



WAL 



Wake Forest, p-v. Wake co. N. C, 14 ms. 
from Raleigh. 

Walden, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 22 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier. First settled, 1789, lies between 
the head waters of Onion and Lamoille rs. The 
surface is agreeably varied n. and good soil, 
other parts are little cultivated. Cole's pond is 
N. E. and Liflbrd's s. e. Pop. 827. 

Walden, p-v. Orange eo. N. Y. 90 ms. s. by 
w. Albany, 11 ms. w. Newburgh, is a flourish- 
ing manufacturing village, commenced in 1823. 
It stands on the Wallkill, where the stream 
makes a descent of 32 ft. The Franklin com- 
pany have here the largest manufactory of flan- 
nel in New York, consuming 65,000 or 70,000 
lbs. of wool in a year, and producing about 240,- 
000 yards of flannel, white and colored. Capi- 
tal, $100,000. The Wallkill cotton company, 
consume about 120,000 lbs., and make 360,000 
yards of sheeting. The Orange company make 
30,000 yards of low priced broadcloth. There 
are also 1 flour and 1 saw mill. There is a 
wire bridge of 150 ft. across the cr., just below 
the fall. The village contains an Episcopal 
church, a library, and schools. The surround- 
ing scenery is varied and picturesque. Pop. 
about 800. 

Waldo, co. Me., bndd. by Somerset and Pe- 
nobscot COS. N., Hancock e., separated from it 
by Penobscot r. and bay, Lincoln co. s. and s. 
w., and Kennebec co. w., contains 26 towns, 
and enjoys great commercial advantages. Bel- 
fast is the cf. t. It has a number of ponds, 
one considerable isl. in the Penobscot, and a 
number of small streams, some falling into that 
r., and others mto Sebasticook r. It has been 
recently formed. Pop. 29,788. 

Waldo, p-t. Waldo co. Me., 44 ms. e. Au- 
gusta, adjoins Belfast on the n. w. side, and is 
crossed by a small stream flowing into Belfast 
bay. It is of small size. Pop. 534. 

Waldororough, p-t. and port of entry, Lin- 
coln CO. Me., 37 ms. s. e. Augusta, 22 n. e. 
Wiscasset, 180 n. e. Boston, at the head of 
Muscongus bay, is crossed n. and s. by Mus. 
congus r., has a considerable amount of ship. 
ping, and enjoys an active coasting trade. Pop. 
3,113. 

Wales, p-t. Lincoln, co. Me., 20 ms. s. vv. 
Augusta, 26 n. w. Wiscasset, has Kennebec 
CO. N. and w., and part of a large pond s. w., 
which discharges s. through an outlet extend- 
ing to the bend of Penobscot r. Pop. 612. 

Wales, p-t. (formerly South Brimfield,) Hamp- 
den CO. Mass., 68 ms. w. Boston. Pop. 665. 

Wales, p-t. Erie co. N. Y., 268 ms. w. Alba- 
ny, 22 E. s. E. Buifalo, has Genesee co. e. ; it 
contains apart of the Seneca reservation; has 
a gently varied surface, and is crossed n. e. by 
Buffalo cr. Pop. 1,470. 

Walker, p-o. Nittany valley, centre co. Pa., 
5 ms. N. E. Bellefonte, and by p-r. 93 ms. n. w. 
Harrisburg, and 200 n. W. C. 

Walker, co. Ala., bndd. by Blount e., Jef- 
ferson s. E., Lafayette s. w., Marion w., Frank- 
lin N. w., and Lawrence n. Length from s. to 
N. 50 ms., mean width 30, and area 1,500 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 35' to 34° 17', 
and m long, from 9° 56' to 10° 43' w. W. C. 
Declivity southeastward and drained by the nu. 

71 



merous western branches of Mulberry r. The 
latter stream, formed in this co. by two main 
branches, Sipsey and Blackwater, flows a little 
w. of s. along the southeastern border, receiv- 
ing the drain of the western part of Mulberry 
r. valley. Cf. t. Walker c. h. 

Walker, c. h., p-o. and st. jus. Walker co. 
Ala., by p-r. 47 ms. northward Tuscaloosa. 

Walker Church, and p-o. southern part of 
Prince Edward co. Va., by p-r. 88 ms. s. w. by 
w. Richmond. 

Walker's, p-o. Colleton dist., S. C, by p-r. 
92 ms. a little e. of s. Columbia, and 4 ms. from 
Walterboro', the st. jus. for the dist. 

Walkersville, p-v. Frederick co. Md. by p-r. 
49 ms. N. N. w. W. C. 

Walkersville, p-o. Mecklenburg co. N. C, 
by p-r. 109 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Walkerton, p-v. on the left bank of Mattapo- 
ny r.. King and Queen co. Va. 19 ms. below 
and s. E. Dunkirk, the co. St., and by p-r. 30 ms. 
N. E. Richmond, 123 s. W. C. 

Wallingfoiid, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 42 ms. n. 
E. Bennington, 10 s. Rutland. First settled 
1773, from Conn., is crossed from s. to n. by 
Otter cr., and has several small streams, and 
many mill sites. Lake Hiram, or Spectacle 
pond, 350 acres, is on a mountain in the s. e., 
and there are 2 others of 50 and 100 acres. The 
Green mtns. are e., and the highest summit is 
called the White Rocks. There is a limestone 
range w. with marble quarries, and Green hill, 
in the centre, consists chiefly of quartz. There 
are several natural and perennial ice houses in 
caves, at the foot of the White Rocks. Near 
the N. line is a handsome village near Otter cr. 
Pop. 1,741. 

Wallingford, p-t. New Haven co. Conn., 13 
ms. N. E. New Haven, 23 s. w. Hartford, haa 
Middlesex co. e., 6 ms. by 7, is crossed by a 
branch of Quinipiack r., on which are extensive 
meadows, and has the main stream on the n. w. 
boundary. The e. part is mountainous, but the 
soil is generally rich, except the plain, which is 
about 4 ms. long, and so sandy as often to till 
the air with clouds of dust in dry seasons. 
There are several mills and manufactories on 
the Quinipiack, and shad are taken in thia 
stream. The v. has a pleasant situation on a 
hill, and is of considerable size ; contains an 
academy, &c. Pop. 2,418. 

Wallkill, r. or cr. N. Y., rises in Sussex 
CO. N. J., flows N. e. through Orange into Ul- 
ster CO. N. Y., to Rondout cr. which it enters 
near Esopus. It is about 80 ms. long, 65 of 
which it runs in N. Y. It affords very good 
mill seats. 

Wallkill, p-t. Orange co. N. Y., 101 ms. s. 
Albany, 20 w. Newburgh, 6 n. Goshen, is of a 
triangular form, with Sullivan co. w., and is 
crossed in the e. part by the Wallkill, whose 
streams supply mill seats. The soil is various, 
and favorable to agriculture. It contains two 
woollen factories, and several villages ; Scotch- 
town, Middletown, Mount Plope, and Median, 
ictown. Pop. 4,056. 

Wallsville, p-o. in the nrthrn. part of Lu- 
zerne CO. Pa., by p-r. 114 ms. n. e. Harrisburg. 

Walnut, large cr. ot'O., rises in and drains 
the northern part of Fairfield co., from which, 



WAN 



558 



WAN 



flowing westward, traverses the s. e. angle of 
Franklin, and inflecting to s. e., falls into Scio- 
to in Pickaway co. 

Walnut, p-v. Fairfield co. Ohio, by p-r. 38 
ms. s. E. by e. Columbus. 

Walnut Branch, and p-o. Fauquier co. Va., 
by p-r. 55 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 

Walnut Farm, and p-o. also st. jus. Saline 
CO. Mo., by p-r. 85 ms. w. Jeff'erson. 

Walnut Flat, and p-v. Lincoln co. Ky., by 
p-r. 5 ms. sthrd. Stanford, the co. St., and 56 a 
little E. of s. Frankfort. 

Walnut Grove, p-o. in the westward part of 
Kenhawa co. Va., 23 ms. wstrd. Charleston, the 
w. by w. W. C 



first settled just before the revolution ; abandon- 
ed, and settled again about the close of the war. 
It has Otter cr. on the w. line, and Buck mtn, 
in the centre, which commands a fine view. 
The soil is generally good, with excellent mead- 
ows on the cr. Pop. 330. 

Waltham, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 11 ms. 
w. N. w. Boston, is bndd. s. by Charles r. The 
Plain, 1 mile by 2 1-2 in the s. e. has a good, 
well cultivatedsoil, and is thickly peopled. The 
Waltham factories are on the s. part of the 
Plain, and form one of the principal manufac- 
turing villages in the United States. The sur- 
face in the w. part is hilly, and most of the soil 
in the town, poor. Prospect Hill is 470 ft. in 

Pop. 



CO. St., and by p-r. 379 ms 

Walnut Grove, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Ca- height, and commands a view of Boston 
barras co. N. C, 11 ms. from Concord, the co. 1,857. 
St., and by p-r. 152 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. Walton, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 85 ms. s. 

Walnut Grove, p-o. in the southern part of ] w. Albany, is hilly or mountainous, with rich 



Spartanburg dist. S. C, by p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Co 
lumbia. 

Walnut Grove, v. in the n. e. angle of Mer- 
cer CO. Ky., 20 ms. s. Frankfort. 

Walnut Hill, and p-o. Marion co. II., by p-r. 
55 ms. s. s. E. Vandalia. 

Waloomscoic, or Waloomsac, r. Vt., a branch 
of Hoosic r., formed in Bennington by several 
branches, was rendered famous in the revolu- 
tion, by the victory gained on its banks, by the 
militia of Vermont and Mass., in a battle with 
the Hessian troops, sent by Gen. Burgoyne to 
seize the public stores at Bennington, 1777. 

Walpack, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., 52 miles n. 
Trenton, 50 n. w. New Brunswick, is of a long 
and narrow shape, with Delaware r. on the n. w. 
boundary, the Blue mtns. on the s. e., and Flat- 
kill running through the town, between them. 
Pop. 660. 

Walpole, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 60 ms. w. 
by s. Concord, 48 s. by w. Dartmouth college, 
90 ms. N. w. Boston, with Connecticut r. and 
Vt. on the w. line ; it is much varied by hills and 
vales, with a good soil, especially on the mead- 
ows, and devoted to agriculture. Cold r. in the 
N. part flows into Conn r. Fall mtn. belonging 
to the Mt. Toby range, is here 7 or 800 ft. above 
the r. Near its foot is the village, on land suf- 
ficiently elevated to command an extensive 
view upon the neighboring country, especially 
the meadows of Westminster, opposite. There 
are 2 toll bridges across the r. in the t., which 
is a great thoroughfare for travelling n. and s., 
and E. and w. Bellows Falls are within the lim- 
its of this t., as New Hampshire extends to the 
w. shore of Conn. r. The town was first set- 
tled 1749 by Col. Bellows, who built a frontier 
fort, which was taken by Indians from St. Fran- 
cis, in 1755, and retaken by him in a few hours. 
Pop. 1,979. 

Walpole, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 18 ms. s. 
by w. Boston. Three branches of Neponset r. 
unite in this t., through which also passes the 
road from Boston to Providence, one of the 
principal thoroughfares in the state. Pop. 1,442. 
Wai.terboro', p-v. and st. jus. Colleton dist. 
S. C, 47 ms. w. Charleston, and by p-r. 93 ms. 
a little e. of s. Columbia. Lat. 32° 53', long. 
3° 43' w. W. C. 

Waltham, t. Addison co. Vt., 24 ms. s. Bur- 
lington, 9 N. w. Middlebury, 3 ms. sq. It was 



vallies on the streams, and good grazing on the 
uplands. It is crossed by the w. branch of 
Delaware r. or the Cooquago, which affords a 
channel for transporting great quantities of lum- 
ber. Pop. 1,663. 

Walton, co. Geo., bndd. by Morgan s, e., 
Newton s. w., Gwinnett n. w., and Appalachee 
branch of Oconee, separating it from Jackson 
N. E., and Clark e. Length from s. e. to n. w. 



20 ms., mean width 16, and area 320 sq. ms. 
Central lat. 33° 50', and long. W. C. 6° 50' w. 
From it issue some of the higher branches of 
both Oconee and Ocmulgee rs. General slope 
southward. Cf. t. Monroe. Pop. 10,929. 

Walton, co. Florida, bndd. by Choctaw- 
hatchee bay, or Gulf of Mexico s., Escambia 
CO. Florida w., Covinton and Dale cos. Ala. n., 
and Choctawhatchee r. separating it from Jack- 
son E. Length along the Ala. line 52 ms., mean 
width 30, and area 1,560 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 30° 22' to 31°. Long, from 9° to 9° 
52' w. W. C. The general declivity is to the 
southward, and drained by Yellov*' Water and 
Choctawhatchee rs. Cf. t. Allaqua. Pop. un- 
certain. " The Yellow Water settlement is in 
the N. w. part of the co. on the banks of the r. 
of fhat name. Here is a small body of excellent 
land, very well improved for a new country. 
Cotton and corn are their principal crops, the 
pine lands for 6 ms. from the r., produce equal- 
ly well with the r. bottoms. 12 ms. s. there is 
another settlement, commencing on Shoal r. 
There they have a similar tract of land, found- 
ed on the same kind of soap stone as on the 
Allaqua. (See Allaqua river.) Nearly one 
third of Walton co. is good tillable upland ; the 
rest is pine barren." — WilliamsorCs Florida. 
Waltonham, p-o. St. Louis co. Mo. 
Walworth, p-t. Wa3me co. N. Y. Pop. 
1,753. 

Wanboro,' p-v. Edwards co. II., by p-r. 94 
ms. s. E. by e. Vandalia. 

Wantage, p-t. Sussex co. N. J., 83 ms. N.by 
E. Trenton, 15 n. Newton, has N. Y. state line 
on the N. boundary, the Blue mtns. on the w., 
the upper part of Wallkill cr. e., and is travers- 
ed by Pappakating cr., one of its branches. 
Deckertown is a v. near its centre, on that cr. 
Pop. 4,034. 

Wanton, p-v. Alachua co. Flor., by p-r. 212 
ms. sthestrd. Tallahassee. 



WAR 



559 



WAR 



Wapahkonetta, p-v. sthrn. part Allen co. O., 
on au Glaize r., and signifies in the Shawnee 
language, '^Kingstown." By p-r. it stands 110 
ms. N. w. Columbus, and 65 ms. above and s. 
fort Defiance. 

Wappinger's cr., Duchess co. N. Y., has a 
course of 33 ms. through several rich agricultu- 
ral tsps,, to which it supplies mill seats, and 
enters the Hudson 8 ms. s. Poughkeepsie v. 

Waquoit, bay, Barnstable co. Mass., on the 
N. side of Cape Cod, between Marshpee and 
Falmouth, is several ms. long. It is connected 
with a large pond, w. of which are several other 
ponds adjacent to each other, but communicating 
only with the ocean. 

Waud, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 50 ms. s. 
w. Boston, 7 s. Worcester, has an uneven sur- 
face, rich soil, and is crossed by French r. 
which has a serpentine course, and here re- 
ceives several branches, furnishing mill seats. 
Fop. 690. 

Ward's, p-o. Holmes co. O., by p-r. 95 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Wardsborough, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 20 
ms. isr. E. Bennington, 15 n. w. Brattleboro', set- 
tled 1780, has a range of hills on the south line, 
with a good soil for grass, and some mill sites 
on a branch of West r. Some rare minerals 
are found here. Pop. 1,148. 

Ware, r. Mass., a branch of Chicapee r., 
rises in Worcester co. and meets Swift and 
Chicapee near the line of Hampshire and Hamp- 
den cos. It is a good mill stream, and affords 
water power to the manufacturing v. of Ware. 
At the junction of these 3 streams is a small 
p-v. called Three Rivers, where is a large 
stone manufactory. 

Ware, p-t. N. H. (See Weare.) 

Ware, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass., 70 ms. vv. 
Boston, has a hilly surface, and soil of second- 
ary quality. Swift r. forms its w. boundary. 
On the E. is Ware r., on which is a large man- 
ufacturing village, contains about 50 tene- 
ments, the value of which, with that of the ma- 
nufacturing buildings, is about $300,000. Other 
capital employed in manufacturing amounts to 
.^140,000. About 330 persons are employed 
in the factories. 120,000 lbs. of wool, and 
1,100 bales of cotton are annually manufactur- 
ed ; the woollens estimated at 1^120,000, and 
the cottons at $180,000 per ann. The ma- 
chinery used in these factories is estimated to 
be worth about $20,000. Much attention is 
paid to the instruction of children in the village ; 
there are several day schools, an infant school, 
and one for the older children under the care 
of a male teacher. The Sabbath schools are 
well organized ; intemperate persons are not 
employed in the factories, and the temperance 
society consists of 416 members. There are 
5 stores, a large and well kept hotel and stage 
house. Pop. 2,045. 

Ware, co. of Geo., as laid down on Tanner's 
U. S., is bndd. by Lowndes w., Appling n., 
Wayne n. e., Camden e. and s. e., and Hamil- 
ton CO. in Flor. s. Greatest length from s. to 
N. 80 ms., mean breadth 43, and area 3,440 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 30° 20' to 31° 
30' N., and in long, from 5° 09' to 6° 06' w. De- 
clivity s. estrd. The n. side is drained by the 
numerous sources of the Santilla r. The cen- 



tral and sthrn. sections are drained by the tri- 
butaries of St. Mary's r. The latter stream has 
its higher sources in that tract vaguely called 
the Okefinoke swamp, which occupies the 
sthrn. part of Ware co. The various branches 
oozing from this extended (lat unite on, or very 
near, the line between Geo. and Flor., flows 
thence sthrd. , about 20 ms., curves rapidly e., 
and thence n. e. and still winding, assumes 
nearly a nthrn. course of 40 ms. The point 
on the Florida boundary which separates Ware 
from Camden co., is at the head of the great 
bend of St. Mary's r. The surface of Ware 
CO. is flat in the valley of St. Mary's, and level 
in that of St. Ilia. Much of the soil is produc- 
tive, but exposed to submersion in spring and 
early summer. Cf. t. Waresboro'. Pop. 
1,205. 

Wareham, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass., 39 ms. 
s. E. Boston, has Plymouth and Buttermilk bays 
£. and Buzzard's bay s. It is crossed by two 
small streams from Plymouth, Agawam and 
Wankinquog rs., which flow into Buzzard's 
bay, and afford some mill sites. The soil is 
generally thin on sand, but is better near the 
streams and the coast. Pop. 1,885. 

Waresboro', p-v. and st. jus. Ware co. Geo., 
is situated on the left bank of Santilla r., vei'y 
nearly mid-distance between Savannah and 
Tallahassee, and about 140 ms. from each, 75 
ms. N. w. St. Mary's, and by p-r. 161 ms. s. s. e. 
Milledgeville. Lat. 31° 18', long. 5° 41' w. 
W. C. 

Warminster, p-v. on the left bank of James 
r. estrn. part of Nelson co. Va., by p-r. 160 ms. 
s. w. W. C, and 100 w. Richmond. 

Warm Springs and p-o. near the French 
Hroadr., n. estrn. part of Buncombe co. N. C, 
34 ms. N. N. w. Asheville, the co. st., and by 
p-r. 220 ms. w. Raleigh. 

Warm Springs, new co. of Ark., embracing 
the country round the Warr.x Springs on the 
higher part of theWashitau valley, and lies about 
60 ms. a little s. of w. Little Rock. Bounda- 
ries uncertain. Cf. t. Warm Springs. Pop. 
unknown. 

Warm Springs, p-v. and st. jus. Warm 
Springs co. Ark., 60 ms. s. w. by w. Little 
Rock. Lat. 34° 32', long. 1 6° w. W. C. This 
V. has risen from the celebrity of its springs, 
and is now a place of much resort. 

Warner, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 15 ms. 
from Concord, 4 from Hopkinton, and 72 from 
Boston, is supplied with mill sites by Warner 
r. which runs through the middle of it, and a 
branch of Contoocook r. The surface is bro- 
ken, the soil good for grass and grain. Mink 
hills are w. and abound in orchards and pastu- 
rage. There are 4 ponds, one of which, Plea. 
sant pond, has no known inlet or outlet, yet 
overflows in the driest seasons. First settled 
1762. Pop. 2,222. 

Warnersvii.le, p-v. Hardiman co. Ten., 12 
ms. nthrdly. Bolivar, the co. st. 

Warren, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 44 ms. s. E. 
Augusta, 30 e. Wiscasset, has Waldo co. n- e., 
and is crossed by St. George r. with several 
ponds flowing into it. Sloops navigate the r. 
to this town. There is an academy in the v. 
Pop. 2,030. 
I Warren, p-t. Grafton co. N. H., 63 ms. from 



WAR 



560 



WAR 



Concord, and 10 from Haverlall ; a corner is 
crossed by Baker's r. which furnishes mill seats 
s., where are Clement's mills. It is moutain- 
ous s. E., a great part of Carr's mtn. being on 
that boundary. Pop. 702. 

Warrrn, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 31 ms. 
S.E.Burlington, and IG s. w. Montpelier, set- 
tled 1797, lies between the two ranges of the 
Green mtns., and is crossed by Mad r. Pop. 
765. 

Warren, p-t. Bristol CO. R. I., 11 ms. s. e. 
Providence, 19 from Newport, has Palmer's r. 
N. and w., Mass. e., is a small town containing 
only about 4 sq. ms., but has a rich soil, a hand- 
somely varied surface, and an active commerce, 
coasting and foreign. The v. is pleasantly 
situated on the s. e. side of Warren r. with a 
harbor for vessels of 300 tons ; contains a 
bank, academy, insurance office, &c. Pop. 
1,800. 

Warren, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 38 ms. w. 
Hartford, and 45 from N. Haven, is mountain- 
ous and hilly, with granite rocks, and quarries 
of micaceous schistus. It is crossed in the e. 
by Shepaug r., a branch of Housatonic, and has 
other small streams. Pop. 985. 

Warren, CO. N.Y., bndd. by Essex co. n., 
Washington co. e., Saratoga co. s,, and Hamil- 
ton CO. AV., occupies elevated land, near the 
head springs of Hudson r., and has a surface 
generally very irregular, and much covered 
with forests. It contains about half of lake 
George, and part of Scaroon lake. Several 
other lakes and ponds are wholly within this co. 
On the shores of lake George the eminences 
are from 500 to 1,200 ft. high; and the co. 
crossed n. and s. by the Kayderosseras range. 
Caldwell is the st. jus., and the co. contains 9 
towns. Pop. 1820, 9,453; 1830, 11,796. 

Warren, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y., 68 ms. w. 
Albany, 15 n. Otsego, and 10 s. Herkimer, has 
Otsego CO. s., and is an elevated tract of 
ground, at the head of the lakes which form 
the sources of Susquehannah. The surface is 
agreably varied, with fertile vallies, small cedar 
swamps, and lime rocks. Pop. 2,084. 

Warren, co. N. J., bndd. by Sussex co. n. e., 
Morris co. e., Hunterdon co. s. e., and Dela. 
ware r. w. which separates it from Pa. The 
Blue mtna. riseN. w. near the Delaware, and 
parallel to its course ; while several ridges, 
following the same direction, cross the s. e. 
part from Pa. to Sussex co. Musconetcong cr. 
forms the whole w. and s. w. boundary, just w. 
of which is the line of Morris canal, which en- 
ters the valley of Pohatcong cr., and pursues it 
to the Del. at Philipsburgh. There are 7 ts. 
Pop. 18,627. 

Warren, p-t. Somerset co. N. J. 41 miles 
from Trenton ; has Dead or Passaic r. n. sepa- 
rating it from Morris co., &c.. Green brook s. 
on the line of Middlesex co., and Essex co. e. It 
is rendered hilly by Rocky Hill ridge ; has cop- 
per mines, and the v. of Bound Brook s. Pop. 
1,561. 

Warren, co. Pa., bndd. e. by MacKean, s. e. 
by .Tefferson, s. by Venango, w. by Crawford, 
N. w. by Erie, n. by Chatauque co. N. Y., and 
N. e. by Cattaraugus co. N. Y. It lies in form 
of a parallelogram, 32 ms. from e. to w., and 
28 from s. to n. ; area 896 sq. ms. Extending 



in lat. 41° 37' to 42°, and in long, from 2" 03' 
to 2° 43' w. W. C. Declivity to the sthwrd. Al- 
leghany r. forms for a few ms. the northeastern 
boundary, and thence entering, winds over this 
CO. into Venango, in a southwestern direction, 
receiving at the borough of Warren, the Cone- 
wango, a considerable tributary from the north- 
wards, and at the Great Bend 5 ms. below 
Warren, Brokenstraw, a large cr., comes in 
from the westward. Surface broken, and 
though yet thinly populated, much of its soil is 
excellent. Cf t. Warren. Pop. 1820, 1,976 ; 
1836, 4,766. 

Warren, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. Pa., is 
situated on the right bank of Alleghany r., on 
the point below the mouth of Conewango creek, 
about l20 ms. n. n. e. Pittsburg, and by p-r. 240 
ms. northwestward Harrisburg, and 213 n. w. 
W. C. Lat. 41° 50', long. 2° 17' w. 

Warren, p-v. on the left bank of James r., 
at the mouth of Battinger's cr., and in the 
sthrn. angle Albemarle co. Va., 25 ms. s. s. w. 
Charlotteville, and 89 n. w. by w. Richmond. 

Warren, co. N. C, bndd. n. e. by Roanoke 
r. separating it from Northampton, e. by Hali- 
fax, s. and s. w. by Franklin, w. by Granville, 
and N. by Mecklenburg co. Va. Length 23 me., 
meon width 1 7, and area 391 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 36° 07' to 36° 32', and in long, 
from 0° 56' to 1° 21' w. W. C. This co. is 
a table land. A little more than one-third de- 
clines to the nrthrd., and is drained into the 
Roanoke; the sthrn. slope of the valley of 
which, is here only about 8 ms. wide. Beyond 
this narrow inclined plane rise the extreme 
sources of Fishing cr., and a branch of Tar r. 
draining the central and southern part of War- 
ren, flowing southeastward, and uniting be- 
tween Halifax and Nash cos. The soil is 
generally good. Cf. t. Warrenton. Pop. 1820, 
11,158; 1830, 11,877. 

Warren, co. of Geo., bndd. n. e. and e. by Co- 
lumbia, s. e. and s. by Jefferson, by Great Ogee. 
chee r. separating it from Washington s. w., 
Hancock w., and by Wilkes n. Extending in 
lat. from 33° 07' to 33° 34', and in long, from 
5° 26' to 5° 52' w. W. C. Length 28 miles, 
mean width 20, and area 560 sq. ms. Declivity 
of the southern and western parts to the south- 
estrd., and drained by Great Ogeechee and Brier 
cr. ; the northern part slopes toward the n. e., 
and is drained by some branches of Little r. 
into Savannah r. Cf t. Warrenton. Pop. 1820, 
10,6.30 ; 1830, 10,946. 

Warren, co. Misp., bndd. n. by Washington, 
N. e. by Yazoo co., e. by Big Black river sepa- 
rating it from Hinds, s. e. and s. by Big Black 
river separating it from Claiborne, and w. by 
the Misp. river separating it from Concordia 
parish in La. Length 40 ms., mean width 15, 
and area 600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
32° 03' to 32° 35', and in long, from 13° 42' to 
I4°13'w. W.C. The Misp. river bounding 
this CO. on the westward, receives the Yazoo 
and Big Black rs. from the n. e. ; the general 
declivity is therefore to the s. w. The eastern 
part is broken into hills, which in one or two 
places reach the Misp., forming clay bluffs. 
Along that great river, however, the bottoms 
are liable to submersion; but over the whole 
CO. where the soil is sufficiently elevated to ad- 



WAR 



561 



WAR 



mit the cultivation, it is highly fertile. Princi- 
pal staple, cotton. Cf. ts. Vicksburg and War- 
renton. Pop. 1820, 2,693 ; 1830, 7,861. 

Wakren, CO. Ten., bndd. by Franklin s., 
Bedford s. w., Rutherford w., Wilson n w.. 
Smith N., White n. e. and e., and Cumberland 
mountain separating it from Bledsoe s. e. 
Greatest length from the southern to the north. 
em angle 48 ms., mean breadth 20, and area 
960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 28' to 
36° 06', and in long. from. 8° 19' to 9° 04' w. W. 
C. Declivity n. e. and commensurate with the 
western and larger section of the valley of 
Caney Fork river. Cf. t., McMinnville. Pop. 
1820, 1i>,348; 1830, 15,210. 

Warren, co. Ky., bndd. by Edmondson n., 
Barren e., Allen s. e., Simpson s., Logan w., 
and Butler N. w. Length from e. to w. 36 ms., 
mean width 17, and area 612 sq. ms. Extending 
in lat. from 36° 50' to 37° 1 1', and in long, from 
9" 02' to 9° 38' w. W.C. Declivity n. n. w., and 
traversed in that direction by Big Barren r., 
which unites with Green r. at the extreme n. 
w. angle of the co. Cf. t. Bowling Green. 
Pop. 1820, 11,776; 1830, 10,949. 

Warren, co. Ohio, bndd. s. by Clermont, s. 
w. by Hamilton, Butler w., Montgomery n. w., 
Greene n. e., and Clinton e. Length 24 ms., 
mean width 20, and area 480 sq. ms. Extend. 
ing in lat. from 39° 14' to 39° 37', and in long. 
from 6° 55' to 7° 22' w. W. C. The Pdiami r. 
and canal cross the n. w. angle of this co. ; 
whilst the central parts are traversed by Little 
Miami. The course of both rs., and the slope 
of the CO. to the s. e. Surface rolling and soil 
excellent. Besides at Lebanon, the co. seat, 
there were in 1830, post offices at Deerfield. 
ville, Edwardsville, Franklin, Hopkinsville, 
Kirkwood, Red Lion, Ridgeville, Rochester, 
Springboro', Twenty Mile Stand, and Waynes. 
ville. Lebanon p.v. and st. jus. for this co., is 
situated near the centre of the co. 31 ms. n. e. 
Cincinnati, and by p-r. 83 ms. s. w. by w. Co. 
lumbus. Lat. 39° 25', long. 7° 12' w. W. C. 
Pop. 21,468. 

Warren, p.v. and st. jus. Trumbull co. O., 
situated on the Mahoning branch of Big Beaver 
river, 77 ms. north west Pittsburg, 7i) miles 
north Steubenville, and by post road 157 ms. n. 
E. by E. Columbus, and 297 n. w. by w. W. C. 
It is a thriving village, with a population of 
about 500. Lat. 41° 17', long. 3° 50' w. W. C. 

Warren, co. Indiana, bndd. by the Indian 
country n. w., Tippecanoe co. n. e., Wabash 
river separating it from Fountain s. e., Ver- 
million CO. s. w., and Vermillion co. of II. w. 
Greatest length as laid down by Tanner, 26 ms., 
mean breadth 18, and area 468 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 40° 10' to 40° 30', and in 
long, from 10° 06' to 10° 40' w. W. C. The 
slope of this co. is to the s. e. toward the Wa. 
bash. Williamsport, the co. seat, lies about 
80 ms. n. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 2,861. 

Warren, co. II., bndd. by Mercer n., Knox 
E., Fulton s. E., Macdonough s., Hancock s. w., 
and Misp. r. w. It was formed out of a part of 
the Bounty Lands between the II. and Misp. rs., 
and similar to the adjacent cos., is laid out 
agreeably to the cardinal points. Breadth from 
s. to N. 32 ms. mean breadth from e. to w. 30, 
and area 960 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 



40° 37' to 41° 04', and in long, from 13'^ 26' to 
14° 06' w. This county comprises a part of the 
table land between the vallies of II. and Misp. 
rs. From the southeastern angle issues Swan 
creek, branch of Spoon r., a confluent of II, 
river. The central, and much the larger part 
of the surface, is drained by the confluents of 
Henderson's r., and other streams flowing west- 
ward into the Misp. By a note inserted after 
the name Warren, II., in the post office list, it 
contained no office on Oct. 1st, 1830. The 
centre of this new co. is about 160 ms. north- 
westward Vandalia. Pop. 308. 

Warren, c. h., p-v. and st. jus. Warren co. 
II., about 160 ms. n. w. Vandalia. 

Warren Ferry, and p.o. wstrn. part Buck, 
ingham co. Va., 10 ms. westward Buckingham 
c. h., and by p-r. 87 ms. wstrd. Richmond. 

Wareei-jsburg, t. Warren co. N. Y., 7 ms. n. 
w. Caldwell; is watered by the north branch 
of Hudson r. and Scaroon cr. ; has some good 
soil, and iron ore. Pop, 1,191. 

Warrensburg, p-v. western part Greene co. 
Ten., 12 ms. s. w. Greensville, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 256 ms. e. Nashville. 

Warren's Store, and p-o. northeastern part 
Halifax co. Va., by p-r. 115 ms. s. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Warren Tavern, and p.o. nrthestrn. part 
Chester co. Pa., 20 ms. n. w. by w. Phil., and 
by P-r. 131 ms. n. e. W. C. 

Wareenton, p.v. and st. jus. Fauquier co. 
Va , by p.r. 51 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 38° 
41', long. 0°46'w. W. C. 

Warrei\ton, p.v. and st. jus. Warren co. N. 
C, situated near the centre of the co., 57 ms. 
N. E. Raleigh, and about li5ms. s. w. Rich- 
mond, Va. Lat. 36° 21', long. 1° 10' w. W. C. 

Warrenton, P-v. Abbeville dist., S. C, 6 ms. 
from Abbeville, the co. seat, and by p-r. 106 ms. 
westward Columbia, 

Warrenton, p-v. and st. jus. Warren co., 
Geo,, 50 ms. n. e. by e. Milledgeville, and 42 
ms. w. Augusta. Lat. 33° 23', long. 5° 40' w, 
W.C. 

Warrenton, p-v. and formerly st. justice 
Warren co. Misp., situated on the left bank of 
the Misp. r., 60 ms. by land above Natchez, 
and by p-r. 54 ms. w. Jackson. Lat. 32° 17', 
long. 14° 2'w. W. C. 

Warrick, co. Ind., bndd. by Vanderburg w,, 
Gibson n. w., Pike n., Dubois n. e., Spencer e. 
and s. E., and Ohio r. separating it from Hen. 
derson co. Ky. s. Length 25 ms., mean width 
13, and area 325 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
37° 54' to 38° 15', and in long, from 10° 04' to 
10° 33'w. The northern boundary of this co. is 
on the table land between the vallies of O. r. and 
the Patoka, a branch of the Wabash ; but near- 
ly the whole of its surface slopes sthrdly. to- 
wards the former river. Surface hilly, but soil 
productive. Cf. t. Boonsville, by p-r. 187 ms. 
s. s. w. Indianopolis. Pop. 2,877. 

Warrior's Mark, p-o, western part Hun- 
tingdon CO. Pa., by p-r. 20 ms. from Huntingdon 
borough, and 168 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Warsaw, p-t. Genesee co. N. Y., 20 miles n. 
Batavia ; is supplied with mill seats by Allen's 
cr., on which is the v. The surface is varied, 
and the soil generally free from stone. Pop- 
2,474, 



WAS 



502 



WAS 



Warson's, p-v. Morgan co. II., by p-r. 123 
ms. N. w. Vandalia. 

V/arthen's Store, and p.o. northern part 
Washington co. Geo., by p-r. 27 ms. e. Mil- 
ledgcville. 

WARWARsnxG, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 25 ms. 
s. w. Kingston, in the s. w. corner of the co.; 
lies w. Shawangunk mtn., at the base of which 
flows Rondout cr., receiving several branches. 
Pop. 2,738. 

Warwick, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 80 ms.w. 
by N, Boston; has the line of N. H. n. It has 
an uneven surface, good soil, and no large 
streams. Pop. 1,150. 

Warwick, p-t. and st. jus. Kent co. R. I., 10 
ms. s. s. w. Providence ; has Narragansett bay 
E. ; is hilly s., and level e. The branches of 
Pawtucket river unite in this t., which enters the 
bay at Pawtucket village. Apponang harbor, 1 
mile distant, is the principal one in this town, 
and vessels of 50 tons come up to the v. This 
is one of the principal manufacturing ts. in the 
country ; the fisheries are also important. Pop. 
5,529. 

Warwick, p-t. Orange co. N. Y., 116 ms. 
from Albany, 10 s. Goshen, 54 n. New York; 
has N. J. s. w., and is of triangular form. On 
the s. boundary are many mtns., from which 
several large ponds pour their waters s. into 
the Passaic. The Wallkill flows n. e. The 
soil is favorable to fruit, and generally good. 
The Sterling iron works, and others, manufac- 
ture a large amount of iron annually. Pop. 
5,009. 

Warwick, p-v. near the southeastern angle 
of Cecil CO. Md., 15 ms. s. Elkton, the co. seat, 
and by p-r. 82 ms. n. e. W. C- 

Warwick, co. Va., bndd. by James City co. 
N. w., York N. and n. e., Elizabeth City co. e., 
and James r. separating it from Isle of Wight 
CO. s. Length diagonally from s. e. to n. w. 
18 ms., mean width 5, and area 90 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 37° 03' to 37° 13', and 
in long, from 0° 22' to 0° 38' e. W. C. It occu- 
pies a part of the narrow peninsula between 
James and York rs. and slopes southward to- 
ward the former. Cf. t. Warwick c. h. Pop. 
1820, 1,608; 1830,1,570. 

Warwick c. h., and p-o. Warwick co., Va., 
by p-r. 184 ms. a little e. of s. W. C, and 81 
ms. south east by east Richmond. 

WAsmNGTON, CO. Me., bndd. by Lower Cana- 
da N., New Brunswick e., the Atlantic ocean s., 
and Hancock and Penobscot counties w. It 
presents a most singular figure on the map, as 
drawn according to the east boundary as claim- 
ed by the United States, bearing a resemblance 
to a rudely hewn gun stock. It is crossed in 
its upper part by the Saint John's and Aroostic 
rs. ; has the St. Croix on the e. boundary, with 
the lakes and bays connected with it ; and has 
several streams running into bays which make 
up from the ocean. There are 32 named tsps., 
many others numbered, besides plantations, 
isls., &c. Cf. t. and st. jus., Machias. Pop. 
1820, 12,744; 1830, 21,294. 

Washington, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 35 ms. 
from Augusta; has Waldo co. e. Pop. 1,135. 

Washington, p-t. Sullivan co. N. PI., 35 ms. 
from Concord, 22 from Keene, 20 from Charles. 
town, and 80 from Boston ; is hilly, abounding 



in springs, brooks and ponds, and contains 
Lovewell's mtn., which is small and of a coni. 
cal form. Island pond, 1^ ms. by 2, is filled 
with islands. Ashuelot pond, 1 mile by 1^-, 
gives rise to one of the chief branches of 
Ashuelot r. Long pond is 5 ms. in length, and 
like the others, contains fish. Several ponds 
e. give rise to Contoocook r. The soil is 
deep and moist, favorable to grass, and bearing 
white maple, black ash, birch, beech, elm, &c. 
&c. Clay and peat abound, and here is some 
iron ore. The v. is in a pleasant situation, and 
there are good mill sites in the town. First 
settled 1768. Pop. !,l35. 

Washington, co. Vt., bndd. by Orleans co. 
N., Caledonia co. e.. Orange co. s. e., Addison 
CO. s. w., and Chittenden co. w. ; lies chiefly 
between the 2 ranges of Green mtns., and 
nearly in the centre of the state. The surface 
is very uneven ; there is much good granite e., 
but w. the rocks are argillaceous, mica and 
chlorite slate. Onion r. and its branches spread 
over the irregular surface There are 18 ts. 
Montpelier, the seat of government of the state, 
is also the cf. t. and st. jus. of the co. Pop. 
1820, 14,725; 1830, 21,378. 

Washington, p-t. Orange co. Vt., 15 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 43 n. Windsor ; is watered by a 
small branch of Onion, one of Wait's, and one 
of White r., and the trees are principally ma- 
ple.. Pop. 1,374. 

Washington, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 120 
ms. w. Boston ; has flousatonic r. on the w. 
line, and 2 small branches rise in the t. Pop. 
701. 

Washington, CO. R. I. bndd. by Kent co. n., 
Narragansett bay e., the Atlantic s., Conn. w. ; 
about 18 by 20 ms. ; has a slightly varied sur- 
face, with primitive rocks. Some hills n. and 
plains s., with much good grazing land, as well 
as soil in many parts favorable to different 
branches of agriculture. Wickford and Paw- 
tucket are the principal harbors. The coast on 
the ocean and the bay extends about 50 ms . 
There are valuable fisheries. The co. con. 
tains several ponds, fresh and salt, with many 
small streams, forming Charles and Wood rs., 
branches of the Pawcatuck, which forms a part 
of the west boundary of the state. The Narra- 
gansett country, formerly the seat of a powerful 
Indian nation, and since celebrated for a small 
race of pacing horses, said to have been deriv- 
ed from France, is included within the bounds 
of this CO. as also the Shannock country, which 
had a superior kind of horned cattle. South 
Kingston is the st. jus. Pop. 1820, 15,687, 
1830, 15,411. 

Washington, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn. 40 ms. 
s. w. Hartford ; is crossed by several ranges of 
primitive mtns., or lofty hills, and limestone is 
found in the vallies, from which marble is ob- 
tained. Aspetuck and Bantam rs. water dif- 
ferent parts of the town. There are several 
iron forges, &c. Pop. 986. 

Washington, co. N. Y., bndd. by Essex co. 
n., Vermont e., from which it is separated n. e. 
by lake Champlain, Rensselaer co. s., Hudson 
r. and lake George w. which separate it from 
Saratoga and Warren cos. Wood cr. rises and 
terminates in this co., and in the e. Hoosac and 
Batenkill rs. which rise in Vt. flow into this co. 



WAS 



563 



WAS 



and into lake Champlain. Poultney r. from Vt. 
forms a part of the n. boundary. Numerous 
mill sites are supplied by these streams. The 
surface and soil are very various. The lower 
parts of the co. are pretty well cultivated, but 
the N. parts are very mountainous and abound- 
with timber, which affords much lumber. Iron, 
marble, and slate are found in different places. 
The Champlain canal extends from Hudson r. 
to Wood cr., and along its bed to lake Cham- 
plain. This line was formerly an important 
military route, and here are found remains of 
forts erected and garrisoned at different peri, 
ods from the early French wars to the revolu. 
tion ; and important military events have occur- 
red here, on the land carriage between the 
navigable waters of the n. and the s. which ap- 
proach so nearly. There are several cotton, 
woollen, and iron factories ; and at Sandy Hill, 
a cotton bagging factory. The co. contains 17 
towns. Salem, and Sandy Hill are the sts. jus. 
Pop. 1820, 38,831, 1830, 42,635. 

Washington, p-t. Duchess co. N. Y., 80 ms. 
s. Albany, 15 e. n. e. Poughkeepsie, has Wap- 
pinger's cr. &c. n. w., with mill seats, has an 
irregular surface, with Tower hill e. and Ches- 
nut ridge s. e., and good soil. Mechanic v. is 
near the centre, with a Friends' boarding school, 
&c. Pop. 3,036. 

Washington, v. Watervleit, Albany co. N. 
Y., 5 ms. N. Albany, on the w. side of Hudson r. 
Washington, p-t. Morris co. N. J., has the 
s. branch of Raritan r. on the e. line, Musconet- 
cong r. w., and Schooley's mtn. between them. 
It borders s. on Hunterdon co., and w. on War- 
ren co. It has the villages of Pleasant Grove 
and Spring t. with Schooley's mtn. springs. 
Pop. 2,188. 

WASHI^GTON, t. Burliugton CO. N. J., 30 ms. 
s. by E. Trenton, is of an irregular form, with 
Gloucester co. s. w., from which it is divided by 
the main branch of Little Egg Harbor cr., and 
is watered in different parts by several of its 
branches, the principal of which is Wading r. 
Pop. 1,315. 

Washington, v. Middlesex co. N. J., on South 
r., 5 ms. s. e. New Brunswick. 

Washington, co. Pa. bndd. n. w. by Beaver 
CO., N. and n. e. by Alleghany, e. by Mononga- 
hela r. separating it from Westmoreland and 
Fayette, s. by Greene co., s. av. by Ohio co. Va., 
and w. by Brooke co. Va. The longest line 
that can be drawn in this co. is diagonal in a 
N. w. direction from the mouth of Ten Mile cr. 
to the N. w. angle on Va. 45 ms., mean breadth 
in a similar direction 22 ms., and area 1,000 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 58' to 40° 
36' N., and in long, from 2° 52' to 3° 35' w. W. 
G. The central part of this co. 3 or 4 ms. 
southwardly from the borough of Washington, 
is an elevated, and might be called a mountain- 
ous region, from which the waters flow like 
radii from a common centre. From hence issue 
the sources of Ten Mile, Pigeon, Chartier's, 
Buffalo, and Wheeling crs. The borough of 
Washington, situated in a valley, is by actual 
measurement, 1,406 ft. above tide water ; and 
the mean elevation of the farms might be safe, 
ly assumed at 1,400 ft. though no doubt many 
are more elevated by a difference of 300 or 400 
ft. Hillsborough on the U. S, road, stands on a 



height of 1,750 ft. Indeed the lowest point in 
the CO., on the Monongahela between Williams- 
port and Elizabethtown, is elevated at least 900 
ft. above tide water. The face of the co. is 
very broken, but soil almost uniformly produc- 
tive. Limestone and sandstone are the pre. 
vailing rocks in situ. Mineral coal of the bi- 
tuminous species abounds, and of very fine 
quality. It is found near Washington and Gan. 
nonsburg, at an elevation of at least 1,200 ft. 
The difference of climate between the central 
parts of this co. and that on either the Monon. 
gahela or Ohio r. is very perceptible, particu- 
larly in spring at opening leaf, and in the sea- 
son of reaping small grain. The wool crop of 
this CO. is estimated at about $-200,000 per ann. 
The first civilized settlement vi'as made about 
1770; in 1800 it contained 28,298 inhabitants; 
in'l810, 36,289 ; in 1820, 40,038 ; and in 1830, 
42,909. 

Washington borough, p-t. and st. jus. Wash- 
ington CO. Pa., situated near the centre of the 
CO., on one of the head branches of Chartier's 
cr., and on the U. S. road, 26 ms. s. w. Pitts- 
burg, 22 N. w. by w. Brownsville, and by p-r. 
212 ms. s. of w. Harrisburg,, and 229 n. w. by 
w. W. C, lat. 40° 11', long. 3° 19' w. W. C. 
Though elevated as stated in the previous arti- 
cle, 1,406 ft. above the Atlantic ocean, the site 
of this fine village is in a comparative valley, 
and the ground is beautifully rolling. The town 
extends up a gentle acclivity, and the main 
street is rather closely built. It contains the- 
co. buildings, 5 places of public worship, a 
market, and numerous stores, taverns, and me- 
chanics' shops. Washington college, which is 
located a little e. of the borough, was founded 
in 1806. For a time its operations were sus- 
pended, but in 1830 (Nov.) it was reorganized, 
and it is now a very flourishing institution. The 
buildings are of brick, and sufficiently large to 
accommodate the present nun-iber of students. 
The faculty consists of a president and 4 profes- 
sors, and 2 assistant teachers in the clfissical 
and English departments, and preparatory 
school. The number of alumni is 146. In 
Nov. 1830, the number of students was about 
35; of these there are now (1833) 160. Com- 
mencement is on the last Thursday in Septem. 
ber. The U. S. road enters Washington frorn 
the E., turns up the main street, a?-<d passes out 
of the upper end of the village. Pop. 1,816. 

Washington, co. Md., bndd. by Alleghany 
CO. in the same state w., Bedford co. Pa. n. w., 
Franklin co. Pa. w., Frederick co. Md. e. and 
s. E., and by the Potomac r. separating it from 
Jefferson, Berkley, and Morgan cos. Va. s. w. 
Length along the sthrn. boundary of Pa. 44 ms. ; 
the breadth differs greatly, as along the South 
mtn. in common with Frederick, it is upwards 
of 30 ms. in width, whilst near Hancock'stown, 
the width falls short of 3 ms. The winding 
course of the Potomac renders the outline very 
irregular along that stream, but the mean 
breadth is very nearly 10 ms., and area 440 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 39° 19' to 39° 42' 
n., and in long, from 0° 26' to 1° 18' w. W. C. 
The declivity is very nearly due s., and tra- 
versed by the Antietam, Conococheague, and 
numerous lesser streams. The surface is 
broken, and in part mountainous, with much ex- 



WAS 



564 



cellent river and valley soil. Cf. t. Hagers- 
town. Pop. 1820, 23,075 ; 1830, 25,263. 

Washington, city, capital of the U. S., and 
seat of the general government, is situated in 
the district of Columbia, on the left, or Mary- 
land side of the Potomac, near the head of tide 
water, and by the river and Chesapeake bay, 
290 ms. from the Atlantic. It is 38 ms. s. w. 
from Baltimore, 136 from Phila., 225 from New 
York, 432 from Boston, 595 from Augusta, Me., 
526 from Detroit, Mich., 1,068 from Little 
Rock, Ark., 856 from St. Louis, 1,203 from 
New Orleans, 662 from Savannah, Geo., and 
544 from Charleston, S. C. The Capitol stands 
in lat. 38° 52' 45", long. w. from the observato- 
ry at Greenwich 76° 55' 30". The site of 
Washington is a basin, environed by gently 
swelling hills, and it is crossed in the centre, 
nearly, by a small stream called the Tiber ; the 
soil is generally sterile, mixed with pebbles 
and sand. The Anacostia, or Eastern Branch 
is its estrn. boundary. This stream is con- 
nected with the Potomac by a spacious canal. 
The navy yard is on the Anacosta, which is of 
sufficient depth to admit the passage of frigates 
of the largest class. The city is separated from 
'Alexandria by the Potomac, and by Rock creek 
from Georgetown. A pile bridge, over a mile 
long,extends over the former to Georgetown,and 
there are several others which cross the latter, 
and the Anacostia. Another bridge over the 
Potomac, of stone, is contemplated. It is to be 
a mile in length, and will consist of 40 arches, 
and 42 piers; the estimated cost is $1,400,000. 
The length of the city, from s. e. to n. w. is 4^ 
ms., its mean width 2J ; containing about 8^ 
sq. ms. It was laid out under the supervision 
of Washington, (then presidentof the U. S.,) in 
1791. The principal streets, called avenues, 
are named after different states of the Union. 
These diverge like rays, from the capitol, and 
also from the President's h^use ; and a direct 
line of communication between these two edifi- 
ces is formed by Pennsylvania avenue, the prin- 
cipal and finest street of the city. The avenues 
are crossed by streets running n. and s. and 
others running e. and w. Many of these are 
shaded, and ail of them are very broad ; the 
former are from 120 to l60 ft. in width, and the 
latter from 70 to llO. The buildings are much 
scattered, and but a small part of the city is yet 
compactly built. The greater part of these are 
on, or contiguous to, Pennsylvania avenue, in. 
eluding Capitol hill. The number of buildings 
erected in the city in 1830, was 178, 86 of which 
were of brick and 92 of wood. The total num- 
ber of buildings in 1831, was 3,560 ; of these 
there were, public, 65 ; dwellings, 3,233, and 
262 shops and warehouses. The value of the 
real and personal estate in the city, Dec. 31, 
1830, was, buildings, $3,125,038 ; lots, $3,488,- 
032; personal property, $600,200; total, 
$7,213,350. The population of Washington 
has increased rapidly, and from its being the 
Beat of the government of the country, and its 
salubrious and healthy location, it must con- 
tinue to augment in numbers. In 1800, its 
population was 3,210 ; in 1803, 4,352 ; in 1807, 
5,652 ; in 1810, 8,208; in 1817, 11,299 ; in 1820, 
13,247 ; and in 1830, 18,227. Of the latter 
there were in 1830 — 



White persons. 
Males 6,581 
Females 6,798 

Total 13,379 



WAS 

Free col'd. 
1,342 

1,787 



2,319 



Total. 
8,933 
9,894 

18,827 



The congress of the U. S. convenes here an- 
nually, on the first Monday of December ; and 
an annual session of the supreme court of the 
U. S. is also held here, commencing on the se- 
cond Monday of January. The public buildings 
in Washington are numerous, andmany of them 
are elegant ; among these the first in rank is the 
capitol, the most elegant edifice in the U. S. 
It is built of free stone, after the Corinthian or- 
der, and cost rising of $2,000,000 ; it is alto, 
gether imposing in appearance. It stands on a 
commanding eminence, and has a front of 350 
ft., including the wings. The rotunda in the 
centre, has a diameter of 90 ft. ; its height, to 
the top of the dome is the same. In this are 
four splendid historical paintings, executed by 
Col. Trumbull. The senate chamber and rep- 
resentatives hall are semi-circular in form; the 
former is 74 feet in length, and 42 high, and 
the latter is 95 feet in length, and 60 in 
height. The dome and galleries of the hall 
are supported by pillars of variegated mar. 
ble, from the banks of the Potomac : this apart- 
ment is truly magnificent. The library of con- 
gress occupies an apartment in this building, 
and contains 16,000 volumes. The President's 
house, which is built of white free stone, has a 
lofty basement, and is 2 stories high, 180 feet 
long, and 85 in width. It is an elegant edifice, 
and commands a fine view, particularly to the 
s. : it stands about IJ ms. from the capitol. 0th. 
er government buildings, are the general post 
office, on Pa. avenue, in which is the patent of. 
fice ; 4 brick buildings, with Ionic porticos, and 
basements of free stone, 2 stories high, 2 to the 
eastward, and 2 to the westward of the presi- 
dent's house, in which are the principal offices 
of the government ; a magazine, arsenal and 
work shops, marine barracks, navy yard, navy 
hospital, and a penitentiary. Other public build- 
ings are the city hall, a fine building 250 ft. by 
50 ; 20 churches, 4 market houses, an infirmary, 
female orphan asylum, jail, theatre, alms house, 
&c. There are also 4 banks, a foundry, 
breweries, museum, a city library, &c. &c. 
Columbian College was incorporated by Con- 
gress in 1821, and partially endowed by an ap- 
propriation of $25,000. The buildings are lo- 
cated 2^ ms. N. of the capitol, on ground con. 
siderably elevated, and consist of a building con. 
taining a chapel, and 48 rooms for students ; 4 
stories high, and 117 ft. long by 46 deep, a re. 
fectory 80 ft. by 40, a philosopliical hall, and 2 
dwelling houses. A classical and preparatory 
school is connected with the institution. The 
faculty consists of a president, 5 professors, a 
French teacher, and 2 tutors. The number of 
students is about 50, and of alumni 300. The 
library consists of about 3,500 vols. Com- 
mencement is on the 4th Wednesday in Dec. 
A medical department is connected with this 
college, in which are 6 professors, and to which 
a student from each state and territory is ad. 
mitted without expense, except matriculation 
and graduating fees, $30. Regular lines of 
steamboats ply from Washington to Alexandria, 



WAS 



560 



Baltimore, Norfolk, and other places ; and nu- 
merous stages run in various directions, among 
which are 8 daily coaches to Baltimore alone. 
The territory now Washington was formerly a 
part of Prince George co. Md., and was ceded 
to the U. S. in 179U. In 1800 it became the 
seat of the U. S. government, and in 1802 was 
incorporated as a city. In 1812 it was remod- 
elled, and finally chartered in 1815. The city 
government is composed of a mayor, 12 alder- 
men, and a common council of 18 members; 
tliese are e'ecied by the citizens, the latter for 
one, and the mayor and aldermen for 2 years. 
During the last war with (ireat iirita'ui, Wash- 
ington was taken by an army under Gen. Ross, 
Aug. 24th, 1814, and the capitol, president's 
house, and other public buildings were burnt. 
These have suice been rebuilt. A very valua- 
ble library belonging to Congress was at that 
time destroyed, which has been replaced by 
that of Mr. Jefferson, subsequently purchased. 

WASHI^•GTO^, CO. Dist. Columbia, bndd. n. w. 
and N. by Montgomery co. Md., n. e. by Prince 
George's co. Md., s. e. by the estrn. branch of 
Potomac, and s. w. by the main stream of Po- 
tomac In form it approaches near a parallelo- 
gram, 8 ms. in length from s. e. to n. w., mean 
breadth 5\ ms., area 42 sq. ms., or 42-lOOths of 
the whole dii-^t. Exiending in lat. from 38° 51' 
to 38° 58' nearly, and in long, from 0° 6' G" e. 
to 0° 3' w. the capitol. The surface of this co. 
is very finely diversified by hill and dale. Rock 
or. enters near the nrthrn. angle, and meander- 
ing in a general direction from n. to s. enters 
Potomac between the city of Washington and 
Georgetown. The slope of the whole co. is 
indeed from n. to s., and the descent very rap. 
id. The soil is generally thin, though some 
very favorable exceptions exist. Exclusive of 
the city of Washington, and Georgetown, it con. 
tained in 1830, a population of 2,994 ; including 
these, 30,202. 

Washington, p-v. at the s. estrn. foot of Blue 
Ridge, and at the head of Thornton's r. wstrn. 
part of Culpepper co. Va., by p-r. 81 ms. a little 
s. of w. W. C. 

Washington, co. Va. bndd. by Scott w.. 
Clinch mtn., separating it from Russell n. w., 
Smyth CO. n.e. and e., Carter co. Ten. s., and 
Sullivan co. Ten. s. w. Length from s. w. to n. 
E. 38 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 600 sq. 
ms. Lat. 3G° 40', and long. 5° w. of W. C. in- 
tersect near the centre of this co. It is limited 
N. wstrd. and s. estrd. by mtn. chains, and tra- 
versed near mid-breadth by Walker's mtn. ; it is 
consequently composed of two mtn. vallies, 
down which flow to the s. w. the North and 
Middle Forks of Holston r. When the census 
of 1830 was taken, it contained an aggregate 
pop. of 15,614, but subsequently the area and 
pop. were abridged by the creation of vSmyth 
CO. into which about 150 sq. ms. of Washington 
were incorporated. It occupies part of an ele- 
vated region, exceeding a mean heighth of 
1,200 ft. above the level of the ocean, Cf. t. 
Abingdon. 

Washington, co. N. C. bndd. by Tyrrell e., 
Hyde s., Martin w., and Alberraarle sound n. 
It lies in form of a parallelogram, 20 ms. by 18, 
area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 35° 40' to 
35° 56', and in long, from 0° 12' to 0° 38' e. W. 
G. What very little declivity this co. presents 

72 



is from s. to n. towards Albermarle s.iund, but 
the surface is nearly a dead, and in good part, a 
swampy level. Cf. t. Plymouth. Pop. 1820, 
3,986; 1830,4,552. 

Washington, seaport, p-v. and st. jus. Beau- 
fort CO. N. C, situated on the lei't bank of Tar 
r., at or near the point where that stream as- 
sumes the name of Pamlico sound, by p.r. 122 
ms. a little s.ofE. Raleigh, and 302 ms. almost 
directly s. W. C. Lat. 35° 32', long. 0° 03' w. 
W. C. Washington is at the head of such ship 
navigation as Pamlico sound will admit, and 
having the fine valley of Tar r. in the rear, 
is a place of considerable note. (See Beau- 
fort.) 

"Washington, co. Geo., bndd. n. w. by Bald- 
win CO., N. by Hancock, n. e. and E. by Jeffer- 
son, s. E. by Emanuel, s. w. by Laurens, and w. 
by Oconee r. separating it from Wilkinson. 
Extending in lat. from 32° 42' to 33° 13', and in 
long, from 5° 36' to G° 11' w. W. C. Though 
bndd. on the w. by Oconee, this co. is a table 
land. Il is bndd. on the n. e. by the main stream 
and gives source to several confluents of Great 
Ogeechee ; this section falling to the s. estrd. The 
general declivity is nevertheless to the sthrd. 
discharging crs. into Oconee. Much of the soil 
IS good, some excellent, but in general thin. 
The greatest length is from the sthrn. angle on 
Oconee to the nthrn. on Great Ogeechee 38 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 760 sq. ms. Pop. 
1820, 10,627; 1830,9,820, 

^Washington, p-v. and st. jus. Wilkes co. 
Geo., 5 1 ms. w. n. w. Augusta, and by p-r. 64 
ras. N. E. Milledgeville. Lat. 33° 42', long 5° 
45' w. W. C. This place contains an academj'-, 
and about 800 inhabitants. 

Washington, co. Flor. is bndd. w. by Choc- 
tawhatchee bay and r. separating it from "Wal- 
ton CO., on the n. by Jackson co., e. by Appa.. 
luchiola r., separating it from Gadsden co., and 
j;. E., s. and s. w. by the Gulf of Mexico. Length 
from the entrance of Choctawbatchee bay to the 
mouth of Appalachicola r. llfims., mean breadth 
22, and area 2,420 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from cape St. Georee 29° 2 ' to 3 ° 40', and in 
long, from 8° to 9° 36' w. W. C. Williams in 
his View of Vv^'est Florida, says — " It is a mis- 
shapen tract of worthless land in general ; a 
few hammocks on St. Andrew's bay, the south 
hedges of Oak and Hickory hills, a part of 
Holme's valley, and the borders of Econfina r. 
are valuable exceptions." St. Andrew's bay 
opens into and occupies the central parts of this 
CO., and is a fine sheet of water, which accord- 
ing to Williams' map has t8 ft. water on its 
shallowest bar. Cf. t. Holmes V^alley. Pop, 
uncertain. 

Washington, CO. Ala. bndd. by Chickasaw, 
hay r. separating it from Vv''ayne co. Misp. w., 
by the Choctaw territory, Ala. n., by Tombig. 
bee r., separating it from Clark co., Ala. e., 
and by Mobile co. s. The greatest length is 
along the estrn. border, 42 ms. by the general 
course of Tombigbee r., mean breadtii about 20 
ms., area 840 sq. ms. Extendinir in lat. from 
31° 23' to 32°, and in long, from 11° 03' to 11° 
37' w. W. V. The mere wstrn. border of this 
CO. is in the valley of Chickasawhay r., but the 
far greater part slopes to the estrd. toward Tom. 
bigbee r. Cf. ts, Washington and St. Stephens. 
Pop. 3,474. 



WAS 



566 



WAS 



Washington, p-v. and st. jus. Washington 
CO. Ala., on the small r. or cr. Sinla Bogue, 16 
ins. N. w. St. Stephens, and by p-r. 146 miles 
s. s. w. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 31° 39', long. 11° 
18' w. W. C. 

Washington, p-v. and st. jus. Autauga co, 
Ala., on the right bank of Ala. r., by p-r. 129 
ms. s. E. by e. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 32° 23', long. 
9° 35' w. W. C. 

Washington, p-v. Adams co. Misp., situated 
on St. Catherine cr. 6 ms. e. Natchez. This 
place was many years the seat of government for 
the Misp. ter., and afterwards for the state of 
Misp. The site of the town is elevated, dry, 
and pleasant. Jefferson college, which was 
founded in 1802, is located here. It was re- 
organized in 1829 under capt. Alden Partridge, 
now president of the institution, and the instruc- 
tors consist of 2 professors, and 7 assistants. 
The principal building will accommodate 100 
or more students, of which there are now 
(1833,) about 90. It is now in part a military 
institution. 

Washington, parish of La., bounded by Pike 
county, Misp. n. w., Marion county, Misp. n.. 
Pearl r., separating it from Hancock <^o. Misp. 
E., St. Tammany parish, La. s., and Tangipao 
r., separating it from St. Helena, parish of La. 
w. Greatest length a diagonal from the s. e. 
to the N. w. angle 66 ms., mean breadth 15, and 
area witliin a small fraction of 1,000 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 30° 34' to 31°, and in 
long, from 12° 36' to 13° 34' w. W. C. The 
declivity of this co. is to the s. s. e., and in that 
direction it is bndd. by the Pearl e., and Tangi- 
pao w. The Bogue Chito rising in Lawrence 
and Pike cos. Misp., traverses Washington pa- 
rish, which, also giving source to the Chifuncte 
r., discharges the iormer into Pearl r., and the 
latter, over St. Tammany, into the n. side of 
lake I'ontchartrain. The far greater part of 
the surface of Washington parish is composed 
of open and sterile pine woods. Where the 
land admits cultivation, the staple is cotton. 
Cf. t. Franklinton. Pop. 1820, 2,517 ; 1830, 
2,286. 

Washingt( n, p-v. and st. jus. Rhea co. Ten., 
on the right bank of Ten. r., about 70 ms. be- 
low, ands. w. by w. Knoxvilie, and by p-r. 129 
ms. s. e. by e. Nashville. Lat. 35° 38', long. 
7° 48' w. W. C. 

Washington, co. Ten., bndd. by Green w., 
Sullivan n., Carter e., and by Blue Ridge, sep- 
arating it from Buncombe co. N. C. s. Length 
from s. to N. 30 ms., mean width 20, and area 
600 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 57' to 
36° 24', and in long, from 5° 10' to 5° 35' w. W. 
C. A small section of this co. slopes to the 
nrthrd., and is drained by small crs. flowing in- 
to Watauga r. ; but the sthrn. central and much 
most extensive sections are commensurate with 
the higher valley of Nolechucky r. and south- 
westwardlv. Cf. t. Jonesborough. Pop. 1820, 
9,557 ; 1830, 10,995. 

Washington, co. Ky., bndd. w. by Hardin, n. 
w. by Chaplin's fork of Salt river, separating it 
from Nelson, n. e. and e. by Mercer, s. e. by 
Casey, and s. by the s. fork of Salt r. Length 
28 ms., mean breadth 18, and area about 500 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 30' to 36° 
52' N., and in long, from 7° 58' to 8° 32' w. W. 
C. Comprised within the two main branches 



and drained by numerous crs. of Salt r., the de- 
clivity of this CO. is to the wstrd. Cf. t. Spring- 
field. Pop. 1820, 15,947 ; 1830, 19, 130. 

Washington, p-v. and st. jus. Mason co. Ky., 
4 ms. from O. r. at Maysville, and by p-r. 63 
ms. N. E. by E. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 37', and 
long. 6° 43' w. W. C. It contains beside the 
CO. buildings, an academy, and three or four 
places of public worship. 

Washington, co. Ohio, bndd. by Athens s. 
w. and w., Morgan n. w,, Monroe n. e., Ohio r. 
separating it from Tyler co. Va. e., and from 
Wood CO. Va. s. Extending in lat. from 39° 
15' to 39°. 40', and in long, from 4° to 4° 54' w. 
W. C. Length on the nthm. border along Mon- 
roe and Morgan cos., 50 ms. It lies in a wide 
resemblance to a triangle, mean breadth 15, and 
area 750 sq. ms. The slope is srthrd. towards 
the Ohio r. The Muskingum enters the north 
wstrn. angle, and winding thence estrd. to near 
the centre of the co., inflects to the s. and falls 
into the 0. r. at Marietta. The surface of this 
CO. is generally very hilly, but soil productive. 
By the post list of 1831 , beside at Marietta, the 
CO. St., there were offices at Belpre, Bent's, 
Brown's Mills, Carroll, Fearing, Little Hock- 
hocking, Lower Salem, Newport, Point Har- 
mar, Waterford, Watertown, and Wesley. Pop. 
1820, 10,425; 1830, 11,731. 

Washington, p-v. Guernsey co. Ohio, 10 ms. 
E. Cambridge, the co. St., and 91 miles estrd. 
Columbus. Pop. 372. 

Washington, p-v. and st. jus., 'Fayette co. Ohio, 
by p-r. 45 ms. s. w. Columbus. Lat. 39° 30', 
long. W. C. 6° 24' w. Pop. 299. 

Washington, co. Ind., bndd. s. by Harrison, 
s. w. by Crawford, w. by Orange, n. w. by Law- 
rence, N. by the E. Fork of White r. separating 
it from Jackson, n. e. by Scott, e. by Clark, 
and s. E. by Floyd. Length from e. to w. 26 
ms., mean breadth 20, and area 520 square ms. 
Extending in lat. from 38° 27' to 38° 47', and 
in long, from 8° 54' to 9° 20' w. W. C. This 
CO. extends sthrdly. from the bank of the E. 
branch of White r,, over the table land between 
that stream and Ohio r. Blue r., a small con- 
fluent of the Ohio, rises in and drains the sthrn, 
part, whilst from the western flow small creeks 
into the E. Fork of White river. Surface bro- 
ken, hilly, and soil fertile. Cf. t. Salem. By 
the p-o. list of 1831, beside at Salem there were 
offices in this co. at Claysville, Livonia, Mar- 
tinsburg, and Pleasant Valley. Pop. 1820, 
9,039, 1830, 13,064. Salem, the co. seat, is 
situated near the centre of the co. 91 ms. s. In. 
dianopolis. Lat. 38° 36', long. 9° 06' w, W. C. 
Washington, p-v. and st. jus. Daviess co. In- 
diana, by p-r. 106 ms. s. w. Indianopolis, and 
20 ms. a little s. of e. Vincennes. It is situated 
5 or 6 ms. n. n. e. from the junction of the two 
main branches of White r. Lat. 38° 40', long. 
W. C. 10° 12' w. 

Washington, co. Illinois, bndd. s. by Perry, 
s. w. by Randolph, w. by St. Clair, n. by Clin- 
ton, and E. by Jefferson. Length from e. to w. 
30 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 540 square 
ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 13' to 38° 30' 
and in long, from 12° 10' to 12° 44' w. W. C. 
Kaskaskia r. forms a part of the n. w. bounda- 
ry of this CO. separating it from Clinton, and the 
slope of the contiguous part is nrthwstrd. to- 
wards that stream. The southern side declines 



WAS 



567 



WAS 



to the southward, and gires source to the north, 
western branches of Muddy cr. In 1831, by 
the post list there was no office at Nashville, 
the CO. St., but there were at Beaucoup, Coving- 
ton, and Elkhorn. Covington is a p-v. on Kaskas- 
kia r. 47 ms. a little s. of e. St. Louis, in Mo., 
and by p-r. 40 ms. s. s. w. Vandalia. Pop. 1,675. 

Washington, co. Mo., bounded by Madi- 
son s. E., St. Francis co. e., Jefferson n. e., 
Franklin n., and as laid down by Tanner by 
territory not laid out into counties on the s. 
and w. Length from s. to n. 40 ms., mean 
width 25, and area 1,000 square miles. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 37° 35' to 38° 10', and in 
long, from 13° 36' to 14° 08' w. W. C. This 
CO. has a natural boundary on the s. in the Iron 
mtns., from the southern slopes of which rise 
the extreme sources of St. Francis and Black 
rs. The body of the co. however, declines al- 
most due N. and is drained by the fountains of 
both main branches of Maramec r. The tract 
of country embraced by Washington co. is an 
important section of the state of Mo. School- 
craft, who visited the lead mines at, and contig. 
uous to Potosi, speaks thus of the country. — 
"Washington co. although the seat of the prin- 
cipal lead mines, is at the same time not defi- 
cient in farming land. Big r. (the estrn. branch 
of Maramec) in its whole course, which is long 
and devious, and most completely subtends the 
N. E. and s. boundaries of Washington co., af- 
fords the finest of farming lands. The princi- 
pal farming tracts of this co. although detached, 
with ridges of poor land intervening, taken in 
the aggregate, bear a respectable proportion to 
its whole number of square ms. and exalt its ag- 
ricultural character above that of the other mi- 
ning cos.of Mo., St. Genevieve excepted. Belle- 
vue abounds in granite and iron ore. The iron 
of Bellevue is a subject of universal notoriety. 
In the richness of the ore, and extent of the 
beds or mines, it is no where paralleled. The 
most noted place is called the Iron mountain, 
where the ore is piled in such enormous masses 
as to constitute the entire sthrn. extremity ofa 
lofty ridge, which is elevated 5 or 600 ft. above 
the plain." Mr. Schoolcraft denominates the 
species of iron ore to be that called micaceous 
oxi/d of iron, and very rich in quality. This 
author enumerates zinc also as amongst the 
minerals of Washington co., but lead was then, 
February 1819, the only ore worked to any great 
amount, if we except 3 salt petre caves. Poto 
si, the St. jus., is situated on a branch of Big r. 
about 60 miles s. w. St. Louis, 40 w. St. Gene- 
vieve, and by p-r. 127 ms. s. e. by e. Jefferson, 
the seat of government of the state. Lat. 37° 
56', long. 1 3° 48' w. W. C. Pop. 6,784. 

Washington, co. Ark., as laid down on Tan- 
ner's United States, is bndd. n. e. by the co. of 
Izard, s. by Crawford, w. by the Osage territo- 
ries, and N. by the state of Mo. The extent 
on the map exceeds 3,000 sq. ms., but the 
country is too imperfectly known to admit a de- 
tailed description. By the list of 1831, there 
were three post offices, namely, Cane Hill, 
Fayetteville, and Vineyard, neither of which 
are, however, marked on the map. The ex- 
treme sources of White r. are delineated as ri- 
sing near the centre and flowing nrthestrdly. out 
of this CO. into Mo., and from the latter, curv- 
ing back into Ark. Pop. 2,182. 



Washington, or Hempstead c. h. p-v. and st. 
jus. Hempstead co. Ark., by p-r. 117 ms. s. w. 
Little Rock. Lat. 33° 45', long. 16° 36' w. 
W. C. 

Washington, p-v. Macomb co. Mich., by p-r. 
50 ms. n. n. e. Detroit. 

Washingtonville, p-v. Columbia co. Pa. 7 
ms. N. Danville, the co. St.. and 72 ms. n. Har- 
risburg. 

Washitau, or according to French orthogra- 
phy, Ouachitta r. of Ark. and La. The most 
remote sources of this stream are in the Mas- 
serne mountain and in Pulaski co. Ark., and 
within 4 or 5 ms. from the Ark. r. This nthrn. 
confluent is the Saline Fork. The middle 
branches rise also from the Masserne, but more 
to the southwestward in Clark co., and advan- 
cing still farther to s. w., and from the same 
chain issues the Little Mo. The Ouachitta 
proper and Little Mo. flow each by comparative 
courses 70 ms. to their junction between Hemp- 
stead and Clark cos. Below their union, the 
united waters continue to the s. e. 50 ms. to 
the influx of Saline, or the nrthestrn. branch. 
The general course of Saline is a little e. of s. 
120 ms. Now a fine navigable r. the Washi- 
tau assumes a course of very little e. of n. which 
it maintains all the residue of its channel of 140 
ms. to its union with Red r. The entire com- 
parative course of Washitau, is about 260 ms., 
but the channel being very tortuous the naviga- 
ble length is usually estimated at upwards of 
400 ms. About 15 ms. below the influx of Sa. 
line, Ouachitta enters La. within which it re- 
ceives from the westward Saluta, Terre Bonne, 
and Little r., and from the estwrd. Barthelen. 
ny, Boeuf, and Tensaw rs. The greatest length 
of the Washitau valley from the sources of Sa- 
line to Red r. is 260 ms., the mean breadth at 
least 80 ms., and area 20,800 sq. ms. In lat. 
it extends from 31° 20' to 34° 45', and in long, 
from 14° 18' to 16° 50' w. W. C. 

Washitau, parish. La., w. Misp. r., bndd. s. 
E. by the parish of Concordia, s. by the parish 
of Ocatahoola, s. w. by the parishes of Rapides 
and Natchitoches, w. by the parish of Claiborne, 
and n. by the cos. of Lafayette and Chicot in 
Ark. Length from e. to w. 90 ms., mean width 
60, and area 5,400 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 31° 48' to 33° and in long, from 14° 15' 
to 15° 46' w. W. C. The surface of this ex- 
tensive region presents very striking varieties 
of soil. The general declivity is to the south- 
ward, but the western part declines southeast- 
ward towards Washitau r. and is generally a 
pine forest, drained by the branches of Terre 
Bonne, Saluta, and Little r. A similar charac- 
ter is again prevalent e. of Washitau on that 
part drained by Barthelenny. Advancing how- 
ever to the eastward on the vallies of Boeuf and 
Tensaw, the inundated lands of the Misp. are 
reached. Scattered over every part, compara- 
tively small, but very productive zones of soil 
are found. E. of Washitau, lie scattered some 
small detached prairies, with a soil varying in 
quality similar to other parts of the parish. 
Where the soil will admit of cultivation, cotton 
is the common staple. Cf. t., Monroe. Pop. 
1820,2,896; 1830, 5,140. 

Washtenaw, co. Mich., bndd. n. w. by Ingham 
CO., n. by Shiawassee, n. e. by Oakland, e. by 
Wayne, s. e. by Monroe, s. w. by Lenawee, 



WAT 



568 



WAT 



and w. by Jackson. Length fruni s. to n. 36 
ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,080 sq. ins. 
Extending in lat. from 42° Ob' to 42° 39'. From 
the northwestern border issue the extreme 
sources of Shiawassee, one of the branches of 
Saginaw r. flowing to the nrthrd. Huron of 
lake Erie rising in Oakland co. flows s. w. into 
Washtenaw, forms a sweeping curve towards 
the centre and thence bends to s. e. into Wayne 
county. The southern section is drained east- 
ward by the n. brai^ch of the r. Raisin. The 
surface of Washtenaw is level and rather flat, 
general slope southeastward towards lake 
Erie. The western border is, however, on the 
tabic land between lakes Erie and Mich., and 
gives source to the extreme fountains of Grand 
r. of the latter lake. Cf. t. Ann Arbour. Pop. 
4,042. 

Wasque Point, Dukes co. Mass., the n- e. 
extremity of Martha's Vineyard, is formed by 
the meeting of 2 beaches, nearly at right angles. 

Watauga, r. of N. C. and Ten. rises in Ashe 
CO. of the former state, from the northwestern 
vallies of Blue Ridge opposite the sources of 
Catawba and Yadkin, and interlocking sources 
with those of New r. branch of Great Kenha. 
wa. These higher crs. of Watauga flowing to 
the w. of N. w. traverse the Iron mtn. and unite 
in Carter co., Ten. Carter co. is indeed very 
Bearly commensurate with the lower valley of 
Watauga, in the western angle of which the va. 
rious branches unite, and entering Sullivan fall 
into the s. e. branch of Holston. 

Waterbokougji, p.t. York co. Me., 36 ms. 
N. York, 81 ms. s. w. Augusta, has Little Os- 
sippee r. on the n. Ime, and s. a head stream of 
the Kennebunk. Pop. 1,814. 

WATERBURy, r., Washington co., Vt., a branch 
of Onion r., 16 ms. long. 

Waterbury, p-t. Washington co. Vt., 12 ms. 
N. w. Montpelier, 24 s. e. Burlington, has Onion 
river on the s. line. It was first settled 1784, 
and has a surface generally level or gently va- 
ried, with good soil, especially on the rich 
meadows of Onion river, bearing hard wood 
with some spruce and hemlock. Waterbury r. 
and Thatcher's branch afford mill seats. In the 
s. w. is a deep cut, about 100 ft. wide through 
rocks, where Onion r. has forced its passage, 
and the land above appears to have been the bed 
of the lake. The rocks in the bed of the stream 
form in one place a natural bridge, and in an- 
other a cavern. Pop. 1,650. 

Watekbury, p-t. and borough, New Haven 
CO. Conn. 20 ma, n. by w. New Haven, 29 s. w. 
Hartiord, is a place of various and extensive 
manufactures. The most important of these are, 
3 extensive manufactories of gilt buttons ; seve- 
ral others of fancy, bone, ivory and prunelle 
buttons. 1 satinette and broadcloth manufacto- 
ry; 2 mills for rolling sheet brass, connected 
with the button manufactories ; 1 extensive mill 
for the manufacluro of sheet brass, plated metal, 
brass and copper wire, and brass and copper 
tubes; and a manufactory of wooden clocks. 
In the village of Salem, within the town, is also 
another manufactory of satinetts and broad- 
cloths, and 3 other extensive manufactories, 1 
of pitchforks, and 2 of hoes. Waterbury is a 
very good agricultural town, has a varied sur- 
face, and is crossed by Naugatuck and other 
streams which aflford good mill sites. Pop. 3,071. 



Wateree, local name given to the Catawba 
r. in the lower part of its course in Kershaw, 
Richland, and Wumpter dists. S. C. {See Ca- 
tawba and Congaree rivers.) 

Waterford, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 57 ms. from 
Augusta, 12 s. w. Paris, is square, with Cum- 
berland CO. on the s. e., and has several ponds, 
some of which flow into Crooked lake, and 
others into Crooked r., a tributary of Sebago 
pond. Pop. 1,123. 

Waterford, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 32 ms. e- 
Montpelier, 21 n. Newbury, with Conn. r. s. e., 
first settled 1787, has Passumpsic r. n. w., and 
is touched by Moose r. in one part. Fifteen ms. 
Fall in the ■• onn. is partly opposite this t. The 
meadows on the r. are not overflown by the 
flood.^. The land is rough and stony. Pop. 1,533. 

Waterford, v. Uxbridge, Worcester co. 
Mass., contains a cotton and a woollen factory ; 
the latter with 1,600 spindles, and 68 loome, 
the former 2,000 spindles and 32 looms. Above, 
the same company have a stone factory, 3i2ft. 
long, v/ith 10,000 spindles and 300 looms, mak- 
ing 2,500,000 yards of printed goods annually ; 
these besides other factories. 

Waterford, p-t. New London co. Conn., 4 
ms. from N. London, 37 s. e. Hartford, lies on 
the w. side of Thames r. and n. L. I. Soimd, 
is uneven, watered by Niantic and Jordan rs., 
&c. Many fish of difierent sorts are caught 
here. Pop. 2,463. 

Waterford, p-t. Saratoga co. N. Y., 10 ms. 
N. Albany, lies on the w. side of the Pludson, 
and is separated from Albany co. by the Mo- 
hawk, the banks of which from the falls are 
high, rocky, and nearly perpendicular to its 
entrance into the Hudson. A view of these 
falls (the Cohoes) from the bridge which 
crosses the r. below, is very fine. Near its 
mouth is a dam, above which the Champlain 
canal crosses the stream. This canal crosses 
the t. also, descending to the level of the r. by 
locks, and here forms a junction with the Erie 
canal.— The soil of the low grounds is clay, 
and the more elevated parts are sandy. The 
V. v.'hich is 20 ms. s. s. e. Balston Spa, and 26 
s. by E. Saratoga Springs, is one of the neatest 
in the state, and a great thoroughfare, being on 
the canal, and on one of the great routes Irom 
Albany to Whitehall, and also on the route 
from the former place to the Springs. It stands 
on a fine alluvial level, has a good soil, is partly 
surrounded by fine hiils, and has some com- 
merce, being situated at the head of sloop navi- 
gation. A bridge across the Hudson connects 
the lown with Lansingburg. Pop. 1,473. 

Waterford, t. Gloucester co. N. J., 30 ms. 
s. s. yj. Trenton, is of irregular elongated form, 
with Burlington co. n. e., Delaware r. n. w., 
and Cooper's cr. on part of the s. w. line. Pe. 
ty's isl. lies opposite, in the Del., just below 
which is the city of Phil. Pop. 3,088. 

Watekfosd, formerly Le Boeuf, situated on 
Le Boeuf cr. Erie co. Pa. 15 ms. a little e. of 
s. from the borough of Erie, 100 ms. very near- 
ly due N. Pittsburgh, and by p-r. 333 ms. n. w. 
W. C. At seasons of high water, a down 
stream navigation is practicable from this place. 
Pop. 1830, . In 1820, 570. 

Waterford, p-v. in the nthrn. part of Loudon 
CO. Va. 10 ms. n. Leesburgh, anil by p-r. 37 ms. 
N. w. W.*C. A fine flourishing village. 



WAT 



569 



WAT 



Waterford, p-v. on the right bank, of Mus- 
kingum r. N. wstrn. part of Washington co. O., 
by p-r. 1 8 ms. n. w. Marietta, and 88 ms. s. e. 
by a. Columbus. Pop. tsp. 90b. 

Water Gap, Warren co. N. J., the passage 
of Del. r. through the Blue mtns. 20 ms. above 
Easton. The scenery is quite romantic. 

Waterloo, p-t. and half shire, Seneca co. N. 
Y., stands at a fall of Seneca r., 7 nis. e. 
Geneva, 4 v/. Seneca Falls, and 173 w. Albany. 
It contains the co. buildings, and some large 
mills. Pop. 1,837. 

Waterloo, p-v, in the extreme s. wstrn. an- 
gle ot Mitflin co. Pa., by p-r. 70 ms. n. w. Har- 
risburg. 

Waterloo, tavern and p-o. Anne Arundel 
CO. Md., on the main road from VV. C. to Balti- 
Jiiore, 25 ms. from the former, and 13 from the 
latter city. 

Waterloo, formerly Bullock's, p-o. Gran, 
ville CO. N. C, by p.r. (J3 ms. n. Raleigh. 

Waterloo, p-o. Laurens dist. 8. G., by p-r. 
11 ms. sthrd. Laurensvilie, and 75 n. w. by vv. 
Columbia. 

Waterloo, p-o. Lauderdale co. Ala., by p-r. 
176 ms. N. Tuscaloosa. 

Waterloo, p-v. Fayette co. Ind., by p-r. 73 
ms. s. E. by e. Indianopolis. 

Waterloo, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. II., 
by P-r. 99 ms. s. w. Vandalia. 

Water Street, p-v. Huntingdon co. Pa., 9 
ms. wstrd. from the borough of Huntingdon, and 
by p-r. 157 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Watertown, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 7 ms. 
W.N. w. Boston, is situated on Charles r., on the 
N. side of which is the village, with a large cot- 
ton factory, &:-c. Sloops come up to this place, 
to which there is 7 ft. of water at spring tides. 
Abridge crosses the r. just above the v., !^ ms. 
below ; on the n. bank is an arsenal of the U. S. 
The surface is agreeably varied, the soil is dry 
and good, and almost entirely under cultivation. 
Fresh pond, partly in this t., is much resorted 
to. First settled 1630, by the sons of Sir Ri- 
chard Saltonstall and others. The provincial 
congress sat here in 1775, and were in session 
during the battle of Bunker's Hill. Pop. 1,641. 

Watertown, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 30 
ms. w. Hartford, 26 n. w. New Haven, has 
Naugatuck r. and West Branch e., about 4 ms. 
by 6, is hilly, with some level tracts, generally 
granite rocks, some limestone, soil favorable to 
grass, well watered. Pop. 1,500. 

Watertown, p-t. and st. jus. Jefferson co. N. 
Y., lies 160 ms. n. of w. Albany, and 8 miles 
from the mouth of Black r., which forms its n. 
boundary. It has an uneven surface, and a soil 
of brown loam mixed with pebbles, and lime- 
stone beneath. The village is at the falls of 
Black r., whence it derives an immense water 
power. There are 2 cotton factories, one, the 
Jefferson, is the largest in the state, being 250 
ft. long, 50 wide, and 4 stories high. 120,000 
to 130,000 lbs. of cotton are manufactured here, 
about 4 1,000 lbs. at the Black r. factory, and 
about 20,000 lbs. of wool at the Watertown 
woollen factory, annually. For several ms. ex- 
tent there are favorable sites for factories, along 
the banks of Black r. There are in the town 
2 Presbyterian churches, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 
and 1 Uuiversalist, a court house, a bank with 
a capital of 400,000 dollars, 2 machine shops. 



a tannery, morocco manufactory, paper mill, 
&c. &c. The village is very pleasantly lo- 
cated, and contains many handsome private edi- 
fices, some of them of stone, and very good 
taste. The prosperity of the place will be 
very greatly promoted by the construction of 
a proposed rail road to the Erie canal. Pop. 
4,768. 

Watertown, p-v. Washington co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 94 ras. s. e. by e. Columbus. 

Waterville, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 18 ms. 
N. by e. Augusta, 20 n. Hallowell, 15 s. e. Nor. 
ridgewock ; has Kennebec r. e., Somerset co. 
N., and contains part of two large ponds, which 
flow into Kennebec r. Here is established the 
Wesleyan seminary, the students of which con. 
tribute to their support by manual lalior. It pos- 
sesses a philosophical and chemical apparatus, 
with two buikiingp, each containing 32 rooms 
for students ; a chapel is soon to be erected. 
The work-shops connected v/ith this institution 
are two in number, 1 of them 80 ft. by 24, and 
2 stories high ; and the other 80 by 20 feet, of 
one story. In these the students may labor 3 
hours a day. The faculty is composed of a 
president and 5 prol^essors. Undergraduates, 
1832-3, 82 ; in the libraries are about 2,600 vol- 
umes. Commencement is on the last Wednes- 
day in July. Connected with Waterville college 
is a Medical school located, at Woodstock, Vt., 
in which are 4 professors ; students 1832-3, 74. 
The course of lectures commence on the first 
Thursdav in March, and continue 13 weeks. 
Pop. 2,216. 

Waterville, t. Grafton co. N. H. Pop. 69. 

Waterville, p.t. Franklin co. Vt., 44 miles 
i'rom Montpelier. Pop. 488. 

Waterville, p. v. Delaware co. N. Y., 17 
ms. N. e. Delhi, 56 ms. b. w. Albany, and 51 
from Catskill, on Delaware r. 

Waterville, p. v. Wood co. Ohio, by p.r. 142 
ms. n. n. w. Columbus. 

Watervliet, p-t. Albany co. N. Y., 6 ms. n. 
Albany ; has Hudson r. e. and n. In the n. e. 
corner of the co., on the Hudson, are extensive 
meadows. Some of the hills have good soil, 
but there are sandy tracts w. The land is prin- 
cipally leased, belonging to the Manor of Rens- 
selaerwick. The Erie canal crosses the Mo- 
hawk in this t., descends by double locks to the 
level of the Champlain canal, which crosses 
the Mohawk near its mouth, joins the Erie ca- 
nal, 2i ms. above Gibbonsville. From Gibbons- 
ville a branch canal crosses above the dam, to 
Troy. There is also the U. S. arsenal. The 
main building faces Hudson r., and the grounds 
enclosed by the wall extend back to the canal, 
which affords a convenient channel of transpor- 
tation. In the w. part is Niskayuna, a settlement 
of Shakers, on a handsome level. Pop. 4,962. 

Watkin's Store and p-o. in the southwest- 
ern angle of Pittsylvania co. Va., by p-r. 192 
ms. s. w. by w. Richmond. 

Watkinsville, p-v. southwestern part of 
Goochland co. Va., 36 ms. westward Richmond. 

Watkinsville, p-v. and st. jus. Clark co. Ga., 
situated between Oconee and Appalachee rs., 
bv p-r. 69 ms. a little w. of n. Milledgeville. 
Lat. 33° 50', long. 6° 28' w, W. C. 

Watson, t. Lewis co. N. Y., 128 ms. n. w. 
Albany, in the n. e. part of the co. ; has Black 
r. E., and the falls are 63 ft. high. Fop. 909. 



WAY 



570 



WAY 



Watson's Store, and p-o. Columbia co. Geo., 
5 ms. westward Applingville, and by p-r. 88 ms. 
N. E. by E. Milledgeville. 

Watsontown, p-v. on the left bank of Sus- 
quehannah r., northern part Northumberland co. 
Pa., 71 ms. northward Harrisburg. 

Wattsboro', p-o. western part of Lunenburg 
CO. Va., by p-r. 97 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Wattsburg, or Wattsville, p-v. Erie co. Pa., 
18 ms. s. E. from the borough of Erie, 10 n. e. 
Waterford, and about 120 ms. a very little n. of 
E. Pittsburg. 

Waugh's Ferry, and p-o. Amherst co. Va., 
by p-r. 205 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Waukhnaii, p-v. Jefferson co. Florida, 22 ms. 
E. Tuscaloosa. 

Waverly, p-v. Pike co. Ohio, by p-r. 61 ms. 
s. Columbus. 

Waverly Hall, and p.o. Harris co. Geo., by 
p-r. 119 ms. w. Milledgeville. 

Waxhaw, large cr., rising in the southern 
part of Mecklenburg co. N. C, flows thence 
southwestward into Lancaster dist. S. C, fall- 
ing into the right side of Catawba r., opposite 
Patton's isl. 

Waxhaw, p-o. on Waxhaw cr., Lancaster 
dist. y. C, by p-r. 84 ms. a little e. of n. Co- 
lumbia, and 11 ms. n. n. w. Lancaster c. h. 

Wavlandsburg, P-v. Culpepper co. Va., by 
p-r. 84 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. 

Wayne, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 20 ms. w. 
Augusta ; has Androscoggin co. n. w., and con- 
tains part of a large pond which flows into An. 
droscoggin r. Pop. 1,153. 

Wayne, co. N. Y., bndd. by lake Ontario n., 
Cayuga co. e., Seneca and Ontario cos. s., and 
Monroe co. w. ; is bndd. by nearly straight lines 
on the land sides ; has Sodus bay near the mid- 
dle of the lake shore, and Little Sodus, East 
Bays, E. of it. Mud cr. enters the co. from the 
s., near the s. w. angle, crosses five of the 
south line of towns, and leaves it near the south- 
east angle, bearing the name of C^lyde r., from 
where it receives the Canadagua outlet. Sal- 
mon cr., and others, flow n. into the lake. The 
soil is generally very good. Erie canal passes 
through the s. part of this co., and the Clyde is 
navigable in boats. In Ontario, in this co., are 
2 forges, and two blast furnaces. It contains 15 
towns, of which Lyons is the st. jus. Pop. 1820, 
20,.310, 1830, 33,643. 

Wayne, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 14 ms. n. e. 
Bath; has Croolced lake w., with a nearly level 
surface, and pretty good soil. Pop. 1,172. 

Wayne, co. Pa., bndd. s. e. and s. by Pike 
CO., s. w. by Luzerne, w. by Susquehannah, n. 
by Broome co. N. Y., by Delaware r. separa- 
ting it from Delaware co. N. Y. n. e., and from 
Sullivan co. N. Y. e. Greatest length is along 
its western border, 54 ms. in common with Lu- 
zerne and Susquehannah cos., mean breadth 12, 
and area 648 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
41° 13' to 42°, and in long, from 1° 30' to 1° 
58' E. W. C. The general declivity is eastward, 
towards Delaware r. The southern and cen. 
tral sections, embracing full two thirds of the 
whole area, are drained by the various crs. of 
Lackawaxen r. The western border along the 
Lackawaxen mountain, gives source to the 
higher sources of Lackawannoc river, flow- 
ing southwestwardly into Susquehannah riv- 
^r, in Wyoming valley, and to the Starucoa 



creek, flowing northwestwardly into the Sus- 
quehannah r. at the head of the Great Bend. 
The northeastern part is drained into the Dela. 
ware, by numerous short crs. above the Lack- 
awaxen r. The surface is either mountainous 
or hilly, with, however, much excellent soil. 
Though bordering on the Delaware r., Wayne 
CO. Pa. is comparatively a new settlement. In 
1820 it contained but 4,127, but in 1830 the 
population had risen to 7,674, having gained 86 
per cent, in 10 years For the causes of such 
prosperity, see Lackawaxen, Honesdale, and 
Carbondale. Cf. ts. Bethany st. jus., Hones- 
dale, Damascus, and Stockport. 

Wayne, co. N. C, bndd. e. by Pitt, s. e. by 
Lenoir, s. by Duplin, s. w. by Sampson, w. by 
•Johnson, n. by Nash, and n. e. by Contentny cr. 
separating it from Edgecombe. Length 36 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 720 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from. 35° 12' to 35° 41', and in 
long, from 0° 51' to 1° 2 1' w. W. C. It is en- 
tirely in the valley of Neuse river. Declivity 
s. E. by e. The main stream of Neuse enters 
from Johnson co., and passing Waynesboro', 
divides Wayne co. into 2 unequal sections. 
Pop. 1820,9,040; 1830, 10,331. Cf.t. Waynes- 
boro'. 

Wayne, co. Geo., bndd. by Glynn e., Cam- 
den s.. Ware s. w., Appling n. w., and Altama- 
ha r. separating it from Macintosh n. Length 
45 ms., mean breadth 16, and area 720 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 31° 07' to 3l° 44', and in 
lonL^. from 4° 44' to 5° 18' w. W. C. Declivity 
southeastward, in the direction of the courses 
of Altamaha and Santilla rivers. The latter 
stream traverses the southwestern parts of the 
CO. Surface generally low, flat, and in part 
marshy. Chief t. Waynesville. Pop. 1820, 
1,010; 1830, 963. 

Wayne, co. Misp., bndd. by Greene s.. Perry 
s. w., Jones w., the Choctaw country n., and 
Washington co. Ala. e. Lengtli 32 ms., mean 
breadth 28, and area 896 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 31° 26' to 31° 53', and in long, from 
1 1° 37' to 12° 05' w. W. C. This co. declines 
to the sthrd., and is drained in that direction by 
the Chickasawhay r. The general surface, 
pine forest, moderately hilly, with sterile soil. 
Cf. t. Winchester. Pop. 1820, 3,323 ; 1830, 
2,781. 

Wayne, co. Ten., bndd. w. by Hardin, n. by 
Perry, n. e. by Hickman, e, by Lawrence, and 
s. by Lauderdale co. Ala. Length 24 ms., 
breadth 21, and area 504 sq. ms. Extending in 
lat. from 35° to 35° 20', and traversed by the 
11th deg. of long. w. W. C. Tenn. r. sweeps 
in a semicircle round Wayne, and touching it 
on the northwestern angle, receives from it 
creeks like radii from a common centre. The 
surface hilly, and soil good. Pop. 1820, 2,459 ; 
1830, 6,013. Cf. t. Waynesboro.' 

Wayne, co. Ky., bndd. by Cumberland co. 
same state w., Cumberland r. separating it from 
Russell N. w., Pulaski N., Whitby e., and Mor- 
gan CO. in Ten. s. Length 40 ms., mean breadth 
22, and area 880 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
36"^ 36' to 37°, and in long, from 7° 16' to 8° w. 
W. C. Declivity a little w. of n. towards Cum- 
berland r., and drained in that direction by the 
South Fork of Cumberland and some other 
streams. Cf. t. Monticello. Fop. 1820, 7,951, 
1830,8,731. 



WAY 



571 



WEL 



Wayne, p-v. Ashtabula co. O., by p-r. 187 ms. 
N. E. Columbus. 

Wayive, CO. Ohio, bndd. by Stark e., Holmes 
s., Richland w., Lorain n. w., and Medina n. 
Length from e. to w. 30 ms., mean breadth 24, 
and area 720 sq. ms. Lat. 40'^ 50' and long. 
W. C. 5° w. intersect in this co. Slope sthrd., 
and drained by numerous branches of Tusca- 
rawas, Kilbuck, and Mohiccon rivers. The 
northern border approaches very near the divi. 
ding summit level between the waters of Ohio 
r. and lake Erie. It is comparatively an eleva- 
ted tract, being upwards of 500 ft. above lake 
Erie at a mean, and the arable surface exceed- 
ing 1,000 ft. above the Atlantic tides. Cf. t. 
Wooster. Pop. 23,333. 

Wavne, CO. Ind., bndd. s. by Union, Fayette 
s. w., Henry \v., Randolph n., Darke co. Ohio 
N. E., and Preble co. O. s. e. It is very near a 
square of 20 ms., area 400 sq. ms. Lat. 39° 
50', long. W. C. 8° w. Slope sthrd., and drain- 
ed by the higher branches of White Water r., 
a confluent of Great Miami r. Cf. t. Centre- 
ville. Pop. 18,571. 

Wayne, co. II., bndd. e. by Edwards, s. e. 
White, s. Hamilton, s. w. Jefferson, n. w. Ma- 
rion, and .\. Clay. It is a square of 24 ms., 576 
sq. ms. in area. Central lat. 38° 25', long. W. 
C. 11° 36' w. Slope s. e., and drained by dif- 
ferent branches of Little Wabash. Cf. t. Fair- 
field. Pop. 2,553. 

Wayne, co. Mo., is bndd. by Ripley co. w., 
Madison n.. Cape Girardeau co. n. e., St. Fran- 
cis r. separating it from Stoddard e., on the s. 
it has Lawrence co. Ark. Length from s. to 
N. 54 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,620 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 30' to 37° 13', 
and in long, from 13° 04' to 13° 48' w. of W. C. 
Slope to the sthrd., and in that direction it is 
drained by St. Francis, Black, and Currant rs. 

Cf. t. Greenville. Pop. 3,264. 

Wayne, co. Mich., bndd. by Monroe s., Wash- 
tenaw w., Oakland n., Macomb n. e., and lake 

St. Clair and Detroit r. e. Breadth 24 ms. in 

the wstrn. part, greatest length along the nrthrn. 

border 38 ms., mean length 28, and area 672 sq. 

ms. Central lat. 42° 20', long. 6° 15' w. W. 

C. Slope s. E., and in that direction drained 

by the Huron river. Riviere Rouge, and several 

lesser streams. The surface is generally level. 

Cf. t. Detroit. Pop. 1828, 3,574, 1830, 6,781. 
Waynesboro', p-v. sthestrn. angle of Franklin 

CO. Pa., 14 ms. s. e. Chambersburg, and 79 n. 

N. w. W. C. 

Waynesboro', p-v. wstrn. foot of Blue Ridge, 

and on South r. Augusta co. Va., 12 ms. e. s. 

E. Staunton, and 30 ms. a little n. of w. Char- 

lotteville. 

Waynesboro', p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. N. 

C., on the left bank of Neuse r., immediately 

below the mouth of Little r., by p-r. 51 ms. s. 

E. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 21', long. 1° w. W. C. 
Waynesboro', p-v. and st. jus. Burke co., 

Geo., situated on a branch of Brier cr., 30 ms. 

s. Augusta, and by p-r. 87 ms. e. Milledgeville. 

It is the seat of an academy. Lat. 33° 05', long. 

5° w. W. C. 

Waynesboro', p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. 

Ten., situated on Ryan's cr., by p-r. 92 ms. s. 

w. Nashville. Lat. 3 5° 10', long. 11° w. W. C. 
Waynesburg, p-v. and st. jus. Greene co. Pa., 

by p-r. 229 ms. n. w. by w, W. C. It is situa. 



ted on a branch of Ten Mile cr. Lat. 39° 54', 
long. W. C. 3° 16' w. Pop. of the tsp. of 
Wayne, including the borough, 1,130. 

Waynesburg, p-v. sthrn. part Lincoln co. Ky., 
by p-r. 16 ms. southward Stanford, the co. seat, 
and 67 a little e. of s. Frankfort. 

Waynesbur9, p-v. Stark co. Ohio, by p-r. 125 
ms. N. E. by e. Columbus. Pop. 98. 

Waynesville, p-v. and st. jus. Haywood co. 
N. C, on a branch of French Broad r., about 70 
ms. a little n. of w. Rutherfordton, and by p-r. 
295 ms. a little s. of w. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 28' 
long. W. C. 5° 54' w. 

WAY^ESVILLE, usually called Tuckersville, 
or Wayne c. h., Wayne co. Geo., about 70 ms. 
s. v/. Savannah, and by p-r. 190 ms. s. e. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Waynesville, p-v. nrthestrn. part Warren co. 
Ohio, 9 ms. n. e. Lebanon, the st. jus., and by 
p-r. 71 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. Pop. 439. 

Weakly, co. Ten., bndd. e. by Henry, s. e. 
by Carroll, s. w. by Gibson, w. by Obion, by 
Hickman co. Ky. n. w., and Graves co. Ky. n. 
K. Length 30 ms., breadth 28, and area 840 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 06' to 36° 
30', and from long, i 1° 38' to 11° 04' w. W. C. 
This CO. is entirely in the valley of Obion r., 
and the declivity wstrd. towards the Misp. Cf. 
t. Dresden. Pop. 4,797. 

Weare, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H. ; is cross- 
ed in a winding course by the nrthwst. branch 
of Piscataquog, which affords mill seats. There 
are several manufactories in the town, and se- 
veral small ponds. Mountains Misery and Wil- 
liam are of no great elevation. Rattlesnake 
hill is near the centre. The soil is various ; 
that of the uplands good and well watered. The 
surface is broken, and there are small swamps 
and some meadows. Pop. 2,432. 

Weathersfield, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 6 1 ms. 
s. Montpelier, 50 n. e. Bennington; has Conn. r. 
e., on which is the Bow, an extensive and beau- 
tiful tract of fine meadows, where is situated 
the large and valuable farm of Mr. William 
Jarvis. These meadows were overgrown with 
a heavy forest when the settlements began. 
The people came from New Haven, Conn., and 
the t. was organized 1778. Black r. affords 
mill sites, and there are other streams. As- 
cutney mtn. lies partly in the n. of this t. There 
are several small vs. Pop. 2,213. 

Weathersfield, Conn. (See Wethersfield.) 
Weaver's Mill, and p-o. Fauquier co. Va^ 
by p-r. 59 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Webb's p-o. nthrn. part of Stokes co. N. C, 
by p-r. 148 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Webbville, p-v. Jackson co. Flor., 9 ms. n. 
N. w. Mariana, the co. seat, and by p-r. 86 ms. 
n. w. by w. Tallahassee. 

Webster, (formerly South Oxford) Worces- 
ter CO. Mass., 55 ms. s. of w. Boston, and 
bounded s. on Conn. Incorporated since the 
census of 1830. 

Webster's p-o., Richland co. O., by p-r. 1] 
ms. N. Mansfield, the co. seat, and 82 ms. n. n. 
e. Columbus. 

Webster's Store, and p-o. Lancaster co. Pa., 
by p-r. 54 ms. eastward Harrisburg. 

Weedsport, p-v. Cayuga co. N. Y., 7 ms. n. 
Auburn, 87 w. Utica; on Erie canal; has a 
basin, and is a place of considerable business. 
Weld, p.t. Oxford co. Me., 53 ms. n. w. 



WEL 



572 



WES 



Augusta, 25 n. Paris ; has Somerset and Ken- 
nebec cos. e., with several high eminences, 
particularly the Blue mtns. e., and alar^e pond 
which empties into Androscoggin r. Pop. 7Go. 

Weldon, p-v. on the right bank, of Roanoke 
river, at the lower end of its falls, Halifax co. 
N. C., by p-r. 65 rns. n. e. Raleigh. The Roan- 
oke navigation by canals, sluices, and river 
channel, is completed from Weldon to Salem, 
in Botetourt co. Va. Distance from Weldon to 
Salem 244 ms., following Roanoke and Staun- 
ton rs. Below Weldon, the navigation is again 
open by Roanoke r. and Albemarle sound, to 
the Atlantic and Dismal Swamp canal. 

Welfleet, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., 97 ms. 
s. by E. Boston ; has the Atlantic e., and Cape 
Cod bay w., being situated on Cape Cod. Wel- 
fleet bay s. w., makes a good harbor, being 
separated from Cape Cod bay, by Beach hill. 
Griffin's and Poundbrook islands. The harbor 
is almost encircled by rounded sand hills. The 
inhabitants live by fishing, the soil being almost 
entirely waste. A cotton and woollen manufac- 
tory was established here in 1815. Pop. 2,046. 

Wellington, t. Somerset co. Me. Pop. 639. 

Wellington, p-v. Bristol co. Mass., 37 ms. 
s. Boston, on Taunton r. A cotton manufactory 
was established here in 1814. 

Wellington, p-v. sthrn. part Lorain co. O., 
by p-r. Ill ms. n. n. e. Columbus. 

Wells, r. Vt. a small tributary of Conn, r., 
rises in Kettle pond, in the s. part of Caledonia 
CO., flows through Long pond, &c. ; and after 
receiving two branches, terminates a little s. 
of the line, in Newbury, Orange co. It has 
several falls, affords very good mill sites, and 
moves the machinery of several factories. 

Wells, p-t. York co. Rle. 32 ms. s. w. Port- 
land, 13 N. N. E. York, 85 s. w. Augusta ; has 
the Atlantic on the e., Kennebunk r. n.. Bald 
Head s., with a harbor. The v. was a very 
early settlement, and designed for a large city. 
The ground was laid out with regularity, and 
is a fine level on the borders of the sea. Pop. 
2,978. 

Wells, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 40 ms. n. Ben- 
nington, 65 s. w. Montpelier, 13 s. w. Rutland, 
is small, rocky e., and level w., with one-third 
of Wells pond, or St. Augustin, within its 
limits ; a sheet of water about 5 ms. long, and 
in some parts li ms. wide. The soil is good, 
but the surface is often too rough for cultiva- 
tion. First settled about 1768. Pop. 880. 

Wells, t. Hamilton co. N. Y. 72 ms. n. n. w. 
Albany, is mountainous, with swamps, and con- 
tains Pezeeco lake. Pop. 340. 

Wellsboro', p-v. and st. jus. Tioga co. Pa. 
situated near the centre of the co. on a small 
creek flowing into Crooked cr., branch of Tioga 
r., about 45 ms. n. n. w. Williamsport on the 
West branch of Susquehannah r., and by p-r. 
147 ms. in a similar direction from Harrisburg. 
Lat. 41° 45', long. 0° 22' w. W. C. 

Wellsburg, p-v. and st. jus. Brooke ^ o. Va. 
is situated on the e. side of Ohio river, about 10 
ms. below Steubenville, 16 above Wheeling, 
immediately above the mouth of BuflTalo creek. 
Lat. 40° 18', long. 3° 36' w. W. C. It is a con- 
siderable village, containing 5 streets running 
parallel to the river, which are crossed by 8 
others. The buildings are principally of stone 
or brick. It has the usual county buildings, 



beside which are 2 churches, an academy, a 
market, a cotton factory, and 2 glass factories. 
The productions of one of the latter, that of 
white flint glass, will vie with the best of simi- 
lar manufactures in Europe. Pop. 1,200. 

Wellsville, p-v. on Ohio r. southeastern 
part Columbiana co. O. 16 ms. s. s. e. New 
Lisbon, the co. St., and 186 ms. n. e. by e. Co- 
lumbus. Pop. 169. 

Welch Run, p-o. sthrn. part Franklin co. Pa. 
by P-r. 20 ms. s. w. Chambersburg, the co. St., 
and 82 n. w. W. C. 

Wendell, p-t. Sullivan co. N. H. 35 miles 
from Concord, 80 from Portsmouth, and w. 
.Merrimack co. ; contains 15,6C6 acres, of 
which 3,000 are water, ^unapee lake lies part- 
ly in this town and partly in Merrimack co. 
Sugar r. rises from its w. part, and flows across 
this town. First settled 1772, from Rhode Isl- 
and. Pop. 637. 

Wendell, p t. Franklin co. Ivlass. 85 ms. w. 
Boston, has Miller's r. on the n. line, a good 
soil and uneven surface, with no considerable 
village. Pop. 874. 

Wenham, p-t. Essex co. Mass. 21 ms. n. e. 
Boston, is nearly level, and has a good soil, 
and no considerable village. There is a pond 
on the s. line, and a large swamp n. w. It was 
an early settlement. Pop. 611. 

Wenlock, t. Essex co. Vt. 53 ms. n. e. Mont- 
pelier, gives rise to the principal branch of Nul- 
hegan r. Pop. 24. 

Went WORTH, p-t Grafton co. N. H. 52 ms. 
from Concord, and 15 from Plyrnouth. Ba- 
ker's r. has a fall of about 20 ft., where is a v., 
a bridge, and various mills and factories. 
Carr's mtn. e. affords valuable granite, lime- 
stone is obtained from mount Cuba, find iron 
ore is found in the t. The soil near the streams 
is excellent, and elsewhere generally good. 
This t. was named after general Benning Went- 
vvorth. First settled after the revolution. Pop. 
924. 

Wentworth, P-v. and st. jus. Rockingham 
CO. N. C, situated on the summit level between 
the vallies of Haw and Dan r., by p-r. 292 ms 
s. w. W. C, and 108 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 
Lat. 36° 24', and long. 2° 46' w. W. C. 

Wesley, p-v. Haywood co. Ten., by p-r. 186 
ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Wesley, p-v. Washington co. 0., by p-r. 93 
ms. s. E. by e. Columbus. 

West, r. Windham co. Vt., rises in the n. w. 
corner and flowing s. e. empties into Connecti- 
cut river in Brattleborough, receiving the wa- 
ters of about 440 sq. ms., through Bald moun- 
tain. Meadow, South and Smith's branches. It 
aff"ords few mill sites, but its branches are many. 

West r. Worcester co. Mass., is a mill 
stream of tlie Blackstone, and has 2 cotton fac- 
tories, each with 500 spindles. 

West r. a small bay of the main Chesapeake 
bay, making into the s. estrn. shore of Ann 
Arundel co. Md. 

West Alexandria, p-v. on the wstrn. border 
of Washington co. Pa., 16 ms. s. w. by w. from 
the borough of Washington, and 14 e. Wheel- 
ing, Va. 

West Alexandria, p,v. Preble co. 0., by p-r. 
87 ms. a little s. of w. Columbus. 

West Bedford, p-v. Coshocton co. O., by p.r. 
71 ms. N. e. by e. Columbus. 



WES 



WES 



West Berlin, p-v. Frederick CO. Md., byp-r. 
58 ms. N. wstrd. W. C. 

Westborough, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 34 
ms. w. s. w. Boston, 10 e. Worcester, is on liigh 
ground, giving rise to Concord andBIaclistone rs. 
There is a large pond n. The soil is good, and 
there are several small streams. It formerly 
belonged to Marlborough. In 1704 several 
persons were captured by Indians. Pop. 1,438. 

West Boylston, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 
42 ms. w. Boston, n. Worcester. First settled, 
1720, from Marlboro' ; is crossed by Nashua r., 
which is formed in the n. w. part by the union 
of Quinepoxet and Still Water rs. Almost the 
entire town lies in the valley of the Nashua, 
and has a rich and well cultivated soil. The 
mill seats are very good, and some of them oc- 
cupied by large manufactories. 'I'here is some 
iron ore, and a mineral spring. Pop. 1,045. 

West Bridgewatee, p-t. Plymouth co. Mass., 
24 ms. s. Boston, has a soil of inferior quality, 
and is watered by a few small streams. Incor- 
porated 1822. Pop. 1,042. 

Westbrook, t. Cumberland co. Me., 3 ms. 
w. Portland, is crossed n. w. by Presumscot r. 
Pop. 2,238. 

West Brook, p-v. sthrn. part Bladen co. N, 
C, 18 ms. from Elizabethtown, the co. st., and 
by p-r. 117 ms. s, Raleigh. 

West Brunswick, p-t. Herkimer co. N. Y., 
22 ms. N.Herkimer, has much rough and infe- 
rior land. Pop. 713. 

West Buckingham, p-o. Washington co. Pa. 

West Cambridge, t. Middlesex co. Mass., 5 
ms. N. w. Boston, w. Charles r. bay, was for- 
merly a part of Cambridge. It has rocky and 
broken land n., low and some swampy land s., 
with good pasturage and tillage in the middle 
part. Craigie's bridge connects this t. with 
Boston. Pop. 1,230. 

West Canaan, p.v. Madison co. O., by p-r. 
26 ms. wstrd. Columbus. 

West Carlisle, p-v. Coshocton co. 0., by 
p-r. 68 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

West Charleston, p-v. Miami co. 0., by p-r. 
about 80 ms. w. Columbus. 

West Castle, p-o. Caswell co. N. C, by p-r. 
96 ms. N. w. Raleigh. 

Westchester, co. N. Y., bndd. by Putnam co. 
N.. Conn. E., Long Island sound and East r. s., 
Harlaem and Hudson rs. v/., is of irregular 
form, something triangular, contains about 480 
sq. ms., and is crossed s. westerly by Croton 
andPeekskill crs. ; Saw mill, Bronx, and By- 
ram crs. are smaller streams. The rocks are 
generally primitive ; there are mountains in the 
N. w., and a high ridge extends through the co. 
N. and s. Marble is quarried at Mount Pleas- 
ant, by the convicts in the state prison, where 
is also an old silver mine and a copper mine. 
There are 3 cotton factories in this co., 4 paper 
mills, 5 woollen factories, and 2 iron foundries. 
There are 21 towns, of which Bedford and 
WUite Plains are the sts. jus. Pop. 1820, 
32,638, 1830, 43,594. 

Westchester, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 
12 ms. N. by e. New York, 140 s. Albany, has 
Long Island s. e., with clay soil, generally sto- 
ny, watered by Bronx and Westchester crs. 
The manufactures are various, but not very ex- 
tensive. The villages are Westchester and 
West Farms. Pop. 2,362. 

73 



West Chester, borough, p-v. and st. jus., 
Chester co. Pa., situated 28 ms. almost exactly 
due w. from the city of Philadelphia, 75 s. e. by 
e. Harrisburg, and by p-r. 115 ms. n. e. W. C, 
Lat. 39° 58', long. 1° 28' e. W. C. This is a 
very flourishing borough, in a well cultivated 
country. Pop. 1830, 1,258. Besides the usual 
CO. buildings. West Chester contains several 
places of public worship, a bank, printing of- 
fice, well filled schools, and numerous stores 
and public houses. 

West Chester, p-v. Butler co, 0., by p-r. 87 
ms. s. w. by w. Columbus. 

V/esterlo, p-t. Albany co. N. Y., 21 ms. s. 
w. Albany, has Greene co. S., is crossed by 
low ridges, with pretty good soil in the vallies. 
The w. part belongs to the manor of Renssel. 
aerwyck. First settled 1759. It is watered 
by small streams. Pop. 3,321. 

Westerly, p-t. Washington co. R. I., 36 ma. 
3. w. Providence, 35 w. by s. Newport, has 
Pawcatuck r. n. and w., the Atlantic s., and 
adjoins Conn. The surface is broken, the soil 
various, generally favorable to grazing. Vessels 
of 80 tons go 4 ms. up Pawcatuck r., and the 
V. of Pawcatuck is 6 ms. from the ocean. Pop. 
1,904. 

Western, p-t. Worcester co. Mass., 22 ms. 
s. w. Worcester. Pop. 1,189. 

Western, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 20 ms. n. 
Utica, 8n. e. Rome, is well supplied with mill 
seats by head streams of Mohawk r. Pop. 
2,419. 

Western Star, p-o. Medina co. O., by p-r. 
112 ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Western Ford, and p-o. wstrn. part Ran- 
dolph CO. Va., by p-r. 240 ms. w. W. C. 

Western Port, p-v. on Potomac r. Allegha- 
ny CO. Md., 24 ms. above, and s. w. Cumber- 
land, and by p-r. 141 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

West Fairfield, p-o. Westmor^eland co. Pa., 
by p-r. 184 ms. n. w. W. C. 

West Fairlee, t. Orange co. Vt., 28 ms. s. e. 
Montpelier, 35 n. e. Windsor, is crossed in the 
s. w. by Ompompanoosuc r., and part of West 
Fairlee lake. The surface is uneven. Pop. 
841. 

West Farmington, p-v, Oakland co. Mich., 
by P-r. 42 ms. n. w. Detroit. 

West Farms, p-v. Westchester, Westchester 
CO. N. Y., 12 ms. n. by e. New York, 140 from 
Albany, on Bronx cr., at the head of navigation, 
3 ms. from Long Island sound, has several 
small manufactories. 

Westfield, p-t. Orleans co. Vt., 42 ms. n. 
Montpelier, 44 n. e. Burlington, has a small 
part of Missisque r. s. E., into which flow 3 mill 
streams from this t. The land is good e., but 
mountainous w., having the Green mtns. in that 
part, through which Hazen's Notch affords a 
passage. Few settlers came here before 1800. 
Pop. 353. 

Westfield, p-t. Hampden co. Mass., 105 
ms. w. by s. Boston, 6 ms. w. Springfield, is 
crossed by Westfield r. which affords mill sites ; 
it is a furious stream when raised by floods. 
The Hampshire and Hampden canal crosses 
the t., and is carried across this river on an 
aqueduct, being brought down to the level of 
the meadows by locks, and up agaii* to Hungry 
plain. In the hollow is the v., which is a plea- 
sant and busy place, with a large and flourishing 



WES 



574 



WES 



academy, incorporated in 1793. In 1832 it 
contained 375 pupils. The town was first set- 
tled 1667, being called Warranoake by the In- 
dians, and was attacked by savages in Philip's 
war. It was long a frontier settlement. Pop. 
2,940. 

Westfield, t. Richmond co. N. Y., 3^ ms. s. 
w. Richmond v., has Raritan bay s., and Staten 
isl. sound w., which separates it from N. Jer- 
sey. It occupies the s. w. part of the island, 
and has Prince's bay s., whence great quantities 
of oysters are derived for the New York mar- 
ket. They are brought from Virginia, and pla- 
ced here to grow. Many of the inhabitants are 
employed in this business. The land is good, 
and there are many good farms. There are 
extensive meadows at the head of the Fresh 
Kills. Pop. 1,733. 

Westfield, p-t. Chatauque co. N. Y., 7 ms. 
N. Mayville, 1 from Portland harbor, 28 from 
Erie, Pa. Pop. 2,477. 

Westfield, p-t. Essex co. N. J., 7 ms. w. 
Elizabethtown, has Rah way r. e., Morris co. 
N. w., Somerset co. w. and Middlesex co. s. 
It is crossed in the n. part by the Short hills. 
Pop. 2,492. 

Westfield, p-v. western pari Tioga co. Pa., 
by p-r. 180 ms. n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Westfield, p-v. Delaware co. Ohio, by p-r. 
32 ms. northward Columbus. 

West Finley, or Findlay, p-v. northwestern 
part of .Washington co. Pa., by p-r. 248 ms. n. 
w. W. C. 

Westford, P-t. Chittenden co. Vf., 13 ms. 
northeast Burlington, 32 n. w. Montpelier, first 
settled soon after the revolution, is crossed by 
Brown's r. from s. to n. The surface is irreg- 
ular. Pop. 1,291. 

Westford, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 28 ms, 
N. w. Boston, and 8 from Concord, is on high 
ground, with a fertile soil, favorable to grass, 
grain, and fruit. The v. occupies a fine eleva. 
tion, near the centre of the town, commanding 
a view of Monadnock, Kearsearge and Watchu- 
sett mtns., and contains an academy, incorpo- 
rated in 1793. Pop. 1,329. 

Westford, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 9 ms. e. s. 
E. Cooperstown, 11 s. Cherry Valley, and 56 w. 
Albany, is hilly, with rich vallies, and good gra- 
zing on the uplands, and watered by Elk r. and 
other streams. Pop. 1,645. 

West Friendship, p-v. on the Frederick turn- 
pike, and in the northwestern part of Ann Arun- 
del CO. Md., by p-r. 57 ms. n. W. C, and 49 n. 
w. Annapolis. 

West Greenville, p-v. northwestern part 
Mercer co. Pa., 14 ms. n. w. from the borough 
of Mercer. 

West Greenwich, t.. Kent co. R. I., 18 ms. 
s. w. Providence, has Washington co. s. and 
Conn.w., gives rise to the s. branch of Pawtux- 
et r., and has Wood r. w. Hopkins' hill is a 
conspicuous eminence. Pop. 1,818. 

West Grove, p-v. Chester co. Pa., by p-r. 71 
ms. estrd. Harrisburg. 

West Hamptcv, p-t. Plampshire co. Mass., 
100 ms. w. Boston ; formerly a part of North- 
ampton; gives rise to several streams of Man- 
han r., a branch of the Conn., and is devoted to 
agriculture. Pop. 918. 

West Hanover, p-o. Dauphin co. Pa., 16 ms. 
N. E. by e. Plarrisburg. 



West Haven, p-t. Rutland co. Vt., 86 ms, from 
Montpelier, has Poultney r. and N. Y. state s., 
and lake Champlain w. Hubbardton r. and Cog- 
man's cr. afford mill seats. Pop. 722. 

West Liberty, p-v. O. co. Va., by p-r. 276 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C. 

West Liberty, p-v. and st. jus. Morgan co. 
Ky., by p-r. 107 ms. a little s. of e. Frankfort. 

West Middletown, p-v. wstrn. part Wash- 
ington CO. Pa., 13 ms, n, w. the borough of 
Washington, 

West Milton, p-v. Miami co, O., by p-r. 84 
ms, w. Columbus. 

Westminster, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 37 ms. 
N. E. Bennington, 82 ms. s. Montpelier, 27 ms. 
from Windsor, has Conn, r. e., on the borders 
of which is a tract of fine meadows. The first 
permanent settlements here, were made from 
Northfield, Mass., and from Conn, about 1741, 
The V, is considerably above the adjacent mead- 
ows, shut in at some distance by hills which 
touch the r, both above and below. There are 
no mill streams. The legislature of Vt, was 
held here several times soon after the forma- 
tion of the state. Pop, 1,737, 

Westminster, p-t, Worcester co. Mass,, 54 
ms, w, by n, Boston, lies in the fork of Nashua 
river and a western branch, and is a pleasant 
agricultural town, yielding grass and fruit. 
The land divides some of the waters of the 
Connecticut and Merrimack rs. It was granted 
to soldiers of Philip's war as " Naraganset No. 
2." Pop. 1,696. 

Westminster, p-v. on the very eastern bor- 
der of Frederick co. Md., 29 ms. n. w, Balti. 
more, 566 ms, n, W. C. 

Westmore, t., Orleans co. Vt., 43 ms. n. e. 
Montpelier, is uneven, with mtns. Plor, Pisgah 
and Pico for the principal summits, and Wil- 
loughby's lake, about Ih ms. by 6, within its 
boundaries. Willoughby's r. is the outlet of 
this lake, and the head streams of Clyde and 
Passumpsic r. rise in this t. Pop. 353. 

Westmoreland, p-t. Cheshire co, N, H., 65 
ms, from Concord, and 100 from Boston, lies on 
the e. side of Connecticut r. which separates it 
from Vermont, and has several small streams 
running into thatr. One Hows from Spafibrd's 
lake, in Chesterfield, and aflbrds mill sites. 
Pop, 1,647, 

Westmoreland, p-t. Oneida co, N, Y,, 9 ms. 
w. Utica, 105 from Albany, and 8 s. Rome, has 
Oriskany creek a few ms. e., and a few small 
mill streams. The surface is nearly level, the 
soil very good. Erie canal is about 6 ms. n. of 
the centre. Pop. 3,303. 

Westmoreland, co. Pa., bndd. by Laurel 
Hill separating it from Somerset s. e.. by La- 
fayette s., by Monongahela r. separating it from 
Washington co. s. w., by Youghioghany r. 
separating it from the extreme southern part of 
Alleghany co. w., by the central part of Alle. 
ghany n. w., by tiie Alleghany separaling it from 
the northern part of Alleghany co. n., and by 
Conemaugh r. separating it from Armstrong 
and Indiana n. e. The longest line is a diago- 
nal, 50 ms. from the sthrn. angle on Laurel 
Hill to the northern at the mouth of Cone- 
maugh, mean breadth 21 ms., and area 1,050 
sq, ms. Extending in lat, from 40° 03' to 40° 
43', and in long, from 2° to 2° 56' w, W, C, 
This CO. is composed of two inclined plains e. 



WES 



575 



WES 



of Monongahela. The northeastern declines 
to the northward, and is drained by Loyalban- 
nah and other crs. into Conemaiigh r. The 
second or central plain has a western declivity 
towards the Monongahela and Alleghany rs. 
Beside these two sections, Westmoreland con- 
tains two turnpikes on the peninsula between 
the Youghiogany and Monongahela rs. The sur- 
face is every where broken by hills or moun- 
tains, yet few cos. in the U. S., even in propor- 
tion to surface, have more good land. Fruits, 
grasses, and indeed vegetables of every kind 
suitable to the climate, grow abundantly. Cf. 
t. Greensburg. Pop. 1820, 30,540, 1830, 38,- 
400, having gained upwards of 25 per cent, in 
10 years. 

Westmoreland, co. Va., bndd. s. e. by North- 
umberland, s. by Richmond, s. w. by Rappa- 
hannoc r. separating it from Essex, n. w. by 
King George, and by Potomac r. separating it 
from Charles co. in Md. n., and St. Mary's of 
Md. N. E. Length along Potomac r. 30 ms., 
mean breadth 5, and area 150 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 38° to 38° 16' n., and in long, 
from the meridian of W. G. to 0° 30' e. Cf. t. 
Westmoreland c. h. Pop. 1820, 6,900, 1830, 
8,411. 

Westmoreland, c. h., and p-o. Westmore- 
land CO. Va„ by p-r. 116 ms. s. s. e. W. C. and 
70 N. E. Richmond. 

West Newbdry, p.t. Essexco. Mass., 34 ms. 
N. E. Boston, 6 w. Newburyport, has Merri- 
mack r. on the n. line, with many hills and val- 
lies, and excellent soil. Although the in- 
habitants are generally farmers, carriages, 
shoes, combs, &c. are manufactured in great 
numbers. A bridge crosses the Merrimack, to 
Rock's v. in Haverhill. Pop. 1,586. 

Weston, t. Windsor co. Vt., 66 ms. s. Mont- 
pelier, 22 s. w. Windsor, is crossed by West r. 
which affords mill sites, and passes 2 villages. 
Pop. 972. 

Weston, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass,, 15 ms. 
w. Boston. Pop. 1,091. 

Weston, p-t. Fairfield co., Conn., 61 ms. s. 
w. Hartford, 8 ms. from Long Island sound, 6 
ras. by 9, is hilly, with primitive rocks, and is 
supplied with mill sites by Saugatuck r.. Mill 
r. &c. There is an acaitemy well endowed. 
Pop. 2,997. 

Weston, p-v. and st. jus. Lewis co. Va., situ- 
ated on the West fork of Monongahela r. about 
70 ms. a little s. of e. Marietta, in the state of 
Ohio, and by p-r. 249 ms. w. W. C. 

West Penn, p-v. Schuylkill co. Pa., by p-r. 
76 ms. N, e. Harrisburg. 

West Philadelphia, p-o. west side Schuyl- 
kill, Phila. CO. Pa. 2 ms. from the centre of the 
city. 

West Point, Cornwall, Orange co. N. Y., 
the site of the military academy of the United 
States, 53 ms. by the river above New York, 
and about 100 below Albany. It is a high and 
rocky projection, turning the course of the Hud- 
son r. estrd. a little below the north entrance 
of the Highlands, and occupies a commanding 
point on that stream, on which account it be- 
came an important position in the revolutionary 
war. A fort was built on the brow of the hill, 
and another on the opposite shore ; Mount In- 
dependence, afterwards called fort Putnam, 
now in ruins, v.'as erected on the top of a steep 



eminence in the rear, its guns bearing upon the 
river above and below, and upon the mouth of a 
defile here opening through the mountains on 
the w. Fort Putnam is elevated 598 ft. above 
the level of the Hudson, and the plain below, 
on which the academy buildings are erected, is 
188 above the river. A chain was stretched 
across the river to prevent the passage of ships, 
but was taken up by the British in 1777, when 
they forced the pass of the highlands. The 
military academy of the U. S. was founded here 
in 1802, and buildings have been constructed 
under several appropriations, the first in 1812 
of $12,00(1, on 250 acres of land, ceded by the 
state of N. Y., for the use of the institution. 
The course of instruction occupies 4 years ; 
the 1st and 2d years are devoted to mathemat- 
ics, French and drawing ; the 3d to philosophy, 
natural and experimental, chemistry, drawing 
and artillery ; and the 4th to engineering, civil 
and military, ethics, belles lettres, and national 
law, artillery and tactics. There are professors 
and teachers in different departments, with as- 
sistants. The number of cadets is limited to 
250. The location of this place is delightful, 
and the surrounding scenery is extremely fine. 
It has recently become a place of considerable 
resort for travellers, and a spacious and elegant 
hotel, recently erected on a commanding site, 
adds much to the attractions and comfort of the 
visiter. There are six large buildings, of stone, 
belonging to the institution, beside several of 
brick for its officers and professors, and inany 
others, for different purposes. 

West Point, p-v. Hardin co. Ky., by p-r. 72 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Westport, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 29 ms. s. 
Augusta, occupies an isl. on Sheepscot r., sep- 
arated from the ocean by one or two other isls. 
Pop. 554. 

Westport, p.t. Bristol co. Mass., 60 ms. s. 
Boston, 8 s. w. New Bedford, 'borders s. upon 
the Atlantic, and w. on R. I., and is crossed by 
two branches of Acoacset r. which are naviga- 
ble for some distance. There are 3 vs. The 
soil is good for grazing, and yields many arti- 
cles for the New Bedford market. Pop. 2,779. 

Westport, p-t. Essex co. N. Y,, 123 ms. n. 
Albany, 5 e. Elizabethtown, has lake Champlain 
E., contains n. w. Bay, with good land, and 
abounds in iron ore, of which much is obtained 
for manufacture. Pop. 1,513. 

West Port, p-v. and st. jus. Oldham co. Ky., 
situated on the left bank of O. r. about 25 ms. 
by the land road above Louisville, and by p-r. 
44 ms. N. w. by w. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 27', 
long. 39° 30' w. W. C. 

Vv^'est Quoddy Hicad, Lubec, Me., is the s. 
w. point of Passamaquoddy Bay, and has a light- 
house. 

West River, p-v. on the western bank of 
West Bay, Ann x^rundel co. Md., 12 ms. s. s, 
w. Annapolis, and 49 ms. e. W. C. 

West Springfield, p-t. Hampden co. Mass., 
100 ms. w. by s. Boston, is on the w. bank of 
Conn. r. and crossed by Westfield r. The sur- 
face is irregular, but there is a fine and exten- 
sive meadow e., with a beautiful level on which 
the V. is situated. The streets are bordered 
by noble elms, and some of the houses are very 
fine. There are high hills or mtns. n., and 
sandy plains s. This town formerly belonged 



WiOT 



57G 



WIIE 



to Spriiigfiekl, whicli vas one of the earliest 
settlements on the v. Sume lead ore has been 
found here. Pop. 3,270. 

Wkst Stockbrtdgr, t. Berkshire co. Mass., 
130 nis. w. Boston, has the New York hue for 
its w. boimdary, and is crossed by WilUams' r., 
(a branch of Housatonic,) on whose banks are 
fine meadows. The soil is good for grazing, 
but the Taughkannuck mtns. encroach upon the 
w. part of the t. Iron mines are wrought here, 
as well as quarries of white and clouded mar- 
ble. A railroad is authorized to be extended 
to the Hudson. Pop. 1,209. 

West TAMiAauA, p.v. on a branch of Little 
Schuylkill r. Schuylkill co. Pa., by p-r. 81 ms. 
N. E. Harrisburg. 

West Turin, t. Lewis co. N. Y., 120 miles 
from Albany. Pop. 1,534. 

West Unio.v, p-v. and st. jus. Adam* co. O., 
by p-r. 101 ms. s. s. w. Columbus, and 39 ms. a 
little N. of w. Portsmouth, at the mouth of the 
Scioto. Lat. 38° 48', long. W. C. 6° 27' w. 
Pop. 429. 

West Union, p-v. on Wheeling creek, Ohio 
CO. Va., .5 ms. s. e. by e. Wheeling, and by p-r. 
266 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Westville, p-t. Franklin co. N. Y., 8 ms. n. 
N. E. Owego. Pop. 619. 

Westville, p-v. and st. jus. Simpson co. 
Misp., situated on Strong r. about 100 ms. n. e. 
by E. Natchez, and by p-r. 56 ms. s. e. .lackson. 
Lat. 31° 58', long. 13° 02' w. V/. C. Pop. 200. 

West Whiteland, tsp. and p-o. Chester co. 
Pa., 25 ms. w. Phila., and 5 e. Downingstown. 

Wetheeed's, p-o. southwestern part Shelby 
CO. Ten., by p-r. 223 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

Wethersfield, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., 4 
ms. s. Hartford, and 34 n. New Haven ; it lies 
on the w. side of the Conn, river, and contains 
much excellent and productive soil. Extensive 
and fertile meadows border the stream, and 
a broad and higher level tract, with light but 
rich soil, lies w., on which the principal village 
is built, about 1 m. from the river. On this 
level great quantities of onions are raised, 
which are sent to different parts of the United 
States, and to some foreign countries. The 
village is very pleasant, having broad streets 
planted with elms. The tsp. has an agreeably 
varied surface. Rocky Hill, or Stepney, the s. 
parish, is a pleasant v. on an elevated situation, 
with a landing at some distance, where con. 
siderable commerce and ship building were 
formerly carried on. The river at that place 
leaves the fine meadows through which it has 
flowed for many ms., and enters a narrow chan- 
nel between hills and high sandy banks. The 
first attempt by Europeans, to form a settle- 
ment on the Conn., was made here in 1634, 
when a few persons spent the winter. The 
year following, Wethersfield, Hartford, and 
Windsor, were occupied by colonists, but their 
sufferings during the cold weather were so great, 
that numbers of them travelled by land to Say- 
brook fort, then the nearest place of refuge. 
The capture of two white women here by In- 
dians soon afterwards, was one of the arguments 
for the Pequod war. The first settlements 
were made at the Point. The state prison of 
Connecticut has been erected in Wethersfield 
"within a few years. It stands on the margin of I 
.'he cove, (a beautiful sheet of water formed j 



from the Connecticut,) and is surrounded by a 
stone wall. The building is on the plan of the 
Auburn prison, and the discipline of tlie same 
general description. Since its removal to its 
present location, it has been a constant source 
of revenue to the state. The nett proceeds 
paid into the treasury, after defraying all ex- 
penses, was in 1831, $4,856 45; and in 1832 
and 1833, f 5,000 per ann. The number of 
convicts being comparatively small, the disci, 
pline is very perfect and efiectual; the inmates 
are instructed, and evident improvement is pro- 
duced in their manners and character. Pop. 
3,853. 

Wethersfield, p-t. Genesee co. N, Y., 258 
ms. w. Albany, and 28 s. Batavia ; has Allegha- 
ny CO. on the s. line. Pop. 1,179. 

Wethersfield, p-v. Trumbull co. Ohio, by 
p-r. 169 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

Wexford, p-v. Alleghany co. Pa., 14 miles 
westward Pittsburg. 

Weybridge, t. Addison co. Vt, 80 ms. N.Ben- 
nington, 30 s. Burlington ; has Otter cr. n. and 
e., with several mill seats ; was first settled 
about the beginning of the revolution, deserted, 
and afterwards settled again from Mass. Lem- 
onfair r. w. is a slow stream. Snake mtn. is 
also in the w. Pop. 850. 

Weymouth, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 10 ms. e. 
by s. Boston ; has Boston harbor on the n. ; has 
a good soil, favorable to grass, a mill stream, 
and a point extending into the harbor. The In- 
dian name of the place was Wessaguscus, and 
it was one of the oldest settlements in New 
England, but was at first occupied by a set of 
dissolute Englishmen, who were saved from 
massacre by the Indians, only through timely 
aid sent from Plymouth. Pop. 2,837. 

Weymouth, t. Gloucester co. N. J. ; has Lit- 
tle Egg Harbor r. on the n. e. line, and Tucka- 
hoe cr. w. and s., which divides it from Cumber- 
land CO. The s. e. corner, which is formed by 
the confluence of the two streams, is a large 
swamp, connected with those in the neighbor- 
ing tsps., round the head of Little Egg Harbor. 
Pop. 1,270. 

Weymouth, p-v. Medina co. 0., by p-r. 117 
ms. N. E. Columbus. 

Wharton's, p-o. Morgan co. O., by p-r. 83 
ms. s. E. by e. Columbus. 

Wharton's Mills, and p-o. Bedford co, Va., 
by p-r. 154 ms. s. w. W. C. 

Whateley, p-t. Franklin co. Mass., 100 ms. 
w. Boston, lies w. of Conn, r., n. Hampshire co., 
and has some meadow land, but more moun- 
tainous, and fine soil, though some of that in 
the interior of the t. is good. It is crossed by 
two small streams, and contains Sugar Loaf 
hill, at the foot of which a bloody battle was 
fought in Philip's war, between Capt. Lothrop's 
company and several hundred Indians. This t. 
first belonged to Hadley, and afterwards to Hat- 
field. Pop. 1,111. 

Wheatland, t. Monroe co. N. Y., 15 ms. s. s. 
w. Rochester ; has Genesee r. e., Livingston 
CO. s., and Genesee co. w. ; has good land, an 
undulated surface, and is crossed by Allan's cr. 
a stream of the Genesee. On it stands the v. 1 
mile from the mouth. Pop. 2,239. 

Wheatly, p-v. Fauquier co. Va., by p-r. 64 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Wheeler, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 10 ms. n. 



WHI 5' 

Bath ; crossed by Five Mile creek, and other 
streams of Conhocton or. ; has an uneven sur- 
face. Pop. 1,389. 

Wheeler's Springs, and p-o. 79 ms. s. w. 
Riclimond. 

Wheeling, large or. of Pa. and Va., rises in 
W^ashington and Green cos. of the former state, 
and flowing nrthwestrd. enters Ohio co. of the 
latter state, falls into Ohio r. immediately be- 
low the city of Wheeling. 

Wheeling, a flourishing p-t. Ohio co. Va., 
situated on the east bank of Ohio r., 56 ms. s. 
w. Pittsburg, 31 s. w. by w. Washington in Pa., 
and by p-r. 264 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. Lat. 40° 
07', long. 4° 36' vv. W. C. The narrowness of 
the bottoms between the river and a high and 
steep hill, conliues the town principally to a sin- 
gle street. This street ranges along on high 
land, in the upper part ; and a second, 15 or 20 
ft. lower, towards the mouth of Wheeling cr. 
The origin of the place was Wheeling fort, 
built early in the revolutionary war, which stood 
on the breast of a high bank. The national, or 
Cumberland road, reaches the Ohio at Wheel- 
ing, and it is the great thoroughfare for travel- 
lers and transportation e. and w. The land in 
the vicinity, and that on the cr. in particular, is 
very fine. There is a great abundance of coal 
in the vicinity, and the town is becoming a place 
of considerable manufactures. From its favor- 
able position on the Ohio, located as it is at 
the highest point on that river, where embarka- 
tion on board of steamboats iiiay be calculated 
iipon with certainty, at low water, it possesses 
great advantages. Wheeling advanced at first 
but slowly. It was laid out as a v. early after 
the peace of 1783, and in 1820 contained only 
1,567 inhabitants ; in the last ten years the ad- 
vance has been rapid, and in 1830 the pop. was, 
white males, 2,667; females do. 2,349; free 
blacks, 94; slaves, 101 ; total, 5,211. 

Wheelock, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 30 ms. n. 
E. Montpelier, first settled 1780 ; was granted 
to Dartmouth college, and named after its pres- 
ident. Several small streams afford mill seats. 
Wheelock mtn. vv. is a part of the e. range of 
the Green mtns. The land is generally stony. 
Pop. 834. 

Wheelwright's Pond, Strafford co. N. H., 
in Lee, gives rise to Oyster r. A battle was 
fought on its banks, 1690, between some In- 
dians and Americans. 

Whetstone, r. Ohio, rising in Richland and 
Crawford cos., and flowing thence s. w. about 
20 ms., inflects to the sthrd., and maintains the 
latter course over Marion and Delaware cos., 
and to near the centre of Franklin co., where it 
unites with the Scioto r., after a comparative 
course of 70 ms. It has interlocking sources 
with those of Mohiccon, branch of Muskingum, 
those of Sandusky, and the Scioto. 

Whetstone, p-v. estrn. part Marion co. 0., 
by p-r. 50 ms. n. Columbus. 

Whippany, v. Morris co. N. J., 4 ms. e. Mor- 
ristown, on a stream of the same name, which 
falls into Passaic r. 

White, r. Vt., rises in Rutland co. near the 
division in the 2 branches of the Green mtns., 
flows s. e., crosses Windsor co., and joins the 
Connecticut 5 ms. above the mouth of Queechy 
r. From the n. it receives 1st, 2d and 3d branch- 
es, each about 20 miles long, and supply mill 



7 Will 

sites. White r. is about 55 ms. long, waters 
about 680 sq. ms. In one place it just crosses 
a corner of Addison co. 

White River, a large stream of the state 
of Mo., and territory of Arkansas, formed by 
the confluence of two streams. White r. prop- 
er, and Black r, The following description 
is founded on the delineations on Tanner's U. 
S. White r. proper, rises in Washington co. 
Ark., about 30 ms. northeastward from the 
junction of Arkansas and Canadian rs. Flow- 
ing thence about 60 ms. to the northeastward, 
it enters the country of the Delaware Indians 
in the southwestern angle of Missouri. Curv- 
ing to E. and s. e. 40 ms., it enters the territory 
of Arkansas, within which it pursues a course 
of s. e. by e., by comparative distance 120 ms., 
and joins Black river in Independence co. In 
its entire comparative course of 220 miles, 
White r. receives few tributary streams of any 
considerable length of volume. The nthestrn. 
confluent. Black r. rises in Wayne county. Mo., 
interlocking sources with those of iVi aramec 
and Saint Francis. Flowing thence by a gen- 
eral southern course, but an elliptical curve to 
the E. about 100 ms., it unites with an equal, if 
not superior confluent. Currant r. The latter 
rises also in Wayne co. Mo., to the westward 
of the sources of Black r., and interlocking 
sources with the Maramec and Gasconade rs. 
The general course, curves, and length of Cur- 
rant river is remarkably similar to similar phe- 
nomena in Black r. The now navigable Black 
r. assuming a southwestern course, 15 miles, 
receives at Davidsonville, st. jus. for Lawrence 
CO., from the n. w. a large accumulation, by the 
united streams of Eleven Points and Spring rs. 
Below Davidsonville, Black r. flows by com- 
parative courses 45 ms., entering in that dis- 
tance Independence co., and joining White r. 
as already noted. The general course of 
White r., below the influx of Black r., is a lit. 
tie e. of s., by comparative courses 126 ms. to 
its influx into the Mississippi, receiving in the 
latter distance Red r. from the w., and Cache 
r. from the e. Taken as a whole, the valley 
of the White r. lies between those of Ark. to 
the s. w., St. Francis to the e., the southern 
sources of Osage r. to the n. w., and those of 
Maramec to the n. The form of this fine val- 
ley approaches that of a triangle, 270 ms. base, 
from the mouth of White r. to the sources of 
Black r., 170 ms. perpendicular ; area 22,950 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 56' to 37° 
40', and in long, from 13° 20' to 17° 20' w. W. 
C. Rising in a mountainous region, the valley 
of White r. exhibits every variety of soil, from 
the barren rock, and almost equally sterile 
prairie, to the rich, but annually submerged 
alluvion towards the Arkansas ; have their 
respective points of discharge within 10 or 12 
ms. of each other, and are also connected by 
an interlocking, and in seasons of high water, 
navigable stream, manyms. above their mouths. 
White r. is navigable by both its great branch- 
es far above their junction. It is, however, an 
example of a stream greatly overrated, by esti- 
mating its length from the partial windings, in 
place of by the general comparative distances 
along the vallies. By that of White r. proper, 
the valley is 340, and by Black r. 28 ms. long, 
pursuing the great curves of the rs. 



WHl 



578 



WHI 



White, r. Ind., the great estm. branch of 
Wabash r., which see. 

White, mtns. of N. II. in Coos co., form a 
group of the loftiest summits in North America, 
N. and E. of the Rocky mtns. and Mexico, and 
are famous for the wildness and sublimity of 
their scenery. They are about 70 ms. n. Con- 
cord, 25 s. E. Lancaster, and extend 8 or 10 ms. 
in breadth, and 20 or 25 ms. from s. w. to n. e. 
The highest summits are covered with snow 
during the whole year, except about 2 months, 
and are visible from a great distance when the 
air is clear. They are often seen from sea, and 
sometimes before any intermediate land, al- 
though they are about 60 ms. from the coast. 
The Indians, who called them Agiocochook, 
regarded them with superstitious reverence, 
and believed that no person could ever ascend 
them and return in safety. It is supposed that 
Neal, Jocelin, and Field, Vs^ho visited them in 
1632, were the first white men who entered 
those wild and romantic regions. They called 
them the Crystal hills. It was long before any 
settlement was attempted, though Indians and 
white hunters often ranged through the forests 
in pursuit of the moose, fallow deer, bears, &c., 
which abounded. Until within about 40 years, 
moose were killed there, in great numbers, for 
their hides and tallow only. Bears, wild cats, 
fallow deer, &c., are still common ; and within 
a few years, the cariboo, or rein deer, has made 
its appearance here, from the north. The soil 
is almost all incapable of improvement. There 
are a few small meadows, which have been 
cleared and subjected to culture ; but the short- 
ness of the summer, and the variations of the 
climate, render most crops very uncertain. Ve- 
getation, as in the boreal zones, is very rapid 
and luxuriant in the spring ; and the little patch- 
es here and there cultivated generally, present 
a cheering contrast to the surrounding wildness, 
during the months of .July and August. Apple 
trees flourish well as high up as the elder 
Crawford'iJ, 12 ms. s. of the Notch, and grain 
sometimes ripens well. At the Notch House, 
however, 8 ms. n. of that place, the soil, thougn 
good, is not worth cultivating. The timber n. 
of the Notch is generally very different from 
that s. of it, in species ; the former being such 
as is usually found in much colder climates. 
There are seven principal eminences in the 
White mtns., collected in one majestic group, 
generally of a steep but uniform ascent, but 
most of them presenting, towards the n. e. a 
frightful precipice. They are formed of gran- 
ite, and scattered with loose fragments of that 
stone to their peaks, as if they had once been 
of greater height. The seven eminences are 
of the following heights. Mount Adams, 
5,385 ft. above the level of Connecticut, 
at Lancaster ; Jeflferson, 5,281 ; Madison, 
5,039 ; Monroe, 4,932 ; Franklin, 4,470 ; Plea- 
sant, 4,339. Proceeding from the remarka- 
ble pass called the Notch, in the mtns., the 
traveller may enjoy a fine display of natural 
scenery, by passing in succession over the sura, 
mits, or along the sides of the 3 first eminences, 
and thence ascending Mount Washington. The 
following is the order in which the peaks rise, 
generally 1 mile apart ; the first s. is Mount 
Pleasant, then Franklin, Monroe, Washington, 
Jeflferson and Adams ; Mount Madison being 



more e. Mount Washington is the highest in 
the group ; being 5,850 ft. above Conn, river at 
Lancaster, and 6,428 ft, above the level of the 
sea. The summit of Mount Washington being 
the highest land in the United States, and com- 
manding an extensive and most sublime view, 
is annually sought by travellers, though the as- 
cent is attended with much fatigue. It has 
been surmounted in a few instances, by ladies. 
The sides of the mtns., except where they are 
too precipitous, are overgrown with a thick 
forest of different trees, to which succeeds a 
belt of firs, which forms a well defined line roimd 
these eminences, at the same elevation. The 
size of these trees diminishes as the visiter ad- 
vances, until they are very much stunted, and 
finally disappear. The surface is then covered 
with short shrubs, which gradually give place 
to mosses and lichens ; and finally the loose 
rocks are quite bare. Numerous mtns., hills 
and vallies, are seen on all sides, with many 
lakes, and the vales, through which wind nu- 
merous streams of water. The works and the 
habitations of man are generally so far remov. 
ed, as to form but an insignificant feature in this 
scene, which abounds with the magnificent fea- 
tures of nature. North are Mounts Adams and 
Jefferson, e. Mount Madison, s. and s. e. a plain 
of more than 40 acres extends on the side of 
the mountain, from which a ridge of eminences 
reaches along the course of Saco river, whose 
head spring is on the e. side of Mt. Washing- 
ton. The highest source of Amonoosuc r. is 
at no great distance, but the streams approach 
each other much nearer, 3 or 4 miles below. 
Among the White mtns., rise also the Andros- 
coggin and the Pemigewasset rivers, so that 
within a small circuit, rise four considerable 
streams, one of which flows into Connecticut 
r. tw"o into the Atlantic ocean, and one into the 
Merrimac. The Notch in the White mtns,, is 
sometimes understood as applying to a narrow 
pass about 2 ms. long, beginning at the Notch 
meadow, and following the course of the Saco 
s., down a rapid descent ; and sometimes a re- 
markable narrow chasm in the rocks, apparent- 
ly cut through by a powerful current of water. 
It barely affords room for the diminutive chan- 
nel of the Saco, about 4 ft. wide, and a road 12 
ft. This is the only practicable passage through 
this mountainous region, nearer than Adams 
N., and Franconia s. w. The pass has been 
considerably improved by the artificial removal 
of rocks. In 1826, there was a sudden fall of 
rain at night, which produced tremendous ef- 
fects, the evidence of which must remain for 
ages. Immense masses of earth and rocks, 
with acres of forests which covered them, were 
torn from the mountain sides, and heaped in 
confusion in the valleys, while the streams rose 
to rivers ; ponds, and lakes were formed, and 
the banks of the Saco were strewn with heaps 
of timber as far dowoi as Conway, while its 
channel was ploughed out in some places to a 
great depth by the force of the current. The 
Amonoosuc presented similar effects. A family 
of 11 persons inhabiting the Notch House, 4 
ms. s. of the Notch, having fled in the night to 
seek safety out of doors, all lost their lives. 
The Flume is a little stream which flows from 
an eminence 250 or 300 ft. high, and crosses 
the road about f m. s. of the Notch ; and the 



WHI 



579 



WHI 



Silver Cascade, about 1^ miles below, comes 
down a precipitous descent about 800 feet high. 
The turnpike road from Portland, Me. to Lan- 
caster, N. H., passes through this long and ro- 
mantic valley, through which the Saco flows, 
from the Notch to Conway. It has often been 
injured by the falling of rocks and the washing 
of torrents ; but was long rendered useless by 
the devastating flood just mentioned. 

White, co. Tenn., bndd. by Jackson n. w., 
Overton n., Morgan e., Bledsoe s. e., and War- 
ren s. and s. w. Length 42 ms., mean breadth 
16, and area 672 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
35° 40' to 36° 17', and in long, from 8° 10' to 
8° 50' w. W. C. The slope of this co. is wstrd. 
and entirely drained by different branches of 
Caney Fork r. Cf. t. Sparta. Pop. 9,967. 

White, co. II., bndtl. by Gallatin s., Hamil- 
ton w., Wayne n. w., Edwards n., and Wabash 
r. separating it from Gibson co. Ind. n. e., and 
Posey CO. Ind. e. Lat. 38° OS', long. W. C. 
11° 15' w. Slope sthrd., and in that direction 
traversed by Little Wabash. Greatest length 
from the junction of Wabash and Little Wabash 
28 ms., mean breadth 18, and area 504 sq. ms. 
Cf. t. Carmi. Pop. 6,091. 

White Chimneys, p-v. Caroline co. Va., by 
p-r. 30 ms. nthrd. Richmond. 

White Creek, p-t. Washington co. N. Y., 
42 ms. from Albany, on a small branch of Wal- 
loomscoic cr., has a diversified surface, with 
Hoosac r. on the s. w. line, and Little White 
cr. and Walloomscoic cr. s. It touches Vt. e. 
where it is hilly. The v. contains an academy, 
and there are several mills and factories. Pop. 
2,446. 

White Day, p-o. estrn, part Monongalia co. 
Va., 10 ms. estrd. Morgantown, and by p-r. 205 
ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

White Deer mtn., one of the Appalachian 
chains, extending from the right bank of Sus- 
quehannah r. between Union and Lycoming cos. 
about 10 ms., and thence along the sthrn. side 
of the latter, and finally merging into other 
chains in Centre co. 

White Deer. There are two tsps. of that 
name, one the extreme sthestrn. of Lycoming 
w. Susquehannah r., and another the nthestrn. 
of Union co., with White Deer mtn. intervening. 

White Deer, p-o. in White Deer tsp. Lycom- 
ing CO. Pa., by p-r. 74 ms. a little w. of n. Har- 
risbvirg. 

White Eyes Plains, and p-o. estrn. part Cos- 
hocton CO. O., by p-r. 92 ms. n. e. by e. Co 
lumbus. 

Whitefield, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 16 ms. from 
Augusta, 15 N. Wiscasset, has Sheepscot r. e., 
and small streams w. flowing s. w. into the Ken- 
nebec. It has Kennebec co. n. and w. Pop. 
2,020. 

Whitefield, p-t. Coos co. N. H., 120 ms. from 
Concord, has alight soil, of pretty good quality, 
with spruce swamps n. It is crossed by John's 
r., down which the pine timber which here 
abounds, has been sent in great quantities to 
the Connecticut. It contains several ponds, 
and was settled about 1774. Pop. 684. 

Whitehall, p-t. Washington co. N. Y., 71 
ms. N. Albany, 21 n. Sandy Hill, has n. and s. 
bays and Vermont n., and lake George on part 
of the w. line. Poultney r. is on the line be- 
tween this t. and Vt. The rocks n. w. are pri- 



mitive, and in the e. transition ; here are mar. 
ble and limestone for burning. The soil is ire. 
nerally clayey. Wood cr. and Pawlet r. join 
in this t., and aiTord mill sites. Skeene's n)tn. 
on the E. side of the lake, is high and rouirli. 
The former name was Skeenesboro' ; and" it 
was important as embracing the landing- place 
at the mouth of Wood cr. at the s. end of lake 
Champlain, on the route between Canada and 
Hudson r. It was the scene of military move- 
ments in the French and revolutionary wars. 
In 1777, Gen. Burgoyne pursued the retreating 
American army this way, after dislodging it 
from Ticonderoga, but remained here so long 
to form a log road, &c., that the Americans 
found time to rally and prepare to oppose him, 
as they effectually did at Bemis' heights, in 
Stillwater. There is an extensive level tract 
along Wood cr. The v. is now an important 
place, as the Champlain canal commences there, 
and the steamboats which navigate the lake to 
St. John's, in Jjower Canada, come up to the 
wharf. Pop. 2,889. 

V/iiiteiiall, p-v. Whitehall, Washington co. 
N. Y., at the s. end of lake Champlain, at the 
mouth of Wood cr. and the n. end of the Cham- 
plain canal, is a place of considerable impor- 
tance and active business. The surrounding 
country presents rough eminences, with an ex- 
tensive, open and marly tract along the course 
of Wood cr., whose bed serves for some ms. as 
the route of the canal. There is a fall over the 
rocks at its mouths, where mills and factories 
are erected, and 3 locks are constructed which 
raise, boats 31 ft. to the level of the canal. 
There is also an academy, church, bridge, ho- 
tels, &c., and the place is a great thoroughfare 
during the warm seasons. 

White PIall, p-v. Columbia co. Pa., by p-r. 
81 ms. N. Harrisburg, and 1.2 in a similar direc- 
tion from Danville, the co. st. 

White Hall, p-o. Frederick co. Va., by p-r. 
79 ms. a little n. of w. W. C. 

White Hall, p-v. Mecklenburg co. N. C.,by 
p-r. 160 ms. n. w. by w. Raleigh. 

White Hall, p-o. Abbeville dist. S. C, about 
5 ms. sthrd. Abbeville, the st. jus. for the dist. 
and by p-r. 95 ms. from Columbia. 

White PIall, p-v. Marengo co. Ala., by p-r. 
13 ms. sthrd. Linden the co. st , and 9 1 ms. s. s. 
w. Tuscaloosa. 

White Hall, p-v. n. wstrn. part Green co. 
II., 10 ms. nthrd. Carrollton, the co. st., and 116 
ms. N. w. by w. Vandalia. 

Whiteha-ven, p-v, on Wicomico r., wstrn. 
part Somerset co. Md., 10 ms. n. n. w. Prin-jess 
Ann, the co. st., and 106 miles s. e. by e. 
W. C. 

White Horse, tavern and p-o. estrn. part 
Somerset co. Pa., by p-r. 149 ms. n. wstrd. 
W. C, 

White House, p-o. s. wstrn. part Mecklen- 
burg CO. Va., by p-r. 137 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Whitely CO. Ky. (>S'ee Whitly.) 

Whiteley, cr. and p-o. s. e. part Greene co. 
Pa., by p-r. 225 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Whiteley, c. h. and p-o. Whitely or Whitly 
CO. Ky., by p-r. 130 ms. s. s. e. Frankfort. 

WuiTELEYSBURG, p-v. wstm. part Kent co. 
Del., about 20 ins. s. w. Dover. 

White Marsh, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa., 12 
ms. nthrd. Phila. It has been Ion" famed for 



WHI 



580 



WHI 



the beauty and abundance of its variegated 
marbles. 

White Oak, p-v. wstrn. part Rutherford co. 
N. C, lO ms. wstrd. from Rutherfordton, the 
CO. St., and by p-r. 233 ms. a little s. of w. Ra- 
leish. 

White Oak, p-v. estrn. part Humphries co. 
Ten., 63 ms. w. Nashville. 

White Oak, p-o. Columbia co. Geo., by p-r. 
88 ms. N. E. by e. Milledgeville. 

White Oak Grove, and p-o. Bedford co. Va., 
by p-r. 227 ms. s. w. W. C. 

White Pigeon Prairie, p-v. and st. jus. St. Jo- 
seph CO. Mich., about 150 ms. a little s. of w. 
Detroit. Position in the co. uncertain. 

White Plains, p-t. and half shire, Westches- 
ter CO., N. Y., 30 ms. from N. Y., 140 s. Albany, 

6 E. Hudson r., and 14 s. Bedford, with 8i sq. 
ms., has Bronx cr. on the w. line, Mamaroneck 
cr. E., and mill sites on both. The soil is good, 
and the surface varied by a range of hills, run- 
nino- N. and s., some of which were rendered 
inte'resting in the revolution by the battle fought 
here, Oct. 28th, 1776. Pop. 759. 

White Plains, v. White Plains, Westchester 
CO. N. ^ ., 28 ms. n. New York, 7 from Sawpits, 

7 E. Hudson r., | e. Bronx cr. 

White Plains, p-v. Brunswick co. Va., by 
p-r. 94 ms. s. s. w. Richmond. 

White Plains, p-v. Jackson co. Ten., by p-r. 
no ms. N. E. byE. Nashville. 

White Plains, and p-o. Greene co. Geo., by 
p -r. 48 ms. nthrd. Milledgeville. 

White Plains, andp-o. Lawrence co. Misp., 
by p-r. about 75 ms. e. Natchez. 

White Post, p-v. in Frederick co. Va., 8 ms. 
s. E. Winchester, and by p-r. 71 ms. a little n. 
of w. W. C. 

White River, p-v. estrn. part Arkansas co. 
Ark., by p-r. 136 ms. below and s. e. by e. Lit- 
tle Rock. 

White's, p-o. Elbert co. Geo., by p-r. 108 
ms. a little e. of n. Milledgeville. 

White Sand, p-v. Lawrence co. Misp., by 
p-r. 100 ms. s. .Tackson. 

Wiiitesborough, p-v. half cap. Whitestown, 
Oneida co. N. Y., 4 ms. n. w. Utica, 100 w. n. 
w. Albany, is pleasant and well built, on Erie 
canal. It has an academy. 

Whitesburg, p-v. wstrn. part Madison co. 
Ala., 10 ms. wstrd. Huntsville, and by p-r. 115 
ms. N. n. e. Tuscaloosa. 

White's Mills, and p-o. n. wstrn. part Ghes. 
ter dist. S. C, by p-r. 70 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 
White Stone, p-o. Lancaster co. Va., 167 
ms. s. s. E. W. C. 

White's Store, and p-o. nthrn. part York 
dist. S. C, by p-r. 85 ms. n. n. w. Columbia. 

Whitestown, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y.. 98 ms. 
w. N. w. Albany, 5 w. Utica, 16 s. e. Rome, 
has Mohawk r. n. e.. and Herkimer co. e., with 
very good soil, swelling surface, and fertile 
meadows along Mohawk r., Oriskany and Sada- 
quada crs. The Erie canal passes along the 
Mohawk n. e. The town contains the vs. of 
Whitestown and Oriskany, and its settlement 
was commenced in 1784, by Canvass White, 
the first settler in the w. part of the state of 
N. Y. On Lanaquoit, a small stream uniting 
with the Mohawk in this t., are found the prin- 
cipal manufactories of Oneida co. The Oris- 
kany woollen factory is on a cr. of the same 



name, 4 ms. from Whitestown — spindles, 1,5 lO 
— looms, 40 — hands, 136 — using annually 120,- 
000 lbs. wool, and manufacturing goods to the 
amount of ^155,000. On the Lanaquoit, the 
Oneida cotton factory, running 2,500 spindles 
and 84 looms, work 300 bales cotton and make 
780,000 yds. annually ; — at the York mills, two 
stone edifices, 150 and 130 ft. long, are run 
8,328 spindles, and 260 looms, employing 350 
hands, and making 900,000 yards sheeting an- 
nually ; at the Whitestown cotton factory are 
run 2,900 spindles, 70 looms, 85 hands are em- 
ployed and 300 bales cotton per annum used ; 
at the Utica cotton factory 2,600 spindles and 60 
looms are run, (thirty of the latter on ticking,) 
112 hands are employed and 450 bales cotton 
consumed; a woollen factory makes 3,500 yds. 
broadcloth, and there is a callico printing estab- 
lishment ; — the New Hartford manufacturing co. 
run 2,500 spindles, 64 looms, employ 80 hands, 
and work ann. 300 bales cotton ; — the Eagle 
cotton factory run 1,600 spindles, 40 looms, 
employ 75 hands, and use 200 bales ; the Frank- 
lin com. run 3,000 spindles, 76 looms, employ 
120 hands, and use 300 bales cotton ; — and the 
Paris cotton man. com. run 1,500 spindles, 60 
looms, and employ 70 hands. These, with se- 
veral machine shops, are all on the Lanaquoit, 
and within 8 ms. of each other. Pop. 4,410. 

Whitestown, p-v. Butler co. Pa., 10 ms. 
from the borough of Butler, and about 60 ms. 
N. Pittsburg. 

Whitesville, p-v. and st. jus. Columbus co. 
N. C, situated near the extreme head of Wac- 
camaw r., about 40 ms. n. e. Conwaysborough, 
and by p-r. 138 ms. s. Raleigh. Lat. 34° 13', 
long. 1° 48' w. W. C. 

White Sulphur Springs, watering place and 
p-o. estrn. part Greenbriar co. Va., 9 ms. s. e. 
by E. Lewisburg, the co. st., and by p-r. 254 
ms. s. w. W. C, and 212 w. Richmond. 

Whitesville, p-v. Wilkinson co. Misp. 
about 35 ms s. Natchez. 

White Water r. See Miami r. 

White Woman's r. See Muskingum r. 

WHITI^G, p-t. Washington co. Me., contains 
several ponds, some of which flow w. into Ma- 
chias bay, and others e. into Cobscook bay. 
The t. is separated from the sea coast by the 
t. of Cutler. Pop. 309. 

Whiting, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 40 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier, 42 s. Burlington, 70 n. Bennington, 
has Otter cr. e., and was first settled 1772, but 
deserted in the revolutionary war. In 1819, 
pickerel were placed in Otter cr. above Mid- 
dlebury falls, which rapidly increased, so that 
500 lbs. of this kind offish, (before unknown in 
this stream,) were caught in this t. in 1823. 
The soil is good both for grass and grain. Pop. 
653. 

Whitingham, p-t. Windham co. Vt., ]8 ms. 
s. E. Bennington, 20 n. w. Greenfield, has the 
Mass. line on the s. boundary, and was first set- 
tled in 1770. Deerfield r. flows through the w. 
part, with rich meadows on its course. Saw- 
dawda pond has land gradually forming on the 
surface, and 70 or 80 acres now rise and fall 
with the water. The soil is good. Good lime- 
stone abounds w. which is burnt. Pop. 1,477. 

Whitley, co. Ky., bndd. w. by Wayne co. of 
the same state, n. w. by Rock Castle cr. sepa- 
tating it from Pulaski, n. by Laurel, e. by Knox, 



WIL 



581 



WIL 



and s. by Campbell co. in Ten. Length from 
N. to s. 30 ms., mean breadth 20, area 600 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 36° 35' to 37° 01', 
and in long, from 6° 48' to 7° 14' w. VV. C. 
The main volume of Cumberland r. winds, by a 
very circuitous channel over Whitley from s. e. 
to N. w. Of. t. Whitley c. h. Fop. 3,806. 

Whittles', Mills and p-o. Mecklenburg co. 
Va., by p-r. 105 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Whitley's, p-v. Johnson co. N. C, by p-r. 39 
ms. s. E. by e. Raleigh. 

Whitle\tille, p-v. Jackson CO. Tenn.,byp-r. 
87 ms. N. e. by e. Nashville. 

Whitney's Grovh, and p-o. Hancock co. II., 
by p-r. 158 ms. n. w. Vandalia. 

WicKFORD, P-V. North Kingston, Washington 
CO. R. I., 2"J ms. s. w. Providence, 15 n. w. 
Newport, is on a peninsula on w. side of .\arra- 
gansett bay. Here is Washington academy, 30 
ft. by 60, with a library ; and there is conside- 
rable commerce. 

Wicomico, small r. which rises in the south- 
western angle of Sussex co. Del., flows thence 
s. westerly between Manikin and Naniikoke 
rs., and in Somerset co. Md., falling into Fish- 
ing bay, 10 ms. w. Princess Anne. 

Wicomico, or Great Wicomico, small r. of 
Northumberland co. Va., failmg into Chesa- 
peake bay 2 ms. s. e. Bridgetown, the co.seat. 
Wicomico, church and p-o. Northumberland 
CO. Va., about 6 ms. wstrd. Smith's point, and 9 
ms. estrd. Bridgetown, by p-r. 160 ms. s. s. e. 
W. C. 

Wiesesburgh, p-v. Baltimore co. Md., 24 ms. 
N. w. Baltimore. 

WiLBKAHAM, p-t. Hampden co. Mass., 89 ms. 
w. Boston, has the Conn, line for its s bounda- 
ry, and Chickapee r. for its n. The surface is 
agreeably varied, and the soil is generally very 
good. It contains a Wesleyan academy, on the 
manual labor system, for the education of indi- 
gent children of the Methodists. The Chicka- 
pee is a very rapid stream, and makes conside- 
rable descent at the rapids in this place. Chick 
apee was a word used by Indian mothers to cry- 
ing children, meaning "be still." The v. has a 
pleasant situation near the e. borders of the ele- 
vated plain which extends v/. to the armory at 
Springfield. It has a hilly and picturesque 
country e. and n. of it. Pop. 2,034. 

Wilcox, co. Ala. bndd. s. by Monroe, s. w. 
by Clarke, n. w. by Marengo, n. and n. e. by 
Dallas, e. by Montgomery, and s. e. by Butler. 
Length from e. to w. 60 ms., mean breadth 20, 
and area 1,200 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
31° 49' to 32° 15', and in long. 9° 56' to 10° 56' 
w. W. C. Declivity s. w., and traversed in that 
direction by Alabama r. Cf. t. Canton. Pop. 
1820,2,917, 1830,9,548. 

Wild rness, p-o. on the n. wstrn. border of 
Spottsylvania co. Va., 15 ms. w. Fredericks- 
burg, and 71 s. s. w. VV. C. 

Wilsong's, mill and p-o. Lincoln co. N. C, 
by p-r. 182 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Wilkes co. N. C. bndd. n. e. and e. by Surry, 
s. e. by Iredell, s. w. by Burke, and w. n. w. 
and N. by Blue Ridge separating it from Ashe. 
Length from s. w. to n. e. 48 ms., mean breadth 
18, and area 864 sq. ms. Extending in lat. 
from 35° 56' to 36° 24', and in long, from 3° 51' 
to 4° 35' w. W C. This co. is a real mtn. val- 
ley, environed on every side but the n. e. by the 

74 



Blue ridge and adjacent chains. It is commen- 
-urate with the streams of the higher valley of 
Yadkin r. by which it is entirely drained. De- 
clivity n. estrd. Cf. t. WilkesviUe. Pop. 1820, 
9,967, 1830, 11,968. 

Wilkes, co. Geo., bndd. by Warren s., Ta- 
liaferro s. w., Oglethorpe w. and s. w., Broad r. 
separating it from Elbert n., Lincoln co. e., and 
Little r. separating it from Columbia s. e. 
Length 32, mean breadth 19, and area about 
600 sq. ms. Lat. 34° 40', long. W. C. 5° 46' w. 
General slope estrd. towards Savannah r., from 
which it is separated only by 'he narrow co. of 
Lincoln. Cf. t. Washington. Pop. 1820, 16,912, 
1830, 14,237; at the former epoch Wilkes con. 
tained what is now Taliaferro co., and in 1830, 
the aggregate of both cos. amounted to 19,171. 
WiLKESBARRE, boro', p-t. and st. jus. Luzerne 
CO. Pa., stands on a high bank, on the right side 
of Susquehannah r., about 120 ms. n. n. w. 
Phila., by p-r. 222 n. n. e. W. C, and ll4x. e. 
Harrisburg. Lat. 41° 13', and long. 1° 07' e. 
^V. C. Wilkesbarre was laid out about the 
year 1775, by Col. John Durkee, who imposed 
the compound name as a grateful tribute to two 
eminent members of the British parliament, for 
their exertions in favor of the North American 
colonies. The plan is perhaps entirely singu- 
lar. The streets form a parallelogram, extend- 
ing along or at right angle to the river. In the 
centre is a public square containing the co. build- 
ings, but this square stands at an angle of 45° 
to the streets, the latter extending from each 
corner of the former. The wstrn. angle of the 
square is opposite a bridge over the Susqehan- 
nah, with a portion of the main street interven- 
ing. This connects ' ilkesbarre with the v. of 
Kingston. Pop. 2,233. 

Wilkesbarre, valley, usually called the val- 
ley of Wyoming, among the natural scenery of 
the U. S. richly deserves a visit. The Sus(|ue- 
hannah r. may be said to rush into, and break 
through the Appalachian system of mtns. Pass- 
ing the first great chain at Towanda, the large 
volume of water in its rocky bed rolls through 
several other chains in quick succession, and 
at length reaches Wyoming valley at the mouth 
of Lackawannoc r. by a very striking mountain 
gorge. Inflecting at right angles, and turning 
from s. e to s. w., the stream with very gentle 
windings flows down the Wyoming valley 9 
ms., passes Wilkesbarre and Kingston, and 6 
ms. farther leaves the valley by another moun- 
tain pass. The Susquehannah merely touches 
the wstrn. verge ot this fine vale, which is in- 
deed extended up the Lackawannoc, and to the 
sthwstrd. some ms. below where it is abandon- 
ed by the river. The valley is distinct there, 
fore -25 ms. above and 7 or 8 below the borough 
of Wilkesbarre, exceeding 30 ms. in length, but 
with a width that does not at the utmost exceed 
a mean of 2j ms. Enclosed between mtns. 
every where steep and rugged, in many places 
precipiious, and in some rising into naked sum- 
mits, spread alluvial flats of exuberant fertility. 
Here, as along the Susquehannah generally, 
there are two stages of bottoms. The lower, 
and of course most recent, are much the most 
productive, and least admixed with rounded 
pebbles, but are still subject to casual submer- 
sion. The higher stages, on one of which stands 
Wilkesbarre, are above all floods, but both have 



WIL 



582 



WIL 



evidently once been under water. This con. 
elusion IS almost irresistible, in the vicinity of 
Wilkesbarre. In brief, it may be asserted that 
many admirers of natural scenery know the beau- 
ties of the Alps among such objects, infinitely 
better than regions almost at their door. The 
Wyoming is only one of innumerable pictures 
along the Appalachian system, where are com- 
bined every feature, from the most stern to the 
most soft and seducing. In the vicinity of 
Wilkesbarre and Kingston, mineral curiosities 
are not the least attractive. The formation is 
transition or leaning ; the inclination s. e. Em- 
bedded in strata, from one to twenty or more 
ft. in thickness, lie masses of anthracite coal, 
which appear more and more vast as they are 
better explored. 

WiLKESBORo', or Wilkesville, p-v. and st. jus. 
Wilkes CO. N. C, situated on the right bank 
of Yadkin r. 51 ms. n. e. Morgantown in 
Burke co., and by p-r. 175 ms. a little n. of w. 
Raleigh. Lat. 36° 10', long. 4° 08 w. W. C. 

Wilkesville, p-v. Gallia co. O., by p-r. 87 
ms. s. s. E. Columbus. 

Wilkinson, co. Geo. bndd. s. e. by Laurens, 
s. w. by Twiggs, n. w. by Jones, n. by Bald- 
win, and E. by Oconee r. separating it from 
Washington. Length from n. w. to s. e. 24 ms. 
mean breadth 18, and area 432 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 32° 37' to 33° 02' and in 
long, from 6° 02' to (3° 30' w. W. C. Declivity 
sthestrd. towards the Oconee. Cf. t. Irwing- 
ton. Pop. 1820, 6,992; 1830, 14,237. 

Wilkinson, co. Misp.,bndd. by the Homochit. 
to r. separating it from Adams co. on the n., and 
Franklin n. e., by Amite co. e., by the parish of 
E. Feliciana, La. s. e., by W. Feliciana, La. s., 
and by the Misp. r. separating it from the parish 
of Avoyelles, La. w., and the parish of Concordia 
La. N. \y. Greatest length from e. to w. 30 ms., 
mean breadth 20, and area 600 sq. ms. Ex- 
tending in lat. from 31° to 31° 14', and in long, 
from 14° 12' to 14° 46' w. W. C. The general 
declivity of this co. is wstrd., but the extreme 
sthrn. border declines in a southern direction 
giving source to Thompson's cr. and Bayou 
Sarah. Buffaloe cr. rises on the estrn, side 
and flowing wstrd. divides the co. into two 
nearly equal sections. The surface is very 
much broken by hills, however, of no great 
elevation. Soil excellent. Principal staple, 
cotton. Cf. t., Woodville. Pop. 1820, 9,718; 
1830, 11,686. 

WiLKiNSONViLLE, p-v. Chesterfield co. Va. 

Willet, p-t. Cortland co. N. Y., 139 ms. 
from Albany, 19 s. e. Cortland v.; it has Che- 
nango CO. E., Broome co. s., and is crossed by 
Otselic cr. with few mill seats. Pop. 840. 

Williams' r. Windham co. Vt., flows s. e. 
15 ms. into Connecticut r. in Rockingham. At 
its mouth the Rev. Mr. Williams, in 1704, on 
his way from Deerfield, Mass., to Canada, 
while a captive in the power of the Indians, 
pjeached to his fellow prisoners. 

Williams, p-v. Montgomery co. Tenn. 30 
ms. N. w. by w. Nashville. 

Williams, p-v. sthrn. part of Christian co. 
Ky., by p-r. 216 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

Williams, nrthwstrn. co. of Ohio, bounded 
by Henry e., Paulding s., the state of Ind. w., 
Hillsdale co. Mich, n., and Lenawee co. Mich. 
N. K. Length from s. to ,\. 27 ms., breadt>h 24, 



and area 648. Lat. 4 1 ° 28', long. W. C. 7° 36' 
w. Slope sthrd., and in that direction tra. 
versed by St. Joseph's and Tiffin's rs., branch- 
es of Maumee. Cf. t., Defiance. Population 
387. 

WiLLiAMSBORouGH, p-v. nrthestm. part Gran. 
ville CO. N. C, 12 ms. n. e. by e. Oxford, the 
CO. St., and 59 n. e. Raleigh. 

Williamsburg, p-t. Penobscot co. Me., 94 
ms. from Augusta, 40n. w. Bangor, has several 
small streams flowing into Pleasant and Lubec 
rs., branches of the Penobscot, and has a quar. 
ry of marble. Pop. 227. 

Williamsburg, v. Bushwick, King's co. N, 
Y. on the e. end of Long Island, opposite N. Y., 
has a steam ferry to that city. 

Williamsburg, p-v. situated on Franktown 
branch of Juniata r. 9 ms. w. from the borough 
of Huntingdon co. Pa. 

Williamsburg, p-t. and st. jus. James City 
CO. Va., situated on the summit level between 
York and James rs., by p-r. 60 ms. s. e. by e. 
Richmond. Lat. 37° 16', and long. 0° 20' e, 
W. C. The p-r. distance from W. C. 163 ms. 
This little city, though it has not advanced much 
in wealth or population, has many very inter- 
esting claims on the student of U. S. geography. 
It was the cradle of our political existence, and 
for a long period, the seat of government of 
" Infant Virginia." The college of William 
and Mary, in Williamsburg, was founded in 
1693, and with various fortunes of advance and 
recession, has continued to exist as a respect, 
able literary institution. By the original char. 
ter, this college was endowed with a revenue 
of .£3000 per annum. Its property amounts to 
about .$150,0i)0, but is not all productive. The 
president is also a professor, besides whom 
there are 5 others. The number of students is 
about 80, and the libraries contain about 4,000 
volumes Commencement is on the 4th July. 

Williamsburg, dist. S. C, bndd. n. w. by 
Sumpter, n. e. by Lynches cr. separating it from 
Marion, e. and s. e. by Georgetown dist., and s, 
w. by Santee r., separating it from Charleston 
dist. Length between Santee r. and Lynches 
cr. 40 ms., mean breadth 30, and area i,200 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 33° 15' to 34° 02', 
and in long, from 2° 24' to 3° 12'. The de- 
clivity is southeastward, in the direction of 
Lynches cr., Santee r. and Black r. The latter 
stream rising in Sumpter, traverses Williams- 
burg at a mean distance of 16 or 17 ms. from 
Santee r. Cf. t. Kingtree. Pop. 1820, 8,716 ; 
1830, 9,018. 

\^ ILLIAMSBURG, p.v. and St. jus. Covington 
CO. Misp., situated on a branch of Leaf r., about 
120 ms. E. Natches, and by p-r. 83 miles s. e. 
Jackson. Lat. 31° 40', long. 12° 38' w. W. C. 
Pop. 300. 

Williamsburg, p-v. Mason co. Ky. by p-r. 75 
ms. N. E. Frankfort. 

Williamsburg, p-v. estrn. part of Clermont 
CO. O. by p-r. 102 ms. s. w. Columbus. 

Williamsburg, p-v. Wayne co. Ind. by p.r. 
57 ms. E. Indianopolis. 

WiLLiAMSBURGH, p-t. Hampshire co. Mass. 
100 miles w. Boston, 9 n. w. Northampton, is 
crossed n. w. and s. e. by a tributary of the Con- 
necticut, which affords mill sites. Pop. 1,236. 

WiLLiAMSBURGH, p-v. Groveland, Livingston 
CO. N. Y. Si ms. fm. Genesseo v. on Genessee r. 



WIL 



583 



WIL 



WiLLiAMSFiELD, p-v. sthesm. angle of Ashta- 
bula CO. O., by p-r. 189 ms. n. k. Columbus. 
Pop. isp. 1830, 528. 

WiLLiAMSox, p-t. Wayiie co. N. Y., 206 ms. 
from Albany, 20 n. by e. Canandaigua, crossed 
by the Ridge road, has a descent n., whither 
flow some small streams to lake Ontario. 
Pop. 1,806. 

Williamson, co. Ten., bounded by Bedford, 
s. E., Maury s., Hickman s. w., Dickson n. w., 
Davidson n., and Rutherford e. Length along 
the sthrn. border 40 ms., mean breadth 12, and 
area 480 sq. ms. Lat. 36° and long. 10° w. W. 
C, intersect in the southwestern part of this co. 
The sthrn. border follows the dividing ridge 
between the valleys of Duck and Harpeth rs., 
and the co. sloping to the n. w., is almost en- 
tirely drained by the confluent creeks of the 
latter r. Cf. t., Franklin. Pop. 1820, 20,640 ; 
1830, 26,638. 

Williamson's Mills and p-o. Lexington dist. 
S. C. 

WiLLiAMSPoRT, borough and st. jus. Lyco. 
ming CO. Pa., situated on the left bank of the 
west branch of Susquehannah r., by the p-r. 87 
ms. above Harrisburg, and 196 ms. a very little 
w. of N. \V. C. N. lat. 41° 15', long. W. C. 0° 
07' w. Pop. 800. 

WiLLiAMspORT, flourishing p-v. of Washing- 
ton CO. Md., situated on the left bank of Poto. 
mac r. on the point, below the mouth of Cone- 
cocheague r., 8 ms. s. w. Hagerstown, and by 
p-r. 74 ms. n. w. W. C. Pop. 500. 

WiLLiAMSPORT, p.v. and St. jus. Warren co. 
Ind., situated on the right bank of Wabash r., 
at the mouth of Pine cr., by p-r. about 80 ms. 
N. w. by w. Indianopolis. Lat. 40° 20', long. 
W. C. 10° l6'w. 

WiLLiAMSPORT, p-v. sthm. part Maury co. 
Ten. 54 ms. s. s. w. Nashville. 

WiLLiAMSPORT, p-v. Pickaway co. O., 36 ms. 
s. Columbus. 

William's Store and p-o. Butler co. 0., by 
p-r. 104 ms. s. s. w. Columbus. 

WiLLiAMSTON, p.v. and St. jus. Martin co. N. 
C, situated on the right bank of Roanoke r. 23 
ms. N. VV'ashington on Pamlico r., and by p-r. 
106 ms. E. Raleigh. Lat. 35° 49', and long. 0° 
06' w. \v . G. 

WiLLiAMSTON, p-v. Pike CO. Ala., by p-r. 210 
ms. s. E. Tuscaloosa. 

WiLLiAMSTOwN, p-t. Orange co. Vt. 11 ms. s. 
w. Montpelier, 45 n. w. Windsor; first settled, 
1784, occupies the high gro md between Onion 
and White rs., to each of which it sends a brook. 
Along the courses of these small branches 
passes the Gulf road from Royalton to Mont- 
pelier, through remarkably wild scenes, and 
often a very narrow passage. In some places 
the road is supported by artificial walls of stone, 
where there is barely room enough for it and 
the stream. Pop. 1,487. 

WiLLiAMSTOWN, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass. 130 
ms. N.by w. Boston, is in the n. w. corner of the 
state, with Vermont n. and N. Y. w., and occu- 
pies a fine valley, through which flows Hoosic 
r. into Vt. The land bordering on the valley is 
mountainous, and some of the peaks are very 
high. The t. was named after colonel Ephraim 
Williams, who was commander of the line of 
forts w. of Conn. r. during the old French war, 
from 1740 till 1748, and resided for some time 



at Hoosic fort. He was killed at the battle of 
fort George, 1755, and left by will, his property 
for the loundation of a grammar school in Wil. 
liamstown. Williams college, in this t. was 
commenced as a school in 1791, and was incor- 
porated as a college in 1793. Two townships 
of land in Maine were afterwards granted it by 
Mass., one of which was sold for .^10,000. 
There are two buildings of brick, 100 ft. long, 
40 wide, and 4 stories high, containing a chapel, 
library, philosophical chamber, and 60 students' 
rooms. The faculty is composed of a presi- 
dent who is a professor, 4 other professors, and 
2 tutors. Alumni, 759 ; students, 1832 — 3, 133, 
of which about 80 are assisted by the college 
fund, or by the education society. The college 
library contains about 3,000 vols, and that of 
the students about 2,500. Commencement is 
on the 3d Wednesday in Aug. The necessary 
expenses are from ^60 to $105 per annum. 
An academy was incorporated here in 1828. 
Pop. 2,134. 

WiLLiAMSTOwN, p-t. Oswego CO. N. Y. 137 
ms. from Albany, 31 e. Oswego, has Oneida co. 
E., has a soil good for grass, and pretty good 
for grain, watered by streams of Fish creek, 
which furnish mill sites. The surface is near- 
ly level, with much moist land. Pop. 606. 

WiLLiAMSTOWN, p.v. northcstm. part Lancas- 
ter CO. Pa. 13 ms. n. e. from the city of Lan- 
caster. 

WiLLiAMSTOWN, ou the p.o. list, but Wil- 
liamsville on Tanner's U. S., p-v. and st. jus. 
Grant co. Ky., situated on the right bank of 
Eagle cr., about 40 ms. s. w. Cincinnati, and 
44 a little e. of n. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 41', 
long. 7° 42' w. W. C. 

WiLLiAMsviLLE, p-v. Erie CO. N. Y. 11 ms. n. 
E. Buffalo, is on Eilicott's cr. at the falls. 

WiLLiAMsviLLE, p-v. Kent CO. Del. 25 ms. s. 
Dover. 

WILLIAMSVILLE, p-v. nrthm. part Person co. 
N. C, by p-r. 68 ms. n. w. by n. Raleigh. 

WiLLiMANTic, r. rising in Tolland co. Conn., 
a stream of small size, flows through Stafford, 
and falling into Natchaug r. forms the She- 
tucket. On it are many good mill sites. 

Willimantic, p.v. Windham co. Conn. 3 ma. 
from Windham v., 24 e. Hartford, on Willi- 
mantic r. ; contains 5 large manufactories, a 
paper mill, 3 churches, several schools, &c. 

WiLLiNBoRouGH, t. Burlington co. N. .1. 1 4 
ms. N. E. Phil., has the Del. r. n. w., Rancocus 
cr. s. w., and Burlingto i n. A small branch of 
Rancocus cr. crosses the t. Pop. 782. 

WiLLiNGTON, p-t. Tolland co. Conn. 26 ms. 
N. E. Hartford, 26 n. Norwich; about 4 ms. by 
8, is hilly, with primitive rocks, and contains 
some iron ore. It has Willimantic r. e., and 
some manufactories. Pop. 1,305. 

WiLLiNGTON, p-v. Sthrn. part Abbeville dist. 
S. C, 17 ms. s. s. w. Abbeville, and by p-r. 97 
ms. a little n. of w. Columbia. 

WiLLisTON, P-t. Chittenden co. Vt., 27 ms. n. 
w. Montpelier, has Onion r. n. and Muddy brook 
w., and was first settled 1774, but soon desert- 
el until the close of the war. The surface is 
uneven, but generally favorable to agriculture, 
with a good soil. Pop. 1,606. 

WiLLisTON, P-o. Callaway co. Ky., by p-r. 277 
ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

WiLLouGHBY, p.v. and St. jus. Eflingham co. 



WIL 



584 



WIL 



Geo., by p-r. 181 ms. s. e. by e. Milledgeville. 

Willow Grove, p-v. Montgomery co. Pa., 14 
ms. N. Phil. 

Willow Grove, p.o. Lincoln co. N. C, by 
p-r 164 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Willow Grove, p-o. nthestrn. part Sumpter 
dist. S. C., about 20 ms. n. e. umpterville, and 
by p-r. 64 ms. a little n. of e. Columbia. 

WiLLSDORouGii, p-t. Essex CO. N. Y., 157 ms. 
N. Albany, 13 n. e. Elizabethtown, has lake 
Champlain or Vt. e., towards which the land is 
level. Peru bay extends s. into this town from 
the lake 5 or 6 ms. ; and there are in it Bou- 
quet's and Gilliland's crs., on whose falls are 
very good mill sites. Pop. 1,316. 

WiLLSTowN, Indian v., on a cr. of the same 
name, a brancla of Coosa r. This place, as lo- 
cated by Tanner, is situated in the Cherokee 
territory 50 ms. s. e. by e. Huntsville, and about 
150 ms. N. E. Tuscaloosa. Lat. 34° 26', long. 
8° 55' w. W. C. 

Wilmington, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 17 ms. 
E. Bennington, 46 s. w. Windsor, 138 from 
Montpelier; was first settled just before the 
revolution. The e. and w. branches of Green. 
field r. unite here. Pop. 1,034. 

Wilmington, t. Middlesex co. Mass., 16 ms. 
N. Boston, has a light soil, hut has produced 
great quantities of hops. The Middlesex canal 
crosses the t. through the middle ; and Ipswich 
r. rises here. Pop. 731. 

Wilmington, p-t, Essex co. N. Y., 17 ms. n. 
w. Elizabethtown, has Franklin and Clinton cos. 
E., and Franklin co. w., and contains Sable and 
White Face mtns., and parts of Palmer and 
Hamlin mtns. ; White Face mtn. is about 2,600 
ft. high, and commands a view of Montreal, 80 
ms. distant. The t. is crossed by the w. branch 
of Sable r., &c. which furnishes mill seats. 
Pop. 695. 

Wilmington, borough, and port of entry. New 
Castle CO. Del. situa'ed on the point above the 
junction of Brandyvvine and Christiana crs. 28 
ms. s. w. Phila., 47 n. Dover, and by p-r. 108 
ms. N. E. W. C. The site is similar to those 
of Phila., Baltimore, Georgetown and Rich- 
mond, on the outer edge of the primitive rock, 
and on the inner of the sea sand alluvion. The 
site of Wilmington is less variegated than eith- 
er of the above named cities. In its vicinity, 
the falls of Brandywine afford a water power 
which has been rendered available to a great 
extent, by the erection of machinery applied to 
grist mills, saw mills, powder and paper mills, 
cloth factories, both of cotton and woollen, 
and other manufactories of different kinds. 
Among these the Brandywine flour, and paper 
mills are famous throughout the country. 'The 
town is regularly laid out ; the buildings are 
chiefly of brick, and its site, being on gently 
rising ground, is agreeable, airy, and healthy. 
The shipping of the place amounts to about 10.- 
000 tons, and its trade is considerable. The 
Christiana is navigable to it for vessels of 14 ft. 
draught. Many of the buildings are elegant. 
Among the public edifices are 10 or 1] church- 
es, a hospital, a spacious structure, a poor 
house, an arsenal of the U. S., &c. &c. Tiie 
borough is governed by two burgesses and six 
assistants, annually elected. Wilmington is 
much the largest town of the state, and next to 
Phila., is the most extensive mart in the basin of 



Delaware river. Pop. 1820, 5,268, 18.30, 6,628. 

Wilmington, p-v. situated on Fluvanna r. Flu- 
vanna CO. Va., 14 ms. above the mouth of the 
stream on which it stands, 55 ms. n. w. by w. 
Richmond. 

Wilmington, p-t., seaport, and st. jus. New 
Hanover co. N. C, situated on the e. bank of 
Cape Fear r. 88 ms. below and along the land 
route below Fayetteville, and by p-r. 149 ms. s. 
s. E. Raleigh. Lat. 34° 20', and long, almost 
on the meridian ofW. C. This is much the 
most commercial town in the state, and being 
within 35 ms. from the sea, and accessible to ves- 
sels, the business of the place is q^itc extensive. 
The entrance to the harbor, which admits ves. 
sels of 250 or 300 tons burthen, is difficult; a 
considerable amount of shipping, however, is 
owned here. The river is navigable ordinarily 
for vessels of 200 tons. Beside other public 
buildmgs, it has those of the county, 2 banks, 
and several churches. A destructive fire, in 
1819, destroyed about 200 buildings, and the 
estimated loss was ^1,000,000. Pop. 3,000. 

Wilmington, p-v. and st. jus. MacCracken co. 
Ky , situated 25 ms. a little n. of e. from the 
mouth of Ohio r., and by p-r. 2h9 ms. s. w. by 
w, Frankfort. Lat. 37° 02', and long. 11° 52' 
w. W. C. 

Wilmington, p-v. Dearborn co. Ind., by p-r. 
105 ms. s. E. Indianopolis. 

Wilmington, p-v. and st. jus. Clinton co. 0., 
by p-r. 67 ms. s. w. Columbus. Lat. 39° 24', 
long. W. C. 6° 46' w. Pop. 616. 

Wilmot, p-t. Merrimack co. N. H., 30 ms. from 
Concord, H7 from Boston. Some of the streams 
of Blackwater r. afford mill seats. The surface 
is rough, with Kearsearge mtn. on the s. boun- 
dary. It has 2 post offices, and contains one 
of the largest tanneries in the State. Pop. 835. 

WiLNA, p-t. Jefferson co N. Y., 151 ms. n. 
w, Albany, 57 s. s. w. Ogdensburgh, has a light 
soil, well watered by Indian r. a few miles in 
the N. E., and by Black. r. for a short distance 
s. w. including the rapids or Long falls. Above 
this spot the r. is navigable 45 ms. Here is 
the V. of Carthage, where are several iron 
works, ore being found in the t. Pop. 1,602. 

WiLLSHiRE, p-v. on St Mary's r. and in the 
sthwstrn. angle of Van Wert co. 0., by p-r. 146 
ms. N. w. by w. Columbus. This place was 
named in honor of the benevolent British con. 
sul who ransomed Captain James Riley and his 
companions at Mogadore, in Africa. 

Wilson, p-t. Niagara co. N. Y., 294 ms. w. 
Albany, is nearly square, with lake Ontario n. 
and watered by Howel's and Tuscarora cr., the 
former joining the latter in this town, and flow- 
ing into the lake. Pop. 913. 

WiLS0.\, CO. Ten., bndd. by "^mith e., Warren 
s. E., Rutherford s., Davidson w., and Cumber- 
land r. N., separating it from Sumner. Length 
38 ms., mean breadth 14, and area 432 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 35° 58' to 36° 20', and 
in long. 9° to 9° 44' w. W. C. Declivity a little 
w. of N. towards Cumberland r. Cf. t. Leba- 
non. Pop. 1820, 18,730, 1830, 25,472. 

Wilson's, p-v. Anderson co. Ten., by p-r. 
201 ms. E. Nashville. 

Wilson's cr. and p-o. Graves co. Ky., 14 ms. 
southwestwardly from Mayfield. 

Wilson's, p.o. Anderson co. Ten., by p-r. 201 
ms. E. Nashville. 



WIN 



585 



WIN 



WiLSONviLLE, p-v. southwstrn. part Bath co. 
Va., by p-r. 178 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond, 
and 220 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

WiLsoNViLLE, p-v. Shelby co. Ky., by p-r. 33 
ms. vv. Frankfort. 

WiLsowiLLE, p-v. Lincoln co. N. C, by p-r. 
182 ms. s. w. by w. Raleigh. 

Wilton, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 38 ms. from 
Augusta. Pop. 1,640. 

Wii.TON, p-t. Hillsborough co. N. H., 37 ms. 
from Concord, 9 from Amherst, and 58 from Bos. 
ton, is crossed by Souhegan r., whose branches 
afford mill sites. The soil is rocky, but fertile, 
bearing oak, pine, beech, birch, hemlock and 
chestnut. Clay and building stone are found in 
different places. First settled |738. Pop. l,03j. 

Wilton, p-t. Fairfield co. Conn., 34 ms. s. \v. 
Nevif Haven, 6 n. Norwalk, has the boundary 
of N. York on the w. line, it is 4 ms. by 6, is 
crossed by 2 ridges n. and s., with soil favora- 
ble to grain, and has 2 small streams from Nor- 
walk r. near the centre. Pop. 2,095. 

WiLTo ., p t. Saratoga co. N. Y. 42 ms. n. 
Albany, lies n. of Saratoga, and near the v. of 
Saratoga Springs. There is an extensive sandy 
plain in the t., and the streams of a small tribu- 
tary of the Hudson. Pop. I,.)73. 

Wilton, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Granville 
CO. N. C, 14 ms. sthrd. Oxford. 

WiNCHENDON, p-t. Worccster co. Mass , 60 
ms. w. N. w. Boston, 30 n. by w. Worcester, 
has an uneven surface, a rough and stony, but 
strong soil, and afibrds some building granite. 
There is a chalybeate spring in the n. part. Mil- 
ler's r. affords valuable mill seats. There are 
2 villages. Pop. 1,463. 

Winchester, p-t. Cheshire co. N. H., 70 ms. 
from Concord, 15 fromKeene, is crossed by Ash- 
uelot r., which receives Muddy, Broad, and sev- 
eral other brooks. The s. e. part is very level, 
elsewhere uneven, with a good soil, bearing pine, 
chestnut, oak, hard maple, &c. Great quanti. 
ties of shingles, staves, &c. have been made 
here. There are 2 vs. on Ashuelot r., that in 
the w. contains several manufactories. First 
settled 1732; it was burnt in the French war, 
by the Indians. Pop. 2,052. 

Winchester, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 27 ms. 
N. w. Hartford, about 5 ms. by 6>^, mountainous 
in some pans, with primitive rocks ; it has a 
soil favorable to grazing, bearing maple, beech, 
oak and birch; it is supplied with mill sites by 
Mad and Still rs., which unite in the e. part. A 
lake I ni. by 3^, is situated on the top of one 
of the mtns., and sends an outlet about i ra. 
down a steep descent into Mad r. The scene- 
ry in this t. is in many places quite wild and ro- 
mantic. There are many factories, forges, 
mills, &c. Iron from Salisbury is smelted and 
wrought here. Pop. 1,766. 

Winchester, a flourishing p-t. and st. jus. Fre- 
derick CO. Va., situated on Opequan cr., a branch 
of the Potomac, 34 ms. s. w. Harper's Ferry, 71 
ms. N. w. by w. W. C., and 150 ms. n. n. w. 
Richmond. Lat. 39° 10'. and long. 1° 10' w. W. 
C. It is a very flourishing inland town, and 
contains many public buildings, some of them 
very fine. Inl826, Winchester contained a white 
population of 2,575, free colored 27 ', slaves 
644, total 3 489; 35 mercantile stores, 3 iron 
stores, 2 book stores, 2 printing offices, 4 tan. 
neries, 1 distillery, 1 pottery, 1 clock and mathe- 



matical instrument maker, 1 rope maker, with 
numerous weavers, saddlers, shoemakers, &,c. ; 
7 houses of pulilic worship, (and one more in 
progress of erection,) for Episcopalians, Presby- 
terians, Lutherans, Methodists, Baptists, Ro- 
man Catholics, and Quakers. Also a law 
school of eminence, under chancellor Tucker; 
an incorporated medical school, an incorpora- 
ted academy, two female seminaries, with nu- 
merous private schools, and two banks. Pop. 
1830, not in the census. 

Winchester, p.v. and st. jus. Wayne co. 
Misp., situated on the Chickasawhay r., about 
90 ms. N. N. w. Mobile, 180 e. Natchez, and 
by p-r. s. E. by e. Jackson. Lat. 31° 40', long. 
li°48'w. W. C. Pop. 300. 

Winchester, p-v. and st. jus., Franklin co. 
Tenn., situated on or near the left bank of Elk 
r., 50 ms. n. e. Huntsville in Ala., and by p-r. 
§2 ms. s. E. Nashville. Lat. 35° 14', long. 9° 
02' w. W. C. 

Winchester, p-v. and st. jus. Clark co. Ky,, 
45 ms. N. E. by e. Frankfort, and 20 in a simi- 
lar direction from Lexington. Lat. 37° 58', and 
long. 7° 07' w. W. C. 

Winchester, p-v. nthestrn. part of Guernsey 
CO. O., by p-r. 14 ms. n. e. by e. Cambridge. 

Winchester, p-v. and st. jus. Randolph co. 
Ind., situated on Wabash r., by p-r. 97 ms. n. e. 
by E. Indianopolis. Lat. 40° 11', long. W. C. 
7° 04' w. 

Wind Gap, p-o. Northampton co. Pa., by p-r. 
19 ms a little e. of n. Bethlehem. This place 
is designated Williamsburg on Tanner's map. 
The Gap is one of the passes in the Kittatinny 
mtns. 

Windham, p-t. Cumberland co. Me., 67 ms. 
s. w. Augusta, 16 n. w. Portland, borders on 
the s. E. side of Sebago pond, and has its out- 
let, Presumscot r. on its w. line. It has 2 or 
3 ponds on its boundaries, and is crossed by a 
branch of the stream above mentioned. Pop. 
2,182. 

Windham, p-t. Rockingham co. N. H., 34 
ms. from Concord, and 45 from Portsmouth, 
contains part of Policy pond, with Golden pond 
s., and Mitchell's n. e. On Beaver cr., the w. 
boundary, is excellent land ; and the t. is gen- 
erally well watered. Pop. 998. 

Windham, co. Vt., bndd. by Windsor co. n., 
Conn. r. e., which separates it from N. H., 
Mass. s., Bennington co. w., is 28 ms. by 36, 
with 780 sq. ms. It has an irregular surface. 
Williams's and Saxlon's rs are in the n. e. part, 
West r. in the middle, and Deerfield r. s. w. 
There are mins. vv. The rocks are all primi- 
tive. Manicnung is the highest eminence. 
Limestone is found and quarried in several ts. 
On the Conn, are some rich meadows. Cf. t. 
Brattleborough. Pop. 1820, 28,457 ; 1830, 28,- 
748. 

Windham, p-t. Windham co. Vt., 31 ms. n. e. 
Bennington, 25 s. w. Windsor, has small 
streams, a large pend, and various minerals. 
Pop. 847. 

Windham, co. Conn., bndd. by Worcester co. 
Mass. N., Rhode Island e.. New London co. s. 
and s. w. and Tolland co. w. It is about 21 
ms. by 29, with about 620 sq. ms., and contains 
13 ts. The surface is varied, hilly w. and s., 
with much stony land, good for grazing, gener- 
ally a gravelly soil formed from primitive rocka. 



WIN 



586 



WIN 



It is crossed by Quinebaug r. e., and Shetucket 
r. w., with several of their branches, which run 
southerly, and unite in N. London co. to form 
the Thames. These streams afford many good 
mill seats, and supply shad and other fish. On 
the alluvial meadows on their shores, is much 
excellent land, favorable to grain, &c. Surveys 
have been made for a canal, to extend from 
tide water at Norwich, N. London co., into 
Mass., across this co. Extensive manufacto- 
ries have been erected, and Windham co. is now 
far more extensively engaged in manufactures, 
than any other in the state. By a recent esti- 
mate, it was computed that there were in the co. 
47 cotton factories, running 62,550 spindles, 
and 1,462 looms, manufacturing per ann. 37,500 
lbs. of yarn, (sold in that state,) and ll,00),<,00 
yards of cotton goods, consuming 1,537,500 
lbs. of cotton, and employing a capital of .■j;l,537,- 
500. At the same time other factories were 
erecting, which were to run more than 12,500 
spindles. The woollen factories, by the same 
estimate, manufactured goods valued at ^133,- 
€00 ; the sum invested in them stated at 
^'127,550. A carpet factory, at Moosup, was 
also manufacturing that article at the rate of 
25,000 yds. per ann. Other very considerable 
manufactures are carried on in the co. Brook. 
lyn is the St. jus. of the co. Pop. 1620, 25,331 ; 
1830, 27,082. 

Windham, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 14 ms. n. 
Norwich, 30 e Hartford, 44 w. Providence, n. 
Shetucket r., has an irregular form, with about 
46 sq. ms., and contains much good land, gen- 
erally hilly, particularly E., with primitive rocks; 
a sandy soil prevails in the w. part. The tim- 
ber is oak, walnut, chestnut, &c. Willimantic 
and Nachaug rs., after flowing some distance in 
the t., unite and form the Shetucket. Each of 
these streams afford mill sites, and several kinds 
offish, particularly shad. The v. composing the 
1st society, is large, and contains some public 
buildings, besides a number of stores, &c. The 
land was given by a son of the Mohegan sachem, 
Uncas, to John Mason and 13 others, in 1676, 
when it was surveyed, but it v-^as not settled till 
1686. Incorporated 1692. The t. contains sev- 
eral considerable vs. buside the above ; Willi- 
mantic, Scotland, &c. There are 6 churches, 3 
of which are Congregational, 1 iVJethodist, and 1 
Baptist. The surface is undulated ; stone walls 
are generally used for the division of fields. 
Willimantic is a very flourishing v., 3 miles w. 
of the 1st society, in which are several valu- 
able mill sites on the river, which has a con- 
siderable descent for al-out a mile. Here are 
7 cotton factories, 5 of stone, and some of them 
quite extensive. In them all, 13,150 spindles 
are run, and 288 looms. There is also a satin. 
et factory, with 200 spindles and 8 looms, and 
an extensive paper mill. Pop. 2,812. 

Windham, p-t. Greene co. N. Y., 44 ms. s. 
w. Albany, 26 w. Catskill, has the Catskill 
mtns. N., the s. ridge of which is on the line, 
and Del. co. w. The surface is generally moun- 
tainous, with beech, maple, hemlock, bass, and 
other timber, and is watered by Schoharie cr. 
Pop. 3,471. 

Windham, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Brad- 
ford CO. Pa., by p-r. 153 ms. nrthrd. Harrisburg. 

Windham, p-v. nrthestrn. part of Portage co. 
O. by p-r. 150 ms.N. e. Columbus. 



Windsor, t. Kennebec co. Me., 6 ms. e. Au. 
gusta, which adjoins it on the w., and has Lin- 
coln CO. E. and s. It is crossed by a branch of 
Sheepscot r., which touches it on the s. e. Pop. 
1,485. 

Windsor, t. Hillsborough co. N. H., is of a 
triangular form, and has a good soil, favorable 
to pasturage and grain, with an agreeably varied 
surface. Pop. 226. 

Windsor, co. Vt., bndd. by Orange co. n,, 
Conn. r. e., which separates it from N. Hamp- 
shire, Windham co. s., Rutland co. w. It is 
crossed in the n. by White r., and has Queechy 
r. in the middle, and Black r. s., with some of 
the sources of West and Williams' rs. s. w. It 
lies on the e. declivity of the Green mtns., and 
has a rough surface, but a soil very favorable to 
grass. In the w. part are several quarries of 
soap stone, in Plymouth, Bridgewater, and 
Bethel ; good granite is found in the s. e. part, 
and much lime is made from primitive lime- 
stone in the s. w. It contains 24 tsps. Wind, 
sor and Woodstock are the sts. jus. of the co. 
Pop. 1820, 38,233 ; 1830, 40,625. 

Windsor, p-t. and half shire, Windsor co, 
Vt., 55 ms. s. Montpelier, 55 n. e. Bennington, 
95 n. w. Boston, 420 n. Washington, first set- 
tled 1764. It is hilly, fertile, and well watered, 
having Conn. r. on the e. line, and mill r. s., 
which supplies mill sites. Ascutney mtn., 
partly in this t., is one of the most conspicuous 
eminences in this part of the state. It is about 
3,320 ft. above tide water, and its summit, 
(which divides this t. from Weathersfield,) has 
two peaks from which it is said to have de- 
rived its name : a word of this sound, in the In- 
dian language, meaning the Two Brothers. 
This mtn. is almost clothed in evergreens, ex- 
cept on its s. side, which is bare. It is com- 
posed of granite. The v. is handsome, and is 
very pleasantly situated on the w. bank of Conn, 
r., surrounded by rich and picturesque scenery, 
in which mt. Ascutney forms a striking feature. 
Pulk Hole brook empties into Conn. r. n., and 
Mill brook s. of the v. There are several hand. 
some streets, the principal of which runs n. and 
s., in an irregular line, with many good dwel- 
lings, stores, churches, bank, court house, &c. 
The opposite shore of the Conn, is high and al- 
most mountainous ; there is a beautiful meadow 
near the v. At the mouth of Mill brook is a 
fall, which is dammed, and made to supply wa- 
ter to several factories ; and near the same 
spot is a bridge which crosses the Conn. The 
state prison is in the s. w. part of the v. Pop. 
3,134, 

Windsor, p-t. Berkshire co. Mass., 120 ms. 
w. Boston, is on high ground, separating the 
waters of the Westfield, Deerfield, Hoosic and 
Housatonic rs. A swamp of 500 acres gives 
rise to a stream flowing into Westfield r., and 
another near by sends a stream to Deerfield r. 
Pop. 1,042. 

Windsor, p-t. Hartford co. Conn., 6 ms. n. 
Hartford, 41 n. n. e. New Haven, about 6^ ms. 
by 8, with 50 sq. ms., was one of the first set- 
tlements made by white men in Conn. (1636.) 
For many years it embraced East Windsor. It 
lies on the w. bank of the Connecticut, and is 
crossed by Farmington or Tunxis r. There is 
a very extensive tract of fertile and beautiful 
meadows in this t., which afford a wide and do- 



WIN 



587 



WIT 



lightful view from the numerous hills which 
rise in other parts. There is a higher plain, of 
light sand, much of which is waste. Farming- 
ton r. is navigable in sloops to the v. bridge, 
during the spring floods, and for flat bottomed 
boats at all seasons. Fish are caught in con- 
siderable quantities. Agriculture is here very 
flourishing. The principal v. extends for 2 or 
3 ms. along a broad and level street, much sha- 
ded by elms, and contains the mansion of the 
late chief justice Oliver Ellsworth. Pop. 3,220. 

Windsor, p-t. Broome co. N. Y., 128 ms. s. 
s. w. Albany, 15 e. Chenango point, has Penn- 
sylvania s., and is watered by Susquehannah r. 
and other streams, flowing through meadows. 
The uplands afford very good sheep pasture. 
Valuable locust timber is cut near Oquago, and 
sent down the r. to Philadelphia and Baltimore, 
for shipbuilding Pop. 2,180. 

Windsor, p. v. York co. Pa.,byp-r. 10 ms. e. 
York, and 36 s. e. Harrisburg. 

Windsor, p-v. in the sthwstrn. angle of Ash- 
tabula CO. O. 17 ms. s. s. w. Jefferson, the co. 
St. and by p-r. 174 ms. n. e. Columbus. 

WiNFiELD, p-t Herkimer co. N. Y., 75 ms. 
w. N. w. Albany, 15 s. w. Herkimer, 10 s. Uti- 
ca, has Otsego co. e. and s., and Oneida co. w., 
and is supplied with mill seats by the Unadilla 
&c. Pop. 1,778. 

WiNHALL, p-t. Bennington co. Vt., 25 ms. n. 
E. Bennington, 33 s. w. Windsor, 102 Montpe- 
lier, was first settled during the revolution, 
and is supplied with mill sites by Winhall r. 
Pop. 571. 

Winnebago. (See Fort Winnebago.) 

WiNNKBAGo, lake, is an expansion of Fox r. 
of lake Michigan, spreading over a surface of 
30 ms. in length, with a mean breadth of 8 
ms. Greatest length very nearly from s. to n. 
It receives some small tributaries from the 
sthrd., none worth notice from the estrd., but 
about midway of the wstrn. side enters the 
comparatively large volume of Fox r. which is 
again discharged at the nrthwstrn. angle of the 
lake. See Fox r. of lake Michigan. Lat. 44° 
traverses the sthrn. end of Winnebago lake. 

WiNNicuT, or Winniconett r. Merrimac co. 
N. H., is a small stream running n. into Great 
Bay of the Piscataqua r. 

WiNNinsEOGEE, lake, Coos co. N. H., is one 
of the most picturesque sheets of water in 
the eastern states, and forms an interesting 
feature in the fine natural scenery usually 
embraced in a tour to the White mtns. It is 
about 22 ms. long from n. w. to s. e., and va- 
ries in breadth from 1 to 10 ms. Several long 
capes stretch far into its bosom from different 
sides, almost dividing it into several parts. 
Three beautiful bays are thus formed on the 
w. side, 3 e. and 1 n. Merry-meeting bay, 
which forms the s. e. extremity, may be almost 
regarded as a separate lake. The fine shores 
of the Winnipiseogee present a charming vari- 
ety of surface, rendered still more attractive by 
a ride over the undulating country through 
which the roads pass on both sides, and the in- 
numerable isls. scattered over the surface. A 
company has been incorporated, who design to 
place a steamboat on the lake, to ply between 
Alton, at the s. e. extremity, and Centre harbor 
in the N. w., in connection with lines of stage 
coaches, to form a regular channel of travelling 



between Boston and Lancaster. The summit 
of ^ t. Washington is visible on that route, until 
intercepted by the land when within 5 ms. of 
Centre harbor. Some of the isls. are large, and 
contain several farms. One of them has about 
500 acres. They are, however, of almost ev. 
ery size and form, down to mere rocks. The 
water of this lake is remarkably pure, and 
abounds in fish, which are often caught through 
the ice in the winter, and sometimes sent to 
Boston market. Red mtn. near Centre harbor, 
commands a delightful view upon the lake ; 
Squam lake, and many of the mtns. n. The 
lake is navigated by a few sail boats. It re- 
ceives a few small streams, and discharges s. 
w. by Winnipiseogee r. 

Winnifisiogee, r. Coos co. N. H., the outlet 
of Winnipiseogee lake, altera short course en- 
ters Great bay, and afterwards flows through 2 
smaller lakes, making a part of the boundary 
between Merrimack and Coos cos., and falls in- 
to Pemigewasset r. below Webster's falls. Its 
whole descent is 232 ft., and there are many- 
good mill sites on its banks. 

Winns, p-o. Hall co. Geo., by p-r. 10 miles 
sthrd. Gainesville, the st. jus., and 133 a little 
w. of N. Milledgeville. 

WiNNSBORouGH, p-v. and st. jus. Fairfield dist. 
S. C, situated 29 ms. almost due n. Columbia, 
and 25 ms. a little e. of s. Chesterfield. Lat. 
34° 24', and long. 4° 07' w. W. C. 

Winn's Tavern, and p-o. in the wstrn. part of 
Fluvanna co. Va., 68 ms. n. w. by w. Richmond. 

WiNSLOw, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., l6 ms. n. 
E. Augusta, has Sebasticook and Kennebec rs. 
on the w. boundary, with 2 or 3 ponds and 
streams flowing into them. Pop. 1,263. 

WiNTERsviLLE, p-0. Lincoln CO. N. C. 

WiNTHROp, p-t. Kennebec co. Me., 12 ms. s. 
w. Augusta. It is crossed >'. and s. by 2 large 
ponds, connected and discharging into a third 
on the s. e. boundary, which forms the Cobbos- 
seconte, a tributary of Kennebec r. Pop. 1,888. 

WiN'TON, p-v. and st. jus. Hertford co. N. C, 
is situated on the right bank of Chowan r., about 
2 ms. below the junction of Meherrin and Not- 
taway rs., about 60 ms. s. w. by w. Norfolk in 
Va., and by p-r. 129 ms. n. e. by e. Raleigh. 
Lat. 36° 24', and almost on the meridian of 
W. C. 

W'NYAw, bay, estuary of Black river, Great 
Pedee, and Waccamaw rs., Georgetown dist. 
S. C. This sheet of water opens into the At- 
lantic ocean from Georgetown entrance. Lat. 
33° 10', long. 2° 14' w. W. C. If we consider 
the head to be the junction of Black river and 
Great Pedee at or near Georgetown, the length 
of Winyaw bay thence to Georgetown entrance, 
will be 14 ms., the mean breadth about 2 ms., 
and depth of water sufficient to admit large 
merchant vessels to Georgetown. 

WiscASSET, p-t. port of entry, and st. jus. 
Lincoln co. Me., 24 ms. s. Argusta, 14 n. e. 
Bath, 49 N. e. Portland, 167 n. n. e. Boston, on 
the w. side of Sheepscot r., has a large and safe 
harbor, always open at some distance from the 
sea, with a considerable amount of shipping. 
Pop. 2,255. 

WiSENBtjRG, P-V. Lehigh co. Pa., by p-r. 180 
ms. N. E. W. C. 

WiTHAMsviLLE, p-v. Clerinoiit CO. 0., by p-r, 
116 ms. s. w. Columbus. 



WON 



588 



WOO 



WoBURN, p-t. Middlesex co. Mass., 10 ms. n. 
w. Boston, has generally a good soil, with some 
hills, and is crossed by Middlesex canal. Horn 
pond affords a natural route for the canal for 
some distance, and is a favorite resort on ac- 
count of the beauty of its scenery. First set- 
tled 1G41. Pop. 1,977. 

WoLCOTT, p-t. Orleans co. Vt., 22 miles n. 
Montpelier, 37 n. e. Burlington. It is crossed 
by Lamoille r., which receives Green r. and 
Wildbranch. Fish pond is in the n. e. Pop. 
492. 

WoLcoTT, P-t. New Haven co. Conn., 23 ms. 
s. w. Hartlord. Pop. 844. 

WoLCOTT, P-t. Wayne co. N. Y., 184 ms. w. 
Albany, 22 n. Waterloo, 9 n. Erie canal, has 
lake Ontario n., Cayuga co. e., and contains the 
greater part of Great Sodus bay and its isls. 
with East and Port bays. The surface is vari- 
ed, the streams supplying mill seats. Fish and 
water fowl abound in Sodus bay, which forms 
a good harbor at Port Glasgow. Pop. 1,085. 

WoLCOTTViLLE, p-v. Torrington, Litchfield co. 
Conn., 24 ms. w. by n. Hartford, has a cotton 
factory, &c. 

Wolf r, the nrthrn. constituent of Fox r. of 
lake Michigan. The most remote sources of 
Wolf r. rise estrd. of Tomahawk lake, or estrn. 
source of Chippeway river, and interlocking 
sources with those of Menomonies r. of Green 
Bay; Montreal, of Lake Superior; and with 
those of Ouisconsin. With partial bends, the 
general course of Wolf r. is sthestrd. 120 ms., 
whilst Fox r., above their junction, is only about 
80 ms. in length. Wolf r. valley lies between 
those of Ouisconsin, and Menomonies rs., and 
is traversed a little above midway by lat. 45°. 

Wolf r. and p-o. Hardin co. Tenn., about 
120 ms. s. w. by w. Nashville. 

WoLFBOROUGH, p-t Strafford co. N. H., 45 
ms. from Concord, 45 from Portsmouth, and 
105 from Boston, and n.e. Winnipiseogee lake, 
has a level surface, a rocky but valuable soil, 
bearing oak, &c. Smith's r. a small stream, 
rises in a pond, and empties into the lake near 
the V. which contains an academy, with a fund 
of ^5,000. First settled 1770. Gov. Went- 
worth had once a splendid summer residence 5 
ms. E. of the v. There is a mineral spring in 
the t. Pop. 1,928. 

Wolf Ceeek, p-o. wstrn. part of Morgan co. 
O., by p-r. 67 ms. n. e. by e. Columbus. 

WoLFSViLLE, p-v. nrthrn. part Frederick co. 
Md., by p-r. 54 ms. n. n. w. VV. C. 

Womack's, p v. estrn. part Wilcox co. Ala., 
by p-r. s. s. e. Tuscaloosa. 

WoMELSDORF, p-v. fiod flourishing borough, 
Berks co. Pa., on the Union canal, 3Fi ms. a lit- 
tle N. of E. Harrisburg, 15 miles n. w. by w. 
Reading. 

WoNAsauATocKET, r. Providence co. R. I., 
a small stream which supplies a remarkable 
number of manufactories with water power. 
There are 25 factories and mills of different 
kinds and dimensions, which employ about 
1,300 persons. The first power looms ever 
used in R. L were placed on the banks of this 
stream. There are 2 reservoirs of water owned 
by the mill companies, 8 ft. deep, and together 
extending over 200 acres, which supply manu- 
factories at all seasons. Eight cotton factories 
it is estimated run 17,900 spindles, 590 looms, 



employ 650 hands, and manufacture of sheet- 
ings, shirtings, (some of very fine quality) and 
of goods for printing, more than 3,Ol)iJ,o6o of 
yards annually. A woollen factory, with build- 
ings for dyeing, die. runs 600 spindles, and 21 
broadcloth looms, and manufactures 2,225 yds. 
per ann. There is also an oil, and a brown' pa- 
per manufactory, and a manufactory of hat bo- 
dies, where 200 lbs. of wool are used per day, 
and 300,000 hat bodies are made annually. 

Wood cr., Washington co. N. Y., runs n. 23 
ms. by the v. of Fort Ann, to the s. end of lake 
Champlain, terminating at the village of White- 
hall. It receives Pawlet r. from Vt., and now 
serves as the channel of the Champlain canal for 
some miles, the water being set back by dam. 
ming. It was formerly used for batteaux and 
canoe navigation on the route between the lake 
and Hudson r. It is locked at its mouth by 3 
large locks, by which boats are raised from the 
lake. 

Wood cr., Oneida co. N. Y., receives Fish 
cr., and flows into Oneida lake. It has long 
served as part of the route for boat navigation 
between Mohawk r. and lake Ontario, there be- 
ing a carrying place from its banks to that 
stream. A canal has since been dug across. 

Wood, co. Va., bndd. n. e. by Tyler and Har- 
rison COS., e. by Lewis, s. e by Kenhawa, s. w. 
by Mason, and by the O. r. which separates it 
from Meigs and Athens cos. O. on the w., and 
from Washington co. O. n. Length from s. w. 
to N. E. 36 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 1,080 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 38° 5,)' to 39*^ 
22', and in long, from 3° 52' to 4° 10' w. W. C. 
The far greater part of Wood is included in 
the valley of Little Kenhawa, with a nrthwstrn. 
declivity. Surface excessively broken, with 
much good soil. Cf. t. Parkersburgh. Pop. 
1820,5,860; 1830, 6,429. 

Wood, co. O., bndd. by Sandusky co. e., Sen- 
eca s. E., Hancock s., Henry w., Lenawee co. 
Mich. N. w., and Monroe co. Mich. n. It is a 
parallellogram of the same length and breadth 
as the adjacent co. of Henry, 33 ms. from s. to 
N., with a breadth ol 27 ms., area 8ri4 sq. ms. 
L-u. 41° 26', long. W. C. 6° 38' w. Slope south, 
estrd., and traversed in that direction by Port- 
age r. to the s. e., and Maumee n. w. Cf. t. 
Perrysburgh. Pop. 1,102 

WooDCRiDGE, t. New Haven, co. Conn., 7 ms. 
N. w. New Haven, 40 s. w. Hartford, about 4 
ms. by 5, is hilly and rough, with much good 
timber, and watered by West and Wapawaug 
rs. Pop. 2,049. 

WooDBRiDGE. p-t. Middlesex co. N. J., 42 ms. 
N. E. Trenton, 3 w. n. w. Amboy, has Sussex 
CO. N., Rahwav r. and the Kills e., and Raritan 
r. s. Pop. 3,969. 

Woodbury, p-t. Caledonia co. Vt., 15 ms. n. 
E. Montpelier, first settled about 18 0, contains 
more ponds than any other t. in the state, and is 
watered by streams of Lamoille and Onion rs. 
Pop. 824. 

Woodbury, p-t. Litchfield co. Conn., 36 ms. 
s. w. Hartford, 25 n. w. N. Haven, 15 from Litch- 
field. It has about 41 sq. ms., an irregular sur- 
face, with a rich soil, favorable to grain, fruit, 
&c., with a variety of timber. The branches 
of Pomperaug r. afford mill seats, and unite in 
this t. Pop. 2,049. 

Woodbury, st. jus. and p-v. Deptfort, Glou- 



woo i 

cester co. N. J., 39 ir.s. s. by w. Trenton, 9 s. 
Philadelphia, is on Wondury r. near the Dela- 
ware. 

Woodbury, p-v. in the nrthrn, part of Bed- 
ford CO. Pa., 17 ms. n. n. e. Bedford, and by p-r. 
136 ms. N. w. W. C. 

Woodcock, p-v. in the sthestrn. part of Craw- 
ford CO. Pa., by p-r. 305 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Woodcock, valley and p-o. Huntingdon co. 
Pa. 

Woodford, t. Bennington co. Vt., 6 miles e. 
Bennington, 24 w. Brattleborough, 50 s. Rut- 
land, first settled after the revolution, has a pond 
of 100 acres near the centre, which gives rise 
to a branch of Walloomscoic r. Other streams 
water different parts. The surface is moun- 
tainous, and much of it is useless. Pop. 395. 

Woodford, co. Ky., bndd. by Franklin n. w., 
Scott N. E., Lafayette e., Jessamine s. e., Ky. 
r. separating it from Mercer s. w., and Ander- 
son w. Length from s. to n. 22, mean breadth 
7, and area 154 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
38° 53' to 39° ir, and in long, from 7° 36' to 
7° 50' w. W. C. The declivity of this narrow 
CO. is wstrd. towards Ky. r. The soil is gene- 
rally excellent. Cf t. Versailles. Pop. 182 J, 
12,207; 1830, 12,294. 

Wood Gkove, and p-o. in the nrthrn. part of 
Loudon CO. Va., by p-r. 44 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Wood Grove, and p-o. N. C, 13 ms. from Sa- 
lisbury, and by p-r. 131 ms. a little s. of w. Ra- 
leigh, 

WooDHULL, t. Steuben co. N. Y., 236 ms. s. 
s. w. Albany. Pop. 501. 

Woodland's, p-o. in the nrthrn. part of O. co. 
Va., 271 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

WooDLAWN, p-o. in the nrthrn. part of Hano- 
ver CO. Va., 30 ms. nrthrd. Richmond, and by 
p-r. 105 ms. w. of n. W. C. 

WooDLAWN, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Edge- 
field dist. S. C, by p-r. 123 ms. wstrd. Colum- 
bia, and 45 ms. wstrd. Edgefield c. h. 

Woodpecker's Level, and p-o. in the wstrn. 
part of Franklin co. Va., 23 ms. wstrdly. from 
Rocky Mount, the co. St., and by p-r. 286 ms. 
s. w. W. C. 

Woodruff's, p-o. near Bethel meeting house, 
in the sthrn. part of Spartanburg dist. S. C, 18 
ms. a little w. of s. Spartanburg c. h., and by 
p-r. 92 ms. n. w. Columbia. 

Wood's, p-o. Knox co. Ten., by p.r, ^13 m.s. 
E. Nashville. 

WooDSBORouGii, p-v. Frederick co. Md., 10 
ms. N. N. e. Frederick, and by p-r. 54 ms. n. n. 
w. W. C. 

Wood's Ferry, and p-o. in the s'hrn. part of 
Green co. Ten., 10 ms. from Greenville, and by 
p-r. 262 ms. e. Nashville. 

Woodsfield, p-v. and st. jus. Monroe co. O. 
It is situated on Sunfish cr., 26 ms. s. s. w. St. 
Clairsville, and by p-r. 140 ms. estrd. Colum- 
bus. Lat. 39° 48', long. W. C. 4° 04 w. Pop. 
157. 

Wood's Hill, p-o. Roane co. Ten. 
Wood's Mills and p-o. Galia co. O., by p-r. 
94 ms. s. s. E. Columbus. 

Woodstock, p-t. Oxford co. Me., 40 ms. w. 
Augusta, G N. Paris, contains mountainous hills, 
with several ponds emptying s. into little An- 
droscoggin r. Pop. 573. 

Woodstock, p-t. and st. jus. Windsor co. Vt., 
11 ms. N. w. Windsor, 46 s. Montpelier, first i 



9 WOO 

settled 1768, was exposed to Indian incursions 
in the revolutionary war, and often to wild 
beasts. The surface is varied, the soil good, 
and agriculture flourishing. Here is a bank. 
Apples thrive remarkably well. Queechy r. and 
two of its branches aflord mill sites. There 
are 2 villages. Pop. 3,044. 

Woodstock, p-t. Windham co. Conn., 45 ms. 
a little N. of E. Hartford, 33 n. w. Providence, 
66 s. w. Boston, and has the Mass. line on the 
N. boundary. It is about 7 by 8 ms., has an ir- 
regular surface, a soil good for grazing, &,c., is 
watered by Muddy brook and other streams, 
and has several factories. Pop. 2,915. 

Woodstock, p-t. Ulster co. N. Y., 57 ms. s. 
Albany, 14 n. w. Kingston, has Greene co. n., 
is mountainous. There is a good fish pond. The 
N. Y. crown and cylinder glass co. here manu- 
facture 1,500 boxes of window-glass monthly, 
employing 50 persons. Pop. 1,375. 

Woodstock, p-v. and st.jus. Shenandoah co. 
Va., situated wstrd. of the north fork of She- 
nandoah r., 32 ms. s. s. w. Winchester, and by 
p-r. 100 ms. a little s. of w. W. C. Lat. 38° 
51', and long. 1° 34' w. W. C. 

Wood's Store and p-o. Coweta co. Geo., by 
p-r. 145 ms. n. w. by w. Milledgeville. 

Wood's Store and p-o. Carroll co. Tenn., by 
p-r. 136 ms. w. Nashville. 

Woodstown, p-v. Pilesgrove, Salem co. N. 
J., 55 ms. s. w. Trenton, 12 n. e. Salem, 26 s. 
s. w. Philadelphia. 

Woodville, p-Vi-in the wstrn. angle of Cul- 
pepper CO. Va., by p.r. 97 ms. s. w. by w. W. 
C, and 115 n. w. Richmond. 

Woodville, p-v. in the nrthrn. part of Per- 
quimans CO. N. C, by p-r. 271 ms. a little e. of 
s, W. C, and 177 n. e. by e. Raleigh. 

Woodville, p-v. and st.jus. Jackson co. Ala., 
185 ms. N. e. Tuscaloosa. 

Woodville, p-v. and st. jus. Wilkinson co. 
Misp., 38 ms. a httle e. of s. Natchez, and 180 
ms. N. w. New Orleans. Lat. 31° 07', long. 
14° 27' w. VV. C. This village is situated in 
a fine rolling country, which is one of the most 
productive cotton districts in the U. S. Pop. 
900. 

Woodward's Store and p-o. in the estrn. part 
of the parish of East Feliciana, La., by p-r. 118 
ms. N. w. by w. New Orleans. 

Woolwich, p-t. Lincoln co. Me., 32 ms. s. 
Augusta, 7 w. Wiscasset v., has Kennebec r. 
w., and a strait connected with it on the s., with 
one or two'small streams. Pop. 1,495. 

Woolwich, t. Gloucester co. N. J., 55 ms. 
s. w. Trenton, has Oldman's cr. s.. Raccoon 
cr. N., and Del.' r. w. in which are several isls. 
It is opposite Marcus Hook, Pa. Pop. 3,033. 

Woonsocket Falls, v. in the ts. of Smith- 
field and Cumberland, Providence co. R. I., 17 
ms. N. Providence, is a flourishing manufac- 
turing village, on Blackstone r., near the line 
of Mass. I'here are 2 cotton factories, one of 
them of stone, with 4,000 spindles ; another of 
2,500 spindles; another of stone with 4,000; 
another with 2,500 spindles, &c. &c. The 
whole number of spindles in this place, is 
about 20,000. 2,617,000 yards of cotton goods 
are annually manufactured, besides 30, OOOyards 
of satinet) in a single establishment. There is 
also a furnace, where castings are annually 
made amounimg to $35,000 ; a whetstone man- 



WOR 



590 



WOR 



ufactory, and 4 machine shops. There is also 
a bank in the village. Pop. about 2,000. 

WoosTER, p-v. and st. jus. Wayne co. O., on 
Killbuck branch of White Woman's r., 86 ms. 
N. E. Colunibti.s. Lat. 40° 48', long. W. C. 5° 
w. Pop. 1,000. 

Worcester, t. Washington co. Vt., 10 ms. n. 
Montpelier, 31 e. Burlington; first settled 1797, 
watered by the .\. branch of Onion r. which af. 
fords mill sites, and along its course is a road 
through the mountains. It is mountainous w., 
and rough in other parts. Pop. 432. 

Worcester, co. Mass., bndd. by N. Hamp. 
shire n., Middlesex and Norfolk cos, e., Con. 
necticuts., Hampden, Hampshire and Franklin 
COS. w. It is the largest in the state, with a 
varied surface, a soil generally good, and many 
flourishing agricultural townships and manufac- 
luring villages. Its limits comprehend some of 
the places first settled after the early colonists 
of N. England began to leave the sea coast, and 
several of these were scenes of blood in Philip's 
war. It is watered by numerous streams, some 
of which form Nashua r.N. e., others Pawtuck- 
et r. s. E., Quinebaug s., Chickopee r. s. w., and 
Miller's r. n. w. The mill sites are numerous, 
many of which are occupied by large manufac- 
tories, particularly pt Ware, along the Black- 
stone, &c. Worcester is the cf. t. and st. jus. 

The trade of this co. is chiefly carried on 
with Boston, some with Providence, and is 
somewhat diverted in other directions. It con- 
tains 55 towns. Pop. 1820, 73,625, 1830, 
84,365. 

Worcester, p-t. and st. jus. Worcester co. 
Mass., is situated 40 ms. w. by s. Boston, 40 n. 
N. w. Providence, and 60 e. n. e. Hartford. The 
soil of the town is generally fertile, is well cul- 
tivated, and its surface is pleasant and finely 
varied. It was first settled in 1685, and suffer- 
ed much in its earlier history from the attacks 
of the natives; it was finally permanently set- 
tled in 1713, and incorporated in 1722. Tat- 
muck and Bogachoak hills were once the sites of 
Indian villages. The head waters of Blackstone 
river unite in this town. The v. of Worcester 
is one of the most flourishing and beautiful 
in New England, and is a great thoroughfare 
for travellers, some important roads passing 
through it. It lies principally on one street, 
about a mile in length, broad, lined with trees, 
and nearly on a level. Other streets diverge, 
some of them at right angles, from it. The vil- 
lage contains several pubHc buildings, a court 
house, which cost 1^20,000; 4 handsome church- 
es, 3 for Congregationalists, and 1 for Baptists ; 
a county penitentiary, or house of correction, a 
spacious building; the Mass. lunatic hospital, a 
town hall, and a jail 32 ft. by 64, and 3 stories 
high. Many of the dwellings are elegant, and 
display much taste in their exterior. There 
are also several fine country seats in the iinme- 
diate vicinity of the village. The lunatic hos- 
pital is located a little out, on a commanding 
eminence, and is a spacious and handsome 
structure of brick, 256 feet in length, consisting 
of a centre and wings. Its interior arrange- 
ment is admirable, and it is calculated for the 
accommodation of llO to 120 patients. This 
institution is liberally endowed by the State, and 
in July, 1833, it contained 109 patients. The 
American Antiquarian Society have a fine hall, 



in which is a library of about 8,000 vols., among 
which are many rare and ancient books, many 
on American history ; it has also a valuable cab- 
inet. To this institution, which was founded 
by the late Isaiah Thomas, strangers have free 
access. Pour weekly newspapers are publish- 
ed here. The printing of books was extensive- 
ly carried on here after the revolution, by Mr. 
Thomas, who published in 1791, the first folio 
Bible printed in the U. S. The Blackstone ca- 
nal, 45 ms. in length, extending to Providence, 
terminates here, and affords boat navigation to 
that place ; this canal, with a rail-road to Bos- 
ton, which will be completed early in 1834, 
must prove of great advantage to Worcester. 
Another rail-road, to extend from Norwich, 
Conn., to Worcester, 60 ms., has also been in- 
corporated, surveyed, and the stock subscribed 
for. In the village, and town, are many and 
various manufactories, and a quarry of soap 
stone has recently been found in the vicinity. 
Pop. 4,173. 

Worcester, p-t. Otsego co. N. Y., 59 ms. s. 
w. Albany, 16 s. e. Cooperstown. It has Scho- 
harie CO. s. E., Delaware co. s., and is crossed 
by Shenevas cr., which flows through rich 
meadows. It has good soil and mill sites. Pop. 
2,093. 

Worcester, p.o. Montgomery co. Pa., about 
21 ms. N. w. Philadelphia. The tsp. of Wor- 
cester lies on the e. side of Skippack cr., be- 
tween Gwynned and Norriston. 

Worcester, co. Md., the extreme sthestrn, 
CO. of that state, bndd. by Accomac co. Va. s., 
Somerset co. Md., w., Sussex co. Del., n., and 
by the Atlantic e. Length from s. to n. 30 ms., 
mean width, including its islands, 25, excluding 
these, 20, the area with that of the isls. about 
700 sq. ms. Most maps extend this co., and 
of course the state of Md. to lat. 58° ; this is a 
mistake ; the sthrn. boundary is not along a 
curve of lat. but is on the Atlantic ocean about 
3 minutes, and on Pocomoke bay upwards of 1 
minute N.ot lat. 38. The nrthrn. boundary is 
on lat. 38° 28', and the co. lies between long. 
1° 24' and 1° 55' e. W. C. The declivity is to 
the s. w., and it is drained in that direction by 
Pocomoke r. which is discharged into Chesa- 
peake bay. The surface is level and soil san- 
dy. Cf. t. Snow Hill. Pop. 1820, 17,421, 1830, 
18,271. 

Workman, p.o. Morgan co. II., by p-r. 132 
ms. N. w. Vandalia. 

Worthington, p-t. Hampshire CO. Mass., 119 
ras. w. Boston. It is situated on the e. declivi- 
ty of the Green mtn. range, has Westfield r. on 
the s. w. line, into which smaller streams flow. 
The surface is agreeably diversified, and the 
soil good. Several kinds of minerals are found 
in this t., titanium, &c. Pop. 1,179. 

WoRTHiNGTON, p-0. Muhlenburg co. Ky., by 
p-r. 177 ms. s. w. by w. Frankfort. 

WoRTHiNGTON, p-t. Sharou tsp. Franklin co. 
0., 9 ms. N. Columbus, and 58 w. Zanesville. 
The village is finely situated on the e. side Whet, 
stone r. There is a public square in the cen- 
tre of the town. It contains 3 churches, one of 
which is a very handsome edifice, of brick, and 
a ' reformed medical college ;' the buildings of 
the town are many of them neat, and brick is 
much uspd in building. Three professorships 
are attached to the college, whjch are now ably 



YAN 



591 



YAU 



filled, and it has a medical and students' library, 
chemical apparatus, botanical garden, &c. 
Number of students about 30. Pop. 314. 

Wrentham, p-t. Norfolk co. Mass., 24 ms. 
w. s. w. Boston, has the R. I. line s., with sev- 
eral ponds and streams, some of which flow into 
Charles, and others into Taunton and Neponset 
rs. There are several manufactories in this t., 
an academy, &c. Pop. 2,698. 

Wrightsboro', p-v. in the wstrn. part of Co- 
lumbia CO. Geo., by p-r. 78 ms. n. e. by e. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Wright's Mills, and p-o. Mason co. Va., by 
p-r. 315 ms. s. w. by w. W. C, and 315 ms. n. 
w. by w Richmond. 

Wrightsville, p-v. on Susquehannah r. York 
CO. Pa., 11 ms. N. E. by e. from York, and 11 a 
little s. of w. from the city of Lancaster. It 
stands directly opposite Columbia in Lancaster 

CO. 

Wrightsville, p-v. Duplin co, N. C, by p-r. 
113 ms. s. E. Raleigh. 

Wyalusing, large cr. of Pa., rising in the 
western part of Susquehannah co., from which 
flowing southwestward falls into Susquehannah 
r. in Bradford. 

Wyalusing, tsp. lies along and contiguous to 
the Susquehannah r. above and below the mouth 
of Wyalusing cr. In this tsp. there are two 
post offices, Wyalusing, and Wyalusing centre, 
the former near the mouth of the cr., and the 
latter 6 ms. above, on the cr. Wyalusing is 
distant from W. C. 254 ms., and from Harris- 
burg 143 ms. 

Wyatt's Ferry, and p-o. Randolph co. Va., 
by p-r. 229 ms. w. W. C. 

Wye, r. or rather cr. separating Talbot from 
Queen Anne co. Maryland. 

Wye r. mills and p-o. in the n. wetrn. part of 



Talbot CO. Md., 12 nis. n. Easton, the co. s t 
and 30 ms. a littles, of e. Annapolis. 

Wye Mills and p-o. nthrn. part of Talbot co. 
Md., by p-r. 17 ms. n. Easton, the co. St., and 
67 ms. E. W. C. 

Wylliesburgh, p-v. Charlotte co. Va., by p-r. 
107 ms. s. w. Richmond. 

Wynant's Kill, cr. Rensselaer co. N. Y., 
enters Hudson r. at Troy, after supplying valua- 
ble mill seats, "i ms. s. Foesten kill. It is about 
15 ms. long. 

Wy^oming, valley, Pa. {See Wilkcsbarre.) 

Wyoming, p-v. in the sthrn. part of Dinwiddie 
CO. Va., by p-r. 54 ms. sthrd. Richmond. 

Wysox, small cr. of Bradford co. Pa. 

Wysox, p-o. is on the Wysox cr. e. of the 
Susquehannah r., 5 ms. n. e. Towanda, and by 
p-r. 130 ms. n. Harrisburg. 

Wythe, co. Va., bndd. by Smyth s. w., WaU 
ker's mtn. dividing it from Tazewell, n. w. and 
Giles N. ; on the n. e. it bounds on Montgomery, 
and on the s. E. Iron mtn. separates it from 
Grayson. Length from s. w. to n. e. 30 ms., 
mean breadth 22, and area 660 sq. ms. Lat. 
37° and long. W. C. 4° w. intersect near its 
centre. Since the formation of Smyth co., the 
N. estrn. part of which was taken from Wythe, 
the latter is entirely within the valley of New 
River, and slopes to the n. e. New river tra- 
verses Iron mtn., flowing from Grayson into 
Wythe, winding over the n. estrn. section of the 
latter, and receiving Reed cr. from the w. 
Comparing the elevation of Wythe with that of 
Giles, Monroe and Greenbrier, the mean ocean, 
ic elevation of the former must exceed 1600 ft. 
above tide water. Cf. t Evansham. Pop, 
12,163, but including part of what is now corn, 
prised in Smyth co, 

Wythb, c, h. (See Evansham.) 



Xenii, p-y. and st. jus. Greene co. 0., by p-r. | It contains the co. buildings, 2 printing offices, 
57 ms. s. w. by w. Columbus, and 55 ms. n. n. 3 churches, 10 or 12 mercantile stores, and 
E. Cincinnati. It is situated on a branch of Lit- 917 inhabitants, 
tie Miami. Lat. 39° 40', long. W, C. 6° 53' w, 



Yadkin r, (See Great Pedee r.) 

Yadleyville, p-v. Bucks co. Pa., by p-r. 29 
ms. northwardly Phila. 

Yancey's Mills, and p-o. Albemarle co. Va., 
by p-r. 97 ms. s. w. by w. W. C. 

Yantic, r. New London co. Conn., is a small 
branch of the Thames, falling into the head of 
the cove, in Norwich, which communicates with 
the main stream at the landing. At its mouth 
it descends an abrupt ledge of solid granite, in- 
to which it has worn deep holes. The water 
is received into a deep and still pool at the foot 
of the falls, which is overshadowed by a rocky 
bank 60 or 80 ft. high, from which a body of 
Mohegan Indians once precipitated themselves, 
when pursued by their enemies, the Narragan- 
setts. This fall has been dammed, and a canal 
on the N. bank leads the water to several large 
manufactories, around which has recently been 
built a large and flourishing v., chiefly situated 
under the steep bank at the head of the cove. 
The Thames manufactaring co. on Yantic r., 



have a brick cotton factory 47 ft. by 120, 5 sto. 
ries with 3,200 spindles, 120 looms, and 150 
hands, using 750 bales of cotton annually, and 
making a million of yards of shirting and sheet, 
ing. They have an iron foundry, a rolling and 
slitting mill, and a nail factory, and use 750 
tons of iron annually. Near them the Williams 
manufacturing company run 1,800 spindles, and 
a paper mill makes 60 reams a day, on 4 Fou- 
dieneir machines. Another factory makes 50,- 
000 yards ot flannel per annum. At an upper 
fall the Norwich manufacturing company make 
18,000 yards of carpet per annum. Another 
cotton factory is to be built at the falls of She- 
tucket r. for 2,000 spindles. There is also a 
comb, button, and oil mill. 

Yarmouth, p-t. Barnstable co. Mass., 70 ms, 
s. E. Boston, occupies the bieadthof Cape Cod, 
at a narrow part, with Cape Cod bay n., and 
the Atlantic s. It has a very poor soil, con- 
sisting of loose sand, and the town is very poor ; 
a considerable quantity of salt, and glauber 



YEL 



592 



YOR 



salts are made here annually from sea water. 
At the s. w. corner is Lewis' bay, on which is 
Hyannis harbor, a place of some coasting trade. 
Pop. 2,251. 

Yates, go. N. Y., bndd. by Ontario co. n. 
and w., Seneca lake or Seneca co. e., and 
Steuben co. s. The n. ends of Crooked lake 
penetrate the co. from the s., and Canandaigua 
lies on the n. w. corner. The surface and soil 
are various. Bluffpoint is a tongue of land ex- 
tending s. between the n. arms of Crooked lake. 
The outlet of that lake, Flint cr., &c. water 
different parts of this co. It contains 7 ts. and 
Penn-Yan, 191 ras. w. Albany, is the st. jus. 
It was formed in 1823, out of Ontario co. Pop. 
19,009. 

Yates, p-t. Orleans co. N. Y., 30 ms. n. w. 
Batavia, has lake Ontario n., and Niagara co. 
w. The surface is slightly varied, is crossed 
by the Ridge road, and is watered by Johnson's 
creek, &c. Pop. 1,538. 

Yazoo, r. of the state of Misp., having its re- 
mote sources in the northern part of the state, 
lat. 34° 45', interlocking sources with those of 
Tombigbee branch of Ala., Silver cr. flowing 
into Ten. r., and Wolf r. flowing into Misp. r. 
in the state of Ten. Winding from this ele- 
vated tract the Yazoo r. winds to the s. w. en- 
tering the Misp. at lat. 32° 22', after a course 
of about 200 ms. As laid down on Tanner's 
U. S., there is an outlet represented as leaving 
the left bank of the Misp. 25 or 30 ms. above 
the mouth of St. Francis r. This outlet, after 
flowing to s. E. 10 or 12 ms., separates into two 
channels. The left or estni. is continued to s. 
s. E. 70 ms. to its union with the Yazoo, about 
125 ms. above the mouth of the latter. The 
right or western channel after a comparative 
course of l50 ms. is also united to the Yazoo, 
at the northeastern angle of Warren co. 25 ms. 
above the mouth. If these delineations are cor- 
rect, there is included in the state of Misp., an 
elliptical annually inundated tract of 170 ms. 
long, between the Yazoo and Misp. rs., with a 
breadth where widest, of 70 ms., and a mean 
breadth of at least 40, with an area of 6,800 
eq. ms. 

Yellow Branch, p-o. in the western part of 
Campbell co. Va., by p-r. 135 ms. a little s. of 
w. Richmond. 

Yellow Creek, Furnace, and p-o., Mont. 
gomery co. Ten., 16 ms. wstrd. Clarksville, 
the CO. St., and by p-r. 64 ms. n. w. by w. Nash- 
ville. 

Yellow Stone, r. (See Missouri.) 

Yellow Springs, and p-o. in the northern 
part of Huntingdon co. Pa. 15 ras. n. w. Hun- 
tingdon, and by p-r. 163 ms. n. n. w. W. C. 

Yellow Springs, p-o. Claiborne co. Ten., by 
p-r. 255 ms. a little n. of e. Nashville. 

Yellow Springs, p-v. nrthrn. part of Green 
CO. O., 9 ms. nrthrd. Xenia, and by p-r. 52 ms. 
a little s. of w. Columbus. 

Yellow Water, r. of Ala. and Flor., rises 
in Covington co. of the former, between Choc- 
taw, and Cunecuh rs., and flowing thence to 
the s. w., enters Walton co. of Flor., which it 
traverses, and inclining more to the wstrd. en. 
ters Escambia co., there receiving Shoal river 
from the e. it is finally lost in the estrn. arm of 
Pensacola bay, after a course of 80 ms. (See 
Escambia, Conecuh, ^c.) 



Yocom's p-o. in the northern part of Wash- 
ington CO. Ky., 38 ms. s. w. Frankfort. 

YoNGUEsviLLE, p-0. nrthrn. part of Fairfield 
dist. S. C, 12 ms. northward Winnsboro', the 
St. jus., and by p-r. 41 ms. in a similar direction 
from Columbia. 

Yonkers, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 18 
ms. N. N. Y., 10 s. w. VVhiteplains, 131 s. Al- 
bany, has Hudson r. w., Bronx cr. e., and N. 
York CO. s. It extends about 8 ms. on the 
Hudson, and 3 ms. is its average width ; it is 
crossed by Saw mill cr. with a branch of the 
Bronx n. e., on which are mill seats. The 
ground is uneven, and there are several emi- 
nences in the t. celebrated for events in the 
revolution ; part of Valentine's hill. Boar hill, 
Tetard's hill, and the heights of Fordham, with 
the site of fort Independence. Philipsburg, 
now called Yonker's, is a small v., with a land, 
ing at the mouth of Bronx cr. where a steam- 
boat touches daily. Pop. 1,761. 

York r., York co. Me. is a small stream 
emptying into the Atlantic, with a broad mouth, 
and depth of water for vessels of 200 tons, 
forming a good harbor. 

York, r. Va., formed by two main branches, 
Pamunkey and Mattapony. (See Pamunkey 
and Mattapony.) Below the union of its con- 
stituent streams, York r. is rather a bay, vary- 
ing from 2 to 3 ms. in width, extending to the 
s. e. 27 ms., and thence e. 12 ms. into Chesa. 
peake, between York and Gloucester cos. 
Below the junction of Pamunkey and Matta- 
poney rivers, York bay does not receive a tribu. 
tary above the size of a small cr. It admits 
ships of any size to or near the Great Bend at 
Yorktown, but above admits only coasting ves- 
sels. Including all its confluents the valley of 
York r. lies between those of James and Rap. 
pahannoc. The greatest length 120 ms. from 
the mouth of York r. to the extreme source of 
North Anna r. in South West Mtn. ; but, if 
taken with this extent, the mean width would 
not exceed 20 ms., and at the utmost breadth, 
only about 45 miles. The area 2,600 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 37° 15' to 38° 16', and 
long. 0° 41' e. to 1° 22' w. W. C. 

York, co. Me., bndd., by Oxford co. w., 
Cumberland co. k. e., the Atlantic e., and N. 
Plampshire w. and s. w. It has Ossipee r. on 
the N. line, Saco r. on part of the n. e. line, and 
Salmon falls r. and Piscataqua r. w. and s. w. 
Saco r. crosses the n. e. part and enters the sea 
at Saco. Below this are Kennebunk and York 
rs. besides several smaller streams flowing into 
the ocean. The coast is generally rocky and 
vi^aste, with cape Porpoise, Fletcher's Neck, 
Bald Head, cape Neddook, and Kittery Point, 
and several harbors at Saco, Kennebunk, Wells 
and York. Portsmouth harbor is near the 
south boundary of this co. Some of the early 
settlements in New England were made at 
York, Wells, &c., and suffered greatly from 
the fear and violence of savages. Considerable 
foreign trade has long been cairied on, chiefly 
with the West Indies; and the coasting trade 
and fisheries are valuable. There is a great 
diversity of soil, and a considerable variety of 
surface ; but there is no very elevated land in 
this CO. It contains 24 tsps., and its capitals 
are York and Alfred. Pop. 1820, 46,283; 
t 1830, 51,722. 



YOR 



593 



YOU 



York, p-t. port of entry and one of the seats 
jus. York CO. Me., 99 ms. s. w. Augusta, 42 s. 
w. Portland, 9 n. n. e. Portsmouth, 67 n. e. Bos- 
ton, is a place of considerable trade. York r. 
crosses it and empties into the ocean, affording 
a good harbor for vessels of 200 tons. The 
Agamenticus hills are m the n. w. part, and 
much of the sea coast is rocky, barren, and in- 
capable of cultivation. Cape Neddock, about 
on the E. line, is an iron bound promontory. 
Near the v. the soil is very good and the land 
level. This place was laid out for a large city 
by its early inhabitants, and the lines ran at 
right angles. Pop. 3,485. 

York, p-t. Livingston co. N. Y., 237 ms. from 
Albany, 7 n. n. w. Geneseo, has Genesee co. n. 
and w., Genesee r. e., on which is the Conewa- 
go Reservation. The streams are small and 
mill sites few, but the soil is generally good, 
especially on the Genesee. Pop. 2,636. 

York, one of the southern cos. of Pa., bndd. 
by Adams co. w., Cumberland n. w., Susque- 
hannah r. separating it from Dauphin n. and 
Lancaster n, e. and e., by Plartford co. in Md. 
s. E., Baltimore co. in Md. s., and Frederick 
CO. Md. s. w. York co. bounds on Md. 42 ms., 
but the longest part is a line parallel to the 
general course of Susquehannah r. 48 miles, 
mean width 18, and area 8G4 sq. ms. Extend- 
ing in lat. from 39° 42' to 40° 43', and in long. 
from 0° 04' w. to 0= 46' e. VV . C. The nrthrn. 
and central sections comprising the much larger 
part of this co., decline to the nrthestrd. and 
are drained into the Susquehannah, in that di- 
rection by Codorus, Conewago, and Yellow 
Breeches crs. The extreme sthestrn. angle 
has an estrn. declivity. The face of the co., 
though broken by hills and decorated by some 
minor mtn. ridges, has much sameness of cha- 
racter. The soil is generally good, and much 
of it excellent. Staples, grain, livestock, &c. 
Cf. t. the borough of York. Pop. 1820, 38,759 ; 
1830, 42,858. 

York, p-t. borough and st. jus. York co. Pa. 
situated on Codorus or.. 41 ms. a little s. of w. 
Lancaster, and by p-r. 87 ms. a little e. of n. 
W. C, and 24 s s. e. Harrisburg. Lat. 39° 
57', and long. 0° 17' e. W. C. The site of 
York is a plain, and the streets cross each 
other at right angles. York is a wealthy and 
thriving town, and contains many fine buildings. 
Among the public edifices are a court house 
and other county buildings, of briek ; an aca- 
demy ; a jail, built of stone, an alms house, 
and 9 churches, all of different denominations, 
eight of which are also built of brick. A slack 
water navigation along the Codorus creek, late- 
ly completed, affords a communication with the 
Susquehannah. Pop. 1820,3,545 ; 1830,4,216. 
York, co. Va., bndd. by Elizabeth City co. 
s. E., Warwick s., James City w. and n. w., 
York r. separating it from Gloucester n. and 
Chesapeake bay e. Greatest length along York 
bay 34 ms., mean width 6 and area 204 sq. ms. 
Extending in lat. from 37° 08' to 37" 23', and 
in long, from 0° 12' to 0° 46' e. W. C. Narrow 
as is this comparatively lengthened co., it oc- 
cupies nearly one half of the width of the pe- 
ninsula between James and York rs. Declivi- 
ty nrthrd. towards the latter. The soil is gene- 
rally good. Cf. t. Yorktown. Pop. 1820, 
14,384 ; 1830, 5,334. 



York, dist. S. C, bndd. by Lancaster dist. 
E., Chester dist. s., on the w. by Broad r. sepa- 
rating it from Union and Spartanburg dist., on 
the N. by Lincoln co. N. C, and n. e. by Ca- 
tawba r. separating it from Mecklenburg co. N. 
C. Length from e. to w. 35, breadth 23, and 
area about 800 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
34° 48' to 3 j° 07', and in long, from 3° 55' to 
4° 40' w. W. C. This dist. occupying the whole 
space between Catawba and Broad rs. contains 
part of two inclined plains. The Broad r. plain, 
or that on the wstrd., declines a little w. of s., 
and is drained by Turkey, Bullock's, Kings, 
and Buffaloe crs. The opposing or estrn. plain 
declines sthestrd. and discharges in that direc- 
tion Fishing, Alison's, and Crowder's crs. Sur- 
face hilly. Cf. t. Yorkville. Pop. 1820, 1 4,. 
936, 1830, 17,790. 

York. {See Yorkville, York dist. S. C.) 
York, p-v. fcandusky co. 0. by p-r. 114 ms. 
N. Columbus. 

York, p-v. on Wabash r. extreme n. e. angle 
of Crawford co. 11. by p-r. 133 ms. a little n. of 
E. Vandalia. 

York Cross Roads and p-o. Sandusky co. 0. 
by P-r. 101 ms. n. Columbus. 

York Haven, p-v. on the Susquehannah r. op. 
posite East Conewago, and in the nrthestrn. 
part of York co. Pa., by p-r. 10 ms. n. from the 
borough of York, and 14 ms. below and s. e. 
Harrisburg. 

Yorkshire, p-t. Cataraugus co. N. Y., 274 
ms. w. by s. Albany, 14 n. n. e. Ellicottville, it 
has Cataraugus cr. n. which separates it from 
Erie co., with a slightly uneven surface. Lime- 
stone lake, 1 m. by 2, in the e. gives rise to a 
tributary of Cataraugus cr. Pop. 823. 

York, Sulphur springs and p-o. in the nrthrn. 
part of Adams co. Pa., by p-r. 20 ms. s. s. w. 
Harrisburg, and 14 n. n. e. Gettysburg. 

Yorktown, p-t. Westchester co. N. Y., 116 
ms. s. Albany, 45 n. New York, 8 n. w. Bed- 
ford, it has Putnam co. n. and is generally hilly, 
with a pretty good soil, often stony, and much 
improved by the use of gypsum. Pop. 2,141. 

Yorktown, p-v. port of entry and st. jua. for 
York CO. Va., situated on the right bank of 
York r., 11 ms. above the mouth, 33 n. w. Nor- 
folk, by p-r. 175 ms. s. s. e. W. C, and 72 s. 
E. by e. Richmond. Lat. 37° 14', long. 0° 30' 
E. W. C. 

Yorkville, p-v. and st. jus. York dist. S. C, 
22 ms. N. Chesterville, and by p-r. 78 ms. a lit- 
tle w. of N. Columbia. Lat. 3i° 58', long, 4° 
18' w. W. C. 

YouGH Glades, p-o. in the wstrn. part of Al- 
leghany CO. Md., 33 ms. wstrd. Cumberland 
and by p-r. 165 ms. n. w. by w. W. C. 

YouGHiOGHANY, r. of Pa., Md. and Va., hav- 
ing its most remote source in Preston co. of 
the latter state, bat deriving its most numer- 
ous sthrn. tributaries from the valley between 
the Back Bone and Laurel mtns., Alleghany co. 
Md. From this elevated tract the main stream 
flows nearly due n. 35 ms., enters Pa. between 
Fayette and Somerset cos., within which it 
thence flows about 8 ms. direct course to where 
it is joined hyCastleman's r., an equal or proba- 
bly a superior stream, entering from the n. e. 
Some of the southern fountains of Castleman's 
r. rise in Alleghany co. Md., but the greater 
part of its tributaries flow from Somerset co. 



594 



BEE 



APPENDIX. 



BUN 



Pa., and rise in the same valley with the conflu- 
ents of Youghioghany. Below the union of the 
2 main branches, the Youghioghany assuming 
aN. wstrn. course, continues in that direction 60 
ms. to its junction with the Monongahela at Mac 
Kees port, in Alleghany co. Where Youghio- 
ghany is traversed by the U. S, road at Smith- 
field, the water level is 1,405 ft. above that of 
the Atlantic. The extreme heads of this stream 
have an elevation exceeding 2,500 ft. ; the mouth 
being elevated about 700 ft., the entire fall must 
be ],800 ft. The whole valley of Youghioghany 
is either mountainous or very hilly and broken. 

Young's Cross Roads and p-o. in the wstrn. 
part of Lauderdale co. Ala., 14 ms. westerly 
Florence, the co. seat, and 160 a little w. of n. 
Tuscaloosa. 

Young's Store and p-o. in the wstrn. part of 
Laurens dist. S. C, by p.r. 88 ms. n. westerly 
Columbia. 

Young's Mills and p-o. Knox co. O., 9 ms. n. 
Mount Vernon, the co. st., and 54 n. e. Colum- 
bus. 



YouNGSTOWN, p-v. Niagara co, N. Y., 304 
ms. w. Albany, 6 n. Lewistown, is situated oa 
Niagara r. 

YouNGSTowN, p-v. (on the great western road 
from Philadelphia to Pittsburg) Westmoreland 
CO. Pa., 10 ms. e. Greensburg, the co. St., and 
by p-r. 182 ms. N. w. W. C. It is a small v., of 
a single street along the road. 

YouNGSTowN, p-v. on the Mahoning branch 
of Big Beaver r., and in the s. estrn. part of 
Trumbull co. O., 18 ms. below Warren the co. 
St., and by p-r. 168 ms. n. e. by e. Colum- 
bus. 

YouNGsviLLE, p-v. in the n. wstrn. part of 
Warren co. Pa., 17 ms. n. w. Warren, and by 
p-r. 330 ms. n. w. W. C. 

Young Womanstown, p-v. on Young Wo- 
man's cr., and in the n. wstrn. part of Lycoming 
CO. Pa., by p-r. 50 ms. n. w. Williamsport, the 
CO. St., and 138 n. n. w. Harrisburg. 

Yj?silanti, p-v. Washtenaw co. iVIich., by p-r. 
32 ms. w. Detroit. 



Zanesfield, or Zanestown, p-v. in the estrn 
part of Logan co. 0., by p-r. 57 ms. n. w. Co- 
lumbus. 

Zanesville, a flourishing p.t. and st. jus., 
Muskingum co. O., 60 ms. n. w. Marietta, 58 
e. Columbus, 74 nearly w. Wheeling, Va., and 
336 N. w. by w. W. C, in lat. 40°, long. 5° 2' w. 
W. C. It is situated on the e. side of Muskin- 
gum river, at the falls, and around which is a 
canal, connecting the boat navigation above and 
below. The t. contains a court house and oth- 
er CO. buildings, several churches for Presbyte- 
rians, Baptists, Methodists, Catholics, &c., and 
many neat dwellings. The r. connects to the 
N. w. with the Ohio canal, and below with the 
Ohio, at Marietta. Zanesville is becoming an 
extensive manufacturing t. ; at the falls, which 
afford great water power, are a number of flour, 
saw, rolling, and oil mills, and a nail and wool- 
len factory. There are also 2 glass factories, 
a paper mill moved by steam, and 2 printing of- 
fices in the t. Zanesville is very limited in 
size, containing but little more than a sq. mile. 



Two bridges, one extending to West Zanes- 
ville, and the other to Putnam, cross the . Mus. 
kingum, both of which are handsome struc. 
tures. These places are so near, as to be aU 
most considered a part of Zanesville. The 
population of the former is 278 ; that of the lat- 
ter 758. Pop. of Zanesville, 3,094. 

Zebulon, P-v. and st. jus.. Pike co. Geo., by 
p-r. 86 ms. almost due w. Milledgeville. N. 
lat. 33° 04', long. 7° 26' w. W. C. 

Zidon, p-v. Spartanburg dist. S. C, by p-r. 
116 ms. N. w. Columbia. 

ZioN, p-v. Iredell co. N. C, by p-r. ]6 ms. w. 
Raleigh. 

ZoAR, t. Berkshire co. Mass., is one of the 
smallest ts. in the state, and was incorporated 
in 1822. It is crossed by Deerfieldr. Pop. 129. 

ZoAR, p-t. Tuscarawas co. 0., 9 ms. n. New 
Phila., and 110 n. e. Columbus, on the e. side 
of Tuscarawas river. It was settled by Ger. 
mans, and is fast becoming a manufacturing v. 
The houses, of which there are 50 or 60, are 
chiefly covered with tile. 



APPENDIX. 



containing several new counties, omissions either of towns or their 
population, &c. &,c. 



A. 

Albion, N. Y. (See Newport, Orleans co., 
the name of which is changed.) 

Austerlitz, N.jY. not 130, but 30 ms. e. s. 
K. from Albany. 

B. 

Beekmantown, Clinton, (not Chiston) co. N.Y. 



Berkshire, Tioga co. N. Y., 14 ms. n. Owe- 
go, not Oswego ; the same error occurs in the 
creek mentioned. 

Bethany, Conn., contains 30 sq. ms. Pop, 
1,049. 

Brooklyn, Conn., is 46 ms. e. Hartford, and 
29 w. Providence ; it is divided by Quinebaug 
river from Killingly. 

Buncombe, co. N. C, bndd. by Cocke and 
Green cos. Tenn. n. w., Washington co. Tenn, 
N., Nolichucky r. separating it from Burke co. 



CAR 



APPENDIX. 



ELI 



595 



N. C, N. E., Blue Ridge separating it from 
Burke e., and Rutherford s. e., and again from 
Greenville district S. C. s. ; on the extreme s. 
w. it joins Macon co. Length from s. w. to n. 
E. 74 ms., mean breadth 30, and area 2320 sq. 
ms. Extending in lat. from 35° 03' to 35° 52', 
and in long. W. C. from 5° 13' to 5° 55' w. 
With a small section on the n. e. part the body 
of this CO. is commensurate with the higher val- 
ley of French Broad r. and slopes to n. n. w. 
Surface excessively broken by hill and mtn. 
ridges, with a mean elevation of the cultivated 
Tallies of at least 1500 feet above the Atlantic 
ocean. Cf t. AshviUe. Pop. 1820, 10,542 ; 
1830, 16,281. 

B0RKE, CO. N. C, bndd. by Rutherford s., 
Buncombe w., Iron mtn. separating it from Car- 
ter CO. Tenn. n. w., Ashe co. N. C. n., Wilkes 
N. E., Iredell e. and Lincoln s. e. Greatest 
length from the wstrn. border of Iredell to the 
Iron mtn. 65 ms., mean breadth 32, and area 
2,080 sq. ms. N. lat. 36° and long. W. C. 5° 
w. intersect in this co. The above outlines are 
taken from Tanner's Atlas and give Burke co. 
an extent very different from any former au- 
thority. As now delineated it comprises east 
of the Blue Ridge the higher valley of Catawba 
r. or about 1600 sq. ms. with a slope to the estrd. 
The residue of the co. lies between Blue Ridge 
and Iron mtns. and comprises the higher val. 
ley of Nolichucky r. That part of Burke co. 
bordering on Blue Ridge, is, independent of 
mtn. chains, amongst ihe most elevated cultiva- 
ted tracts in the U. S. The nthestrn. angle is 
indeed a very remarkable point in physical 
Geography ; as from it flow sthrd. the extreme 
sources of Catawba r., wstrd. those of Noli- 
chucky and Watauga rs., nthrd. the extreme 
sources of Great Kenhawa, and nthestrd. those 
of the Yadkin. At an elevation of above 2000 
feet the cultivated ground is here drained by 
streams flowing like radii from a common cen- 
tre. Cf. t. Morganton. Pop. 1820, 13,411; 
1830, 17,888. 

c. 

Cache', (pronounced Ca-shay,) r. of Ark., 
rising in Lawrence co., between Saint Francis 
and White rs., at about n. lat. 36° 20'. Flow- 
ing thence in a s. s. w. direction, by compara- 
tive distances about 110 ms., having traversed 
part of Lawrence, Jackson, and St. Francis cos. 
falls into White r. in the n. wstrn. angle of 
Monroe co. The channel of Cache' r. is no. 
where 20 ms. distant from that of White r. ; the 
two streams flowing remarkably parallel to 
each other and generally about 10 ms. asunder. 

Canestola, p-v. N. Y. Should be Canastola. 

Carroll, co. Geo., bndd. by Paulding n., 
Cobb N. E., Campbell e., Chatahooche r. sepa- 
rating it from Coweta s. e.. Heard s., and by the 
Creek territory in Ala. w. Length from e. to 
w. 35 ms., mean breadth 24, and area 840 sq. 
ms. Lat. 33° 26' to 33° 42', long. W. C. 7° 47' 
to 8° 32' w. Though bndd. on the s. e. by 
Chattahooche r., the wstrn. and largest fraction 
of this CO. slopes s. w., and in that direction is 
drained by the higher constituents of Tallapoosa 
r. It of course occupies part of the summit 
level between the basins of Appalachicola and 
Mobile. Cf. t. Carrolton. Pop. 3,419. 



Cass, new co. Geo., bndd. by Cobb s. e., 
Paulding s. w., Floyd, w., Murray n., and Cher- 
rokee e. Length from s. to n. 27, breadth 24, 
and area 648 sq. ms. N. lat. 34° 15', and long. 
8° w. of W. C. intersect near the centre of this 
CO. It comprises part of two inclined plains. 
The nthrn. section slopes to n. w. and in that 
direction is drained by creeks flowing into 
Oostanalau r. The sthrn. and most extensive 
section is traversed from e. to w. by the Etowah 
r. which is here a navigable stream. The cen- 
tral part about 130 ms. a little w. of n. w. Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Cherokee, new co. Geo., bndd. by Lumpkin 
N. E. ; Forsyth s. e. ; Cobb s. ; Cass w. ; and 
Gilmer n. Length from s. to n. 27 ms., breadth 
24, and area 648 sq. ms. N. lat. 34°, 15' and 
long. W. C. 7°, 33' w. intersect near its centre. 
The extreme sthestrn. angle is drained into 
Chattahooche r. and the extreme nrthwstrn. into 
the Coosawtee branch of Oostanalau r. ; but 
the main body of the co. is traversed from n. e. 
by E. to s. w. by w. by the Etowah r. Chero- 
kee CO. lies N. w. about 100 ms. from Milledge- 
ville, and embraces part of the gold region of 
Georgia. 

Cobb, new co. Geo., bndd. by Campbell s. ; 
Carroll s. w. ; Paulding w. ; Cass n. w. ; Cher- 
okee N. ; Forsyth n. e. ; and Chattahooche r. 
separating it from De Kalb co. e. Greatest 
length from e. to w. 32 ms. mean breadth 15, 
and area 480 sq. ms. N. lat. 34° and long. W. 
C. 7° 40' w. W. C, intersect in the northern 
part of this CO. It embraces part of the divi- 
ding ground between the Chattahooche andEto. 
wah rs. which separating ridge traverses the 
the CO. from n. e. to s. w. The nthwstrn. angle 
drained into Etowah r., but the sthestrn. and 
considerably most extensive section slopes s. e. 
and in that direction drained into Chattahooche 
r. The central part is about 100 ms. n. w. by 
w. Milledgeville. Cobb co, comprises part of 
the Gold region of Geo. 

Connecticut. Only 78 towns send two rep- 
resentatives to the legislature. 



East Boston, an island in Boston harbor, 
Mass. containing about 600 acres. It was for- 
merly known as Noddle's, or Williams' isl. and 
was first occupied in 1629. It has recently been 
purchased by an incorporated company, under 
the title of the East Boston Co., for about 90,- 
000 ; and has been laid out into streets, and 
will furnish delightful situations for dwellings, 
as it is sufficiently elevated to command a view 
of the city, harbor, and adjacent towns. The 
distance from Battery wharf to the isl. is but 
120 rods. A suspension rail.way across the 
island is in progress, which will be continued 
to Salem. 

Elizabethtown and Somerville, and Dela. 
ware and Susquehannah rail road. Some un- 
accountable errors occur in this article, under 
the head of Rail Roads and Canals. The whole 
length of the proposed route is 192^ ms. ; ex- 
tending from Jersey City, or Hoboken, oppo. 
site the city of New York, to the Great Bend 
of the Susquehannah, and the N. Y. state line. 
The route, as surveyed, passes through New. 



596 



HAM 



APPENDIX. 



NOR 



ark, Elizabethtovvn, Somerville, and Belvidere 
in N. J., where it will probably cross the Dela- 
ware ; and thence, in Pa., to Stroudsburg, pass- 
ing through the Lackawanna coal region to, or 
near Pittston, on the Susquehannah, and hence 
through Carbondale to its northern termination. 
The distance from the Hudson to Pittston, the 
first point on the Susquehannah, is about 146 
ms. At Elizabethtown this road will be inter- 
sected by the New Jersey rail road. The stock 
for the whole route has been subscribed. 

F. 

Floyd, new co. Geo. bndd. by Murray n., Cass 
E., and Paulding s. ; on the w. it is limited by 
the Cherokee territory in Ala. Length from 
s. to N. 27 ms. ; mean breadth 24, and area 648 
sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 04' to 34° 
27' N., and in long, from 8° 10' to 8° 40' w. W. C. 
The general slope is wstrd. The Oostanalau 
r. enters at the nrthestrn. angle and flowing s. 
s. w. receives the Etowah from the e. 4 or 5 
ms. s. E. of the centre of the co. The Etowah 
issuing from Cass co. enters Floyd near the 
middle of its estrn. border, and uniting with the 
Oostanalau forms Coosa r. The junction of 
the Etowah and Oostanalau rivers is about 150 
ms. N. w. by w.Milledgeville. 

Forsyth, new co. Geo. bndd. by Cobb s. w., 
Cherokee w., Lumpkin n., Hall n. e., and Chat- 
tahooche r. separating it from Gwinnett co. s. 
E. ands. Length from s. to N. 24 ; mean breadth 
15, and area 360 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 
34° 0' to 34° 20'. Forsyth spreads nrthwstrdly. 
from the Chattahooche r. to 102 ms. over the 
Etowah ; consequently embraces the entire 
width between that part of the summit ground 
between the valiies of Coosa and Chatiahooche 
rs. The larger section is drained to the s. e. 
and s. into Chattahooche r. The central part 
is about 90 ms. n. n. w. Milledgeville. It em- 
braces part of the gold region. 



Gilmer, one of the extreme nrthrn. counties, 
recently incorporated, of Geo. bndd. w. by Mur- 
ray, s. Cherokee, Lumpkin s. e., Union n. e., 
and by the Cherokee territory in Tennessee. 
Length from s. to n. 37 ms., breadth 22, and 
area 814 sq. ms. Extending in lat. from 34° 
27' to 35° N., and in long, from 7° 20' to 7° 48' 
w. W. C. Gilmer is a mtn. region and com- 
prises part of the table land between the valiies 
of Tennessee aud Coosa rs. The sthestrn. an- 
gle slopes slhrd. and is drained into Etowah r. ; 
the nrthestrn. angle slopes to the n. and dis- 
charges into the state ot Ten. the Aquokee cr. 
of Hiwassee r., and also the extreme higher 
sources of Conessauga br. of Oostanalau r. 
The lattef stream, however, winds to the wstrd. 
in Ten. and curving sthrd. re-enters Geo. and 
falls into its recipient in Murray co. The cen. 
tral part of Gilmer gives source to Coosawatee 
r. the estrn. constituent of Oostanalau r. The 
central part is about 100 ms. sthwstrd. of Knox- 
villein Ten. and 135 ms.N. w. Milledgeville. Cf. 
t. Carmel. 



Hampden, p-t. Delaware co. N. Y., 85 ms. 
s. w. Albany. Fop. 1,230. 



Hamptonburg, p-t. Orange co. N. Y., 100 ms. 
s. Albany. Pop. 1,365. 

Hastings, p-t. Oswego co. N. Y., 150 ms. n. 
by w. Albany. Pop. 1,494. 

HoENBY, p-t. Steuben co. N. Y., 199 ms. w. 
by s. Albany. Pop. 1,572. 

Hancock, p-t. Addison co. Vt., 30 ms. s. w. 
Montpelier. The tsp. is high and broken, and 
lies entirely upon the Green mtns. Pop. 472. 

Hancock,, p-t. Hancock co. Me., 85 ms. from 
Augusta. Pop. 653. 

Hartford, p-t. Windsor co. Vt., 14 ms. n. 
Windsor, 42 s. e. Montpelier, first settled in 
1764. It lies on the w. side of Conn, r., is well 
watered by White and Queechy rivers, which 
afford valuable mill privileges. The surface of 
the town, though broken, is rich and produc- 
tive. There are two villages, White and Quee- 
chy, situated on the two streams after which 
they are named, and in them are several manu- 
ufactories of cotton, woollen, &,c. Pop. 2,044. 

Harrington, p-t. Washington co. Me., 118 
ms. from Augusta. Pop. 1,118. 



Jerusalem, p-t. Yates co. N, Y., stated to be 
on the s. line Ontario co., is in Yates co. Pop. 

2,783. 



Kirkland, p-t. Oneida co. N. Y., 130 ms. w. 
by N. Albany. Pop. 2,505. 

Kennebunk Port, p-t., York co. Me., 25 ms. 
s. w. Portland, 82 from Augusta. A place of 
considerable business, and some commerce. 
Pop. 2,763. 



Norwich, city, and p-t. New London co. 
Conn. The city embraces that portion of the 
town formerly known as Chelsea landing. Be- 
side the city, there are 4 villages in the town, 
viz. Yanticville, Westville, the Town (so call- 
ed,) and Greenville. At the falls on the Yantic 
are 2 cotton mills, a woollen factory, an iron 
foundry, nail factory, rolling, bleaching, and 2 
extensive paper mills. At Greenville, which is 
of recent growth, is a water power sufficient to 
carry 40 or 50,000 spindles. Here are 2 cot. 
ton mills, 1 paper and I button mill, and flannel, 
carpet, and rug manufactories. Besides these 
manufactories, are others in the town, of cord- 
age, marble paper, morocco, bobbins, silver 
plate, suspenders, and webbing ; the aggregate 
amount of manufactures is estimated at $1,- 
000,000 per ann. At Yanticville and Westville 
are large manufacturing establishments. Con- 
siderable capital is employed in the whale and 
seal fisheries, and in the coasting trade. In the 
town are 4 banks, aggregate capital $1,200,- 
000 ; a savings bank with deposits amounting 
to $130,000 ; 2 insurance offices, and 2 print- 
ing offices. The rail-road from this place to 
Worcester, will pass near 100 or more man- 
ufactories, and its route is through the valiies 
of Quinebaug and French rivers. {See Nor- 
wich.) 



APPENDIX. 



597 



STATISTICAL VIEW of the Commerce of the United States, exhibiting the value of every description of 
Imports from, and the value of articles of every description of Exports to, each Foreign country ; also, the ton- 
nage of American and Foreign vessels arriving from, and departing to, each Foreign country during the year 
ending on the 30th day of September, 1831. 



COUNTRIES. 



Value of im- 
ports. 



COMMERCE. 



Value of exports. 



Domestic 
produce. 



Foreign 
produce. 



NAVIGATION. 



Amern. tonnage. 



Entered 
into 
U.S. 



Depart- 
ed from 
U.S. 



Foreign tonn. 



Entered Depart- 
into ed from 
U.S. U.S. 



Tons. 



Russia, 

Prussia, 

Sweden and Norway, 

Swedish West Indies, 

Denmark, 

Danish VVest Indies, 

Netherlands, 

Dutch West Indies, 

Dutch East Indies, 

England, 

Scotland, 

Ireland, 

Gibraltar, 

British African ports, 

British East Indies, 

British West Indies, 

Newfoundland, &;c. 

British Am. Colonies, 

Other British Colonies, 

Hanse towns, 

France on the Atlantic, 

France on the Mediter. 

French West Indies, 

Spain on the Atlantic, 

Spain on the Mediter. 

Teneriffe and other Canaries, 

Manilla and Pliilippine Isls. 

Cuba, 

Other Spanish W. I. 

Portugal, 

Madeira, 

Fayal and other Azores, 

Cape De Verd Isls. 

Italy, 

Sidly, 

Trieste, &c. 

Turkey, 

Hayti, 

Mexico, 

Central Repub. of Am. 

Colombia, 

Honduras, 

Brazil, 

Argentine Republic, 

Cisplatine Republic, 

Peru, 

Chili, 

South America, generally. 

Cape of Good Hope, 

China, 

Asia, generally, 

East Indies, generally. 

West Indies, generally, 

Europe, generally, 

Africa, generally, 

South Seas, 

N.W. Coast of Am. 

Uncertain, 

Total, 



1,608,328 

50,970 

901,812 

218,918 

575 

1,651,641 

989,837 

343,799 

319,393 

41,854,323 

1,977,830 

261,564 

150,517 

1,544,273 
1,303,301 

864,909 

3,493,301 
12,876,977 

1,188,766 
671,842 
566,072 
709,022 
125,1,59 
348,995 

8,371,797 

1,580,156 

124,446 

177,369 

32,092 

63,643 

1,704,264 
144,047 
161,062 
521,598 

1,580,578 

5,166,745 
198,504 

1,207,154 
44,463 

2,375,829 
928,103 

917,788 

413,758 

4,924 

3,083,205 

77,861 

10,691 

148,932 
51,186 
67,635 
11,168 



114,8.52 
27,043 
190,511 
251,937 
178,333 

1,421,075 

1,707,292 

370,857 

128,884 

28,841,430 

1,185,142 

589,941 

429,087 

6,064 

132,442 

1,417,291 

4,026,392 

1,812,241 

4,963,557 

671,867 

704,833 

235,584 

75,121 

34,931 

15,994 

3,634,144 

261,801 

39,149 

171,563 

10,549 

45,432 

371,515 

2,369 

276,561 

38,503 

1,126,698 

1,091,489 

141,179 

375,319 

46,233 

1,652,193 

415,489 

8,560 

849,493 

19,922 

244,790 
48,268 

628,153 
25,702 

175,166 
16,910 
27,206 



347,914 

86,519 

11,111 

176,883 

224,502 

212,860 

45,274 

631,442 

2,367,439 

5,567 

165,786 

675,390 
23,962 

35,446 

779,931 

3,228,452 

300,926 

13,044 

63,428 

7,198 

3,440 

16,830 

1,259,698 

53,245 

2,356 

5,728 

6,049 

13,557 

323,010 

262,808 
298,304 
191,677 
5,086,729 
165,318 
282,830 
13,732 
423,902 
244,290 

7,616 

518,662 

15,731 

1,046,045 
251,120 

7,474 

15 

69,891 

8,963 
51,420 



462,766 
27,043 
277,030 
263,048 
355,216 

1,645,577 

1,920,152 

416,131 

760,326 

31,208,869 

1,190,709 

589,941 

594,873 

6,064 

807,832 

1,441,253 

4,061,838 

2,592,172 

8,192,009 

972,793 

717,877 

299,012 

82,319 

38,377 

32,824 

4,893,842 

315,046 

41,505 

177,291 

16,598 

58,989 

694,525 

2,369 

539,369 

336,807 

1,318,375 

6,178,218 

306,497 

658,149 

59,965 

2,076,095 

659,779 

16,176 

1,368,155 

35,653 

1,290,835 
299,394 

635,627 

25,717 

245,057 

25,873 

78,626 



8,931 

700 

11,346 

4,793 

27,501 
24,076 
11,296 
2,533 
223,345 
5,674 
4,388 
3,599 

5,342 

38,046 

275 

92,672 

248 

15,934 

40,849 

13,774 

26,704 

6,760 

9,583 

1,963 

2,938 

132,830 

24,060 

5,043 

2,514 

660 

875 

10,683 

2,080 

1,920 

3,918 

26,440 

22,377 

2,821 

9,174 

1,456 

29,855 

9,652 

274 

2,577 

3,729 

703 

929 

4,316 

1,171 

2,903 

4,109 

2,511 

29,581 

375 

80 



103,191,124 61,277,057 20,033,526 81,310,583 922,952 972,504 281,948 271,994 



4,310 

387 

3,232 

7,199 

3,060 

41,730 

23,168 

11,430 

6,498 

233,345 

6,312 

7,838 

11,703 

121 

6,481 

40,922 

277 

79,364 

434 

17,147 

48,022 

15,459 

33,334 

4,598 

1,905 

1,418 

249 

132,222 

8,272 

1,598 

5,163 

475 

1,200 

9,120 

378 

4,215 

2,935 

27,807 

22,303 

3,315 

7,188 

1,449 

36,892 

8,169 

356 

523 

11,145 

1,018 

891 

5,061 

2,447 

669 

17,839 

560 

5,098 

39,470 

783 



2,999 
262 

2,827 
349 
312 

84,324 
11,008 
7,020 



23,760 
736 

82,557 

12,175 

8,666 

493 

2,793 



19,639 
3,117 
1,451 

397 



699 
11,498 

56 

600 

1,360 



04 



2,020 



472 
552 



1,994 
194 

83,461 

9,102 

2,306 

256 



17,903 

94,776 

17,487 
3,722 
1,477 
2,254 
1,068 
536 



17,816 
1,051 

131 
251 
236 



1,006 
10,019 



223 

203 



649 



400 
148 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, FROM 1823 TO 1832 INCLUSIVE.* 



Year. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Domes. Expts. 


Year. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Domes. Expls. 


1823 
1824 
1825 
1825 
1827 


$77,579,267 
80,549,007 
96,340,075 
84,974,477 
79 484 068 


374,699,030 
75,986,657 
99,535,388 
77,595,322 
82,324,827 


347,000,000 
50,000,000 
66,000,000 
53,000,000 
58,000,000 


1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 


888,509,824 
74,492,527 
70,876,920 
103,191,124 
100,652,677 


872,264,686 
72,358,671 
73,849,508 
81, 310,-583 
87,037,943 


850,000,000 
55,000,000 
59,000,000 
61,000,000 
63,000,000 



* The column exhibiting the amount of Domestic Exports, 
the head of Exports. 

76 



of course, included in the preceding one, under 



598 



APPENDIX. 



COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION. 
Statement of the Commerce and Navigation of each 
Stale and Territory, cornmencin<.' on the )st day of 
Oct. 1830, and ending on the 30th day of Sept. 1831. 







Value of Exports. 




Value of 
imports. 
















Domestic 


Foreign 


Total. 






prod. 


prod. 




Maine, 


941,407 


799,748 


5,825 


805,573 


N. H. 


14(i,305 


109,456 


1,766 


111,222 


Vt. 


166,200 


925,127 


_ 


925,127 


Mass. 


14,269,0.50 


4,027,201 


3,706,562 


7,733,763 


R.I. 


562,161 


348,250 


19,215 


367,465 


Conn. 


405,0611 


482,073 


810 


482,883 


N. Y. 


57,077,417 


15,726,118 


9,809,026 


25,535,144 


N.J. 


- 


11,4.30 


_ 


11,430 


Penn. 


12,124,083 


3,594,302 


1,919,411 


5,513,713 


Del. 


21,656 


34,514 


_ 


34,514 


Md. 


4,826,577 


3,730,506 


578,141 


4,308,647 


Dist. Col. 


193,.555 


1,207,517 


13,458 


1,220,975 


Vir. 


488,522 


4,149,986 


489 


4,150,475 


N. C. 


196,356 


340,973 


167 


341,140 


S. C. 


1,238,163 


6,528,605 


46,596 


6,575,201 


Geo. 


399,940 


3,957,245 


2,568 


3,959,813 


Ala. 


224,435 


2,412,862 


1,032 


2,413,894 


Miss. 










La. 


9,766,693 


12,835,531 


3,926,458 


16,761,989 


Oliio, 


617 


14,728 




14,728 


Flor. 


115,710 


28,493 


2,002 


30,495 


Mich. 


27,299 


12,392 
61,277,057 


- 


12,392 


Total, 


103,191,124 


20,033,520 


81,310,583 



NAVIGATION. 





Amt. Amn. 


Amt. Foreign ITotal Am. and 




tonnage. 


tonage. 


For. tonnage. 




Enter- 


Depar 


Enter- 


Depar 


Enter- 


Depart- 




ed. 


ted. 


ed. 


ted. 


ed. 


ed. 


Maine, 


51635 


61582 


49819 


49872 


101454 


1114.54 


N.H. 


7198 


4362 


- 


- 


7198 


4362 


Vt. 


20201 


20201 


- 


- 


20201 


20201 


Mass. 


18245S 


157530 


9760 


7483 


192219 


165013 


R.I. 


23845 


22787 


IOC 


_ 


23945 


22787 


Conn. 


17750 


20139 


_ 


_ 


17750 


20139 


N. Y. 


315972 


254331 


77719 


72444 


393691 


326775 


N.J. 


369 


709 


_ 


_ 


369 


703 


Penn. 


71232 


65149 


8826 


7596 


80058 


72745 


Del. 


1550 


799 


2186 


965 


3736 


1764 


Md. 


55371 


65370 


10455 


10276 


65826 


75646 


Dist. Col. 


4796 


19362 


872 


878 


5668 


20240 


Vir. 


22933 


48719 


9985 


11879 


32918 


60598 


N. 0. 


16773 


30450 


1729 


1990 


18502 


32530 


S.C. 


24379 


48426 


29011 


29045 


53390 


77471 


Geo. 


15543 


35747 


13491 


14307 


29034 


50054 


Ala. 


10126 


14707 


11840 


10953 


29166 


25660 


Miss. 














La. 


' 76231 


96753 


55541 


53558 


131772 


150311 


Ohio, 


91 


91 


1.38 


138 


229 


229 


Flor. 


4455 


5163 


476 


610 


4931 


5773 


Mich. 


43 


43 


- 


- 


43 


43 


Total, 


922952 


972504 281948 


271994 


1204900 


1244498 



TONNAGE. 

A condensed view of the registered, enrolled, and li- 
censed Tonnage of the several districts of the United 
States, on the last day of December, 1830. 



DISTRICTS. 



Passamaquoddy, Me. 

Machias, 

Frenchman's Bay, 

Penobscot, 

Belfast, 

Waldoborough, 

Wiscasset, 

Bath, 

Portland, 

Saco, 



Regis- 
tered. 



7,636 

195 

2,612 

3,575 

2,053 

2,802 

2,232 

16,311 

29,317 

953 



Enr. & 
lie. 



Total. 



2,850 

3,904 

3,478 

15,601 

11,192 

18,986 

5,716 

10,355 

13,400 

2,387 



10,486 

4,099 

6,090 

19,177 

13,245 

21,789 

7,949 

26,668 

42,717 

3,340 



DISTRICTS. 



Kennebunk, 

York, 

Portsmouth, N. H. 

Newburyport, Mass. 

Ipswich, 

Gloucester, 

Salem, 

Marblehead, 

Boston, 

Plymouth, 

Dighton, 

New Bedford, 

Barnstable, 

Edgartown, 

Nantucket, 

Providence, R. T. 

Bristol, 

Newport, 

Middletown, Conn. 

New London, 

New Haven, 

Fairfield, 

Vermont, Vt. 

Champlain, N. Y. 

Sacket's Harbor, 

Oswego, 

Niagara, 

Genesee, 

Oswegatchie, 

Butfalo Creek, 

Sag Harbor, 

New York, 

Cape Vincent, 

Perth Amboy, N. J. 

Bridgetown, 

Burlington, 

Little Egg Harbor, 

Great Egg Harbor, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Presque Isle, 

Wilmington, Del. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Oxford, 

Vienna, 

Snow Hill, 

Annapolis, 

St. Mary's 

Georgetown, D. C. 

Alexandria, 

Norfolk, Virginia. 

Petersburg, 

Richmond, 

Yorktown, 

Tappahannock, 

Folly Landing, 

Cherry Stone, 

East River, 

Wilmington, N. C. 

Newbern, 

Washington, 

Edenton, 

Camden, 

Beaufort, 

Plymouth, 

Ocracoke, 

Charleston, S. C. 

Georgetown, 

Beaufort, 

Savannah, Georgia, 

Sunbury, 

Hard wick, 

Brunswiclj, 

St. Mary's, 

Miami, Oliio, 

Cuyahoga, 

Sandusky, 

Detroit, Mich. 

Michilimackinac, 

Mobile, Ala. 

Blakely, 

Pearl River, Miss. 

New Orleans, La. 

Teche, 

Pensacola, Flor. 

St. Augustine, 

St. Mark's, 

Key West, 

Total, 



Regis- 
tered. 



2,789 

103 

9,753 

9,714 

140 

2,098 

21,510 

1,196 

100,214 

11,090 

301 

46,086 

2,409 

2,012 

18,854 

9,876 

6,654 

4,879 

1,604 

10,004 

2,954 

425 

877 

2,417 

505 

585 
128 
28 
4,465 
101,946 
85 
458 
115 



47,935 

44 

143 

23,941 

345 
143 
20 

1,760 
4,462 
3,937 
1,600 
1,904 

79 

154 

487 

8,309 

1,357 

1,067 

993 

2,261 

530 

240 

516 

6,659 

383 



Enr. & 
lie. 



1,999 
8.53 
8,490 
6,862 
2,191 
9,642 
6,684 
5,742 

34,794 
8,386 
3,300 
9,169 

22,775 
780 
3,473 
4,523 
1,431 
3,543 
7,429 
6,208 
4,174 
8,462 



942 
612 

1,082 

17 

2,272 

2,808 

154,710 

187 

7,746 

10,169 
2,393 
2,619 
9,481 

23,754 
481 

12,326 

11,678 
9,135 

10,340 
3,996 
3,091 
1,672 
3,564 
3,937 
6,3C4 
1,604 
1,105 
4,407 
3,700 
2,558 
1,946 
2,119 
414 
1,986 
1,618 
2,730 
2;575 
847 
263 
1,172 
6,695 
1,447 



3,849 2,280 



280 
450 

1,029 
868 

1,233 
114 

3,778 

870 
31,793 

1,037 
155 



98 
1,585 



243 

450 

151 

1,094 



|576,475 



615,301 



1,191,776 



APPENDIX. 



599 



VESSELS, TONNAGE AND SEAMEN. 

Statement of the number of Vessels, with the amount 
of Tonnage, and the number of Seamen employed in 
navigating the same, (including their repeated voya- 
ges) which entered into, and departed from, each 
State and Territory, in tlie year ending on the 30th 
September, 1830. 



State or Territory. 



Maine, 

New Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode Island, 

Connecticut, 

New York, 

New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Dist. of Columbia, 

Virginia, 

North Carolina, 

South Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Alabaiifia, 

Louisiana, 

Florida, 

Ohio, 

Michigan, 

Total, 



No. of 
ves- 



Amount of 
tonnage. 



Entered. Depart- 
ed. 



535 


69,363 


38 


9,416 


121 


29,741 


912 


168,243 


87 


16,676 


93 


16,171 


1,382 


298,434 


3 


586 


365 


72,009 


9 


1,691 


90 


55,317 


54 


10,458 


93 


25,997 


235 


27,757 


115 


50,859 


79 


19,249 


66 


10,490 


451 


83,270 


15 


1,444 


1 


56 


1 


- 



91,629 

4,632 

19,290 

148,124 

14,094 

18,285 

229,341 

627 

63,022 

962 

55,020 

13,803 

43,715 

36,592 

52,464 

50,394 

22 277 

106|017 

1,366 

56 

50 



4,745 967,227 971,760 43,756 



No. of 
Seamen 
employ- 
ed. 



2,949 

284 

871 

9,118 

836 

1,103 

14,298 

23 

3,907 

81 

908 

448 

843 

1,482 

927 

772 

484 

4,323 

93 

3 

3 



A Comparative View of the registered, enrolled, and 
licensed Tonnage of the 'J. S., from 1820 to 1830 in- 
clusive. 



Yrs. 



Registered. 



619,047 
619,096 
628,150 
639,920 
669,972 
700,787 
737,978 
747,170 
812,619 
650,142 
576,475 



Enr. and lie. 




661,118 
679,062 
696,548 
696,644 
719,190 
722,323 
796,212 
873,437 
928,772 
610,6.54 
615,301 



1,280. 
1,298, 
1,324: 
1,336! 
1,389! 
1,423: 
1,534, 
1,620, 
1,741, 
1,260, 
1,191, 



Registered vessels employed in the foreign Tons. 

trade at the close of the year 1830, 576,475 

Enrolled vessels in the coasting trade, 496,639 

Licensed vessels under 20 tons, 20,339 

Enrolled vessels employed in the cod fishery, 59,042 
do. mackerel fishery, 35,973 

do. whale fishery, 793 
Licensed vessels under 20 tons, employed 

in the cod fishery, 3,515 



Total, 

Registered tonnage employed other than in 

the whale fishery, 1830, 
Employed in the whale fishery, 

Total, 



1,191,776 



537,563 
38,912 



576,475 



* 89,307 tons cancelled, sold or lost, 1830; making 
an actual increase that year of 20,286 tons. 



MILITLV OP THE UNITED STATES. 

Table, showing the number of the Mihtia of each State 
and Territory of the U. S., with the date of the return 
made to government. 



Me. 

N. H. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

R.I. 

Vt. 

N.Y. 

N.J. 

Penn. 

Del. 

Md. 

Va. 

N.C. 

S. C. 

Geo. 



1831 
1831 
1831 
1831 
1831 
1824 
1830 
1829 
1831 
1827 
1831 
1831 
1831 
1830 
1830 



41,136 
28,992 
48,319 
24,518 
9,600 
27,653 

188,615 
39,171 

182,285 

9 229 

46^259 

101,488 
66,552 
49,512 
42,832 



Ky. 

Ten. 

Ohio, 

La. 

Ind. 

Misp. 

II. 

Ala. 

Mo. 

Mich. 

Ark. 

Flor. 



1831 
1830 
1831 
1829 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1825 
1831 



Dist. Col. 1829 



70,590 

60,982 

126,471 

14,808 

40,000 

13,724 

27,386 

30,000 

7,838 

5,476 

2,028 

827 

1,756 



Total, 1,308,047 



ARMY OP THE REVOLUTION. 

Table, showing the number of Soldiers furnished to the 
regular army of the Revolution, by each State of the 
Union, with the population of 1790. 



New Hampshire, 
Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, 

Tot. New England, 

New York, 
New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, 

Tot. Middle States, 

Maryland, 
Virginia, 
North Carolina, 
South Carolina, 
Georgia, 

Total, Sthrn. States, 

Total of 13 States, 



fr< 



141,000 
475,000 
68,000 
235,000 



919,000 



319,000 

173,000 

431,000 

51,000 



974,000 




1,354,000 



3,247,000 



12,497 

67,907 

5,098 

31,939 



117,441 



17,781 

10,726 

25,678 

2,386 



.56,571 



13,912 

26,678 
7,263 
6,447 
2,697 



56,997 



230,909 



°3^ 

'^ 9."= 



14.29 
7.49 
13.59 



12.77 



5.56 
6.20 
5.95 
4.67 



5.8 



6.44 
4.75 
1.84 
4.84 
5.28 



4.21 



7.11 






11.28; 
6.99 
13.33 

7.45 



7.82 

17.93 
16.12 
16.78 
21.37 

17.21 



15.67 
21.02 
54.10 

20.62 
18.81 

23.75 

14.06 



PENSIONERS. 

Revolutionary and Invalid Pensioners on the Rolls 
of the different States and Territories, November 
5, 1832. 



Me. 

N. H. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

R. L 

Vt. 

N. Y.* 

N.J. 

Penn.* 

Del. 

Md. 

Va. 

N.C. 

S.C. 



Rev. 

Pen. 
912 
694 

1,380 
660 
148 
924 
2,444 
373 
804 
17 
131 
648 
251 
131 



Inv. 
Pen. 
147 
183 
332 
132 

15 
178 
914 

60 
393 

19 
229 
211 

60 

22 



Geo. 

Ky. 

Ten. 

Ohio* 

Ind. 

La. 

Misp. 

Mich. 

II. 

Ala. 

Mo. 

Dist. Col. 



Rev. 

Pen. 

83 

463 

277 

740 

128 

■ 9 

14 

14 

28 

36 

16 

19 



Inv. 

Pen. 

23 

171 

143 

226 

84 

30 

7 

39 

31 

31 

68 

58 



Total, 11,326 3,806 



* And agencies. 



600 


APPENDIX. 






MILITARY POSTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Posts. 


Where Situated. 


Posts. 


Where Situated. 


Fort Winnebago 


. Portage, Fox, and Ouiscon- 


Beaufort . 


. Beaufort, N. C. 




sm rivers . 


Charleston harbor . . Charleston, S. C. 


Fort Brady 


. Sault St. Marie, Mich. 


Augusta Arsenal 


. Augusta, Geo. 


Fort Mackinac 


. Michilimackinac, Mich. 


Oglethorpe barracks . Savannah, Geo. 


Fort Howard 


. Green Bay, Mich. 


Fort Marion 


. St. Augustine, Flor. 


Fort Dearborn . 


. Head of Lake Mich., do. 


Camp Armisteac 


. Near Tellico Plains, Tenn. 


Fort Gratiot 


. Outlet of Lake Huron, do. 


Fort Snelling 


. Upper Mississippi. 


Fort Niagara 


. New York. 


Fort Crawford 


. Prairie du Chien, Mich. 


Hancock Barracks 


. Holton Plantation, Me. 


Fort Armstrong 


. Rock Island, 11. 


Fort Sullivan . 


. Eastport, Me. 


Fort Leavenworth . . Right Bank of the Misp. 


Fort Preble 


. Portland Me. 




near the Little Platte. 


Fort Constitution 


. Portsmouth, N. H. 


Jefferson Barracks . . Near St. Louis, Mo. 


Fort Independence 


. Boston, Mass. 


Fort Gibson 


. Arkansas Territory. 


Fort Wolcott 


. Newport, R. I. 


Fort Jessup 


. Near Natchitoches, La. 


Fort Trumbull, 


. New London, Conn. 


Fort Towson 


. Onthe Kiamichi, Ark. 


Military Academy 


. West Point, N. Y. 


Baton Rouge 


. Baton Rouge, La. 


New York harbor 


. New York, N. Y. 


New Orleans 


. New Orleans, do. 


Fort McHenry . 


. Baltimore, Md. 


Fort Wood 


. Chef Menteur, do. 


Fort Severn 


. Annapolis, Md. 


Fort Pike . 


. Petite Coquille, do. 


Fort Washington 


. On the Potomac, Md. 


Fort Jackson 


. Near N. Orleans, do. 


Fort Monroe 


. Old Point Comfort, Va. 


Fort Mitchell 


. Near Creek Agency, Ala. 


Bellona Arsenal 


. Near Richmond, Va. 


Fort King . 


. Alachua, Florida. 


Fort Johnson 


. Near Smithville, N. C. 


Key West 


. Key West, do. 



ARMY AND NAVY OF THE U. S, 

ARMY. 

General Staff 14 

Medical Staff 64 

Pay Department . . ; . . 15 

Purchasing Department 3 

Corps of Engineers 22 

Topographical Engineers 10 

Ordnance Department 79 

1st Resriment of Artillery 464 

2d Regiment of Artillery 422 

3d Regiment of Artillery 454 

4th Regiment of Artillery 4G8 

Aggregate of Artillery 1,808 

1st Regiment of Infantry 394 

2d Regiment of Infantry 486 

3d Regiment of Infantry 505 

4th Regiment of Infantry 439 

5th Regiment of Infantry 398 

6th Regiment of Infantry 416 

7th Regiment of Infantry 549 

Aggregate of Infantry 3,187 

Battalion of Mounted Rangers .... 685 

Recruitsof unattached Soldiers . . . .215 



Grand aggregate 

SHIPS 

JVame and Rate. 
Columbus 
Independence 
Ohio 

Washington 
Franklin 
North Carolina 
Delaware 
Alabama 
Vermont 
Virginia 
Pennsylvania 
New York. 



6,102 



OF THE LINE. 

Vr'liere and when huilt. 



Washington 

Boston 

New York 

Portsmouth 

Philadelphia 

Pliiladelphia 

Norfolk 

Portsmouth 

Boston 

Boston 

Philadelphia 

Norfolk 



1819 
1814 
1820 
1814 
1815 
1820 
1820 



1. 

J3 



FRIGATES OF THE FIRST CLASS. 



United States 

Brandywine 

Potomac 

Constitution 

Hudson 

Java 

Guerriere 

Santee 

Cumberland 

Sabine 

Savannah 

Raritan 

Columbia 

St. Lawrence 



Philadelphia 

Washington 

Washington 

Boston 

Purchased 

Baltimore 

Philadelphia 

Portsmouth 

Boston 

New York 

New York 

Philadelphia 

Washington 

Norfolk 



1797 
1825 
1821 
1797 
1826 
1814 
1814 



Jo 



FRIGATES OF THE SECOND CLASS. 


Constellation 


36 Baltimore 


1797 


Congress 


36 Portsmouth 


1799 


Macedonian 


36 Captured 


1812 


SLOOPS OF WAR, 




John Adams 


24|Charleston 


1799 


Cyane 


24 Captured 


1815 


Concord 


IS 


Portsmouth 


1828 


Boston 


IS 


Boston 


1825 


Vandalia 


18 


Philadelphia 


1828 


St. Louis 


18 


Washington 


1H'2K 


Falmouth 


IS 


Boston 


1827 


Warren 


18 


Boston 


1826 


Peacock 


18 


New York 


1813 


Lexington 


18 


New York 


1825 


Erie 


18 Baltimore 


1813 


Natchez 


18 


Norfolk 


1827 


Fairfield 


18 


New York 


1828 


Ontario 


18 


Baltimore 


1813 


Vincennes 


18 New York 


1826 


SCHOONERS OF WAR. 




Porpoise 


12 


Portsmouth 


1820 


Grampus 


12 


Washington 


1821 


Shark 


12 


Washington 


1821 


Enterprise 


12 


New York 


1831 


Boxer 


12 


Boston 


1831 


Dolphin 


12 


Philadelphia 


1821 


Experiment 


12 


Washington 


1832 


RECAPITULATION. 




Ships of the Line 


12X74 


888 


Frigates of the First CI 


iss 14X44 


616 


Frigates of the Second Class 3 X 36 


108 


Sloops of 24 guns 


2X24 


48 


Sloops of 18 guns 


13X18 


134 


Schooners 


7x13 


84 


Total number of ships 51 guns 


1978 


ARMORIES, ARSENALS, AND DEPOTS 


OF ARMS, OF THE U. S. 




Armories. 




Arsenals. 




Springfield, Mass. 




Pikesville, Md. 




Harper's Ferry, Va. 




Washington City. 






Bellona, Va. 




Arsenals. 




Augusta, Geo. 








Mount Vernon, Ala. 


Kennebec, Me. 




Baton Rouge, Ls 


. 


Watertown, Mass. 




St. Louis, Missouri. 


Chaniplain, Vt. 
Watervliet, N. Y. 




Depots. 




Rome, do. 




Detroit, M. T. 




Alleghany, Penn. 




New York 




Frankford, do. 




Charleston, S. C 





APPENDIX. 



601 





UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 


" 




State. 


Name. 


Place. 


Founded. 


Id 


sol 




H 




.= a >■ 
^ S 2 

-r -a -o 

>|3 


Maine, 


Waterville, 


Waterville, 


1820 


5 


82 


74 


156 


2000 


coo 




Bowdoin, 


Brunswick, 


1794 


6 


157 


100 


257 


8000 


6000 


N. H. 


Dartmouth, 


Hanover, 


1770 


10 


181 


94 


275 


4500 


8500 


Vermont, 


University ofVt. 


Burlington, 


1791 


4 


29 


14 


43 


1000 


500 




Midtllebury, 


Middlebury, 


1800 


5 


128 


62 


190 


2230 


3110 


Mass. 


Harvard University, 


Cambridge, 


163S 


24 


227 


82 


309 


40,000 


4600 




Williams, 


Williamstown, 


1793 


7 


1.33 


103 


236 


3000 


2325 




A ml) erst. 


Amherst, 


1821 


9 


227 




227 


4300 


6250 




Boston,! 


Boston, 


1833 














R. Island, 


Brown University, 


Providence, 


I7(i4 


8 


133 




133 


6000 


5600 


Conn. 


Yale, 


New Haven, 


1700 


16 


354 


73 


427 


8500 


10500 




Washington 


Hartford, 


182<i 


9 


60 




60 


5000 


2500 




Wesleyan University, 


Middletown, 


1831 


5 


60 




60 


3000 




N. York, 


Union, 


Sclienectady, 


1795 


9 


205 




205 


5150 


8450 




Geneva, 


Geneva, 


1823 


7 


44 




44 


820 


1150 




Columbia, 


New York city, 


1754 


13 


100 




100 


8000 


6000 




New York University, 


N ew York " 


1831 


16 






93 








Hamillon, 


Clinton, 


1812 


' 6 


77 




77 


2900 


3000 




Nyack,t 


Nyack, ' 


1833 














N. Jersey, 


College of New Jersey, 


Princeton, 


1746 


11 


133 




1,33 


7000 


4000 




Rutgers, 


New Brunswick, 


1770 





70 




70 


3750 


2500 


Penn. 


University of Penn. 


Philadelphia, 


1755 


6 


lOG 


367 


473 




1200 




Jeflerson, 


Canonsburg, 


1802 


7 


155 


121 


276 


1200 


1800 




VVestern University, 


Pittsburg, 


1820 


4 


100 




100 


1500 






Madison, 


Uniontown, 


1829 


5 


70 




70 








Alleghany, 


Meadville, 


1815 


3 


50 




50 


8000 






Franklin, 


Lancaster, 


1787 
















Lafayette, 


Easton, 


182S 
















Girard, 


Penntsp. near Phil. 


1S31 
















Washington, 


Washington, 


1805 


5 


157 




157 


400 


525 




Pennsylvania Col. 


Gettysburg, 


1833 














Maryland, 


St. Mary's,t 
University of Md. 


Baltimore, 
Baltimore, 


1799 
1812 


18 
11 


147 




147 


10000 






St. John's, 


-■innapolis. 


17S4 


5 


32 




32 


2700 


300 




Mount St. Mary's,! 


Near Emmitsburg, 


1830 


25 


130 




130 


7000 




Dist. Col. 


Columbian, 


Washington, 


1821 


9 


50 




50 


5300 






Georgetown,! 


Georgetown, 


1799 


19 


140 




140 


7000 




Virginia, 


William and Mary, 


Williamsburg, 


1692 


4 


78 




78 


5300 


cno 




Hampden Sidney, 


Prince Edvs'ard Co. 


1774 


6 


60 




60 








Wasliington, 


Lexington, 


1812 


4 


46 




46 


1500 






University of Va. 


Charlottesville, 


1819 


9 


152 




152 


8000 






Randolph Macon, 


Boyd ion, 


1831 


4 












N. C. 


University of N. C. 


Chapel Hill, 


1791 


9 


69 




69 


1800 


3000 


s. c. 


Charleston, 


Charleston, 


1785 


7 


59 




59 


3000 


1000 




College of S.C. 


Columbia, 


1801 


6 


93 




93 


8000 






St. John Bap.! 


Charleston, 
















Georgia, 


Univ. of Georgia, 


Athens, 


1785 


9 


97 




97 


3200 


3000 


Alabama, 


Univ. of Alabama, 
Spring Hill,! 


Tuscaloosa, 
Near .Mobile, 


1828 


6 


100 




loa 


1000 




Misp. 


Jefferson, 


Washington, 


1802 


12 


98 




98 






La. 


College of Louisiana, 
Louisiana,! 


Jackson, 
New Orleans, 


1825 


3 


55 




55 


350 


72 


Ten. 


Greenville, 


Greenville, 


1794 




32 




32 


3500 






Univ. of Nash^^lle, 


Nashville, 


1806 


5 


160 




160 


2000 


1200 




East Tennessee, 


Kno.wille, 




2 


30 




30 


340 


200 


Kentucky, 


Transylvania Univ. 


Lexington, 


1798 


4 


141 


211 


352 


2350 


1500 




Centre, 


Danville, 


1822 


6 


70 




70 


1600 


700 




Augusta, 


Augusta, 


1822 


7 


75 




75 


2000 


500 




Cumberland, 


Princeton, 


1825 


3 


57 




57 


1000 


600 




St. Joseph'.';,! 


Bardstown, 


1819 


15 


150 




150 


1300 






St. Thomas,! 


Near Bardstown, 


1811 
















Georgetown, 


Georgetown, 


1830 


7 


75 




75 


500 




Ohio, 


University of Ohio, 


Athens, 


1802 


4 


80 




80 


1000 


lOGO 




Miami University, 


Oxford, 


1824 


9 


170 




170 


2000 


2000 




Western Reserve, 


Hudson, 


1826 


5 


46 




46 


1600 


300 




Kenyon, 


Gambler, 


1828 


4 


80 




80 








Franklin, 


New Athens, 


3823 


3 


40 




40 








Atheneum,! 


Cincinnati, 


1831 














Indiana, 


Indiana, 


Bloomington, 


1829 


4 


34 




34 


400 


200 




South Hanover, 


South Kanover, 


1827 


6 


35 




35 






Illinois, 


Illinois, 


Jacksonville, 


1830 


4 


50 




50 


1000 




Missouri, 


St. Louis.! 
St. Mary's,! 
Marion, 


St. Louis, 
Perrysville, 
Marion co. 


1829 
1831 


6 


125 




125 


1200 





ivianon, xnarion co. ±11^1. \ I 

* For Commencement, in these institutions, see places where they are located, in the foregoing w 
! Catholic Colleges ; a large portion of the students belong to l\ie -preparatory departments. 



LAW SCHOOLS. 

The principal Law Schools in the United States are,— 1 at Cambridge, Massachusetts, with 2 professors Rnd 41 
students ; 1 at New Haven, Conn, with 2 professors and 44 students ; 1 at Litchfie! A , and 1 at Middletown, Conn. ; 
1 at Philadelphia, Pa. ; 1 at Baltimore, Md- with 22 students ; 1 at Williamsburg, 1 at Winchester, and I at Staun- 
ton, Va. ; 1 at Charleston, S.-C, and 1 at Lesington, Ken. with 24 students. 

■77 



602 



APPENDIX. 



THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Name. 



Denomination. 





Stu- 


Vols, in 


Found- 


dents, 


Libra- 


ed. 


1833. 


ries. 


181C 


6 


12000 


1808 


145 


13000 


1819 


38 




1831 






1825 


40 


1800 


1822 


49 




1819 


50 


3600 


182 J 


54 


4500 


1820 


129 


2250 


1827 


96 




1815 


9 

24 




1812 


136 


6500 


1826 


20 


7000 


1825 


20 




1829 


27 


4000 




30 


2000 




14 






19 


1500 


1824 


32 


3000 


1829 


21 
30 


1800 


1832 


9 




1821 


52 


5500 


1829 


87 




1827 


5 


1200 



No. of 
Profes- 
sors. 



Bangor Tiieol. Seminary, 

Theol. Seminary, 

Theol. Scliool, 

Mass. Epis. Tlieol. School, 

Tlieol. Institution, 

Theol. School, Yale Col. 

Theol. Inst. Epis. Church, 

Theol. Sem. of Auburn, 

Hamilton Theol. Instit. 

Hanover Acad., Lit. and Theol. 

Hartwick Seminary, 

Theol. Sem. Dutch Ref. Church, 

Theol. Sera. Pres. Church, U. S. 

Sem. Lutheran Church, U. S. 

German Reformed Sem. 

Western Theol. Sem. 

Theological School, 

Seminary, 

Epis. Theol. School, Va. 

Union Theol. Sem. 

Southern Theol. Sem. 

Furman Theol. Sem. 

Theological Sem. 

South and Western Theol. Sem. 

Lane Sem. 

Rock Spring Sem. 



Bangor, Me. 
Andover, Mass. 
Cambridge, do. 

do. do. 
Newton, do. 
Hew Haven, Conn. 
New York, N. Y. 
Auburn, do. 
Hamilton, do. 
Hanover, Ind. 
Hartwick, N. Y. 
New Brunswick, N. J. 
Princeton, do. 
Gettysburg, Pa. 
York, do. 
Pittsburg, do. 
Near Alexandria, D. C. 
Richmond, Va. 
Fairfax co. Va. 
Prince Edward co., do. 
Columbia, S. C. 
High Hills, Santee,S.C 
Lexington, S. C. 
Maryville, Ten. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, 



Congregational, 

Congregational, 

Cong. Unit. 

Episcopal, 

Baptist, 

Congregational, 

Episcopal, 

Presbyterian, 

Baptist, 

Baptist, 

Lutheran, 

Dutch Reformed, 

Presbyterian, 

Evang. Luth. 

German Ref. 

Presbyterian, 

Episcopal, 

Baptist, 

Episcopal, 

Presbyterian, 

Presbyterian, 

Baptist, 

Lutheran, 

Presbyterian, 

Presbyterian, 

Baptist, 



Rock Spring, II 

Beside those included in the table, there are in the U. S. 5 Roman Catholic 
land, 1 in South Carolina, 2 in Kentucky, and 1 in Missouri. 



Theological Seminaries, 2 in Mary- 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 




i 








Denommations. 


Population. 


cants. 


Congregations. 


Ministers. 


Calvinistic Baptist 


2,743,453 


304,827 


4384 


2914 


Methodist Episcopal Church 






2,600,000 


470,000 


— 


1777 


Presbyterian, General Assembly 






1,800,000 


189,017 


2253 


1801 


Congregationalist, Orthodox 






1,260,000 


140,000 


1270 


1000 


Protestant Episcopal Church 






600,000 


— 


700 


558 


Universalists 






500,000 


— 


300 


150 


Roman Cathohcs . 






500,000 










Lutherans 






400,000 


44,000 


1200 


205 


Christ-ians 






275,000 


25,000 


800 


200 


German Reformed . 






200,000 


17,000 


400 


84 


Friends or Quakers 






200,000 





400 




Unitarians, Congregational . 






176,000 





193 


160 


Associate and other Methodists 






175,000 


35,000 





350 


Free-will Baptists 






150,000 


16,000 


400 


300 


Dutch Reformed 






125,000 


17,888 


194 


159 


Mennonites 






120,000 


30,000 


— 


200 


Associate Presbyterians 






100,000 


15,000 


144 


74 


Cumberland do 






100,000 


8,000 


75 


50 


Tunkers 






30,000 


3,000 


40 


40 


Free Communion Baptists 






30,000 


3,500 





30 


Seventh Day Baptists 






20,000 


2,000 


40 


30 


Six Principle Baptists 






20,000 


1,800 


30 


25 


United Brethren, or Moravians 






7,000 


2,000 


23 


23 


Millennial Church or Shakers 






6,000 


— 


15 


45 


New Jerusalem Church 






5,000 





28 


30 


Emancipators, Bajitists 






4,500 


600 


— 


15 


Jews and others 






.50,000 


— 


150 





MEDICAL SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Name. 


Place. 


Com. of Lectures. 


Professors. 


Students. 


Maine Med. School, 


Brunswick, 


Mid. of Feb. 


5 


103 


Waterville Clinical School, 


Waterville, 


First Thurs. March, 


4 


74 


New Hampshire Med. School, 


Hanover, 


First Wed. Sept. 


3 


99 


Med. School, Univ. Vt. 


Burlington, 


Second Wed. Sept. 


3 


40 


Vt. Acad, of Med. Mid. Col. 


Castleton, 


Aue. 15th. 






Mass. Med. Col. Harv. Univ. 


Boston, 


Third Wed. Oct. 


5 


82 


Berkshire Med. Inst. Wms. Col. 


Pittsfield, 


First Wed. Sept. 


6 


85 


Medical Inst. Yale Col. 


New Haven, 


Second Thurs. Nov. 


5 


73 


Col. Phys. and Surg. N. Y. 


New York, 


First Mon. Nov. 


6 


188 


Col. Phys. and Surg. Western Dist. N. Y. 


Fairfield. 




5 


190 


Med. Dep. Univ. Pen. 


Philadelphia, 


First Mon. Nov. 


9 


308 


Med. Dep. Jef Col. 


Philadelphia, 


First Mon. Nov. 


6 


121 


Med. Dep. Univ. Md. 


Baltimore, 


Last Mon. Oct. 


7 




Med. Dep. Columbian Col. 


Washington, D.C. 


First Mon. Nov. 


6 


30 


Med. Dep. Univ. Va. 


Charlottesville, 


September, 


3 




Med. Col. Charleston, S. C. 


Charleston, 


Second Mon. Nov. 


7 


150 


Med. Col. Transylvania Univ. 


Lexington, 




6 


200 


Med. Col. of Ohio, 


Cincinnati, 


First Mon. Nov. 


6 


110 


Ref Med. Col. Ohio. 


Worthinsjtoii, 




3 


30 



APPENDIX. 



603 



REVENUE AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURES 

Of the United States, from 1791 to 1831, inclusive, compiled from the Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury. 



Years. 


Annual reve- 


Civil list. 


Foreign inter- 


Military ser- 


Revolutionary 


Pay of collec- 




nue.* 




course. 


vices. t 


pensions. ' 


tors, &C.J 


1791 


4,418,913 


757,154 


14,733 


632,804 




239,541 


1792 


3,669,960 


380,917 


78,766 


1,100,702 




161,754 


1793 


4,652 923 


358,241 


89,500 


1,130,249 




188,362 


1794 


5,431,904 


440,946 


146,403 


2,639,097 




221,090 


1795 


6,114,534 


361,633 


912,685 


480,910 




260,359 


1796 


8,377,529 


447,139 


84,859 


1,260,203 




291,206 


1797 


8,688,780 


483,232 


669,788 


1,039,402 




342,434 


1798 


7,900,495 


504,605 


457,428 


2,009,522 




375,879 


1799 


7,546,813 


592,905 


274,374 


2,466,056 




412,183 


1800 


10,848,749 


748,688 


395,288 


2,560,878 




440,373 


1801 


12,935,330 


49,288 


205,676 


1,672,944 




482,772 


1802 


14,995,793 


596,981 


550,925 


1,179,148 




492,205 


1803 


] 1,064,097 


526,583 


1,119,834 


822,055 




405,536 


1804 


11,826,307 


624,695 


1,186,655 


875,423 




493,171 


1805 


13,560,683 


585,849 


2,698,028 


712,781 




5.57,541 


1806 


15,553,931 


684,330 


1,760,421 


1,224,355 




613,882 


1807 


16,098,019 


655,524 


577,666 


1,288,685 




621,227 


1808 


17,060,721 


691,167 


704,992 


2,900,834 




565,235 


1809 


7,773,473 


712,565 


166,306 


3,335,772 




498,130 


1810 


9,384,214 


783,994 


81,367 


2,224,323 




437,208 


1811 


14,423,529 


644,407 


264,904 


2,032,828 




441,129 


1812 


9,801,132 


826,271 


347,603 


11,817,798 




477,725 


1813 


14,340,409 


780,545 


209,641 


19,052,913 




414,171 


1814 


11,181,625 


827,424 


177,179 


20,330,806 




352,561 


1815 


15,696,916 


852,247 


290,882 


14,794,804 




476,007 


1816 


47,676,985 


1,208,125 


364,620 


16,013,096 




819,038 


1817 


33,099,049 


994,556 


281,994 


8,004,235 




782,303 


1818 


21,585,171 


1,109,559 


,420,429 


5,622,115 


300,000 


769,206 


1819 


24,603,374 


1,142,180 


284,113 


6,506,800 


1,847,900 


810,220 


1820 


17,840,669 


1,248,310 


253,370 


2,630,482 


2,766,440 


777,764 


1821 


14,573,379 


1,112,292 


207,110 


4,461,291 


- 


700,528 


1822 


20,232,427 


1,158,131 


164,879 


3,111,981 


1,652,590 


728,804 


1823 


20,540,666 


1,058,911 


292,118 


3,096,024 


1,449,697 


766,699 


1824 


19,381,212 


1,338,266 


5,140,099 


3,340,959 


1,267,600 


779,739 


1825 


21,840,858 


1,330,757 


371,666 


3,659,914 


1,368,810 


889,302 


1826 


25,260,434 


1,256,745 


232,819 


3,943,194 


1,305,194 


886,999 


1827 


22,966,363 


1,228,141 


659,211 


3,9.38,977 


796,012 


889,818 


1828 


24,793,629 


1,455,490 


1,001,193 


4,145,544 


723,134 


932,093 


1829 


24,827,627 


1,327,066 


207,765 


424,291 


764,492 


1,013,667 


1830 


24,844,116 


1,579,724 


294,067 


4,767,128 


1,067,947 


1,055,115 


1831 


28,526,820 


1,373,755 


298,.555 


4,841.858 


1,001 938 


1,216,009 



* E.xclusive of loans. 

t Including fortifications, arsenals, armories, ordnance, and internal improvements. 
X Including that of surveyors, naval ofiicers, inspectors, appraisers, and other revenue ofiicers 
the hands of collectors, previous to returns made to the treasury. 

POST OFFICE ESTABLISHMENT, 

ARRANGED FROM THE REPORTS OF THE POST MASTER GENERAL. 



out of monej's in 



The length of post roads in the U. S. 
on the first of July, 1832, was 
104,467 miles, e.tclusive of those 
established by the Congress of 
1831-2, viz. 



Maine, 

New Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode Island, 

Connecticut, 

New York, 

New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Michigan, 

Ohio, 

Kentucky, 

Virginia, 

North Carolina, 

South Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Florida, 

Louisiana, 

Mississippi, 

Alabama, 

Tennessee, 

Arkansas, 

Missouri, 

Illinois, 

Indiana, 

Total, 



miles 
3,170 
2,270 
2,337 
4,657 

448 

2,500 

12,306 

1,883 

9,783 

424 
1,953 

940 
8,060 
5,629 
9,542 
6,465 
3,948 
4,171 

731 
1,076 
2,074 
3,430 
5,478 
1,939 
1,522 
3,276 
4,445 

104,467 



Over this 104,467 miles of post- road, the annual transportation 
of the mail on tlie 1st of July, 1832, was as follows : 



miles. 

527,017 
524,352 
596,538 

1,387,780 
108,212 
507,075 

2,889,124 
494,482 

2,351,184 
92,674 
579,448 
108,136 

1,181,909 
575,604 

1,130,250 
786,775 
613,882 
2S2,i598 
14,560 
48,516 
78,002 
412,090 
440,445 

79,508 
210,314 
196,268 

16,222,743 



In steam- 
boats. 



miles. 
3,328 

23,713 

96,735 

58,380 

47,150 
45,000 
88,500 
15,288 

3,848 
96,360 

21,000 
499,301 



On horse-back 
and in sulkies. 



miles. 
211,068 

96,774 

82,160 
137,958 

13,572 
154,416 
681,495 

96,368 
600,891 

11,024 
151,588 

43,912 
510,926 
510,496 
706,782 
386,308 
246,064 
374,236 

48,808 
121,212 
211,496 
255,580 
365,144 
193,076 
116,792 
183,170 
391,666 

6,902,977 



Total. 



miles. 

741,413 

621,128 

678,698 

1,549,445 

121,784 

661,491 

3,667,354 

590,850 

2,952,075 

103,698 

789,416 

152,048 

1,739,985 

1,131,100 

1,931,532 

1,188,371 

859,946 

6,56,834 

6.3,368 

173,576 

289,498 

764,030 

805,589 

193,076 

196,300 

393,484 

608,934 

23,625,021 



Postage recei- 
ved in each 
State and 
Territory for 
the year end- 
ing March 31, 
1832. 



$34,233.63 

18.845.29 

20.295.16 

129.712.20 

15.772.51 

39.480.07 

344.266.73 

25.652.18 

206.408.24 

6.005.20 
76.786.00 

7.137.28 
65.400.42 
42.979.30 
93.757.36 
31.820.91 
52.755.87 
61.786.06> 

6.722.21" 
48.12S.98 
17.528.81 
32.546.76 
35.544.19 

2.726.13 
15.756.67 

9.764.17 
14.460.35 

1.471.371.04 



604 



APPENDIX. 



On the 1st of Julv, 1829, the annual transportation ot tlie V. S. mail amounted to 13,700,000 miles ; at the same 
period, in 1830, to 14,500,000 ; in 1831, to 15,-!C8,C92, and in 1832, as in tlie foregning table, to 23,625,021. 

The following is compiled from a ' Table of the post-office establishment,' published by direction of the post- 
master-general, in 1831, and exhibits the number of post-offices at different periods, with the receipts and expendi- 
ures of the dejjartment, &c. &c. 











Balance 






Year. 


Number of 


Amount of post- 


Total expendi- 






Extent of 




post-ofiiccs. 


age received. 


tures. 






post-roada. 










in favor 


or against. 




1790 


75 


37,935 


32,140 


5,795 


_ 


1,875 


3795 


453 


1 60,020 


117,893 


42,727 


_ 


13,207 


1800 


903 


280,804 


213,994 


66,810 


_ 


20,817 


1805 


1,558 


421,373 


377,367 


44,006 


_ 


31,076 


18i0 


2,300 


551,684 


495,969 


55,715 


_ 


36,406 


1815 


3,000 


1,043,065 


748,121 


294,944 


_ 


43,748 


1820 


4,500 


l,Ul,927 


1,160,926 


_ 


48,990 


72,492 


182o 


5,677 


1,303,525 


1,229,043 


77,482 


_ 


94,052 


1826 


6,150 


1,447,703 


1,366,712 


80,991 


_ 


94,052 


1827 


7,003 


1,524,633 


1,468,959 


55,574 


_ 


105,336 


1828 


7.051 


1,664,759 


1,691,044 


- 


26,285 


114,536 


1829 


8,050 


1,773,990 


1,879,307 


_ 


105,317 


114,780 


1830 


8,450 


1,919,300 


1,959,109 


- 


39,809 


115,176 



See article United States, under the head ' Post-Office.' 



RAILROADS, COMPLETED, COMMENCED, 


OR INCORPORATED.* 




S o 


c ■ 


t; iJ 


Present 


Names. 


.5 






state. 


Altamaha & Bruni^vi'ick, 


1831 


12 


_ 


Begun 


Albion &Tonawanda, 


1832 


- 


200,000 


- 


Alleghany Portage, 


1830 


36 1-2 


1,270,000 


In prog. 


Amsterdam & Fish-house 


1832 


- 


250,000 


- 


Auburn & Erie, 


1832 


- 


150,000 


- 


Aurora & Bufi'alo, 


1832 


_ 


300,000 


- 


Au Sable & Lake Cham- 










plain, 


1832 


15 


- 


- 


Baltimore &■ Ohio, 


1827 


325 


5,000,000 


[n prog. 


Baltimore & Port Deposit 


18.32 


37 


- 


- 


Baltimore & Susquehan- 










na, 


1829 


76 


1,000,000 


Begun 


Baltimore & Washington, 


- 


33 


1,500,000 


- 


Black River, 


1832 


- 


900,000 


- 


Boston & Lowell, 


1830 


25 


_ 


[n prog. 


Boston & Providence, 


1831 


43 


1,000,000 


In prog. 


Boston & Taunton, 


1831 


32 


1,000,000 


- 


Boston & Worcester, 


1831 


43 1-4 


884,000 


In prog. 


Brooklyn & Jamaica, 


18.32 


12 


.300,000 


Begun 


Butfalo & Erie, 


1832 


- 


650,000 


- 


Camden &. Amboy, 


1829 


61 


480,000 


Finish'd 


Cape Fear & Yadkin, 


1832 


240 


2,000,000 


- 


Carbondale & Honesdale, 


1826 


16 


300,000 


Finish'd 


Cattskill & Canajoharie, 


1830 


70 


600,000 


Begun 


Central, (Pa.) 


- 


- 


- 


Finish'd 


Central, (N. C.) 


1832 


- 


2,000,000 


- 


Chesterfield, 


_ 


15 


140,000 


Finish'd 


Dansville & Rochester, 


1832 


46 


300,000 


- 


Danville & Pottsville, & 










branches, 


1826 


54 1-2 


840,000 


Finish'd 


Detroit & Pontiac, 


1832125 


- 


- 


Dutchess CO., 


1832 


25 


600,000 


- 


Eiizabethtown & Somer- 










ville. 


1831 


20 


200,000 


Begun 


Elmira and Williamsport, 


1832 


- 


75,000 


- 


Fayetteville, 


1830 


- 


20,000 


- 


Haerlera, 


1830 


5 


350,(.r00 


In prog. 


Hudson & Berkshire, 


1832 


- 


350,000 


- 


Hudson & Delaware, 


1830 


51 


- 


- 


Illinois & Michigan, 


_ 


96 1-2 


- 


- 


Ithaca & CatskilJ, 


- 


167 


- 


- 


Ithaca & Geneva, 


1832J - 


800,000 


- 


Ithaca & Owego, 


182829 1-2 


300,000 


In prog. 


Lackawaxen & Susque- 








hanna, 


182616 


105,000 


Finish'd 


Lafayette & Michigan 


1832184 


500,000 


- 


Lake Champl&in & Og- 










denshurg. 


1832 


- 


3,000,000 


- 


Lake Pontchartrain, 


1830 


4 1-2 


70,000 


Finish'd 


Lexington & Ohio, 


1830 


66 


l,000,tOO 


In prop;. 


Little Schuylkill, 


1830 


23 


285,000 


Finisird 


Lykins Valley, 


183C 


16 1-2 


- 


Finish'd 


Mad River & Lake Erie, 










Ohio, 


1832 


153 


1,650,000 


- 


Manchester, 


- 


15 


140,000 


Finish'd 


Mauch Chunk, & Room 










Run & branches, 


182£ 


18 3-4 


76,000 


Finish'd' 



Mayville & Portland, 
Mill Creek & branches. 
Mine Hill & Schuylkill 

Haven, 
Mohawk & Hudson, 
Mount Carbon, 
New Castle & French- 
town, 
New Jersey, 
New York & Albany, 
New York & Erie, 
N. Carolina, central, 
Norwich & Worcester, 
Otsego, 

Patterson & Hudson, 
Penn.&Ohio, 
Petersburg & Roanoke, 
Phila. & Baltimore, 
Phila. & Columbia, 
Phila., Germantown & 

Norristown, 
Phila. & Trenton, 
Pine Grove, 

Portsmouth & Roanoke, 
Providence & Stonington, 
Ciuincy, 

Renssalaer & Saratoga, 
Rochester, 

Saratoga & Fort Edward, 
Saratoga & Schenectady, 
Scoharrie & Otsego, 
"?chuylkill, 
Schuylkill val. & br., 
South Carolina, 
Susquehanna & Del., 
Tennessee & Ala. 
Tonawanda, 
Tuscumbia, Courtland & 

Decatur, 
IJtica & Schenectady, 
trtica & Susquehanna, 
Vicksburg & Clinton, 
Warren County, 
Watertown & Rome, 
West Branch & branches 
West Chester, 
West Jersey, 
Wilmington & Downing- 

ton, 
Winchester & Potomac, 
Woodville & St. Francis- 
ville. 



1832 



1826 
1829 

1827 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1831 
1832 
1830 

1828 



1832 
1825 
1832 
1831 
1832 
1831 
1832 

1827 
1830 
1832 
1832 
1832 

1831 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 

1828 
1831 

1831 
1832 

1832 



15 
16 
7 1-2 

16 1-2 

30 

160 

400 

60 

16 
108 
60 
31 1 
81 1-2 

19 

27 
5 

48 
3 



14 
21 

13 

23 

135 

70 

270 



27 



150,000 
22,000 

181,000 
6.50,000 
100,000 

400,000 
750,000 

3,000,000 
10,000,000 

2,000,000 

1,000,000 
200,000 
416,000 

1,600,000 
400,000 
395,000 

2,297,000 



30,000 



300,000 

200,000 
180,000 
300,000 
90,000 
100.000 
904;500 
625,000 
3000,000 
500,000 



2,000,000 
1,000,000 

250,000 
1,000,000 

160,000 

90,000 

2,000,000 

100,000 
300,000 

170,000 



Finish'd 

Finish'd 
Finish'd 
Finish'd 

Finish'd 
In prog. 



In prog. 

In prog. 

In prog. 

Finish'd 
In prog. 
Finish'd 
In prog. 
Begun 
Finish'd 
Begun 
Finish'd 

Finish'd 

Finish'd 
Finish'd 
Finish'd 



In prog. 



Finish'd 
Finish'd 



In prog. 



See article " Rail Roads," commencing at page 434. 
In arranging the above table, which has been prepared 
from various sources expressly for this work, it has been 
the aim of the compiler to complete it as far as practica- 
ble, that some estimate might be made of the extent of the 
Rail Road interest in the United States. This has been 
done, yet the table is necessarily very imperfect ; but in 
general, so far as we have been able to fill it up it will be 
found correct, or ns-arly so, although it is not doubted 
that some errors, which the compiler had not the means 
of detecting, will be discovered. When the estimated 
cost of these roads could not be obtained, the capital in- 
corporated has in most cases been inserted. In the table 
will be found the titles of many incorporated roads, 
which have not been commenced ; numerous others of 
this class are omitted for want of documents. 



APPENDIX. 



605 



CANALS, COMPLETED, OR IN PROGRESS.* 



Name. 



Beaver, Penn. 

Black River, N. Y. 

Blackstone, R. I. and Mass. 

Carondelet, La. 

Cayuga and Seneca, N. Y. 

Champlain, N. Y. 

Chemung, N. Y. 

Chenango, N. Y. about 

Chesapeake and Del., Del. and Md. 

Chesapeake & Oliio, Md., Va. &Pa. 

Conestoga,Pa.,improvementmnav 

Crooked Lake, N. Y. 

Cumbeiiand and Oxford, Me. 

Delaware, Pa. 

Delaware and Hudson, N. Y. & Pa. 

Delaware and Raritan, JV. J. 

Dismal Swamp, Va. and N. C. 

Enfield, Conn. 

Brie, N. Y. 

Farniington, Conn, and Mass. 

Franklin, Pa. 

Frankstown, Pa. 

Hampshire and Hampden, Mass. 

Harlaem, N. Y. 

James and Jackson River, Va. 

Lackawaxen, Pa. 

Lehigh, Pa. 

Little Schuj'lkill, Pa. 

Louisville and Portland, Ky. 

Lycoming, Pa. 



1:25 

36 

45 

6i 

21 

72 

18 

60 

14 

341 

18 

7 

JSO 

55 

^125 

" 38 

23 

6 

363 

58 

+221. 

Wol 

20 
3 

30i 
36' 

t47 

27 

2 

t41 



600,000 
600,000 

214,000 

1,180,000 

300,000 

950,000 

2,200,000 

20,000,000 

75,000 

120,000 

211,000 

1,500,000 

1,438,000 

360,000 

200,000 

9,027,000 

600,000 



550,000 

623,000 

575,000 

1,558,000 



Name. 



Length. 



Miami, O. 

.Middlesex, Mass. 

Morris, N.J. 

New Orleans and Teche, La. 

North Branch, Va. 

Ohio, 

Oswego, N. Y. 

Pennsylvania, 

Port Deposit, Md. 

Santee, S. C. 

Savannah and Ogeechee, Geo. 

Schuylkill, Pa. 

Sodus, N. Y. 

Union, Pa. 

Wabash and Erie, Ind. and Pa. 

Weldon, N. C. 

Winyaw, S. C. 

Wyoming, Pa. 



Cost. 



67 
27 

10] 

100 
7 

310 
38 
§320 
10 
22 
16 

110 
24 
80 

200 

' 12 

10 

16 



t850,000 

528,000 

1,100,000 

340,000 

14,150,000 

525,000 



650,000 
621,000 

2,336,000 
200,000 

2,000,000 



* See article Canals, commencing at page 423 of this 
work, for more full accounts of these canals, and several 
smaller ones not noticed above. 

t Supposed cost; the Ohio and Miami canals are 
estimated to have cost over $5,000,000. 

J Including slack water navigation. 

§ Including rail-road. The amount expended in Penn- 
sylvania on canals and rail-roads, undertaken by that 
state, amounted, Dec. 31, 1831, to $12,126,961 ; the sum 
at that time requisite to the completion of improvements 
then in progress, amounted to $3,803,939. 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

ACCORDING TO FIVE OFFICIAL ENUMERATIONS. 



States and Territories. 



Pop. 1790. 



Pop. 1800. 



96.540 
14i;885 

85,539 
378,787 

68,825 
237,946 
340,120 
184,139 
434,373 

59,096 
319,728 
747,610 
393,951 
249,073 

82,548 



151,719 
183,858 
154,465 
422,845 

69,122 
251,002 
586,050 
211,149 
602,545 

64,273 
345,824 
880,200 
478,103 
345,591 
162,686 

8,850 

105,602 

220,959 

45,365 

4,651 

215 

15,093 
551 



Pop. 1810. 



228,705 
214,460 
217,895 
472,040 

76,931 
261,942 
959,049 
245,562 
810,091 

72,674 
380,546 
979,622 
555,500 
415,115 
252,433 

4(1,352 

76,.556 

261,727 

406,511 

230,760 

24,520 

12,282 

19,783 

24,023 

4,762 

1,062 



Pop. 1820. Pop. 1830. 



298,335 

244,101 

235,764 

523,287 

83,059 

275,248 

1,372,812 

277,575 

1,049,313 

72,749 

407,350 

1,065,366 

638,829 

502,741 

340,989 

) 127,901 

i 75,448 

153,407 

420,813 

564,317 

581,434 

147,178 

55,211 

60,586 

33,039 

8,896 

14,273 



Maine, 

New Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode Island, 

Connecticut, 

New York, 

New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Virginia, 

North Carolina, 

South Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Alabama, ) 

Mississippi, \ 

Louisiana, 

Tennessee, 

Kentucky, 

Ohio, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Missouri, 

Dist. of Columbia, 

Michigan Ter. 

Arkansas Ter. 

Florida Ter. 

Total, 3,929,328 5,309,758 ' 7,239,803 9,638,166 12,860,702* 

* .Add to this amount 5,318 persons employed in the vessels of the United States, making the total of the popula- 
tion of 1830, 12,8B6,020. 

~~~ POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

North and South of the Potomac and Ohio, according to five Enumerations. 



North 
of Potomac 
and Ohio. 

o White 2,155,835 

^ -laves I't'^'^OS ) ,gg 34, 

" Free colored 39,051 ] ^°°>"^ 



South 

of Potomac 

and Ohio. 



o White 
S Slaves 
'-* Fre» colored 



2,877,643 



1,016,629 

550,604 i 
20,415 j 



1,587,648 



1,426,846 



1.50,978^206 771 '^42,063 
7.->7Q3 4 ^~°i"-^ 32,604 



5,793 J 



571,019 



74,667 



Total, 3,104,414 



2,201,.513 



o White 

53 Slaves 

" Free colored 



3,977,023 1,884,981 

151,595 } g 1,039,769 ; , „ 

128,400 i -'^lyya 53 Q^g 1,U9/,«15 



Total, 4,257,018 



2,982,796 

2,429,832 
g Slaves ■138;817 } „^. 3.^ 1,399,221 ) 

156,484 < -'^'•^"^ 77,040 ( ^'^'O."-"! 



White 5,436,737 

138,817 
^ Free colored 156,484 i ' 



Total, 5,732,038 



3,906,003 



White 7,349,334 3,188,044 

Free colored 206,891 ( ' 112,708 <, ' ' 



Total, 7,691,170 



5,174,850 



606 



APPENDIX. 



TERMS OP GOVERNORS, SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES. 
Table exhibiting the Governor's Term and Salary, the number of Senators and Representatives, with their re- 
spective Terms and Pay, and the Mode of choosing Electors of President and Vice-President, in the several states. 













cSj 










States. 


m 


s 

B 

m 


it 


It 






P.>. 

04 


Electors 
Presiden 
and Vice 
Presiden 
chosen b 


Maine, 


I 


1500 


25 


1 


186 


1 


211 


$2.00 


General Ticket 


N. Hampshire, 


1 


1200 


12 


1 


230 


1 


242 


2.00 


do. 


Vermont,* 


1 


750 


none 




230 


1 


230 


1.50 


do. 


Massachusetts,! 


1 


3666 2-3 


40 


1 


479 




519 


2.00 


do. 


Rhode Island, 


1 


400 


10 


1 


72 


i 


82 


1.50 


do. 


Connecticut,!; 


1 


1100 


31 


1 


208 


1 


229 


2.00 


do. 


New York, 


2 


4000 


32 


4 


128 


1 


160 


3.00 


do. 


New Jersey, § 


1 


2000 


14 


1 


50 


1 


64 


3,00 


do. 


Pennsylvania, 


3 


4000 


33 


4 


100 


1 


133 


3.00 


do. 


Delaware, 


3 


1333 1-3 


9 


4 


21 


2 


30 


2.50 


Legislature 


Maryland, 


1 


3500 


15 


5 


80 


1 


95 


4.00 


Districts 


Virginia, 


3 


3333 1-3 


32 


4 


134 


1 


166 


4.00 


General Ticket 


N. Carolina, 


1 


2000 


64 


1 


134 


1 


198 


3.00 


do. 


S. Carolina, 


o 


3500 


45 


4 


124 


o 


169 


4.00 


Legislature 


Georgia, 


Q 


' 3000 


78 


1 


185 


1 


263 


4.00 


General Ticket 


Alabama, 


2 


2000 


22 


3 


72 


1 


94 


4.00 


do. 


Mississippi, 


2 


2500 


11 


3 


36 


1 


47 


3.00 


do. 


Louisiana, 


4 


7500 


17 


4 


50 


2 


67 


4.00 


Legislature 


Tennessee, 


2 


2000 


20 


2 


60 


2 


80 


4.00 


General Ticket 


Kentucky, 


4 


2000 


38 


4 


100 


1 


138 


2.00 


do. 


Ohio, 


2 


1200 


36 


2 


72 


1 


108 


3.00 


do. 


Indiana, 


3 


1000 


30 


3 


62 


1 


92 


2.00 


do. 


Illinois, 


4 


1000 


26 


4 


55 


2 


81 


3.00 


do. 


Missouri, 


4 


1500 


18 


4 


49 


2 


67 


3.00 


do. 



* The executive council of Vt. consists of a governor, lieut. governor and 12 counsellors. There is no senate 
in the legislature. 

t The number of representatives is variable. In 1832 it was 479. 

i Pay of senators, $2 per day ; representatives, $1 50. 

^ The upper house is styled the " legislative council," and is an independent branch of the legislature. 

There are three modes of choosing electors of president and vice-president, viz : by districts, by a general ticket, 
and by the legislatures of the states. The mode may be varied at will. 



SEATS OF GOVERNMENT OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



Maine, 


Augusta, 


Pop. 3,980 


South Carolina, 


Columbia, 


Pop. 3,500 


New Hampshire, 


Concord, 


3,727 


Georgia, 


Milledgeville, 


1,599 


Massachusetts, 


Boston, 


61,392 


Alabama, 


Tuscaloosa, 


1,600 


Vermont, 


Montpelier, 


1,193 


Mississippi, 


New Orleans, 


46,082 


Rhode Island, 


i Newport, 


8,010 


Tennessee, 


Nashville, 


5,566 


\ Providence, 


16,833 


Kentucky, 


Frankfort, 


1,680 


Connecticut, 


V Hartford, 


9,789 


Ohio, 


Columbus, 


2,435 


i* New Haven, 


10,678 


Indiana, 


Indianapolis, 


1,200 


New-York, 


Albany, 


24,238 


Illinois, 


Vandalia, 


500 


New-Jersey, 


Trenton, 


3,925 


Missouri, 


Jefferson, 


1,200 


Pennsylvania, 


Harrisburgh, 


4,312 


Territories. 






Delaware, 


Dover, 


4,306 


Florida, 


Tallahassee, 


1,500 


Maryland, 


Annapolis, 


2,623 


Michigan, 


Detroit, 


2,222 


Virginia, 


Richmond, 


16,060 


Arkansas, 


Little Rock, 


1,000 


North Carolina, 


Raleigh, 


1,700 


District of Columbia, 


Washington, 


18,827 



CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
Compact settlements, the population of which exceeds 5,000. 



New York, 

Philadelphia, 

Baltimore, 

Boston, 

New Orleans, 

Charleston, 

Cincinnati, 

Albany, 

Washington, 

Providence, 

Richmond, 

Salem, 

Portland, 

Pittsburg, 

Brooklyn, 

Troy, 

Newark, 

New Haven, 

Louisville, 

Norfolk, 

Hartford, 

Rochester, 

Charleston, 

Buffalo, 

Georgetown, 

Utica, 

Petersburg, 

Alexandria, 



N.Y. 

Penn. 

Md. 

Mass. 

Lou. 

S.C. 

O. 

N.Y. 

D. C. 

R.I. 

Va. 
Mass. 

Me. 
Penn. 
N.Y. 
N. Y. 
N. J. 
Conn. 
Ken. 

Va. 
Conn. 
N.Y. 
Mass. 
N.Y. 
D. C. 
N.Y. 

Va. 
D. C. 



1820. 



123,706 
108,116 
62,738 
43,298 
27,176 
24,780 
9,642 
12,630 
13,247 
11,767 
12,046 
12,731 
8,581 
7,248 
7,175 
5,261 
6,507 
7,147 
4,012 
8,478 
6,901 
1,.502 
6,591 
1,100 
7,300 
2 972 
6^690 
8,218 



18.30. 



202,589 

167,811 

80,625 

61,392 

46,082 

30,289 

24,831 

24,238 

18,827 

16,833 

16,060 

13,895 

12,601 

12,568 

12,403 

11,405 

10,!i53 

10,678 

10,341 

9,816 

9,789 

9,207 

8,783 

8,608 

8,441 

8,323 

8,322 

8,263 



Portsmouth, 

Newport, 

New Brunswick, 

Paterson, 

Lancastei", 

New Bedford, 

Savannah, 

Poughkeepsie, 

Nantucket, 

Middletown, 

Springfield, 

Augusta, 

St. Louis, 

Wilmington, 

Lowell, 

Newburyport, 

Lynn, 

Lexington, 

Cambridge, 

Taunton, 

Reading, 

Nashville, 

Dover, 

Hudson, 

Wheeling, 

Norwich, 

Marblehead, 



N. H. 
R.I. 

N.J. 
N.J. 
Penn. 
Mass. 
Geo. 
N.Y. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Mass. 

Geo. 

Mo. 

Del. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Mass. 

Ky. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Penn. 
Tenn. 
N. H. 
N.Y. 

Va. 
Conn. 
Mass. 



1820. 



7,327 
7,319 
6,764 
1,578 
6,663 
3,947 
7,520 
3,401 
7,266 
6,479 
,3,914 
4,000 
4,598 
5,268 

6,852 
4,515 
5,267 
3,295 
4,520 
4,332 
3,500 
2,871 
5,310 
1,500 
3,634 
5,630 



8,082 
8,010 
7,831 
7,731 
•7,704 
7,592 
7,303 
7,222 
7,202 
6,892 
6,784 
6,696 
6,694 
0,628 
6,474 
6,375 
6,138 
6,187 
6,072 
6,042 
5,853 
5.566 
5,449 
5,392 
5,211 
5,161 
5,149 



APPENDIX. 



607 



STATES, SEATS OF GOVERNMENT, &c. 

Table exhibiting the Seats of Government, the Times of holding the Election of State Officers, and the Time of 
the meeting of the Legislature of the several States. 



Time of holding Elections. 



Seats of Government. 



Time of the Meeting of the Legis- 
lature. 



Maine, 

New Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Rhode Island, 

Connecticut, 

New York, 

New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, 

Delaware, 

Maryland, 

Virginia, 

N. Carolina, 

S. Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Tennessee, 

Kentucky, 

Ohio, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Missouri, 



2d Monday in September, 
2d Tuesday in March, 
1st Tuesday in September, 
2d Monday in November, 
i Gov. and Sen. in April, 
I Rep. in April and August, 
1st Monday in April, 
In October or November, 
2d Tuesday in October, 
2d Tuesdaj' in October, 
2d Tuesday in November, 
1st Monday in October, 
In the month of April, 
Commonly in August, 
2d Monday in October, 
1st Monday in October, 
1st Monday in August, 
1st Monday in August, 
1st Monday in July, 
1st Thursday in August, 
1st Monday in August, 
2d Tuesday in October, 
1st Monday in August, 
1st Monday in August, 
1st Monday in August, 



Augusta, 
Concord, 
Montpelier, 
Boston, 

S Providence, 

} Newport, &c. 
Hartford and N. Haven, 
Albany, 
Trenton, 
Harrisburg, 
Dover, 
Annapolis, 
Riclimond, 
Raleigh, 
Columbia, 
Milledgeville, 
Tuscaloosa, 
Jackson, 
New Orleans, 
Nashville, 
Frankfort, 
Columbia, 
Indianapolis, 
Vandalia, 
Jefferson City, 



1st Wednesday in January. 
1st Wednesday in June. 
2d Thursday in October. 
1st Wednesday in January. 
1st Wed. in May and in June. 
Last Wed. Oct. and in Jan. 
1st Wednesday in May. 
1st Tuesday in January. 
4th Tuesday in October. 
1st Tuesday in December. 
1st Tuesday in Jan. bienn. 
Last Monday in December. 
1st Monday in December. 
2nd Monday in November. 
4th Mondayin November. 
1st Monday in November. 
4th Mondayin October. 
1st Monday in November. 
1st Monday in January. 
3d Monday in Sept. bienn. 
1st Monday in Novem. 
1st Monday in December. 
1st Monday in December. 
1st Monday in Dec. bienn. 
1st Monday in Nov. bienn. 



REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS, 


AND 


Tribes. 






ELECTORS. 






Cayugas, 
Stockbridge, 


Number 


of representatives of each 


state, with their 


Brotherton, 




number of electors. 






St. Regis Indians, 




Reps. 


Elec* 




Reps. 


Elec* 




Maine, 


8 


10 


N. C. 


13 


15 


Ohio. 


N. H. 


5 


7 


S.C.J 


9 


11 


Wyandotts, 


Vt 


5 


7 


Geo. 


9 


11 


Shawanees, 


Mass. 
R.L 


12 
2 


14 

4 


Ala. 
Misp. 


5 
2 


7 
4 


Senecas, 

Delawares, 

Ottowas, 


Conn. 


6 


8 


La.i 


3 


5 




N. Y. 


40 


42 


Ten. 


13 


1.5 




N. J. 


6 


8 


Ken. 


13 


15 


Virginia. 


Penn. 


28 


30 


Ohio, 


19 


21 


Nottaways, 


Delt 


1 


3 


Ind. 


7 


9 




Md.t 


8 


10 


11. 


3 


5 


South Carolina. 


Vir. 


21 


23 


Mo. 


2 


4 


Cattawbas, 



Total representatives 240 ; electors 288. Each state 
sends two senators to congress, and each territory also 
sends a delegate. 

* Those states marked thus t, choose their elec- 
tors by districts ; those thus t, by the legislature; all 
others are chosen by a general ticket. 

INDIANS IN THE UNITED STATES 
AND TERRITORIES. 



Tribes. 

Maine. 

St. John's Indians, 
Passamaquoddies, 
Penobscot, 



JUassachusetts. 

Marshpee, 
Herring Pond, 
Martha's Vineyard, 
Troy, 



800 
379 

277 



320 
40 

340 
50 



Tribes. 
Rhode Island. 
Narragansett, 

Connecticut. 
Mohegan, 
Stonington, 
Groton, 



No. 
420 



300 
50 
50 



JVew York. 
Senecas, 
Tuscaroras, 
Oneidas, 


2,325 

253 

1,096 


Creeks, 

Georgia, Jllahama, 
and Tennessee. 


Onondaga?, 


446 


Cherokees, 



No. 
90 
273 
360 
300 

5,143 

542 
800 
551 
80 
377 



47 



450 



Michigan Territory. 
Wyandotts, 7 

Pottawatamies, 136 

Chippewas and Otta- 

was, 18,473 

Menomeenees, 3,900 

Winnebagoes, 5,800 

28,316 
Indiana. 
Miami and Eel River 
Indians, 1,073 



Illinois. 

Menomeenees, 
Kaskaskias, 
Sacks and Foxes, 



270 

36 

6,400 

6,706 
Indiana and Illinois. 
Pottawatamies and 
Chippewas, 3,900 

Georgia andMab ama. 

20,000 



9,000 1 



Tribes. 
Mississippi and 
Mabama. 
Choctaws, 

Mississippi. 
Chick asaws, 

Florida Territory. 
Seminoles, &c. 

Louisiana. 
Billoxie, 
Apolashe, 
Pascagoula, 
Addees, 
Yaltasse, 
Coshattees, 
Caddow, 
Delawares, 
Choctaws, 
Shawanees, 
Natchitoches, 
Quapaws, 
Piankeshaws, 



Missouri. 
Delawares, 
Kickapoos, 
Shawanees, 

Weas, 
loways. 



Missouri and Arkan- 
sas Territory. 
Osages, 
Piankeshaws, 



.Arkansas Territory. 
Cherokees, 
(iuapaws, 
Choctaws. 



No. 

21,000 
3,625. 

5,ooa 



55 
46 
111 

27 

36 
180 
450 

51 
178 
110 

25 
8 

27 

1,313 



1,800 
2,200 
1,383 
327 
1,100 

5,810 



5,200 
207 

5,407 



5,000 
700 



Total, 



6,700 
129,266 



608 



APPENDIX. 



INDIAN SCHOOLS, 1832. 

FROM THE OFFICIAL REPORT ON INDIAN AFFAIRS. 

Statement showing the number of Indian Schools, 
where established, by whom, the number of teachers, 
and the number of pupils. 



Site and station. 


By whom estab. 


•* 


t 


Spring Place, Cherokees, 








Ala. 


United Brethren 


3 


20 


Brainaid, E. Misp. 


Am. Board Com. 


2 


30 


Carmel, do. 


do. 


1 


30 


Creek Path, do. 


do. 


3 


30 


High Tower, do. 


do. 


1 


10 


Dwight, Cherokees, W. 








Misp. 


do. 


4 


65 


Tuscarora, N. Y. 


do. 


3 


82 


Seneca, near Buffalo, N. Y. 


do. 


8 


45 


Union, Osages, Arkansas, 


do. 


1 


54 


Harmony, do. Mississippi, 


do. 


6 


30 


Monroe, Chickasaws, 


do. 


o 


50 


Cataraugus, Senecas, N. Y. 


do. 


1 


54 


Goshen, 


do. 


8 


45 


Ai-ik-hun-nah, 


do. 


3 


24 


Williams', 


do. 


2 


4 


Tookshish, 


do. 


3 


22 


Col. Folsora's Choctaw nat. 


do. 


1 


12 


Cane creek. 


do. 


3 


26 


Martyn, 


do. 


2 


25 


Hebron, 


do. 


2 


22 


Willstown, Chero., E. Misp. 


do. 


5 


18 


New Echota, 


do. 


1 


24 


Hawies, do. 


do. 


3 


18 


Candy's creek, do. 


do. 


4 


74 


Mulberry Set., Cher. W. M. 


do. 


1 


30 


Michilimackinac, 


do. 


3 


157 


Ottawas, Miamies, 


do. 




10 


Elliott, 


do. 


7 


48 


Mayhew, 


do.. 


6 


56 


Juzan's 


do. 


1 


15 


Emmau's, 


do. 


3 


26 


Fairfield, Cherokees, West, 


do. 


2 


30 


Buffalo, Senecas, N. Y. 


do. 


3 


50 


Maumee, Ohio, 


do. 


2 


25 


Ahmohee, Chero., E. Misp. 


do. 


1 


46 


Wyandotts, Up. Sandusky, 


Methodist Soc. 


1 


44 


jisbury. Creek nation. 


do. 




22 


CareyJ Potawat., St. Joseph, 


Baptist jen.Con. 




t7 


Thomas, Ottawas, Grand r. 


do. 




15 


Valleytowns, Cherokees, E. 






21 


Misp. 


do. 






Withington, Creek nation. 


do. 


2 


16 


Oneida, New York. 


do. 


1 


30 


Tonnawanda, do. 


do. 


4 


30 


Bingham, Saut St. Mairie, 




3 




Mich. 


do 




60 


Tensewotta, E. Mississippi, 


do. 




30 


Oneida Castle, New York, 


Plot. Epis. Ch. 


3 


30 


Green Bay, 


do. 


4 


130 


Arbrie Crocke, Ottawa, 


Catholic Bishop. 


2 


60 


Green Bay, Monomenees, 


do. 


1 


30 


St. Joseph's, Potawatamies, 


do. 


1 


30 


Choctaw Academy, Ken. 






3 

1865 



SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES, 

ACCORDING TO FIVE OFFICIAL ENUMERAIIONS. 



The number of children in the schools in the Indian 
Country, which received aid from the civilization fund is 
1,865, add to which 114 at the Choctaw Academy, Ken- 
tucky, who are educated from funds set apart for that 
purpose by tlie Indians, making a total of 1,979. 

* Number of teachers. 
■ t Number of pupils. 

j Boarders, beside day scholars. 



States. 


Slaves. 


Slaves. 


Slaves. 


Slaves. 


Slaves. 




1790. 


1800. 


1810. 


1820. 


1830. 


Maine, 

















N. H. 


158 


8 











Vt. 


16 














Mass. 





C 











R.I. 


948 


380 


108 


48 


14 


Conn. 


2,764 


951 


310 


97 


23 


N. Y. 


21,324 


20,613 


15,017 


10,088 


46 


N.J. 


11,423 


12,422 


10,851 


7,557 


2,246 


Penn. 


3,737 


1,706 


795 


21] 


386 


Del. 


8,887 


6,153 


4,177 


4,.509 


3,305 


Md. 


103,036 


108,554 


111,502 


107,398 


102,878 


Vir. 


292,627 


340,968 


392,518 


425,153 


469,724 


N. C. 


100,572 


133,296 


168,824 


205,017 


246,462 


S. C. 


107,094 


146,151 


196,365 


258,475 


315,665 


Geo. 


29,264 


59,699 


105,218 


149,656 


217,470 


Ala. 
Miss. 




3,489 


17,088 


.( 41,879 
} 32,814 


117,294 
65,659 


La. 






34,060 


69,064 


109,631 


Ten. 




13,584 


44,535 


80,107 


142,382 


Ky. 


12,430 


40,343 


80,561 


126,732 


165,350 


Ohio, 


3,417 














Ind. 




135 


237 


190 





11. 






168 


917 


746 


Mo. 






3,011 


10,222 


24,990 


Hist. Col. 






5,395 


6,377 


6,050 


Mich. Ter. 






24 





27 


Ark. Ter. 








1,617 


4,578 


Flor. Ter. 










15,510 


Total, 


697,697 


896,849 


1,191,364 


1,538,064 


2,U10,436 



INDEX TO THE TABLES OF STATISTICS. 

Commerce — Exports, Imports and Ton., 1830-1 . 597 

Imports and Exports for iO years 597 

Imports & Exports of each Sttite & Ter., 1830-1 . 598 
American and Foreign Tonnage, 1830-1 , . • 598 
Registered, Enrolled & licensed Ton. of the U. S. . 598 
Registered, Enrolled & licensed Ton. for 10 years , 599 

Vessels, Tonnage and Seamen 599 

Militia of the United Stales 599 

Army of the Revolution .- 599 

Pensioners of the United States 599 

Military Posts of the United States 600 

Army and Navy of the United States . ... 600 

-Armories, Arsenals and Depots of the United States 600 

Colleges in the United States 601 

Law Schools in the United States 001 

Theological Seminaries in the United States . .602 
Religious Denominations in the United States - . 602 
Medical Schools in the United States . . - ■ . 602 
Revenue and Expenditures of the U. S. government 603 
Past-office department of the United Scales . . . 603 

Rail-roads in the United States 604 

Canals in the United States 60;? 

Population of the U. S. at 5 Enumerations . . . 605 
Do. of the U. S., N. & S. of the Potomac & Ohio . 605 

States, Governor's Term, Senator's, &c 606 

Seats of government of States and their Population. 606 
Cities & Towns of the U. S. with a pop. over 5,000 . 606 
States, Seats of Government, Elections, &c. . . . 607 
Representatives in Congress, and Electors . . . 607 

Indians in the United States 607 

Indian Schools in the United States 608 

Slaves of the United States at 5 Enumerations . . 60 



